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{{Short description|Hamas leader (1959–2009)}} {{Short description|Palestinian political and religious leader (1959–2009)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder {{Infobox officeholder
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|death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|01|01|1959|03|06|df=y}} |death_date = {{Death date and age|2009|01|01|1959|03|06|df=y}}
|death_place = ], ] |death_place = ], ]
|death_cause = Air force attack |death_cause = Airstrike
| nationality = Palestinian | nationality = Palestinian
| party = ] | party = ]
| spouse = 4 | spouse = 4 wives (all deceased)
| children = 12 | children = 12 (all deceased)
| alma_mater = ], ], ] | alma_mater = ], ], ]
|known_for = ] leadership |known_for = ] leadership
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}} }}


'''Nizar Rayan''' ({{lang-ar|نزار ريان}}, {{transl|ar|Nɩzár Rɑȋán}}, also ] '''Rayyan'''; 6 March 1959 – 1 January 2009) was a high ranking ] leader who served as a liaison between the ] organization's political leadership and its military wing. Also a professor of ], he became a top Islamic cleric within Hamas after the death of ] in 2004. Rayan was a strong promoter between 1994 and 2004 of suicide bombings on Israel, and his son killed himself on one such mission. Rayan and most of his family were killed in an Israeli airstrike during the ]. '''Nizar Rayan''' ({{langx|ar|نزار ريان}}, {{transl|ar|Nɩzár Rɑȋán}}, also ] '''Rayyan'''; 6 March 1959 – 1 January 2009) was a high-ranking ] leader who served as a liaison between the ] organization's political leadership and its military wing. Also a professor of ], he became a top Islamic cleric within Hamas after the death of ] in 2004. Rayan was a strong promoter between 1994 and 2004 of ]s on Israel, and his son killed himself on one such mission. Rayan and most of his family were killed in an Israeli airstrike during the ].


==Personal life== ==Personal life==
Rayan was born in ], ] on 6 March 1959.<ref> (alarabiya)</ref><ref>According to '']'', Rayan was born in 1956.</ref> In 1982, he received a BSc degree in Theology and Religious studies from ] in ], ].<ref name="ICT0209">{{cite news|url=http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/590/currentpage/1/Default.aspx|title=The Mujaheed Sheikh - Dr. Nizar Rayyan The Islamic cleric of Iz A-Din Al Qassam Brigades|last=Fighel|first=Jonathan|date=2009-02-01|publisher=]|access-date=31 May 2009|archive-date=28 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828113901/http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/590/currentpage/1/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> While there he was influenced by ]sm and Salafism.<ref name="ICT0209"/> He then attended the ] in ] and in 1990 received a masters MSc degree with honors.<ref name="ICT0209"/> In 1994, Rayan completed his PhD in ] at the ] in ], ].<ref name="ICT0209"/><ref name="Independent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/profile-of-a-professor-who-was-prepared-for-martyrdom-1221114.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105030307/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/profile-of-a-professor-who-was-prepared-for-martyrdom-1221114.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2009|title=Profile of a professor who was prepared for martyrdom|date=2 January 2009|work=The Independent|access-date=4 January 2009|location=London|first1=Said|last1=Ghazali|first2=Donald|last2=MacIntyre}}</ref><ref name="JPOST"/> His dissertation has the title of ''Future of Islam: Objective Analysis''.<ref name="ICT0209"/> Rayan was born in ], ] on 6 March 1959.<ref> (alarabiya)</ref><ref>According to '']'', Rayan was born in 1956.</ref> In 1982, he received a BSc degree in Theology and Religious studies from ] in ], ].<ref name="ICT0209">{{cite news|url=http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/590/currentpage/1/Default.aspx|title=The Mujaheed Sheikh - Dr. Nizar Rayyan The Islamic cleric of Iz A-Din Al Qassam Brigades|last=Fighel|first=Jonathan|date=2009-02-01|publisher=]|access-date=31 May 2009|archive-date=28 August 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828113901/http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/590/currentpage/1/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> While there he was influenced by ]sm and Salafism.<ref name="ICT0209"/> He then attended the ] in ] and in 1990 received a masters MSc degree with honors.<ref name="ICT0209"/> In 1994, Rayan completed his PhD in ] at the ] in ], ].<ref name="ICT0209"/><ref name="Independent">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/profile-of-a-professor-who-was-prepared-for-martyrdom-1221114.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105030307/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/profile-of-a-professor-who-was-prepared-for-martyrdom-1221114.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2009|title=Profile of a professor who was prepared for martyrdom|date=2 January 2009|work=The Independent|access-date=4 January 2009|location=London|first1=Said|last1=Ghazali|first2=Donald|last2=MacIntyre}}</ref><ref name="JPOST"/> His dissertation has the title of ''Future of Islam: Objective Analysis''.<ref name="ICT0209"/>


