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{{short description|Country in Southwestern Europe}}
{{about|the country}}
{{pp-move-indef}} {{other uses}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}{{Use British English|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox country {{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
|coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
| native_name = {{native name|pt|República Portuguesa}}
|conventional_long_name = Portuguese Republic
| common_name = Portugal
|native_name ={{native name|pt|República Portuguesa|icon=no}}<ref group="note" name="A">In recognized minority ]:
| image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg
:*{{lang-mwl|Republica Pertuesa}}</ref>
|image_flag = Flag of Portugal.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
| coa_size = 110
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Portugal.svg
| national_anthem = <br/>{{lang|pt|]}}<br />"The Portuguese"<br /><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;">]</div>
|common_name = Portugal
| image_map = {{Switcher|]|Show globe|]|Show map of the European Union|default=1}}
|symbol_width = 100px
| map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green|region=Europe|region_color=dark grey|subregion=the ]|subregion_color=green}}
|motto = <!-- ''None'' -->
| capital = ]
|national_anthem = "{{lang|pt|]}}"<br/>{{small|"The Portuguese"}}<br/><center>]</center>
| coordinates = {{Coord|38|46|N|9|9|W|type:city}}
|image_map = EU-Portugal with islands circled.svg
| largest_city = Lisbon
|map_caption = {{map caption |country={{nobold|Portugal}} |location_color=dark green |region=] |region_color=dark grey |subregion=the ] |subregion_color=green}}
| official_languages = ]
|capital = ]
| regional_languages = ]{{efn|name="pt lang"|], spoken in the region of ], was officially recognised in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),<ref name="auto">{{cite web | url = https://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20020318130143/http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | url-status=dead | archive-date = 18 March 2002 | title = Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa (UdL) | access-date= 2 December 2015 }}</ref> awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|<ref name="auto1"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205202451/http://bookshop.europa.eu/en/euromosaic-pbC29295845/downloads/C2-92-95-845-EN-C/C29295845ENC_001.pdf?FileName=C29295845ENC_001.pdf&SKU=C29295845ENC_PDF&CatalogueNumber=C2-92-95-845-EN-C |date=5 February 2016 }}, europa.eu&nbsp;– ] website. Retrieved January 2007. Link updated December 2015</ref>}} ] is also recognised.}}
|largest_city = capital
{{Infobox
|official_languages = ]
| child = yes
|regional_languages = ]{{Ref label|a|a}}
| label1 = Nationality {{nobold|(2023)}}<ref name="aima"/>
|ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list|96.3% ] |3.7% others}}
| data1 = {{Unbulleted list |90.2% ] | {{0}}9.8% ]
|ethnic_groups_year = 2011
|item3_style=padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em}}
|demonym = Portuguese
|government_type = {{nowrap|] ]}} ]
|leader_title1 = ]
|leader_name1 = {{nowrap|]}}
|leader_title2 = {{nowrap|]}}
|leader_name2 = ]
|leader_title3 = ]
|leader_name3 = ]
|legislature = ]
|established_event1 = ]
|sovereignty_type = ]
|sovereignty_note =
|established_event2 = ]
|established_date1 = 868
|established_event3 = ]
|established_date2 = 1095
|established_event4 = ]
|established_date3 = 24 June 1128
|established_event5 = ]
|established_date4 = 26 July 1139
|established_event6 = ]
|established_date5 = 5 October 1143
|established_event7 = ]
|established_date6 = 23 May 1179
|established_event8 = ]
|established_date7 = 1 December 1640
|established_event9 = ]
|established_date8 = 5 October 1910
|established_event10 = ]{{Ref label|b|b}}
|established_date9 = 25 April 1974
|established_event11 =]
|established_date10 = 25 April 1976
|established_date11 = 1 January 1986
|area_km2 = 92,212<ref>{{pt icon}} . Retrieved 2 July 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005103756/http://www.publico.pt/Sociedade/portugal-tem-92212-quilometros-quadrados-por-enquanto-1552831 |date=5 October 2012 }}</ref>
|area_rank = 111th
|area_sq_mi = 35,603
|percent_water = 0.5
|population_estimate = 10,341,330<ref>{{pt icon}} . Accessed on 17 June 2015.</ref>
|population_census = 10,562,178<ref>{{pt icon}} (ine.pt)</ref>
|population_estimate_year = 2015
|population_estimate_rank = 83rd
|population_census_year = 2011
|population_density_km2 = 115
|population_density_rank = 97th
|population_density_sq_mi = 298
|GDP_PPP = {{nowrap|$296 billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2015&ey=2017&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=84&pr1.y=16&c=182&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Portugal |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=13 December 2015}}</ref><!--end nowrap:-->}}
|GDP_PPP_year = 2016
|GDP_PPP_rank = 50th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $28,476<ref name="imf2"/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 40th
|GDP_nominal = {{nowrap|$204.186 billion<ref name="imf2"/>}}
|GDP_nominal_year = 2016
|GDP_nominal_rank = 43th
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $19,611<ref name="imf2"/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 36th
|Gini = 34.2 <!-- number only -->
|Gini_year = 2013
|Gini_change = decrease <!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
|Gini_ref = <ref name=eurogini>{{cite web|title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income (source: SILC)|url=http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=ilc_di12|publisher=Eurostat Data Explorer|accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref>
|Gini_rank =
|HDI = 0.830 <!-- number only -->
|HDI_year = 2014 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
|HDI_change = increase <!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
|HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |date=2015 |accessdate=14 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 43rd
|currency = ] (]){{Ref label|c|c}}
|currency_code = EUR
|time_zone = ] (])<br>]
|utc_offset = −1
|utc_offset_DST = <!-- Note: leave blank as the Azores use UTC with no offset in summer time -->
|DST_note = {{small|Note: ] and ] use WET/WEST, the ] use AZOT/AZOST}}
|time_zone_DST = ] (]+1)<br>]
|antipodes = ] and<br/>]
|date_format = dd/mm/yyyy
|drives_on = right
|calling_code = ]
|cctld = ]
|footnote_a = {{Note|a}} ], spoken in some villages of the municipality of ], was officially recognized in 1999 (''Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro''),<ref>{{cite web | url= http://mirandes.no.sapo.pt/LMPSlei.html | title= Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community) | website= Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa | access-date= 2 December 2015}}</ref> awarding it an official right-of-use.{{big|<ref>, europa.eu&nbsp;– ] website. Retrieved January 2007. Link updated December 2015</ref>}} ] is also recognized.
|footnote_b = {{Note|b}} ] with several subsequent minor revisions, between 1982 and 2005.
|footnote_c = {{Note|c}} Before 2002, the ].
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
|area =
|emergency_telephone_number = ]
}} }}
| religion = {{unbulleted list
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
|{{Tree list}}
'''Portugal''' (]: {{IPA-pt|puɾtuˈɣaɫ|}}), officially the '''Portuguese Republic''' ({{lang-pt|República Portuguesa|links=no}}), is a country on the ], in ]. It is the westernmost country of ]. To the west and south it is bordered by the ] and to the east and north by ]. The ] is {{convert|1214|km|mi|lk=out|abbr=off}} long and considered the longest uninterrupted border within the ]. The republic also includes the Atlantic ]s of the ] and ], both ] with their own ]s.
* 84.8% ]

** 80.2% ]
The territory of modern Portugal has been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since ]. The ], ], ]ns, ] and the ] were followed by the invasions of the ] and the ] ]. In 711 the Iberian Peninsula was invaded by the ] and for the following centuries Portugal would be part of ]. Portugal was born as a result of the Christian '']'', and in 1139, ] was proclaimed ], thus firmly establishing Portuguese independence.<ref>Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, , p. 145, Routledge, 1996, ISBN 0-415-12313-5</ref>
** 4.6% other ]

{{Tree list/end}}
In the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal established the ], becoming one of the world's major economic, political and military ].<ref>Melvin Eugene Page, Penny M. Sonnenburg, p. 481</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-9000/first-global-empire/ |title=First global empire |publisher=Guinnessworldrecords.com |accessdate=18 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://empires.findthedata.org/q/33/2518/What-was-the-Portuguese-Empire |title=What was the Portuguese Empire? |publisher=Empires.findthedata.org |accessdate=18 April 2014}}</ref> During this time, Portuguese explorers pioneered maritime exploration in the ], notably under royal patronage of Prince ] and King ], with such notable discoveries as ]'s sea ] (1497–98), the discovery of ] (1500), and the reaching of the ]. Portugal monopolized the ] during this time, and the Portuguese Empire expanded with military campaigns led in Asia. But the destruction of ] in a ], the country's occupation during the ], the ] (1822), and the ] (1828–34), all left Portugal crippled from war and diminished in its world power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/po.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref>
| 14.1% ]

| 1.1% ]
After the ] deposed the monarchy, the democratic but unstable ] was established, later being superseded by the '']'' right-wing authoritarian regime. Democracy was restored after the ] and the ] in 1974. Shortly after, independence was granted to almost all ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/1999/ASIANOW/east/macau/stories/macau.overview/|title=ASIANOW – Macau's handover to China ends Portuguese era – December 17, 1999|work=cnn.com|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref> marking the end of the ]. Portugal has left a profound cultural and architectural influence ] and a legacy of over 250 million ].

