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'''Nord Stream''' (German–English mixed expression for "North Stream"; {{lang-ru|link=no|Северный поток}}, ''Severny potok'') is a network of offshore natural gas ] which run under the ] from Russia to Germany to provide Western Europe with natural gas. It comprises two separate projects, Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2. Both pipelines each comprise two pipes, NS1 A and B as well as NS2 A and B, for a total of 4 physical pipes. Both pipelines start in Russia and land in ], Germany. They are majority owned (51 per cent) by Russia, along with German, Dutch and French stakeholders. They were financed by a consortium of companies from Russia, Germany, France, ] and the ]. It was the first pipeline that bypassed ] and ] to deliver Russian natural gas directly to West Europe. The project was opposed from the start by the United States,<ref>]: , ], 28 October 2022</ref><ref>, '']'', 12 June 2007.</ref> who imposed sanctions on companies that were involved in the project.<ref></ref> The U.S. sanctions were criticized heavily by German politicians as "a serious interference in the internal affairs of Germany and Europe and their sovereignty".<ref></ref>
|type1=line|id1=Q154125|title1=Nord Stream 1
|type2=line|id2=Q21644350|title2=Nord Stream 2
|text=Map of the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines
}}
]
'''Nord Stream''' (German–English mixed expression for "North Stream"; {{langx|ru|link=no|Северный поток}}, ''Severny potok'') is a network of offshore natural gas ] which run under the ] from Russia to Germany to provide Western Europe with natural gas. It comprises two separate projects, Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2. Both of the pipelines, each comprise two pipes, NS1 A and B as well as NS2 A and B, for a total of 4 physical pipes. Both pipelines start in Russia and land in ], Germany. NordStream is owned by a consortium of 5 energy companies: Gazprom international projects North 1 LLC (Gazprom Group company), Wintershall Dea AG, PEG Infrastruktur AG (E.ON), N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie and ENGIE. It was the first pipeline that bypassed ] and ] to deliver Russian natural gas directly to West Europe.
⚫ * ] (NS1) runs from ], in northwestern Russia near Finland, and entered service in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-11-08 |title=Controversial Project Launched : Merkel and Medvedev Open Baltic Gas Pipeline |language=en |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/controversial-project-launched-merkel-and-medvedev-open-baltic-gas-pipeline-a-796611.html |access-date=2022-10-13 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref> It was operated by ]. From 31 August 2022, ] halted delivery indefinitely, officially because of maintenance.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cooban |first=Anna |date=31 August 2022 |title=Russia cuts more gas supplies to Europe as inflation hits another record |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/08/31/business/nord-stream-1-europe-inflation/index.html |access-date=9 August 2024 |website=]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |date=2022-09-02 |title=Gazprom: Nord Stream 1 gas to stay shut until fault fixed, "workshop conditions needed" |language=en |work=] |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/gazprom-nord-stream-1-gas-stay-shut-until-turbine-fault-fixed-no-timeline-given-2022-09-02/ |access-date=9 August 2024}}</ref>


⚫ * ] (NS2) runs from Ust-Luga in northwestern Russia near Estonia. The pipeline was built to increase gas exports towards Europe, aiming to double annual capacity. The project was completed in 2021, but did not enter service, because Germany withheld opening permission on February 22, 2022 due to Russia ] the Ukrainian separatist regions of the ] and the ] as ],<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-02-22 |title=Germany freezes Nord Stream 2 gas project as Ukraine crisis deepens|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/germanys-scholz-halts-nord-stream-2-certification-2022-02-22/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |work=] }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Shalal |first=Andrea |date=8 February 2022 |title=Biden pledges end to Nord Stream 2 if Russia invades Ukraine |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/biden-germanys-scholz-stress-unified-front-against-any-russian-aggression-toward-2022-02-07/ |access-date=3 January 2024}}</ref> in line with a previous joint warning made with US president Joe Biden on February 7, 2022 to end the project if Russia were to invade Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-02-07|title=Biden vows to end German-Russian gas pipeline if Ukraine is invaded |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-02-07/biden-scholz-meeting-ukraine |access-date=2023-03-08 |work=] }}</ref>
⚫ * ] (NS1) runs from ], in northwestern Russia near Finland, and entered service in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2011-11-08 |title=Controversial Project Launched : Merkel and Medvedev Open Baltic Gas Pipeline |language=en |work=Der Spiegel |url=https://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/controversial-project-launched-merkel-and-medvedev-open-baltic-gas-pipeline-a-796611.html |access-date=2022-10-13 |issn=2195-1349}}</ref> It is operated by ].