After his studies, Rayan returned to Gaza and was employed as an imam at several ]s,<ref name="JPOST"/> Jabalia's Imad Aqil Mosque (also known as the "Mosque of martyrs") among them.<ref name="Nizar Rayan"> ''UK Guardian'' 3 January 2009</ref><ref name="MSNBC">{{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/28404637|title=Top Hamas figure killed in Israeli airstrike; Israel demands monitors as part of a Gaza truce|date=1 January 2009|publisher=NBC News|access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="nydn"/> He later became a professor of ] at the ].<ref name=Jazeera>{{cite web|title=Israel kills senior Hamas figure|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/01/200911133527449783.html|date=1 January 2009|access-date=1 January 2009|publisher=AlJazeera.Net}}</ref><ref name="haaretz">{{cite news|url=http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1051880.html|title=IAF kills one of Hamas' top five leaders in Gaza|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Haaretz|access-date=1 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103083524/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1051880.html|archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref><ref name=Hedges>{{cite news|url=http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/2009010_lost_in_the_rubble/|title=Lost in the Rubble|last=Hedges|first=Chris|date=2 January 2009|publisher=truthdig|access-date=4 June 2009}}</ref> Rayan was a leading authority on ] (sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad), and he amassed a 5,000-book library in his home.<ref name="JPOST"/> An Israeli intelligence source describes Rayan as a strong opponent of ], who opposed allowing any form of Shiia Islam to establish a foothold in Gaza and the West Bank.<ref name="ICT0209"/> After his studies, Rayan returned to Gaza and was employed as an ] at several ]s,<ref name="JPOST"/> Jabalia's Imad Aqil Mosque (also known as the "Mosque of martyrs") among them.<ref name="Nizar Rayan"> ''UK Guardian'' 3 January 2009</ref><ref name="MSNBC">{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna28404637|title=Top Hamas figure killed in Israeli airstrike; Israel demands monitors as part of a Gaza truce|date=1 January 2009|publisher=NBC News|access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="nydn"/> He later became a professor of ] at the ].<ref name=Jazeera>{{cite web|title=Israel kills senior Hamas figure|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/01/200911133527449783.html|date=1 January 2009|access-date=1 January 2009|publisher=AlJazeera.Net}}</ref><ref name="haaretz">{{cite news|url=http://haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1051880.html|title=IAF kills one of Hamas' top five leaders in Gaza|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Haaretz|access-date=1 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103083524/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1051880.html|archive-date=3 January 2009}}</ref><ref name=Hedges>{{cite news|url=http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/2009010_lost_in_the_rubble/|title=Lost in the Rubble|last=Hedges|first=Chris|date=2 January 2009|publisher=truthdig|access-date=4 June 2009}}</ref> Rayan was a leading authority on ] (sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad), and he amassed a 5,000-book library in his home.<ref name="JPOST"/> An Israeli intelligence source described Rayan as a strong opponent of ], who opposed allowing any form of Shiia Islam to establish a foothold in Gaza and the West Bank.<ref name="ICT0209"/>


Eventually, according to '']'', Rayan became an important leader in Hamas, in particular an Islamic leader of Hamas's military wing,<ref name=JPOST>{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Jerusalem Post'', 1 January 2009.</ref> and he regularly went on patrol with Hamas militia after delivering lectures at the Islamic University.<ref name="nydn"> ''New York Daily News'' 1 January 2009</ref> He arguably became Hamas's leading clerical authority after an Israeli airstrike killed ] in 2004.<ref name="Nizar Rayan"/> Eventually, according to '']'', Rayan became an important leader in Hamas, in particular an Islamic leader of Hamas's military wing,<ref name=JPOST>{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Jerusalem Post'', 1 January 2009.</ref> and he regularly went on patrol with Hamas militia after delivering lectures at the Islamic University.<ref name="nydn"> ''New York Daily News'' 1 January 2009</ref> He arguably became Hamas's leading clerical authority after an Israeli airstrike killed ] in 2004.<ref name="Nizar Rayan"/>


Rayan along with Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad began to strongly advocate for suicide bombings to be carried out against Israel in 1994.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSLS69391620090101?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews|title=Israeli strike kills senior Hamas leader|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Reuters|access-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> According to ] who interviewed him, Rayan constantly recalled that Hamas, "began to target Israeli civilians in 1994 only after Palestinian worshipers were gunned down in a Hebron mosque by a Jewish settler, ]."<ref name=Hedges/> Rayan along with Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad began to strongly advocate for ]s to be carried out against Israel in 1994.<ref name="Reuters">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSLS69391620090101?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews|title=Israeli strike kills senior Hamas leader|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Reuters|access-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> According to ] who interviewed him, Rayan constantly said that Hamas, "began to target Israeli civilians in 1994 only after Palestinian worshipers were gunned down in a Hebron mosque by a Jewish settler, ]."<ref name=Hedges/>


In 2001, Rayan sent his 22-year-old son on a suicide bombing mission in which he died and killed two Israelis at the former ] ] in the Gaza Strip.<ref name="nydn"/><ref name="Reuters"/><ref name="bbc"> ''BBC'' 1 January 2009</ref><ref name="LAT"/><ref name="FOX"/><ref name="nypost"/><ref name="ynet_Nizar_Rayan">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3648848,00.html|title=Hamas leader, 20 Palestinians killed in IAF strikes|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Ynet|access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> Rayan is alleged to have directed the 2004 ] which killed ten people.<ref name="JPOST"/><ref name="ynet_Nizar_Rayan"/><ref name="AJ-profile">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/01/20091218131371179.html|title=Profile: Nizar Rayyan |date=4 January 2009|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=4 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aOoQbn81BHaU&refer=home|title=Hamas Senior Official Rayyan Killed in Israeli Strike|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> Hamas ceased its suicide attacks against Israel in 2005,<ref name="nydn"/><ref name="haaretz"/> but Rayan advocated for their renewal after the 2008-2009 Gaza conflict began.<ref> ''The Telegraph'' 1 January 2009</ref> In 2001, Rayan sent his 22-year-old son on a suicide bombing mission, in which he died and killed two Israelis at the former ] ] in the Gaza Strip.<ref name="nydn"/><ref name="Reuters"/><ref name="bbc"> ''BBC'' 1 January 2009</ref><ref name="LAT"/><ref name="FOX"/><ref name="ynet_Nizar_Rayan">{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3648848,00.html|title=Hamas leader, 20 Palestinians killed in IAF strikes|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Ynet|access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref> Rayan is alleged to have directed the 2004 ] which killed ten people.<ref name="JPOST"/><ref name="ynet_Nizar_Rayan"/><ref name="AJ-profile">{{cite news|url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/middleeast/2009/01/20091218131371179.html|title=Profile: Nizar Rayyan |date=4 January 2009|publisher=Al Jazeera|access-date=4 January 2009}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aOoQbn81BHaU&refer=home|title=Hamas Senior Official Rayyan Killed in Israeli Strike|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Bloomberg L.P.|access-date=2 January 2009}}</ref> Hamas ceased its suicide attacks against Israel in 2005,<ref name="nydn"/><ref name="haaretz"/> but Rayan advocated for their renewal after the 2008-2009 Gaza conflict began.<ref> ''The Telegraph'' 1 January 2009</ref>