Portugal is a ] with a high-income ] and a high ].<ref>. (Europe 2014)</ref><ref> Deloitte Social Progress 2015</ref><ref> Numbeo QOLR</ref> It is ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofhumanity.org/#page/indexes/global-peace-index/2016/PRT/OVER |publisher=] |title=Vision of Humanity |accessdate=9 June 2016}}</ref> maintaining a ] ] ]an form of government.<ref name="constitution">{{cite web |url=http://dre.pt/comum/html/legis/crp.html |title=Constituição da República Portuguesa – D.R.E. (Constitution of the Portuguese Republic)|date=2 April 1976 |publisher=] |accessdate=16 August 2013 |language=Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Morais |first=Carlos Blanco de |title=A Constituição Revista — Parte III Constituição da República Portuguesa: Semipresidencialismo "on probation?" |url=http://www.ffms.pt/upload/docs/efc2e52b-75ee-412b-9deb-04076e27c552.pdf |accessdate=16 August 2013 |year=2011 |publisher=Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos |location=], Portugal |language=Portuguese |isbn=978-989-8424-28-0 |pages=65–71 }}</ref><ref name="e-book">{{cite book|last1=Araújo |first1=António |authorlink1= |last2=Morais |first2=Carlos Blanco de |authorlink2= |last3=Cunha |first3=Luís Campos e |authorlink3=Luís Campos e Cunha |last4=Costa |first4=José Manuel M. Cardoso da |authorlink4= |last5=Lobo |first5=Marina Costa |authorlink5= |last6=Duarte |first6=David |authorlink6= |last7=Duarte |first7=Tiago |authorlink7= |last8=Freire |first8=André |authorlink8= |last9=Garoupa |first9=Nuno |authorlink9= |last10=Gonçalves |first10=Maria Eduarda |authorlink10= |last11=Lomba |first11=Pedro |authorlink11= |last12=Magalhães |first12=Pedro |authorlink12= |last13=Brito |first13=Miguel Nogueira de |authorlink13= |last14=Barros |first14=Pedro Pita |authorlink14= |last15=Sousa |first15=Luís de |authorlink15= |last16=Tavares |first16=José A. |authorlink16= |last17=Vasconcelos Vilaça |first17=Guilherme |authorlink17= |last18=Veiga |first18=Francisco José |authorlink18= |last19=Andrade |first19=José Carlos Vieira de |authorlink19= |editor1-first=Nuno |editor1-last=Garoupa |editor1-link= |editor2-first=Pedro |editor2-last=Magalhães |editor2-link= |editor3-first=Miguel Poiares |editor3-last=Maduro |editor3-link=Miguel Poiares Maduro |editor4-first=José A. |editor4-last=Tavares |editor4-link= |title=A Constituição Revista |url=http://www.estig.ipbeja.pt/~ac_direito/ConstituicaoRevista_Total.pdf |accessdate=16 August 2013 |year=2011 |publisher=Fundação Francisco Manuel dos Santos |location=], Portugal |language=Portuguese |isbn=978-989-8424-28-0 |page=143 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054405/http://www.estig.ipbeja.pt/~ac_direito/ConstituicaoRevista_Total.pdf |archivedate=21 September 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Veser |first=Ernst |title=Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept — A New Political System Model |url=http://www.rchss.sinica.edu.tw/publication/ebook/journal/11-01-1999/11_1_2.pdf |accessdate=20 August 2013 |year=1997 |publisher=Department of Education, School of Education, ] |location= |language=English, Chinese |isbn= |pages=39–60 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Shugart |first=Matthew Søberg |author-link=Matthew Søberg Shugart |date=December 2005 |title=Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/fp/journal/v3/n3/pdf/8200087a.pdf |journal=Palgrave Macmillan |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan Journals |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=323–351 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087 |access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> It has the 18th highest ] in the world, putting it ahead of other Western European countries like ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialprogressimperative.org/data/spi#data_table/countries/spi/dim1,dim2,dim3|title=Social Progress Index|author=The Social Progress Imperative|work=socialprogressimperative.org|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref> A founding member of ] and the ], it is also a member of numerous other international organizations, including the ], the ], the ], and ].

Portugal is a pioneer when it comes to ], as the nation decriminalized the possession of all drugs for personal use in 2001.<ref></ref> Moreover, after years of investment and cooperation, Portugal marked a climax on ] in 2016, when it was for powered 107 straight hours exclusively by ], ], and ], which advocates say further shows fossil fuels are indeed replaceable.<ref></ref>

== History ==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "History of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{Main article|History of Portugal}}

=== Early history: Pre-Celts and Celts ===
{{Main article|Lusitania|Kingdom of the Suebi}}
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width =
| footer =
| image1 = Citania briteiros casa 2.jpg
| caption1 =
| image2 = Citânia de Briteiros - conjunto de casas.jpg
| caption2 = ], in the ], is the best preserved ] and ] site in Portugal.
}} }}
| religion_ref = <ref name="Censos2021"/>
The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the ] located in South Western Europe. ] derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name ]. The region was ] by Pre-] and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the ], ], ] and ], visited by ] and ], incorporated in the ] dominions as ] and part of ], after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by ], ], and ], and conquered by ]. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of ] settlements, which were found in ], ] and ].<ref>Milhazes, José. &nbsp;– ] in ]. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101100219/http://www.rtp.pt/index.php?article=264957&visual=16&rss=0 |date=1 January 2016 }}</ref>
| demonym = Portuguese
| government_type = Unitary ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Portugal_2005.pdf|title=Constitution of Portugal, Preamble|access-date=17 March 2018|archive-date=17 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317103114/https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Portugal_2005.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|While Portugal has a ''de jure'' semi-presidential system, the role of the president is mostly ceremonial, and the country operates ''de facto'' as a ].}}
| leader_title1 = ]
| leader_name1 = {{nowrap|]}}
| leader_title2 = ]
| leader_name2 = ]
| leader_title3 = ]
| leader_name3 = ]
| legislature = ]
| sovereignty_type = ]
| sovereignty_note =
| established_event1 = ]
| established_date1 = 868
| established_event2 = ]
| established_date2 = 24 June 1128
| established_event3 = ]
| established_date3 = 25 July 1139
| established_event4 = ]
| established_date4 = 5 October 1143
| established_event5 = ]
| established_date5 = 23 May 1179
| established_event6 = ]
| established_date6 = 23 September 1822
| established_event7 = ]
| established_date7 = 5 October 1910
| established_event8 = ]
| established_date8 = 25 April 1974
| established_event9 = ]
| established_date9 = 25 April 1976{{efn|name=c|] with several subsequent minor revisions, between 1982 and 2005}}
| area_km2 = 92,230
| area_footnote = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0008350&selTab=tab0|title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal|website=ine.pt|access-date=5 July 2023|archive-date=13 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113174215/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0008350&selTab=tab0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal country profile |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17758217 |website=BBC News |access-date=27 January 2021 |date=24 February 2020 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126133127/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17758217 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_rank = 109th <!-- Area rank should match ] -->
| area_sq_mi = 57,298
| percent_water = 1.2 (2015)<ref>{{cite web|title=Surface water and surface water change|access-date=11 October 2020|publisher=] (OECD)|url=https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|archive-date=24 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER|url-status=live}}</ref>
| population_estimate_rank = 88th
| population_estimate = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 10,639,726<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=645507713&DESTAQUESmodo=2|title=População residente ultrapassa os 10,6 milhões - 2023|website=ine.pt|publisher=]|access-date=18 June 2024}}</ref>
| population_census = {{DecreaseNeutral}} 10,343,066<ref name="auto2">{{cite web | website=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal | date=23 November 2022 | url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=541064323&DESTAQUESmodo=2 | access-date=23 November 2022 | title=Censos 2021 - Principais tendências ocorridas em Portugal na última década | archive-date=23 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123114641/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=541064323&DESTAQUESmodo=2 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| population_estimate_year = 2023
| population_census_year = 2021
| population_density_km2 = 115.4
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $508.508&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PT">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=182,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Portugal) |publisher=] |website=www.imf.org |date=22 October 2024 |access-date=22 October 2024}}</ref>
| GDP_PPP_year = 2024
| GDP_PPP_rank = 51st
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $49,237<ref name="IMFWEO.PT" />
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 40th
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $303.032&nbsp;billion<ref name="IMFWEO.PT" />
| GDP_nominal_year = 2024
| GDP_nominal_rank = 47th
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $29,341<ref name="IMFWEO.PT" />
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 41st
| Gini = 33.7 <!-- number only -->
| Gini_year = 2023
| Gini_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| Gini_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=594931817&DESTAQUESmodo=2|title=A taxa de risco de pobreza aumentou para 17,0% em 2022 - 2023|publisher=INE|website=www.ine.pt |access-date=12 February 2024}}</ref>
| Gini_rank =
| HDI = 0.874 <!-- number only -->
| HDI_year = 2022 <!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year-->
| HDI_change = increase<!-- increase/decrease/steady -->
| HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2023/24|language=en|publisher=]|date=13 March 2024|page=288|access-date=13 March 2024}}</ref>
| HDI_rank = 42nd
| currency = ]{{efn|The ] before 2002}} (])
| currency_code = EUR
| utc_offset = {{sp}}
| time_zone = ])<br /> UTC−1 (]
| utc_offset_DST = +1
| drives_on = right
| time_zone_DST = ])<br /> UTC (Atlantic/Azores
| DST_note = Note: ] and ] use WET/WEST; the ] are 1 hour behind.
| calling_code = ]
| cctld = ]
| religion_year = 2021
| today =
}}
'''Portugal''',{{efn|{{IPA|pt-PT|puɾtuˈɣal|audio=Portugal.wav|small=no}}}} officially the '''Portuguese Republic''',{{efn|{{langx|pt|República Portuguesa|links=yes}} {{IPA|pt-PT|ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ|}}.<br>In recognized minority ]:
:* {{langx|mwl|República Pertuesa}}.}} is a country in the ] in ]. Featuring ] in ], Portugal borders ] to its north and east, with which it shares ] in the ]; to the south and the west is the ]; and to the west and southwest lie the ] of the ] and ], which are two ]. ] is the ] and ], followed by ], which is the only other ].