⚫ * ] (NS2) runs from Ust-Luga in northwestern Russia near Estonia. The pipeline was built to increase gas exports towards Europe, aiming to double annual capacity. The project was completed in 2021, but has not yet entered service, because Germany withheld opening permission on February 22, 2022 due to Russia declaring that further parts of Ukraine Territory belonged to breakaway republics,<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-02-22 |title=Germany freezes Nord Stream 2 gas project as Ukraine crisis deepens|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/germanys-scholz-halts-nord-stream-2-certification-2022-02-22/ |access-date=2023-03-08}}</ref> in line with a previous joint warning made with US president Joe Biden on February 7, 2022 to kill the project if Russia tried to invade Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-02-07|title=Biden vows to end German-Russian gas pipeline if Ukraine is invaded |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2022-02-07/biden-scholz-meeting-ukraine |access-date=2023-03-08}}</ref>
The project Nord Stream 2 was opposed from the start by the United States,<ref>{{cite web |author=] |title=When pipeline politics go boom {{!}} Responsible Statecraft |url=https://responsiblestatecraft.org/2022/10/28/when-pipeline-politics-go-boom/ |work=], responsiblestatecraft.org |access-date=9 August 2024 |language=en |date=28 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=US-Abgeordneter wirft Schröder "politische Prostitution" vor |url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/attacke-gegen-ex-kanzler-us-abgeordneter-wirft-schroeder-politische-prostitution-vor-1.746819 |access-date=9 August 2024 |work=Süddeutsche.de |date=17 May 2010 |language=de}}</ref> primarily because it would increase German dependence on Russian energy. The United States later imposed sanctions on companies that were involved in the project.<ref>{{cite news |title=U.S. imposes further sanctions in connection with Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline |url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/us-imposes-further-sanctions-connection-with-nord-stream-2-gas-pipeline-2021-11-22/ |access-date=9 August 2024 |agency=www.reuters.com |date=23 November 2021}}</ref> The U.S. sanctions were criticized heavily by German politicians as "a serious interference in the internal affairs of Germany and Europe and their sovereignty".<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany "firmly rejects" U.S. sanctions on Nord Stream 2 firms |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-russia-nord-stream-germany-idAFS8N28N08D |access-date=9 August 2024 |agency=www.reuters.com |date=21 December 2019}}</ref>

], ]]]


== 2022 sabotage == == 2022 sabotage ==
{{Main|2022 Nord Stream pipeline sabotage}} {{Main|Nord Stream pipelines sabotage}}
On 26 September 2022, news broke of four explosions at the Nord Stream 1 and 2 natural gas pipelines, rendering three of the four lines inoperable. Three separate investigations were started by Germany, Sweden and Denmark, the latter two were closed without publicly assigned responsibility for the damage in February 2024.<ref name=sweinv>{{Cite news |title=Sweden Closes Investigation of Pipeline Blasts, but Stays Silent on Cause |last1=Ruiz |first1=Rebecca R. |last2=Sanger |first2=David E. |date=7 February 2024 |work=New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/07/world/europe/sweden-nord-stream-pipeline.html |url-status=live |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240222144555/https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/07/world/europe/sweden-nord-stream-pipeline.html |archive-date=2024-02-22 |access-date=February 12, 2024 }}</ref><ref name=daninv>{{cite news |title=Nord Stream: Denmark closes investigation into pipeline blast |first=Laura |last=Gozzi |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68401870 |access-date=4 March 2024 |publisher=BBC |date=26 February 2024 |archive-date=4 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304214723/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-68401870 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June 2024 German authorities issued an arrest warrant for a Ukrainian national suspected of the sabotage.<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.dw.com/en/nord-stream-explosions-germany-issues-arrest-warrant-report/a-69933920 |work= dw.com |title= Nord Stream sabotage: Germany issues arrest warrant — report |date= 2024-08-14 | access-date=2024-08-14}}</ref>
On 26 September 2022, news broke of three explosions at the Nord Stream 1 and 2 natural gas pipelines. The blasts rendered three of the four lines inoperable and released vast quantities of ] into the Baltic Sea. The CIA and mi6 jointly blew up the pipeline.

Although none of the four Nord Stream pipelines were in operation, they still contained pressurized ], of which vast quantities were released into the Baltic Sea.{{cn|reason=Misleading since the gas would have bubbled out of the sea immediately. Also "vast" is not defined. This entire paragraph sounds like a effort to overdramatize the ecologic impact|date=November 2024}}


== See also ==
The undamaged pipe B of Nord Stream 2 is currently not in operation, bringing the Nord Stream project to an effective standstill. Russia has confirmed that pipe B of Nord Stream 2 is operable.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-06 |title=Ukraine-Liveticker: Medien: Neues Massengrab in der Ostukraine gefunden |trans-title=Russia confirms Nord Stream 2 is operable |url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ukraine-liveticker-medien-neues-massengrab-in-der-ostukraine-gefunden-18134628.html |access-date=2023-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221006000354/https://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ukraine-liveticker-medien-neues-massengrab-in-der-ostukraine-gefunden-18134628.html |archive-date=2022-10-06 }}</ref>
* ]
* ]
* ]