Rayan was one of the main commanders who oversaw the ], in which Hamas expelled Fatah from Gaza. ] security forces were militarily defeated, the battle resulting in the death of 115 fighters and 400 civilians. Both Hamas and Fatah were accused of atrocities, including torture, during the conflict.<ref name="nydn"/><ref> ''The Age (Australia)'' 23 June 2007</ref><ref name="ICRC"> ''Reuters'' 15 June 2007</ref> According to '']'', Rayan, "boasted that the Gaza Strip had been 'cleansed' of 'traitors' 'secularists' and 'CIA agents' - a reference to Abbas and his former security and intelligence chiefs."<ref name="JPOST"/> According to a Hamas spokesperson, it is possible the Fatah-dominated ] asked Israel to kill Rayan due to his role in the Hamas-Fatah clashes.<ref name="JPOST"/> He added that Rayan was one of the main reasons why many of ]'s men "did not sleep well at all at night."<ref name="JPOST"/> Rayan was one of the main commanders who oversaw the ], in which Hamas expelled Fatah from Gaza. ] security forces were militarily defeated, the battle resulting in the death of 115 fighters and 400 civilians. Both Hamas and Fatah were accused of atrocities, including torture, during the conflict.<ref name="nydn"/><ref> ''The Age (Australia)'' 23 June 2007</ref><ref name="ICRC"> ''Reuters'' 15 June 2007</ref> According to '']'', Rayan, "boasted that the Gaza Strip had been 'cleansed' of 'traitors' 'secularists' and 'CIA agents' - a reference to Abbas and his former security and intelligence chiefs."<ref name="JPOST"/> According to a Hamas spokesperson, it is possible the Fatah-dominated ] asked Israel to kill Rayan due to his role in the Hamas-Fatah clashes.<ref name="JPOST"/> He added that Rayan was one of the main reasons why many of ]'s men "did not sleep well at all at night."<ref name="JPOST"/>
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Rayan was strongly opposed to the state of Israel.<ref name="bbc"/> According to Israeli-American writer ], he at one time stated, "True Islam would never allow a Jewish state to survive in the Arab and Muslim Middle East. Israel is an impossibility. It is an offense against God."<ref name="atlantic">{{cite news|url=http://jeffreygoldberg.theatlantic.com/archives/2009/01/nizar_rayyan_of_hamas_on_gods.php|title=Nizar Rayyan of Hamas on God's Hatred of Jews |last=Goldberg|first=Jeffrey|date=2 January 2009|publisher=]|access-date=4 January 2009}}</ref> Goldberg also reported that Rayan said he believed ]s are a "cursed people" some of whom were transformed into pigs and apes by ],<ref name="atlantic"/> and that Jews must pay for murdering the prophets of Islam and "closing ears to the Messenger of Allah."<ref name="atlantic"/> Rayan was strongly opposed to the state of Israel.<ref name="bbc"/> According to Israeli-American writer ], he at one time stated, "True Islam would never allow a Jewish state to survive in the Arab and Muslim Middle East. Israel is an impossibility. It is an offense against God."<ref name="atlantic">{{cite news|url=http://jeffreygoldberg.theatlantic.com/archives/2009/01/nizar_rayyan_of_hamas_on_gods.php|title=Nizar Rayyan of Hamas on God's Hatred of Jews |last=Goldberg|first=Jeffrey|date=2 January 2009|publisher=]|access-date=4 January 2009}}</ref> Goldberg also reported that Rayan said he believed ]s are a "cursed people" some of whom were transformed into pigs and apes by ],<ref name="atlantic"/> and that Jews must pay for murdering the prophets of Islam and "closing ears to the Messenger of Allah."<ref name="atlantic"/>


Rayan married four women with whom he had twelve children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090102/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_israel_palestinians;_ylt=AkDuL0ak7hKqxqgyI0IbnuSs0NUE |title=Israel destroys Hamas homes, flattens Gaza mosque |publisher=Yahoo News |access-date=2 January 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Rayan married four women with whom he had 12 children.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090102/ap_on_re_mi_ea/ml_israel_palestinians;_ylt=AkDuL0ak7hKqxqgyI0IbnuSs0NUE |title=Israel destroys Hamas homes, flattens Gaza mosque |publisher=Yahoo News |access-date=2 January 2009 }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>


==Hamas takeover of Gaza== ==Hamas takeover of Gaza==
{{see also|Islamization of the Gaza Strip}} {{see also|Islamization of the Gaza Strip}}