The western part of the Iberian Peninsula has been continuously inhabited since ], with the earliest signs of settlement dating to 5500 BC.<ref name=":4">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/portugal/|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109122645/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/portugal|url-status=live}}</ref> ] and ] peoples arrived in the first millennium BC. The region came under ] control in the second century BC, followed by a succession of ] and the ] from the fifth to eighth centuries AD. ] the entirety of Portugal's current mainland in the eighth century, but they were gradually expelled by the Christian ] over the next several centuries. Modern Portugal began taking shape during this period, initially as a ] of the Christian ] in 868, officially declared a sovereign ] with the ] in 1143.<ref name=":0">Brian Jenkins, Spyros A. Sofos, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405021610/https://books.google.com/books?id=LNRyNG9NNkcC&pg=1 |date=5 April 2023 }}, p. 145, Routledge, 1996, {{ISBN|0-415-12313-5}}</ref>
The region of present-day Portugal was inhabited by ]s and then by ], who roamed the border-less region of the northern Iberian peninsula.<ref name="Birmp1">David Birmingham (2003), p.11</ref> These were subsistence societies that, although they did not establish prosperous settlements, did establish organized societies. Neolithic Portugal experimented with domestication of herding animals, the raising of some cereal crops and fluvial or marine fishing.<ref name=Birmp1/>


During the ], the Kingdom of Portugal settled Madeira and the Azores, and established itself as a major economic and political power, largely through ], which extended mostly along the ] and ] coasts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Axelson |first1=Eric |last2=Boxer |first2=C. R. |date=June 1970 |title=The Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415-1825 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1796339 |journal=The Geographical Journal |volume=136 |issue=2 |pages=296 |doi=10.2307/1796339 |jstor=1796339 |issn=0016-7398}}</ref> Portuguese explorers and merchants were instrumental in establishing trading posts and colonies that enabled control over spices and slave trades.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Russell-Wood |first=A. J. R. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book.77743 |title=The Portuguese Empire, 1415-1808 |date=1998 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |doi=10.1353/book.77743 |isbn=978-1-4214-4120-7}}</ref> While Portugal expanded its influence globally, its political and military power faced internal and external challenges towards the end of the 16th century. The ] marked the beginning of the country's political decline that led to the ] (1580-1640), a period in which Portugal was united under Spanish rule.<ref>António Henrique R. de Oliveira Marques, ''History of Portugal''. 1972, p. 322. Boris Fausto, ''A Concise History of Brazil'', p. 40.</ref> While maintaining a degree of self-governance, the union strained Portugal’s autonomy and drew it into conflicts with European powers which targeted Portuguese territories and trade routes.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Newitt |first=Malyn |date=2004-11-05 |title=A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion 1400-1668 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203324042 |doi=10.4324/9780203324042|isbn=978-1-134-55304-4 }}</ref> Portugal's prior opulence was further diminished by a series of events, such as the ] and the ], which destroyed the city and damaged the empire's economy.<ref>{{Citation |last=Maxwell |first=Kenneth |title=Pombal: the Paradox of Enlightenment and Despotism |date=1990 |work=Enlightened Absolutism |pages=75–118 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20592-9_4 |access-date=2024-11-13 |place=London |publisher=Macmillan Education UK |doi=10.1007/978-1-349-20592-9_4 |isbn=978-0-333-43961-6}}</ref>
It is believed by some scholars that early in the first millennium BC, several waves of ] invaded Portugal from ] and inter-married with the local populations, forming ], with many tribes.


The ] motivated the ] to relocate to Brazil in 1807. This event reshaped the relationship between Portugal and Brazil, culminating in ],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Dean |first1=Warren |last2=Barman |first2=Roderick J. |date=December 1990 |title=Brazil: The Forging of a Nation, 1798-1852. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2162941 |journal=The American Historical Review |volume=95 |issue=5 |pages=1663 |doi=10.2307/2162941 |jstor=2162941 |issn=0002-8762}}</ref> which indirectly led to a ] between liberals and absolutists from 1828 to 1834.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Birmingham |first=David |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108539951 |title=A Concise History of Portugal |date=2018-03-28 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |doi=10.1017/9781108539951 |isbn=978-1-108-42419-6}}</ref> The monarchy was overthrown in the ], which led to the establishment of the ]. A phase of unrest ultimately led to the rise of authoritarian regimes of the ] and the ].<ref>{{Citation |title=Portugal |date=2014-06-11 |work=Longman Companion to European Decolonisation in the Twentieth Century |pages=45–46 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315845296-16 |access-date=2024-11-13 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315845296-16 |isbn=978-1-315-84529-6}}</ref> Democracy was finally restored following the ], and brought an end to the ], allowing the last of Portugal’s African territories to achieve independence.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Minter |first1=William |last2=Cann |first2=John P. |date=September 1998 |title=Counterinsurgency in Africa: The Portuguese Way of War, 1961-1974 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/524850 |journal=African Studies Review |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=182 |doi=10.2307/524850 |jstor=524850 |issn=0002-0206}}</ref>
Chief among these tribes were the ], the ], the ], and the ]. Among the lesser tribes or sub-divisions were the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. A few small, semi-permanent, commercial coastal settlements (such as ]) were also founded in the ] region by ]-].


Portugal's imperial history has left a ], with around 300 million ] around the world. Today, it is a ] with an ] relying chiefly upon services, industry, and tourism. Portugal, a member of the ], the European Union, the ], and the ], was one of the founding members of ], the ], the ], and the ].
=== Roman Lusitania and Gallaecia ===
{{Main article|Lusitania|Gallaecia|Hispania}}
] is one of the best preserved Roman-built structures in the country.]]
Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC. During the last days of ], almost the entire peninsula had been annexed to the ]. The Carthaginians, Rome's adversary in the ], were expelled from their coastal colonies.


== Etymology ==
The Roman conquest of what is now part of modern-day Portugal took almost two hundred years and took many lives of young soldiers and
The word ''Portugal'' derives from the combined ]-] place name ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/portugal|title=Portugal – Origin and meaning of the name Portugal by Online Etymology Dictionary|website=Etymonline.com|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=20 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230220050255/https://www.etymonline.com/word/portugal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://agal-gz.org/faq/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=contributos-pgl:sobre_a_origem_e_significado_da_palavra_portugal.pdf|title=Origem e significado das palavras Portugal e Galiza|website=agal-gz.org|access-date=25 February 2023|archive-date=3 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221203194424/http://agal-gz.org/faq/lib/exe/fetch.php?media=contributos-pgl:sobre_a_origem_e_significado_da_palavra_portugal.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> (present-day's ] of ] and ]). Porto stems from the Latin for ], {{Lang|la|portus}}; ''Cale''{{'}}s meaning and origin is unclear. The mainstream explanation is an ] derived from the Callaeci, also known as the ] peoples, who occupied the north-west of the ].<ref name="academia.edu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/31989410|title=Documentos danca portuguesa|first=Marcos|last=Winicius|via=academia.edu|access-date=12 April 2020|archive-date=17 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817085223/https://www.academia.edu/31989410|url-status=live}}</ref> One theory proposes ''Cale'' is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port'.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=POGEbFpGHigC&q=celtic+cale+harbour&pg=RA1-PA270 |title=Celtic Linguistics |access-date=22 August 2010 |isbn=978-0-415-20479-8 |year=1706 |last1=Pezron |first1=Paul |publisher=Taylor & Francis |archive-date=10 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231010145948/https://books.google.com/books?id=POGEbFpGHigC&q=celtic+cale+harbour&pg=RA1-PA270 |url-status=live }}</ref> Another is that ''Cala'' was a Celtic goddess. Some French scholars believe it may have come from {{Lang|la|Portus Gallus}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8zAQAAMAAJ&q=portus+Gallus+etymologie+du+portugal&pg=PA441|title=Manuel géographique et statistique de l'Espagne et du Portugal ...|date=11 April 2018|publisher=Buisson|via=Google Books|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203433/https://books.google.com/books?id=MD8zAQAAMAAJ&q=portus+Gallus+etymologie+du+portugal&pg=PA441#v=snippet&q=portus%20Gallus%20etymologie%20du%20portugal&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> the port of the Gauls.
the lives of those who were sentenced to a certain death in the slavery mines when not sold as slaves to other parts of the empire. It suffered a severe setback in 150 BC, when a rebellion began in the north. The Lusitanians and other native tribes, under the leadership of ], wrested control of all of western Iberia.


Around 200 BC, the ] took Iberia from the ] during the ]. In the process they conquered Cale, renaming it {{Lang|la|Portus Cale}} ('Port of Cale') and incorporating it into the province of ]. During the ], the region around Portus Cale became known by the ] and ] as ''Portucale''. The name ''Portucale'' changed into ''Portugale'' during the 7th and 8th centuries, and by the 9th century, it was used to refer to the region between the rivers Douro and ]. By the 11th and 12th centuries, ''Portugale'', ''Portugallia'', ''Portvgallo'' or ''Portvgalliae'' was already referred to as ''Portugal''.
Rome sent numerous legions and its best generals to Lusitania to quell the rebellion, but to no avail—the Lusitanians kept conquering territory. The Roman leaders decided to change their strategy. They bribed Viriathus's allies to kill him. In 139 BC, Viriathus was assassinated, and Tautalus became leader.