==References== ==References==

Latest revision as of 04:08, 6 January 2025

Map of the Nord Stream 1 and 2 pipelines
Map of the proposed Nord Stream and connecting pipelines

Nord Stream (German–English mixed expression for "North Stream"; Russian: Северный поток, Severny potok) is a network of offshore natural gas pipelines which run under the Baltic Sea from Russia to Germany to provide Western Europe with natural gas. It comprises two separate projects, Nord Stream 1 and Nord Stream 2. Both of the pipelines, each comprise two pipes, NS1 A and B as well as NS2 A and B, for a total of 4 physical pipes. Both pipelines start in Russia and land in Lubmin, Germany. NordStream is owned by a consortium of 5 energy companies: Gazprom international projects North 1 LLC (Gazprom Group company), Wintershall Dea AG, PEG Infrastruktur AG (E.ON), N.V. Nederlandse Gasunie and ENGIE. It was the first pipeline that bypassed Ukraine and Poland to deliver Russian natural gas directly to West Europe.

  • Nord Stream 1 (NS1) runs from Vyborg, in northwestern Russia near Finland, and entered service in 2011. It was operated by Nord Stream AG. From 31 August 2022, Gazprom halted delivery indefinitely, officially because of maintenance.
  • Nord Stream 2 (NS2) runs from Ust-Luga in northwestern Russia near Estonia. The pipeline was built to increase gas exports towards Europe, aiming to double annual capacity. The project was completed in 2021, but did not enter service, because Germany withheld opening permission on February 22, 2022 due to Russia recognizing the Ukrainian separatist regions of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic as independent, in line with a previous joint warning made with US president Joe Biden on February 7, 2022 to end the project if Russia were to invade Ukraine.

The project Nord Stream 2 was opposed from the start by the United States, primarily because it would increase German dependence on Russian energy. The United States later imposed sanctions on companies that were involved in the project. The U.S. sanctions were criticized heavily by German politicians as "a serious interference in the internal affairs of Germany and Europe and their sovereignty".

A piece of Nord Stream pipe on public display in Kotka, Finland

2022 sabotage

Main article: Nord Stream pipelines sabotage

On 26 September 2022, news broke of four explosions at the Nord Stream 1 and 2 natural gas pipelines, rendering three of the four lines inoperable. Three separate investigations were started by Germany, Sweden and Denmark, the latter two were closed without publicly assigned responsibility for the damage in February 2024. In June 2024 German authorities issued an arrest warrant for a Ukrainian national suspected of the sabotage.

Although none of the four Nord Stream pipelines were in operation, they still contained pressurized natural gas, of which vast quantities were released into the Baltic Sea.

See also

References

  1. "Controversial Project Launched : Merkel and Medvedev Open Baltic Gas Pipeline". Der Spiegel. 2011-11-08. ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2022-10-13.
  2. Cooban, Anna (31 August 2022). "Russia cuts more gas supplies to Europe as inflation hits another record". CNN. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  3. "Gazprom: Nord Stream 1 gas to stay shut until fault fixed, "workshop conditions needed"". Reuters. 2022-09-02. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  4. "Germany freezes Nord Stream 2 gas project as Ukraine crisis deepens". Reuters. 2022-02-22. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  5. Shalal, Andrea (8 February 2022). "Biden pledges end to Nord Stream 2 if Russia invades Ukraine". Reuters. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  6. "Biden vows to end German-Russian gas pipeline if Ukraine is invaded". Los Angeles Times. 2022-02-07. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
  7. Stephen Kinzer (28 October 2022). "When pipeline politics go boom | Responsible Statecraft". Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft, responsiblestatecraft.org. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  8. "US-Abgeordneter wirft Schröder "politische Prostitution" vor". Süddeutsche.de (in German). 17 May 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  9. "U.S. imposes further sanctions in connection with Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline". www.reuters.com. 23 November 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  10. "Germany "firmly rejects" U.S. sanctions on Nord Stream 2 firms". www.reuters.com. 21 December 2019. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  11. Ruiz, Rebecca R.; Sanger, David E. (7 February 2024). "Sweden Closes Investigation of Pipeline Blasts, but Stays Silent on Cause". New York Times. Archived from the original on 2024-02-22. Retrieved February 12, 2024.
  12. Gozzi, Laura (26 February 2024). "Nord Stream: Denmark closes investigation into pipeline blast". BBC News. BBC. Archived from the original on 4 March 2024. Retrieved 4 March 2024.
  13. "Nord Stream sabotage: Germany issues arrest warrant — report". dw.com. 2024-08-14. Retrieved 2024-08-14.
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