Following the 2007 takeover of Gaza, Rayan said that "In a few hours, the secular era in Gaza will end without leaving a trace... Today heresy and apostasy ends. Today the struggle is between Islam and the non-muslim infidels, and it will end with the victory of the faith." He added that he will transform the PA security forces headquarters in Gaza to a mosque. Following the speech, Fatah members expressed great fear that Hamas would transform Gaza into a Taliban-style Islamist emirate with Iranian and Syrian military support.<ref name=tweekly>{{cite news|title=Gaza May Turn into Taliban-Style Emirate|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/46388/gaza-may-turn-into-taliban-style-emirate.html|access-date=15 December 2012|newspaper=The Journal of Turkiah Weekly|date=20 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612040008/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/46388/gaza-may-turn-into-taliban-style-emirate.html|archive-date=12 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="barhoom">. Xinhua, 14 June 2007</ref> Following the 2007 Hamas takeover of Gaza, Rayan said that "In a few hours, the secular era in Gaza will end without leaving a trace... Today heresy and apostasy ends. Today the struggle is between Islam and the non-muslim infidels, and it will end with the victory of the faith." He added that he would transform the PA security forces headquarters in Gaza to a mosque. Following the speech, Fatah members expressed great fear that Hamas would transform Gaza into a ]-style ] emirate with ] and Syrian military support.<ref name=tweekly>{{cite news|title=Gaza May Turn into Taliban-Style Emirate|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/46388/gaza-may-turn-into-taliban-style-emirate.html|access-date=15 December 2012|newspaper=The Journal of Turkiah Weekly|date=20 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612040008/http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/46388/gaza-may-turn-into-taliban-style-emirate.html|archive-date=12 June 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="barhoom">. Xinhua, 14 June 2007</ref>


==Assassination== ==Gaza war==

During the Gaza war, most of the Hamas political leadership went underground, however despite not being part of the Qassam brigades wing Nizar involved himself militarily in the conflict. He justified his position in an interview by saying that “By God, if they raid my home do I just tell them I am a member of the political organ? They are invading my country so it is my duty to fight them. To serve in politics does not mean I cannot fight those who force themselves on my country.” <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.journeyman.tv/film/4486/when-saturday-came | title=when Saturday came}}</ref>

==Family annihilation==
] preparing for take-off during Gaza War]] ] preparing for take-off during Gaza War]]


Rayan was killed in an ] strike on 1 January 2009 during the ].<ref> AFP, 1 January 2009</ref> The day before the attack, Rayan had advocated renewal of suicide bombings on Israel, declaring, "Our only language with the Jews is through armed resistance and Jihad".<ref name="nydn" /> A 2,000-pound bomb was dropped on his house by an Israeli ] fighter jet, also killing his 4 wives (Hiam 'Abdul Rahman Rayan, 46; Iman Khalil Rayan, 46; Nawal Isma'il Rayan, 40; and Sherine Sa'id Rayan, 25) and 11 of their children (As'ad, 2; Usama Ibn Zaid, 3; 'Aisha, 3; Reem, 4; Miriam, 5; Halima, 5; 'Abdul Rahman, 6; Abdul Qader, 12; Aaya, 12; Zainab, 15; and Ghassan, 16).<ref name="Reuters"/><ref name="FOX">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,474824,00.html|title=Strike Kills Hamas Leader as Israel Demands Global Monitors for Truce|date=1 January 2009|publisher=FOX News|access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref name=Harel>{{cite web|title=IDF targets senior Hamas figures|author=Haaretz Correspondents and Agencies, Amos Harel and Yoav Stern|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052052.html|date=2 January 2009|access-date=2 January 2009|archive-date=22 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122141258/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052052.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=AP>{{cite web|title=Child casualties mount in besieged Gaza|author=The Associated Press|publisher=]|date=1 January 2009|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/01/01/news/ML-Gaza-Children-Casualties.php|access-date=1 January 2009|archive-date=13 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213154506/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/01/01/news/ML-Gaza-Children-Casualties.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013035135/http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2008/125-2008.html |date=13 October 2009 }} ''Palestinian Centre for Human Rights'' 15 January 2009</ref> Rayan and his entire family, including his spouses and all of his surviving children were killed in an ] strike on 1 January 2009 during the ].<ref> AFP, 1 January 2009</ref> The day before the attack, Rayan had advocated renewal of suicide bombings on Israel, declaring, "Our only language with the Jews is through armed resistance and Jihad".<ref name="nydn" /> A 2,000-pound bomb was dropped on his house by an Israeli ] fighter jet, also killing his 4 wives (Hiam 'Abdul Rahman Rayan, 46; Iman Khalil Rayan, 46; Nawal Isma'il Rayan, 40; and Sherine Sa'id Rayan, 25) and 11 of their children (As'ad, 2; Usama Ibn Zaid, 3; 'Aisha, 3; Reem, 4; Miriam, 5; Halima, 5; 'Abdul Rahman, 6; Abdul Qader, 12; Aaya, 12; Zainab, 15; and Ghassan, 16).<ref name="Reuters"/><ref name="FOX">{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,474824,00.html|title=Strike Kills Hamas Leader as Israel Demands Global Monitors for Truce|date=1 January 2009|publisher=FOX News|access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref name=Harel>{{cite web|title=IDF targets senior Hamas figures|author=Haaretz Correspondents and Agencies, Amos Harel and Yoav Stern|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052052.html|date=2 January 2009|access-date=2 January 2009|archive-date=22 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122141258/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1052052.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=AP>{{cite web|title=Child casualties mount in besieged Gaza|author=The Associated Press|publisher=]|date=1 January 2009|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/01/01/news/ML-Gaza-Children-Casualties.php|access-date=1 January 2009|archive-date=13 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090213154506/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2009/01/01/news/ML-Gaza-Children-Casualties.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref> {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013035135/http://www.pchrgaza.org/files/PressR/English/2008/125-2008.html |date=13 October 2009 }} ''Palestinian Centre for Human Rights'' 15 January 2009</ref>