== History ==
Rome installed a colonial regime. The complete Romanization of Lusitania only took place in the Visigothic era.
{{Main|History of Portugal}}


=== Prehistory ===
In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of ]. Later, a northern province of Lusitania was formed, known as ], with capital in Bracara Augusta, today's ].
{{Main|Prehistoric Iberia}}
There are still many ruins of castros (]) all over modern Portugal and remains of ].
The region has been inhabited by humans since circa 400,000 years ago, when ] entered the area. The oldest human fossil found in Portugal is the 400,000-year-old '']'' ''H. Heidelbergensis'' skull discovered in the ] in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2017-03-year-old-fossil-human-cranium-oldest.html|title=400,000-year-old fossil human cranium is oldest ever found in Portugal|website=phys.org|access-date=14 April 2018|archive-date=16 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816022236/https://phys.org/news/2017-03-year-old-fossil-human-cranium-oldest.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Later ]s roamed the northern Iberian peninsula and a tooth has been found at Nova da Columbeira cave in ].<ref name="Birmp1">David Birmingham (2003), p.11</ref> ] arrived in Portugal around 35,000 years ago and spread rapidly.<ref>{{harvp|Disney|2009|p=5}}</ref> Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal. The ] developed a written language, leaving ], which are mainly found in the south.
Numerous Roman sites are scattered around present-day Portugal, some urban remains are quite large, like ] and ]. The former, beyond being one of the largest ] settlements in Portugal, is also classified as a ]. Conímbriga lies {{convert|16|km|abbr=off}} from ] which by its turn was the ancient '']''). The site also has a museum that displays objects found by archaeologists during their excavations.


Early in the first millennium BC, several waves of ] invaded Portugal from Central Europe and intermarried with the local populations to form several different ethnic groups. The Celtic presence is patent in archaeological and linguistic evidence. They dominated most of northern and central Portugal, while the south maintained its older character (believed non-Indo-European, likely related to ]) until the Roman conquest.<ref>{{harvp|Disney|2009|p=15}}</ref> In southern Portugal, some small, semi-permanent commercial coastal settlements were also founded by ] and ].
Several works of engineering, such as baths, temples, bridges, roads, circus, theatres and layman's homes are preserved throughout the country. Coins, some of which coined in Lusitanian land, as well as numerous pieces of ceramics were also found. Contemporary historians include ] (c. 375–418)<ref>David Rohrbacher, "Orosius," in ''The Historians of Late Antiquity'' (Routledge, 2002), Rohrbacher bases the date of birth on Augustine's description of Orosius as a "young priest" and a "son by age" in the period 414–418, which would place his age at 30 or younger.</ref> and ] (c. 400–469), bishop of ], who reported on the final years of the Roman rule and arrival of the ].


=== Roman Portugal ===
=== Germanic kingdoms: Suebi and Visigoths ===
], one of the best preserved landmarks of Roman presence in Portugal]]
] ] and St. ] from an 1145 manuscript of Martin's ''De virtutibus quattuor''.]]
{{Main|Lusitania|Gallaecia|Hispania}}Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC. The Carthaginians, Rome's opponent in the ], were expelled from their coastal colonies. During ]'s rule, almost the entire peninsula was annexed to Rome. The conquest took two hundred years and many died, including those sentenced to work in slave mines or sold as slaves to other parts of the empire. Roman occupation suffered a setback in 155 BC, when a ] began in the north. The ] and other native tribes, under the leadership of ],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.unrv.com/bio/viriathus.php|title=Viriathus And The Lusitanian War &#124; UNRV.com Roman History|website=unrv.com|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-date=7 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707020716/https://www.unrv.com/bio/viriathus.php|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IY5ABAAAQBAJ&q=viriathus+celtic+lusitania+academia&pg=PT268|title=Viriathus: And the Lusitanian Resistance to Rome, 155–139 BC|first=Luis|last=Silva|date=30 July 2013|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=978-1-4738-2689-2|via=Google Books|access-date=17 November 2020|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203317/https://books.google.com/books?id=IY5ABAAAQBAJ&q=viriathus+celtic+lusitania+academia&pg=PT268#v=snippet&q=viriathus%20celtic%20lusitania%20academia&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> wrested control of all of western Iberia. Rome sent legions to quell the rebellion but were unsuccessful. Roman leaders bribed Viriathus's allies to kill him in 139 BC; he was replaced by ].
In the early 5th century, ], namely the ] and the ] (] and ]) together with their allies, the ]s and ] invaded the ] where they would form their kingdom. The ] was the Germanic post-Roman kingdom, established in the former Roman provinces of ]-].


In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of ]. Later, a northern province was separated from the province of ], under Emperor ]'s reforms, known as ].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Conejo |first1=Noé |title=Coins and ''villae'' in late Roman Lusitania: collapse of the Roman currency economy? |journal=Post-Classical Archaeologies |volume=10 |year=2020 |pages=219–246 |url=http://www.postclassical.it/PCA_Vol.10_files/PCA10_Conejo.pdf |access-date=17 November 2020 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928010929/http://www.postclassical.it/PCA_Vol.10_files/PCA10_Conejo.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> There are still ruins of castros (]) and remains of the ], like ], ] and ].
About 410 and during the 6th century it became a formally declared kingdom, where king ] made a peace treaty with the Gallaecians before passing his domains to ], his son. In 448 Réchila died, leaving the state in expansion to ].


=== Germanic kingdoms ===
In the year 500, the ] was installed in Iberia, centred on ]. The Visigoths eventually conquered the Suebi and its capital city Bracara (modern day Portugal's ]) in 584–585, following the consecutive defeats of the two last Suebi kings ] and ]. The former Kingdom of the Suebi then became the sixth province of the Visigothic Kingdom of Hispania.
] in the 5th and 6th centuries]]


In 409, with the decline of the ], the ] was occupied by ].<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=UoryGn9o4x0C&pg=PP1 | title = The History of Portugal | isbn = 978-0-313-31106-2 | last1 = Anderson | first1 = James Maxwell | year = 2000 | publisher = Bloomsbury Academic | access-date = 24 December 2023 | archive-date = 10 October 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20231010145955/https://books.google.com/books?id=UoryGn9o4x0C&pg=PP1 | url-status = live }}</ref> In 411, with a federation contract with ], many of these people settled in ]. An important group was made up of the ] and ] in ], who founded a ] with its capital in ]. They came to dominate ] (]) as well, and there were ] to the south.<ref name="books.google">{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aGc2GwyvuEgC&q=KOLLER%2C%20Erwin%2C%20Hugo%20Laitenberger&pg=PR1 | title = Schwaben | isbn = 978-3-8233-5091-0 | last1 = Koller | first1 = Erwin | last2 = Laitenberger | first2 = Hugo | year = 1998 | publisher = Gunter Narr Verlag | access-date = 24 December 2023 | archive-date = 2 February 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203318/https://books.google.com/books?id=aGc2GwyvuEgC&q=KOLLER%2C%20Erwin%2C%20Hugo%20Laitenberger&pg=PR1#v=snippet&q=KOLLER%2C%20Erwin%2C%20Hugo%20Laitenberger&f=false | url-status = live }}</ref>
For the next 300 years and by the year 700, the entire Iberian Peninsula was ruled by the Visigoths. This period lasted until 711, when King ] (Rodrigo) was killed while opposing a Moorish invasion from the south. From the various Germanic groups who settled in Western Iberia, the Suebi left the strongest lasting cultural legacy in what is today Portugal, Galicia and Asturias.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fim do Império Romano e Chegada dos Suevos|url=http://www.notapositiva.com/pt/trbestbs/historia/10_fim_imper_romano.htm|website=notapositiva.com|accessdate=12 March 2016|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Suevos|url=http://www.infoescola.com/povos-germanicos/suevos/|website=infoescola.com|accessdate=12 March 2016|language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vestígios da presença sueva no noroeste da península ibérica: na etnologia, na arqueologia e na língua|url=http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0807-89672013000200016|website=scielo.mec.pt|accessdate=12 March 2016|language=pt}}</ref>
The ] and the Visigoths were the Germanic tribes who had the most lasting presence in the territories corresponding to modern Portugal. As elsewhere in Western Europe, there was a sharp decline in urban life during the ].<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYn_f1jxNDoC&pg=PA138 | title = The Rise & Fall of World Orders | isbn = 978-0-7190-4058-0 | last1 = Knutsen | first1 = Torbjörn L | year = 1999| publisher = Manchester University Press }}</ref>


Roman institutions disappeared in the wake of the ] invasions with the exception of ] organisations, which were fostered by the Suebi in the fifth century and adopted by the Visigoths afterwards. Although the Suebi and Visigoths were initially followers of ] and ], they adopted ] from the local inhabitants. St. ] was a particularly influential evangelist.<ref name="books.google" />
=== Islamic period and the Reconquista ===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Silves castle - ancient capital of Algarve - The Algarve, Portugal (1387949771).jpg
| caption1 = ], a Moorish-era fortification in the ].
| image2 = Al Andalus - 2.png
| caption2 = The Caliphate of Cordoba c. 1000 at the apogee of ].
}}
Today's modern day continental Portugal, along with most of modern ], was part of the ]. This occupation lasted one century in the North (effectively for some decades and later only as a mainly military and administrative claimed region) to approximately four and five centuries in most of the Center and in the South, respectively (711 AD – 1249 AD), following the ] conquest of the ] in 711 AD.