Unlike other Hamas leaders at risk of being targeted by Israel, Rayan did not go underground after the first Gaza war with Israel began in late December 2008.<ref name=Jazeera/><ref name="bbc"/><ref name="ynet_Nizar_Rayan"/><ref name="RNW">{{cite news|url=http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/090102-hamas-underground|title=Hamas has gone underground|last=Abdulrahman|first=Mohammed|date=1 January 2009|publisher=]|access-date=4 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106032239/http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/090102-hamas-underground|archive-date=6 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to a Hamas spokesperson, the ] and ] warned Rayan by contacting his telephone that an attack on his house was imminent.<ref name="Independent"/><ref name="nydn"/><ref name="ynet_Nizar_Rayan"/><ref name =telegraph_rayan>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/4061004/Hardline-Hamas-leader-killed-in-air-strike-on-Gaza-home.html|title=Hardline Hamas leader killed in air strike on Gaza home|work=]|date=1 January 2009|access-date=2 January 2009|location=London|first=Tim|last=Butcher}}</ref> An Israeli military spokesperson interviewed by '']'' "could not give details or specify whether Rayan's family had been warned."<ref name="IHT">{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/02/africa/02mideast-passcnd.php?page|title=As bombing continues, Israel allows some foreigners to leave Gaza|last1=Kershner|first1=Isabel Kershner|author-link1=Isabel Kershner|first2=Taghreed |last2=El Khodary|author-link2=Taghreed El-Khodary|date=2 January 2009|publisher=International Herald Tribune|access-date=4 January 2009}}</ref> Unlike other Hamas leaders at risk of being targeted by Israel, Rayan did not go underground after the first Gaza war with Israel began in late December 2008.<ref name=Jazeera/><ref name="bbc"/><ref name="ynet_Nizar_Rayan"/><ref name="RNW">{{cite news|url=http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/090102-hamas-underground|title=Hamas has gone underground|last=Abdulrahman|first=Mohammed|date=1 January 2009|publisher=]|access-date=4 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106032239/http://www.radionetherlands.nl/currentaffairs/090102-hamas-underground|archive-date=6 January 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to a Hamas spokesperson, the ] and ] warned Rayan by contacting his telephone that an attack on his house was imminent.<ref name="Independent"/><ref name="nydn"/><ref name="ynet_Nizar_Rayan"/><ref name =telegraph_rayan>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/4061004/Hardline-Hamas-leader-killed-in-air-strike-on-Gaza-home.html|title=Hardline Hamas leader killed in air strike on Gaza home|work=]|date=1 January 2009|access-date=2 January 2009|location=London|first=Tim|last=Butcher}}</ref> An Israeli military spokesperson interviewed by '']'' "could not give details or specify whether Rayan's family had been warned."<ref name="IHT">{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2009/01/02/africa/02mideast-passcnd.php?page|title=As bombing continues, Israel allows some foreigners to leave Gaza|last1=Kershner|first1=Isabel Kershner|author-link1=Isabel Kershner|first2=Taghreed |last2=El Khodary|author-link2=Taghreed El-Khodary|date=2 January 2009|publisher=International Herald Tribune|access-date=4 January 2009}}</ref>


] sources stated that Rayan's house, at the time of the attack, was a munitions warehouse and communications center,<ref name="JPOST"/> and contained a tunnel opening.<ref name="ynet_Nizar_Rayan"/> The sources also stated that a weapons cache in the house triggered many secondary explosions immediately after the air strike.<ref name="nydn"/><ref name="nypost">{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/01012009/news/worldnews/israel_kills_top_hamas_figure_146785.htm|title=Israel Kills Top Hamas Figure|date=1 January 2009|work=New York Post|access-date=1 January 2009}}</ref><ref name=AP/> The '']'' commented that Rayan had "sacrificed his children - in a vain attempt to protect a weapons base beneath his home."<ref name="nydn"/> Israeli security forces legal officials regard striking homes used for weapons storage, when sufficient warning is given to the residents, as falling within the boundaries of international law and a legitimate act of war.<ref name="ict_nizar_rayan">{{cite web|url=http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/590/currentpage/1/Default.aspx|title=The Mujaheed Sheikh - Dr. Nizar Rayyan - The Spiritual Mentor of Iz A-Din Al Qassam Brigades|date=4 January 2009|publisher=ICT|access-date=12 April 2009|archive-date=10 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210145722/http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/590/currentpage/1/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, according to ] (The Israeli Center for Human Rights Information in the Occupied Territories), even if the Israeli charge that Rayan's house was an arms warehouse were true, the large number of civilian lives taken rendered the attack "a grave breach of international humanitarian law." The Israeli NGO added that, given the Israeli military "knew or should have known" that civilians had not left Rayan's house, warning Rayan of the impending attack did not exempt Israeli forces from responsibility for the civilian deaths.<ref> ''B'Tselem'' 4 January 2009</ref> According to the Israeli Government report published in July 2009, Nizar Rayan was not the target of the attack; instead, the operational goal of the strike was to destroy Hamas' central compound which included several buildings that served as storage sites for weapons that included missiles and rockets. The report further states that specific phone calls to the residents of the targeted buildings were made, as well as three rounds of preliminary warning shots, 13 minutes and 9 minutes before the strike, were fired; a group of the residents leaving the building were seen by IDF surveillance, leading to a reasonable conclusion that the buildings were empty. The IDF suggests that in this case laws of armed conflict were not violated, as the strike was directed at proper military objective and at-risk civilians were issued effective advance warnings.<ref name="Factual and Legal Aspects">, IMFA, July 2009</ref> ] sources stated that Rayan's house, at the time of the attack, was a munitions warehouse and communications center,<ref name="JPOST"/> and contained a tunnel opening.<ref name="ynet_Nizar_Rayan"/> The sources also stated that a weapons cache in the house triggered many secondary explosions immediately after the air strike.<ref name="nydn"/><ref name=AP/> The '']'' commented that Rayan had "sacrificed his children - in a vain attempt to protect a weapons base beneath his home."<ref name="nydn"/> Israeli security forces legal officials regard striking homes used for weapons storage, when sufficient warning is given to the residents, as falling within the boundaries of ] and a legitimate act of war.<ref name="ict_nizar_rayan">{{cite web|url=http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/590/currentpage/1/Default.aspx|title=The Mujaheed Sheikh - Dr. Nizar Rayyan - The Spiritual Mentor of Iz A-Din Al Qassam Brigades|date=4 January 2009|publisher=ICT|access-date=12 April 2009|archive-date=10 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210145722/http://www.ict.org.il/Articles/tabid/66/Articlsid/590/currentpage/1/Default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> However, in the opinion of ] (The Israeli Center for Human Rights Information in the Occupied Territories), even if the Israeli charge that Rayan's house was an arms warehouse was true, the large number of civilian lives taken rendered the attack "a grave breach of international humanitarian law." The Israeli NGO added that, given the Israeli military "knew or should have known" that civilians had not left Rayan's house, warning Rayan of the impending attack did not exempt Israeli forces from responsibility for the civilian deaths.<ref> ''B'Tselem'' 4 January 2009</ref> The Israeli government said the object of the attack was Rayan's house, not Rayan himself, as the home allegedly contained weapons. Amnesty International wrote that Israel must have known women and children would be at home, given the schools were closed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=ISRAEL/GAZA OPERATION ‘CAST LEAD’:22 DAYS OF DEATH AND DESTRUCTION |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/mde150152009en.pdf |website=] |page=109}}</ref> IDF stated its surveillance showed people leaving the house, but Amnesty noted Israel had failed to provide any evidence to substantiate that claim.<ref name=":0" />


Rayan was the most senior Hamas member assassinated since ] was killed by an Israeli Apache helicopter strike in 2004.<ref name="LAT">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-gaza2-2009jan02,0,2260601.story|title=Israeli strike kills a top Hamas leader in Gaza|date=1 January 2009|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=1 January 2009|first1=Ashraf|last1=Khalil|first2=Ahmed|last2=Burai}}</ref> Hamas said that Israel would pay a "heavy price" for his death.<ref name="nydn"/> Rayan was the most senior Hamas member killed in a targeted killing since ] was killed by an Israeli ] strike in 2004.<ref name="LAT">{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-gaza2-2009jan02,0,2260601.story|title=Israeli strike kills a top Hamas leader in Gaza|date=1 January 2009|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=1 January 2009|first1=Ashraf|last1=Khalil|first2=Ahmed|last2=Burai}}</ref> Hamas said that Israel would pay a "heavy price" for his death.<ref name="nydn"/>


==References== ==References==
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Latest revision as of 04:20, 7 January 2025

Palestinian political and religious leader (1959–2009)

Nizar Rayan
Rayan at a press conference 23 September 2005 in Gaza. (AFP)
Leader in Hamas
In office
2004 – 1 January 2009
Preceded bySheikh Ahmed Yassin
Personal details
Born(1959-03-06)6 March 1959
Jabalia, Gaza Strip
Died1 January 2009(2009-01-01) (aged 49)
Jabalia, Gaza Strip
Cause of deathAirstrike
NationalityPalestinian
Political partyHamas
Spouse4 wives (all deceased)
Children12 (all deceased)
Alma materImam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University, Omdurman Islamic University, University of Jordan
OccupationProfessor of Islamic law
Known forHamas leadership

Nizar Rayan (Arabic: نزار ريان, Nɩzár Rɑȋán, also transliterated Rayyan; 6 March 1959 – 1 January 2009) was a high-ranking Hamas leader who served as a liaison between the Palestinian organization's political leadership and its military wing. Also a professor of Islamic law, he became a top Islamic cleric within Hamas after the death of Sheikh Ahmed Yassin in 2004. Rayan was a strong promoter between 1994 and 2004 of suicide bombings on Israel, and his son killed himself on one such mission. Rayan and most of his family were killed in an Israeli airstrike during the Gaza War.

Personal life

Rayan was born in Jabalia, Gaza Strip on 6 March 1959. In 1982, he received a BSc degree in Theology and Religious studies from Imam Muhammad ibn Saud Islamic University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. While there he was influenced by Wahhabism and Salafism. He then attended the University of Jordan in Amman and in 1990 received a masters MSc degree with honors. In 1994, Rayan completed his PhD in Islamic studies at the Omdurman Islamic University in Omdurman, Sudan. His dissertation has the title of Future of Islam: Objective Analysis.