In 429, the Visigoths moved south to expel the ] and ] and founded a kingdom with its capital in ]. From 470, conflict between the Suebi and Visigoths increased. In 585, the Visigothic King ] conquered Braga and annexed Gallaecia; the ] was unified under a ].<ref name="books.google" /> A new class emerged, unknown in Roman times: a ], which played a key social and political role during the ]. It was under the Visigoths that the Church began to play an important part within the state. As the Visigoths did not learn Latin from the local people, they had to rely on bishops to continue the Roman system of governance. The laws were made by councils of bishops, and the ] emerged as a high-ranking class.
After defeating the ] in only a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 711, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of ], which stretched from the ] river in the Indian sub-continent (now ]) up to the South of France, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under ] with the establishment of the ]. After almost two centuries, the Emirate became the ] in 929, until its dissolution a century later in 1031 into no less than 23 small kingdoms, called ] kingdoms.


=== Islamic period ===
The governors of the taifas each proclaimed themselves ] of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of Portugal fell into the hands of the ] of the ], and after a short spell of an ephemeral ] in 1022, fell under the dominion of the ] of the ] poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the ] who came from ] in 1086 winning a decisive victory at the ], followed a century later in 1147, after the second period of Taifa, by the ], also from ].<ref>Portugal musulman (Le) – VIIIe-XIIIe siècles par Christophe Picard – Maisonneuve et Larose – Collection Occident Musulman – 2001, 500 p., 34 euros. ISBN 2706813989</ref>
Today's continental Portugal, along with most of modern Spain, was invaded from the South and became part of ] between 726 and 1249, following the ] conquest of the ]. This rule lasted decades in the North, up to five centuries in the South.<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Al-Andalus |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Al-Andalus |encyclopedia=] |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303184305/https://www.britannica.com/place/Al-Andalus |url-status=live }}</ref>


After defeating the ] in a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 726, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of ], until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under ] with the establishment of the ]. The Emirate became the ] in 929, until its dissolution in 1031, into 23 small kingdoms, called ] kingdoms.<ref name="Britannica" />
Al-Andalus was divided into different districts called ''Kura''. Gharb Al-Andalus at its largest was constituted of ten kuras,<ref name="A. R. Disney, p.55">A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 1: From Beginnings to 1807: Portugal (Volume 1) p.55</ref> each with a distinct capital and governor. The main cities of the period in Portugal were ], ], ], ] and ].


The governors of the taifas proclaimed themselves ] of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of present-day Portugal fell into the hands of the ] of the ], and in 1022 the ] of the ] poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the ] in 1086, then by the ] in 1147.<ref>Portugal musalman (Le) – VIIIe-XIIIe siècles par Christophe Picard – Maisonneuve et Larose – Collection Occident Musulman – 2001, 500 p. {{ISBN|2-7068-1398-9}}</ref>
The Muslim population of the region consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to ] (the so-called '']'' or ''Muladi'') and berbers. The Arabs were principally noblemen from ]; and though few in numbers, they constituted the elite of the population. The Berbers were originally from the ] and ] mountains of North Africa and were essentially nomads.
Al-Andaluz was divided into districts called ''Kura''. ] at its largest consisted of ten kuras,<ref name="A. R. Disney, p.55">A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, Vol. 1: From Beginnings to 1807: Portugal (Volume 1) p. 55</ref> each with a distinct capital and governor. The main cities were in the southern half of the country: ], ], ], ] and ]. The Muslim population consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam and ].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://journals.eco-vector.com/2410-0145/article/view/35149%7Cauthor=Stepanova%7C | title=Written Monuments of the Orient | access-date=19 January 2024 | archive-date=2 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203427/https://journals.eco-vector.com/2410-0145/index | url-status=live }}</ref> The Arabs (mainly noblemen from ]) although a minority, constituted the elite. The Berbers who joined them, were nomads from the ] of North Africa.<ref name="Britannica" />
The territory which is now Portugal was part of various Muslim states, including the Emirate of Cordoba, the Taifa of Badajoz and the Almohade and Almoravid empires.


Invasions from the North also occurred in this period, with ] incursions raiding the coast between the 9th and 11th centuries, including Lisbon.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Viking raids on the spanish peninsula|first=Rolf|last=Scheen|journal=Militaria. Revista de Cultura Militar|issue=8|year=1996|url=https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MILT/article/download/MILT9696110067A/3416/0|pages=67–73|access-date=13 April 2022|archive-date=13 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220413040655/https://revistas.ucm.es/index.php/MILT/article/download/MILT9696110067A/3416/0|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Ann Christys, ''Vikings in the South'' (London: Bloomsbury, 2015), p. 97.</ref> This resulted in the establishment of small ] settlements in the coastline between ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=Vikings- Warriors from the sea |url=https://portugal.um.dk/en/culture/culture-events/eventdisplaypage/?eventid=1bd54bcf-6989-430b-ab7d-2ddd5640d986 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924073048/https://portugal.um.dk/en/culture/culture-events/eventdisplaypage/?eventid=1bd54bcf-6989-430b-ab7d-2ddd5640d986 |archive-date=24 September 2020 |access-date=24 April 2020 |publisher=Portugal.um.dk}}</ref>
=== County of Portucale ===
], first ruler of the ].]]
{{Main article|County of Portugal}}
An Asturian Visigothic noble named ] in 718 AD was elected leader by many of the ousted ] nobles. Pelagius called for the remnant of the Christian Visigothic armies to rebel against the Moors and regroup in the unconquered northern Asturian highlands, better known today as the ], in what is today the small mountain region in North-western ], adjacent to the ].<ref name="V. Livermore, 1969 pp. 32-33">H. V. Livermore, ''A New History of Portugal'' (Cambridge University Press: London, 1969) pp. 32–33.</ref>


=== Reconquista ===
Pelagius' plan was to use the Cantabrian mountains as a place of refuge and protection from the invading Moors. He then aimed to regroup the Iberian Peninsula's Christian armies and use the Cantabrian mountains as a springboard from which to regain their lands. In the process, after defeating the Moors in the ] in 722 AD, Pelagius was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian ] and starting the war of Christian reconquest known in ] as the '']''.<ref name="V. Livermore, 1969 pp. 32-33"/>
{{Main|Portugal in the Reconquista}}
], first ]]]
The ] was a period when Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from ] domination. An Asturian Visigothic noble named ] was elected leader in 718<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pelayo-king-of-Asturias|title=Pelayo – king of Asturias|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125140910/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pelayo-king-of-Asturias|url-status=live}}</ref> by many of the ousted ] nobles. Pelagius called for the remnants of the Christian Visigothic armies to rebel against the Moors and regroup in the unconquered northern Asturian highlands, known today as the ], in north-west Spain.<ref name="V. Livermore, 1969 pp. 32-33">{{harvp|Livermore|1969|pp=32–33}}</ref> After defeating the Moors in the ] in 722, Pelagius was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian ] and starting the war of Christian reconquest.<ref name="V. Livermore, 1969 pp. 32-33"/>


At the end of the 9th century, the region of Portugal, between the rivers Minho and Douro, was freed or reconquered from the Moors by ] on the orders of King ]. Finding that the region had previously had two major cities—] in the coast and ] in the interior, with many towns that were now deserted—he decided to repopulate and rebuild them with Portuguese and Galician refugees and other Christians.<ref name="QuidNovi">{{Cite book |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Ângelo |last2=Hermano |first2=José |title=História de Portugal I&nbsp; A Formação do Território |trans_title=History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory |publisher=QuidNovi |year=2004 |isbn=989-554-106-6 |language=Portuguese}}</ref> At the end of the 9th century, the region of Portugal between the rivers Minho and Douro, was reconquered from the Moors by nobleman and knight ] on the orders of King ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.academia.edu/23317651|title=O Conde Vímara Peres por A. de Almeida Fernandes|first=A. de Almeida|last=Fernandes|via=academia.edu|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200942/https://www.academia.edu/23317651|url-status=live}}</ref> Finding many towns deserted, he decided to repopulate and rebuild them.<ref name="QuidNovi">{{Cite book |last1=Ribeiro |first1=Ângelo |last2=Hermano |first2=José |title=História de Portugal I&nbsp; A Formação do Território |trans-title=History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory |publisher=QuidNovi |year=2004 |isbn=989-554-106-6 |language=pt}}</ref>


Vimara Peres organized the region he freed from the Moors, and elevated it to the status of ], naming it the ] after the region's major port city—''Portus Cale''' or modern ]. One of the first cities Vimara Peres founded at this time is Vimaranes, known today as ] – the "birthplace of the Portuguese nation" or the "cradle city" (Cidade Berço in Portuguese).<ref name="QuidNovi"/> Vímara Peres elevated the region to the status of ], naming it the ] after its major port city – ''Portus Cale'' or modern ]. One of the first cities he founded is Vimaranes, known today as ] – "birthplace of the Portuguese nation" or the "cradle city".<ref name="QuidNovi"/>


After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the several counties that made up the ], King ] knighted Vimara Peres, in 868 AD, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as ''Portucale'', ''Portugale'', and simultaneously ''Portugália'' — the ].<ref name="QuidNovi"/> After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the counties that made up the ], King ] knighted Vímara Peres, in 868, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as ''Portucale'', ''Portugale'', and simultaneously ''Portugália''.<ref name="QuidNovi"/> With the forced abdication of Alfonso III in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms; they were reunited in 924 under the crown of ].
] investing ], in 1093.]]
Later the Kingdom of Asturias was divided into a number of Christian Kingdoms in Northern Spain due to dynastic divisions of inheritance among the king's offspring. With the forced abdication of ] by his sons in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms of ], ] and Asturias. The three kingdoms were eventually reunited in 924 (León and Galicia in 914, Asturias later) under the crown of ].