After his studies, Rayan returned to Gaza and was employed as an imam at several mosques, Jabalia's Imad Aqil Mosque (also known as the "Mosque of martyrs") among them. He later became a professor of Islamic law at the Islamic University of Gaza. Rayan was a leading authority on Hadith (sayings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad), and he amassed a 5,000-book library in his home. An Israeli intelligence source described Rayan as a strong opponent of Shia Islam, who opposed allowing any form of Shiia Islam to establish a foothold in Gaza and the West Bank.

Eventually, according to The Jerusalem Post, Rayan became an important leader in Hamas, in particular an Islamic leader of Hamas's military wing, and he regularly went on patrol with Hamas militia after delivering lectures at the Islamic University. He arguably became Hamas's leading clerical authority after an Israeli airstrike killed Sheikh Ahmed Yassin in 2004.

Rayan along with Hamas and Palestinian Islamic Jihad began to strongly advocate for suicide bombings to be carried out against Israel in 1994. According to Chris Hedges who interviewed him, Rayan constantly said that Hamas, "began to target Israeli civilians in 1994 only after Palestinian worshipers were gunned down in a Hebron mosque by a Jewish settler, Baruch Goldstein."

In 2001, Rayan sent his 22-year-old son on a suicide bombing mission, in which he died and killed two Israelis at the former Israeli settlement Elei Sinai in the Gaza Strip. Rayan is alleged to have directed the 2004 Ashdod Port attack which killed ten people. Hamas ceased its suicide attacks against Israel in 2005, but Rayan advocated for their renewal after the 2008-2009 Gaza conflict began.

Rayan was one of the main commanders who oversaw the 2007 Battle of Gaza, in which Hamas expelled Fatah from Gaza. Fatah security forces were militarily defeated, the battle resulting in the death of 115 fighters and 400 civilians. Both Hamas and Fatah were accused of atrocities, including torture, during the conflict. According to The Jerusalem Post, Rayan, "boasted that the Gaza Strip had been 'cleansed' of 'traitors' 'secularists' and 'CIA agents' - a reference to Abbas and his former security and intelligence chiefs." According to a Hamas spokesperson, it is possible the Fatah-dominated Palestinian National Authority asked Israel to kill Rayan due to his role in the Hamas-Fatah clashes. He added that Rayan was one of the main reasons why many of Mahmoud Abbas's men "did not sleep well at all at night."

Rayan was strongly opposed to the state of Israel. According to Israeli-American writer Jeffrey Goldberg, he at one time stated, "True Islam would never allow a Jewish state to survive in the Arab and Muslim Middle East. Israel is an impossibility. It is an offense against God." Goldberg also reported that Rayan said he believed Jews are a "cursed people" some of whom were transformed into pigs and apes by Allah, and that Jews must pay for murdering the prophets of Islam and "closing ears to the Messenger of Allah."

Rayan married four women with whom he had 12 children.

Hamas takeover of Gaza

See also: Islamization of the Gaza Strip

Following the 2007 Hamas takeover of Gaza, Rayan said that "In a few hours, the secular era in Gaza will end without leaving a trace... Today heresy and apostasy ends. Today the struggle is between Islam and the non-muslim infidels, and it will end with the victory of the faith." He added that he would transform the PA security forces headquarters in Gaza to a mosque. Following the speech, Fatah members expressed great fear that Hamas would transform Gaza into a Taliban-style Islamist emirate with Iranian and Syrian military support.

Gaza war

During the Gaza war, most of the Hamas political leadership went underground, however despite not being part of the Qassam brigades wing Nizar involved himself militarily in the conflict. He justified his position in an interview by saying that “By God, if they raid my home do I just tell them I am a member of the political organ? They are invading my country so it is my duty to fight them. To serve in politics does not mean I cannot fight those who force themselves on my country.”

Family annihilation

Israeli F-16i of the 107th Squadron preparing for take-off during Gaza War

Rayan and his entire family, including his spouses and all of his surviving children were killed in an Israeli Air Force strike on 1 January 2009 during the Gaza War. The day before the attack, Rayan had advocated renewal of suicide bombings on Israel, declaring, "Our only language with the Jews is through armed resistance and Jihad". A 2,000-pound bomb was dropped on his house by an Israeli F-16 fighter jet, also killing his 4 wives (Hiam 'Abdul Rahman Rayan, 46; Iman Khalil Rayan, 46; Nawal Isma'il Rayan, 40; and Sherine Sa'id Rayan, 25) and 11 of their children (As'ad, 2; Usama Ibn Zaid, 3; 'Aisha, 3; Reem, 4; Miriam, 5; Halima, 5; 'Abdul Rahman, 6; Abdul Qader, 12; Aaya, 12; Zainab, 15; and Ghassan, 16).

Unlike other Hamas leaders at risk of being targeted by Israel, Rayan did not go underground after the first Gaza war with Israel began in late December 2008. According to a Hamas spokesperson, the IDF and Shin Bet warned Rayan by contacting his telephone that an attack on his house was imminent. An Israeli military spokesperson interviewed by The International Herald Tribune "could not give details or specify whether Rayan's family had been warned."