In 1093 ] bestowed the county to Henry of Burgundy and married him to his daughter, ]. Henry thus became ] and based his newly formed county from Bracara Augusta (modern ]).
During the century of internecine struggles for dominance among the Northern Christians kingdoms, the County of Portugal formed the southern portion of the Kingdom of Galicia. At times the Kingdom of Galicia existed independently for short periods, but usually formed an important part of the ]. Throughout this period, the people of County of Portugal as Galicians found themselves struggling to maintain the autonomy of Galicia with its distinct language and culture (]) from the Leonese culture, whenever the status of the Kingdom of Galicia changed in relation to the Kingdom of Leon. As a result of political division, Galician-Portuguese lost its unity when the ] separated from the Kingdom of Galicia (a dependent kingdom of Leon) to establish the ].


=== Independence ===
In 1093, ] bestowed the county to ] and married him to his daughter, ], for his role in reconquering the land from Moors. Henry based his newly formed county in Bracara Augusta (modern ]), capital city of the ancient Roman province, and also previous capital of several kingdoms over the first millennia.
{{Main|Portugal in the Middle Ages}}
] ruled between 1143–1185.]]
At the ], in the outskirts of ], in 1128, ], Count of Portugal, defeated his mother ] and her lover ], establishing himself as sole leader of the ]. Afonso continued his father Henry of Burgundy's Reconquista wars. His campaigns were successful and in 1139, he obtained a victory in the ], so was proclaimed ] by his soldiers. This is traditionally taken as the occasion when the County of Portugal became the independent ] and, in 1129, the capital city was transferred from Guimarães to Coimbra. Afonso was recognized as the first king of Portugal in 1143 by King ], and in 1179 by ] as Afonso I of Portugal.
Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military ], continued pushing southwards against the Moors. In 1249, the Reconquista ended with the capture of the ] and expulsion of the last Moorish settlements. With minor readjustments, Portugal's territorial borders have remained the same, making it one of the oldest established nations in Europe.


After a conflict with the ], ] signed the ] in 1297 with Ferdinand IV of Castile. This treaty established the border between the kingdoms of Portugal and Leon. The reigns of Denis, ], and ] mostly saw peace with the other kingdoms of Iberia.
===Independence and Afonsine era===
{{main article|Portugal in the Middle Ages|Portuguese House of Burgundy}}
] receiving divine intervention at the ] (1139), where he was acclaimed King of the Portuguese.]]
On 24 June 1128, the ] occurred near ]. ], Count of Portugal, defeated his mother ] and her lover ], thereby establishing himself as sole leader. Afonso then turned his arms against the Moors in the south.


In 1348-49 Portugal, as with the rest of Europe, was devastated by the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/09/13/2031252.htm|title=Black death|first=Karl S.|last=Kruszelnicki|date=13 September 2007|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406162144/http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2007/09/13/2031252.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1373, Portugal made an ], the oldest standing alliance in the world.
Afonso's campaigns were successful and, on 25 July 1139, he obtained an overwhelming victory in the ], and straight after was unanimously proclaimed ] by his soldiers. This is traditionally taken as the occasion when the County of Portugal, as a fief of the Kingdom of León, was transformed into the independent ]


=== Age of Discoveries ===
Afonso then established the first of the ] at ], where he was crowned by the Archbishop of Braga, though the validity of the Cortes of Lamego has been disputed and called a myth created during the ]. Afonso was recognized in 1143 by King ], and in 1179 by ].
{{main||Portuguese Empire}}
]
In 1383 ], ], and ] claimed the throne of Portugal. John of Aviz, later ], defeated the Castilians in the ], and the ] became the ruling house. The new ruling dynasty led Portugal to the limelight of European politics and culture. They created and sponsored literature, such as a history of Portugal, by ].<ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Duarte |first=King of Portugal |title=The book of horsemanship |date=2016 |author=Jeffrey L. Forgeng |isbn=9781782046288 |oclc=961824873 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |publisher=Carvalho |first=Mário Santiago de |date=12 September 2014 |title=Uma modernidade perdida: da melancolia à alegria racional na antropologia do homem superior| author= Segundo D. Duarte |url=https://www.uc.pt/fluc/dfci/public_/publicacoes/uma_modernidade_perdida |journal=Revista Filosófica de Coimbra |volume=22 |issue=43 |page=190 |doi=10.14195/0872-0851_43_7 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |issn=0872-0851 |access-date=22 January 2024 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203324/https://www.uc.pt/fluc/dfci/public_/publicacoes/uma_modernidade_perdida |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |publisher=Duarte |title=King of Portugal Leal conselheiro |date=1999 |author=Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda |isbn=9722709402 |oclc=43397222 }}</ref>


Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the ] under the sponsorship of ]. Portugal explored the Atlantic, encountering the ], ], and ], which led to the first ] movements. The Portuguese explored the ], established trade routes in most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China (]) and Japan (]). In 1415, Portugal acquired its first colonies by conquering ], in North Africa. Throughout the 15th century, ] sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts ], ranging from ] to ]. Portugal sailed the ] to Goa via the ].
During the ] period, Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from ] domination. ] and his successors, aided by military ], pushed southward to drive out the Moors. At this time Portugal covered about half of its present area. In 1249, the Reconquista ended with the capture of the ] and complete expulsion of the last Moorish settlements on the southern coast, giving Portugal its present-day borders, with minor exceptions.


The ] of 1494 was intended to resolve a dispute created following the return of ] and divided the newly located lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain along a line west of the ] islands, off the west coast of Africa. In 1498 ] became the first European to reach India by sea, bringing ] and helping to start the ]. In 1500, the Portuguese explorer ] reached what is now ] and founded the town of ], one of many ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/portuguese.html |title=The Portuguese Explorers: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |publisher=Heritage.nf.ca |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=5 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110805030420/http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/portuguese.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite DCB |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/corte_real_miguel_1E.html |title=Corte-Real, Miguel |first=L.-A. |last=Vigneras |volume=I |access-date=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pcsp.ca/?Content=Visiting/About_Our_Town/History|title=Town of Portugal Cove – St.Philip's : History|website=Pcsp.ca|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=16 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022411/http://pcsp.ca/?Content=Visiting/About_Our_Town/History|url-status=live}}</ref>
In one of these situations of conflict with the ], ] signed with the king ] (which was represented, when being a minor, by his mother the queen ]) the ], which stipulated that Portugal abolished agreed treaties against the kingdom of Castile for supporting the infant ]. This treaty established inter alia the border demarcation between the kingdom of Portugal and the kingdom of Leon, where the disputed town of ] was included.
]]]
In 1500, ] and claimed it for Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/fodors/top/features/travel/destinations/centralandsouthamerica/brazil/riodejaneiro/fdrs_feat_129_9.html?pagewanted=1|title=A Brief History of Brazil - New York Times|website=The New York Times|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214234730/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/fodors/top/features/travel/destinations/centralandsouthamerica/brazil/riodejaneiro/fdrs_feat_129_9.html?pagewanted=1|url-status=live}}</ref> Ten years later, ] conquered ] in India, ] and ] in the ], and ], now in Malaysia. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce in the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic. Portuguese sailors set out to reach Eastern Asia, landing in ], Japan, ], ], and the ]. Although it was believed the ] were the first Europeans to arrive in Australia, there is evidence the ] in 1521.<ref>{{cite news |first=Giles |last=Tremlett |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/22/uk.australia |title=Another nail in Cook's coffin as map suggests he was pipped by Portugal |newspaper=The Guardian |date=22 March 2007 |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=17 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117003919/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/22/uk.australia |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/10575227/Kangaroo-in-400-year-old-manuscript-could-change-Australian-history.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/10575227/Kangaroo-in-400-year-old-manuscript-could-change-Australian-history.html |archive-date=10 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Kangaroo in 400-year-old manuscript could change Australian history |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=31 January 2014 |location=London |first=Bernd |last=Debusmann |date=15 January 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Perry |first=Michael |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-australia-map-idUSSYD3449720070321 |title=Map proves Portuguese discovered Australia: new book |work=Reuters |date=21 March 2007 |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=2 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102003059/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/21/us-australia-map-idUSSYD3449720070321 |url-status=live }}</ref>


Between 1519 and 1522 ] organised a Spanish expedition to the ] which resulted in the first ] of the globe. The ], signed in 1529 between Portugal and Spain, divided the Pacific Ocean between Spain and Portugal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/5-2-crossing-the-atlantic|title=5.2 Crossing the Atlantic - World History Volume 2, from 1400 &#124; OpenStax|first1=Ann|last1=Kordas|first2=Ryan J.|last2=Lynch|first3=Brooke|last3=Nelson|first4=Julie|last4=Tatlock|date=14 December 2022|website=openstax.org|access-date=4 January 2024|archive-date=4 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104173037/https://openstax.org/books/world-history-volume-2/pages/5-2-crossing-the-atlantic|url-status=live}}</ref>
The reigns of ] (Denis I), ] (Alphons IV), and ] (Peter I) for the most part saw peace with the Christian kingdoms of Iberia.


=== Iberian Union and Restoration ===
In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the ].<ref>, Great Moments in Science, ABC Science</ref> In 1373, Portugal made an ], which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible ] influence to this day.
{{Main|Iberian Union}}


Portugal voluntarily entered a dynastic union (1580&ndash;1640) because the last two kings of the ] died without heirs, resulting in the ]. ] claimed the throne and was accepted as Philip I of Portugal. Portugal did not lose its formal independence, forming a ] of kingdoms. But the joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of an independent foreign policy, and led to its involvement in the ] between Spain and the Netherlands.
=== Joanine era and Age of Discoveries ===
{{Main article|History of Portugal (1415–1578)|Portuguese discoveries|House of Aviz}}
{{multiple image
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| caption1 = ]'s victory at ] secured the ]'s claim to the throne.
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| caption2 = ] was erected by King John I to commemorate his victory in the ].
}}
In 1383, ], husband of ] and son-in-law of ], claimed the throne of Portugal. A faction of petty noblemen and commoners, led by ] (later King John I of Portugal) and commanded by General ] defeated the Castilians in the ]. With this battle, the ] became the ruling house of Portugal.


] built by John V, now a UNESCO ]]]
Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the ]. Prince ], son of ], became the main sponsor and patron of this endeavour. During this period, Portugal explored the ], discovering several Atlantic archipelagos like the ], ], and ], explored the African coast, colonized selected areas of ], discovered an eastern ] via the ], ], explored the ], established trading routes throughout most of ], and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to ] and ].
War led to a deterioration of relations with ], and the loss of ], a strategic trading post located between ] and ]. From 1595 to 1663 the ] primarily involved Dutch companies invading Portuguese ] and commercial interests in Brazil, Africa, India and the Far East, resulting in the loss of Portugal's Indian sea trade monopoly.


In 1640 ] spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king. The ] ended the 60-year period of the Iberian Union under the ]. This was the beginning of the ], which reigned until 1910. ] saw a reign characterized by the influx of gold into the royal treasury, supplied largely by the ] (tax on precious metals) from the ] of ] and ]. Most estimates place the number of Portuguese migrants to ] during the gold rush of the 18th century at 600,000.<ref name="ibge">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |title=IBGE teen |publisher=Ibge.gov.br |access-date=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125045233/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |archive-date=25 January 2012 }}</ref> This represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies, during colonial times.
In 1415, Portugal acquired the first of its overseas colonies by conquering ], the first prosperous Islamic trade centre in ]. There followed the first discoveries in the ]: ] and the ], which led to the first ] movements.

Throughout the 15th century, ] sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for ], ranging from ] to ], as they looked for a route to India and its ]s, which were coveted in Europe.

The ], intended to resolve the dispute that had been created following the return of ], which was made by ], the mediator between Portugal and Spain. It was signed on 7 June 1494, and divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the two countries along a meridian 370 leagues west of the ] islands (off the west coast of Africa).

In 1498, ] reached ] and brought ] and its population of 1.7&nbsp;million residents, helping to start the ]. In 1500, the Portuguese explorer ] reached what is now ] and founded the town of ], ], long before the French and English in the 17th century, and being just one of many ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/portuguese.html |title=The Portuguese Explorers: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage |publisher=Heritage.nf.ca |accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite DCB |url=http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/corte_real_miguel_1E.html |title=Corte-Real, Miguel |first=L.-A. |last=Vigneras |volume=I |accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pcsp.ca/?Content=Visiting/About_Our_Town/History|title=Town of Portugal Cove – St.Philip's : History|work=pcsp.ca|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref>
{{multiple image
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| footer = ] (left), Prince ] (right): figures of the ].
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In 1500, ] discovered ] and claimed it for Portugal.<ref>The standard view of historians is that Cabral was blown off course as he was navigating the currents of the South Atlantic, sighted the coast of South America, thereby accidentally discovering Brazil. However, for an alternative account of the discovery of Brazil, see ]</ref> Ten years later, ] conquered ] in ], ] and ] in the ], and ], now a ] in ]. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce in the ] and South Atlantic. Portuguese sailors set out to reach Eastern Asia by sailing eastward from Europe, landing in such places as ], ], the island of ], and in the ].

Although for a long period it was believed the ] were the first ] to arrive in Australia, there is also some evidence that the ] in 1521.<ref>{{cite web|author=Giles Tremlett |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/22/uk.australia |title=Another nail in Cook's coffin as map suggests he was pipped by Portugal &#124; World news |publisher=The Guardian |date=22 March 2007 |accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/10575227/Kangaroo-in-400-year-old-manuscript-could-change-Australian-history.html |title=Kangaroo in 400-year-old manuscript could change Australian history |publisher=Telegraph |accessdate=31 January 2014 |location=London |first=Bernd |last=Debusmann |date=15 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Perry |first=Michael |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/03/21/us-australia-map-idUSSYD3449720070321 |title=Map proves Portuguese discovered Australia: new book |publisher=Reuters |date=21 March 2007 |accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref>

The ], signed on 22 April 1529 between Portugal and Spain, specified the anti-meridian to the line of demarcation specified in the Treaty of Tordesillas.

All these factors made Portugal one of the world's major economic, military, and political powers from the 15th century until the late 16th century.

=== Iberian Union, Restoration and early Brigantine era ===
{{Main article|Iberian Union|Portuguese Restoration War|House of Braganza}}
], 1801), a legend of the ].]]
Portugal's sovereignty was interrupted between 1580 and 1640. This occurred because the last two kings of the ]&nbsp;– King ], who died in the ] in ], and his great-uncle and successor, King ]&nbsp;– both died without heirs, resulting in the ].

Subsequently, ] claimed the throne and so became Philip I of Portugal. Although Portugal did not lose its formal independence, it was governed by the same monarch who governed the ],<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rDlqrxan22AC&pg=PA10&dq=the+spains+%22las+espanas%22#v=onepage&q=the%20spains%20%22las%20espanas%22&f=false |title=Saint and Nation| page= 10 |publisher=Books.google.com |date=30 April 2011 |accessdate=18 August 2012|isbn=9780271037738}}</ref> briefly forming a ] of kingdoms. At this time Spain was a ].<ref> {{Cita|The first thing there is to understand is that in a good measure, the Courts of Cádiz created a new state, the Spanish state.there had never been a proclamation of a Kingdom of Spain, so that difficulties always arose upon the legal value of the very frequent references to 'Spain' in the legal texts of the sixteenth, seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The Spanish sovereigns had always refused the advice in the sense of establishing a United Kingdom of Spain, preferring to see themselves as vertices of converging scattered kingdoms, at least in theory. Even the Napoleonic Bayonne Constitution of 1808 did not proclaim a kingdom of Spain, but a 'Crown of Spain and the Indies'. On the other hand, 'Spain' was merely a geographical name, a simple romance version of 'Hispania',whereby its use, in principle, should not have to go beyond the designations ‘Galia’,‘Germania’}}</ref> The joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of an independent foreign policy and led to its involvement in the ] between ] and the ].

War led to a deterioration of the relations with ], and the loss of ], a strategic trading post located between ] and ]. From 1595 to 1663 the ] primarily involved the Dutch companies invading many Portuguese ] and commercial interests in Brazil, Africa, India and the Far East, resulting in the loss of the Portuguese Indian sea trade monopoly.
] patronized numerous artistic works, earning him the epithet of the ''Portuguese Sun King''.]]
In 1640, ] spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king. The ] between Portugal and the Spanish Empire, in the aftermath of the 1640 revolt, ended the sixty-year period of the ] under the ]. This was the beginning of the ], which reigned in Portugal until 1910.

King John IV's eldest son came to reign as ], however his physical and mental disabilities left him overpowered by ]. In a palace coup organized by the King's wife, ], and his brother, ], King Afonso VI was declared mentally incompetent and exiled first to the Azores and then to the ], outside Lisbon. After Afonso's death, Pedro came to the throne as King Pedro II. Pedro's reign saw the consolidation of national independence, imperial expansion, and investment in domestic production.

Pedro II's son, ], saw a reign characterized by the influx of gold into the coffers of the royal treasury, supplied largely by the ] (a tax on precious metals) that was received from the ] of ] and ]. Acting as an absolute monarch, John nearly depleted his country's tax revenues on ambitious architectural works, most notably ], and on commissions and additions for his sizable art and literary collections.

Official estimates&nbsp;– and most estimates made so far&nbsp;– place the number of Portuguese migrants to ] during the gold rush of the 18th century at 600,000.<ref name="ibge">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |title=IBGE teen |publisher=Ibge.gov.br |accessdate=11 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125045233/http://www.ibge.gov.br/ibgeteen/povoamento/portugueses.html |archivedate=25 January 2012 }}</ref> This represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies in the Americas during colonial times.


=== Pombaline era and Enlightenment === === Pombaline era and Enlightenment ===
{{Main article|History of Portugal (1640–1777)}} {{Main|History of Portugal (1640–1777)}}
] effectively ruled Portugal during the reign of King ].]] ] effectively ruled Portugal during the reign of ].]]
In 1738, ], began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese ] in ] and later in ]. The ] of Portugal, ], was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal ]. King ], however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the ]'s approval, he appointed Melo as ] of Foreign Affairs. In 1738 ], later ennobled as 1st ], began a career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London, later in Vienna. King ] was crowned in 1750 and made him his ] of Foreign Affairs. As the King's confidence in Carvalho e Melo increased, he entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Carvalho e Melo was made prime minister. Impressed by British economic success witnessed as Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar ] policies in Portugal.