Israeli security sources stated that Rayan's house, at the time of the attack, was a munitions warehouse and communications center, and contained a tunnel opening. The sources also stated that a weapons cache in the house triggered many secondary explosions immediately after the air strike. The New York Daily News commented that Rayan had "sacrificed his children - in a vain attempt to protect a weapons base beneath his home." Israeli security forces legal officials regard striking homes used for weapons storage, when sufficient warning is given to the residents, as falling within the boundaries of international law and a legitimate act of war. However, in the opinion of B'Tselem (The Israeli Center for Human Rights Information in the Occupied Territories), even if the Israeli charge that Rayan's house was an arms warehouse was true, the large number of civilian lives taken rendered the attack "a grave breach of international humanitarian law." The Israeli NGO added that, given the Israeli military "knew or should have known" that civilians had not left Rayan's house, warning Rayan of the impending attack did not exempt Israeli forces from responsibility for the civilian deaths. The Israeli government said the object of the attack was Rayan's house, not Rayan himself, as the home allegedly contained weapons. Amnesty International wrote that Israel must have known women and children would be at home, given the schools were closed. IDF stated its surveillance showed people leaving the house, but Amnesty noted Israel had failed to provide any evidence to substantiate that claim.

Rayan was the most senior Hamas member killed in a targeted killing since Abdel Aziz al-Rantissi was killed by an Israeli Apache helicopter strike in 2004. Hamas said that Israel would pay a "heavy price" for his death.

References

  1. الغارات الإسرائيلية على قطاع غزة تودي بحياة قيادي بارز في حماس (alarabiya)
  2. According to The Independent, Rayan was born in 1956.
  3. ^ Fighel, Jonathan (1 February 2009). "The Mujaheed Sheikh - Dr. Nizar Rayyan The Islamic cleric of Iz A-Din Al Qassam Brigades". International Policy Institute for Counter-Terrorism. Archived from the original on 28 August 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  4. ^ Ghazali, Said; MacIntyre, Donald (2 January 2009). "Profile of a professor who was prepared for martyrdom". The Independent. London. Archived from the original on 5 January 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  5. ^ No tears for Hamas leader in Ramallah, Jerusalem Post, 1 January 2009.
  6. ^ Nizar Rayan UK Guardian 3 January 2009
  7. "Top Hamas figure killed in Israeli airstrike; Israel demands monitors as part of a Gaza truce". NBC News. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  8. ^ "Israel fells key Hamas strongman, escalating conflict; says it's ready for ground invasion" New York Daily News 1 January 2009
  9. ^ "Israel kills senior Hamas figure". AlJazeera.Net. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  10. ^ "IAF kills one of Hamas' top five leaders in Gaza". Haaretz. 1 January 2009. Archived from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  11. ^ Hedges, Chris (2 January 2009). "Lost in the Rubble". truthdig. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
  12. ^ "Israeli strike kills senior Hamas leader". Reuters. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  13. ^ "Obituary: Nizar Rayyan" BBC 1 January 2009
  14. ^ Khalil, Ashraf; Burai, Ahmed (1 January 2009). "Israeli strike kills a top Hamas leader in Gaza". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  15. ^ "Strike Kills Hamas Leader as Israel Demands Global Monitors for Truce". FOX News. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  16. ^ "Hamas leader, 20 Palestinians killed in IAF strikes". Ynet. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  17. "Profile: Nizar Rayyan". Al Jazeera. 4 January 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  18. "Hamas Senior Official Rayyan Killed in Israeli Strike". Bloomberg L.P. 1 January 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  19. Hardline Hamas leader killed in air strike on Gaza home The Telegraph 1 January 2009
  20. Exposing the bitter truth of Gaza carnage The Age (Australia) 23 June 2007
  21. "Gaza-Westbank–ICRC Bulletin No. 22/2007" Reuters 15 June 2007
  22. ^ Goldberg, Jeffrey (2 January 2009). "Nizar Rayyan of Hamas on God's Hatred of Jews". The Atlantic. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  23. "Israel destroys Hamas homes, flattens Gaza mosque". Yahoo News. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  24. "Gaza May Turn into Taliban-Style Emirate". The Journal of Turkiah Weekly. 20 June 2007. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  25. Hamas says will not follow Taliban method in Gaza. Xinhua, 14 June 2007
  26. "when Saturday came".
  27. Israel raids kill Hamas leader, take Gaza death toll past 400 AFP, 1 January 2009
  28. Haaretz Correspondents and Agencies, Amos Harel and Yoav Stern (2 January 2009). "IDF targets senior Hamas figures". Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2009. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  29. ^ The Associated Press (1 January 2009). "Child casualties mount in besieged Gaza". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 13 February 2009. Retrieved 1 January 2009.
  30. IOF Offensive on the Gaza Strip Continues for the 7th Consecutive Day Archived 13 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine Palestinian Centre for Human Rights 15 January 2009
  31. Abdulrahman, Mohammed (1 January 2009). "Hamas has gone underground". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. Archived from the original on 6 January 2009. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  32. Butcher, Tim (1 January 2009). "Hardline Hamas leader killed in air strike on Gaza home". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 2 January 2009.
  33. Kershner, Isabel Kershner; El Khodary, Taghreed (2 January 2009). "As bombing continues, Israel allows some foreigners to leave Gaza". International Herald Tribune. Retrieved 4 January 2009.
  34. "The Mujaheed Sheikh - Dr. Nizar Rayyan - The Spiritual Mentor of Iz A-Din Al Qassam Brigades". ICT. 4 January 2009. Archived from the original on 10 February 2009. Retrieved 12 April 2009.
  35. The killing of Nizar Rayan and 15 members of his family B'Tselem 4 January 2009
  36. ^ "ISRAEL/GAZA OPERATION 'CAST LEAD':22 DAYS OF DEATH AND DESTRUCTION" (PDF). Amnesty International. p. 109.
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