In 1761, during the reign of King José I, he banned the import of black slaves into mainland Portugal and India, not for humanitarian reasons, but because they were a necessary work force in Brazil. At the same time, he encouraged the trade of black slaves ("the pieces", in the terms of that time) to that colony, and with the support and direct involvement of the Marquis of Pombal, two companies were founded - the ''Companhia do Grão-Pará e Maranhão'' and the ''Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba'' - whose main activity was the trafficking of slaves, mostly Africans, to Brazilian lands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caldeira |first=Arlindo Manuel |title=Escravos e Traficantes no Império Português: O comércio negreiro português no Atlântico durante os séculos XV a XIX |publisher=A Esfera dos Livros |year=2013 |pages=219–224 |language=pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Boxer |first=Charles |title=O Império colonial português (1415-1825) |publisher=Ediçoes 70 |year=1969 |pages=191}}</ref>
As the King's confidence in de Melo increased, the King entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Sebastião de Melo was made Prime Minister. Impressed by British economic success that he had witnessed from the Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar ] policies in Portugal. He abolished slavery in Portugal and in the Portuguese colonies in India; reorganized the army and the navy; restructured the ], and ended discrimination against different ] sects in Portugal.


But Sebastião de Melo's greatest reforms were economic and financial, with the creation of several companies and guilds to regulate every commercial activity. He demarcated the region for production of ] to ensure the wine's quality, and this was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He ruled with a strong hand by imposing strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society from the high nobility to the poorest working class, along with a widespread review of the country's tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes, especially among the high nobility, who despised him as a social upstart. He reorganised the army and navy and ended legal discrimination against different ] sects.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} He created companies and guilds to regulate commercial activity and one of the first ] by demarcating the region for production of ] to ensure the wine's quality. This was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He imposed strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society, along with a widespread review of the tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes.


{{multiple image
Disaster fell upon Portugal in the morning of 1 November 1755, when ] was struck by ] with an estimated ] of 8.5–9. The city was razed to the ground by the earthquake and the subsequent tsunami and ensuing fires.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |title=Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake |publisher=Nisee.berkeley.edu |date=12 November 1998 |accessdate=6 May 2012}}</ref> Sebastião de Melo survived by a stroke of luck and then immediately embarked on rebuilding the city, with his famous quote: "What now? We bury the dead and take care of the living."
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Despite the calamity and huge ], Lisbon suffered no epidemics and within less than one year was already being rebuilt. The new city centre of Lisbon was designed to resist subsequent earthquakes. Architectural models were built for tests, and the effects of an earthquake were simulated by marching troops around the models. The buildings and big squares of the Pombaline City Centre still remain as one of Lisbon's tourist attractions. Sebastião de Melo also made an important contribution to the study of ] by designing an inquiry that was sent to every parish in the country.
| image1 = Ruinas da Praça da Patriarcal após o Terramoto de 1755 - Jacques Philippe Le Bas, 1757.png

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| image3 = Ruinas da Igreja de S. Paulo após o Terramoto de 1755 - Jacques Philippe Le Bas, 1757.png |width2= 1012 |height2= 716 | image3 = Ruinas da Igreja de S. Paulo após o Terramoto de 1755 - Jacques Philippe Le Bas, 1757.png
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| image2 = Ruinas da Igreja de S. Nicolau após o Terramoto de 1755 - Jacques Philippe Le Bas, 1757.png |width3= 1012 |height3= 716 | height2 = 716
| image2 = Ruinas da Igreja de S. Nicolau após o Terramoto de 1755 - Jacques Philippe Le Bas, 1757.png
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| footer = The ] devastated Portugal with an estimated magnitude between 8.5–9.0.
| footer = The ] devastated Portugal.
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Lisbon was struck by a major ], magnitude estimated to have been between 7.7–9.0, with casualties ranging from 12,000 to 50,000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |title=Historical Depictions of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake |publisher=Nisee.berkeley.edu |date=12 November 1998 |access-date=6 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311082423/http://nisee.berkeley.edu/lisbon/index.html |archive-date=11 March 2011 }}</ref> Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his prime minister more power, and Carvalho de Melo became an ]. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The ], several members of his family and even servants were tortured and executed in public with extreme brutality (even by the standards of the time), as alleged part of the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Saraiva |first=José Hermano |title=História concisa de Portugal |publisher=Publicações Europa-América |year=1986 |pages=250–251|edition=10th }}</ref><ref>{{harvp|Disney|2009|pages=294-297}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Oliveira Santos |first=Guilherme de (and two others) |title=O processo dos Távoras : A Revisão - Instauração, depoimentos e sentenças |publisher=Caleidoscopio |publication-date=2017 |pages=11, 34–36, 55, 58}}</ref>
Following the earthquake, ] gave his Prime Minister even more power, and Sebastião de Melo became a powerful, progressive dictator. As his power grew, his enemies increased in number, and bitter disputes with the high nobility became frequent. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The ] and the ] were implicated and executed after a quick trial. The ] were expelled from the country and their assets confiscated by the crown. Sebastião de Melo prosecuted every person involved, even women and children. This was the final stroke that broke the power of the aristocracy. Joseph I made his loyal minister Count of ] in 1759.


The following year, the ] were ]. This crushed opposition by publicly demonstrating even the aristocracy was powerless before Pombal. Further titled "Marquês de Pombal" in 1770, he ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1777. The new ruler, Queen ], disliked Pombal because of his excesses, and upon her accession to the throne, withdrew all his political offices. Pombal was banished to his estate at ], where he died in 1782.
In 1762, ] as part of the ], but by 1763 the ''status quo'' between Spain and Portugal before the war had been restored.


Following the Távora affair, the new Count of Oeiras knew no opposition. Made "Marquis of Pombal" in 1770, he effectively ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1779. However, historians also argue that Pombal’s "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial economic exploitation as well as intensifying book censorship and consolidating personal control and profit.<ref>Kenneth Maxwell, ''Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 83, 91–108, 160–62.</ref> Historians argue that Pombal's "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial exploitation and consolidating personal control, and profit.<ref>Kenneth Maxwell, ''Pombal, Paradox of the Enlightenment'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 83, 91–108, 160–62.</ref>


=== Napoleonic era === === Crises of the 19th century ===
] during the ] (1828–1834)]]
{{Main article|History of Portugal (1777–1834)|United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves}}
In 1807 Portugal refused ]'s demand to accede to the ] of embargo against the United Kingdom; a French invasion under ] followed, and Lisbon was captured in 1807. British intervention in the ] helped maintain Portuguese independence; the last French troops were expelled in 1812.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ertl|first=Alan W.|title=Toward an Understanding of Europe: A Political Economic Precis of Continental Integration|year=2008|publisher=Dissertation.com|isbn=9781599429830|page=303}}</ref>
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| image1 = Autor não identificado - Embarque da Família Real Portuguesa.jpg
| caption1 = The ] in 1808.
| image2 = Alegoria às virtudes do Príncipe Regente D. João - Domingos Sequeira, 1810.png
| caption2 = ''Allegory of the Virtues of ]''; ], 1810.
}}


] in Brazil was the Portuguese capital between 1808 and 1821. In 1820, ] insurrections took place at ] and Lisbon. Lisbon regained its status as the capital of Portugal when Brazil declared its independence in 1822. The death of King ] in 1826 led to a crisis of royal succession. His eldest son, ], briefly became ], but neither the Portuguese nor Brazilians wanted a unified monarchy; consequently, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese crown in favor of his 7-year-old daughter, ], on the condition that when she came of age she would marry his brother, ]. Dissatisfaction at Pedro's constitutional reforms led the "absolutist" faction of landowners and the church to proclaim Miguel king in February 1828. This led to the ], also known as the ''War of the Two Brothers'' or the ''Portuguese Civil War'', in which Pedro forced Miguel to abdicate and go into exile in 1834 and place his daughter on the throne as Queen ].
The new ruler, Queen ], disliked the Marquis because of the power he amassed, and never forgave him for the ruthlessness with which he dispatched the Távora family, and upon her accession to the throne, she withdrew all his political offices. Pombal died on his estate at ] in 1782.
]
After 1815 the Portuguese expanded their trading ports along the African coast, moving inland to take control of Angola and Mozambique. The slave trade was abolished in 1836. In ], trade flourished in the colony of ], with its subsidiary colonies of ], near Hong Kong, and ], north of Australia. The Portuguese successfully introduced Catholicism and the Portuguese language into their colonies, while most settlers continued to head to Brazil.<ref>{{harvp|Livermore|1969|pp=299–306}}</ref><ref>Gervase Clarence-Smith, ''The Third Portuguese Empire, 1825–1975: A Study in Economic Imperialism'' (1985)</ref>


On 11 January 1890, the ] delivered ] to Portugal, demanding the withdrawal of Portuguese forces from the area between Portugal's colonies of ] and ]. The area had been claimed by Portugal as part of its colonialist ] project, but Britain disputed these claims, mostly due to ]' aspirations to create a ], which was intended to link all British colonies via a single railway. The government of Portugal quietly accepted the ultimatum and withdrew their forces from the disputed area, leading to a widespread backlash among the Portuguese public, who viewed acceptance of the British demands as a humiliation.<ref>João Ferreira Duarte, {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160910035749/http://www.erudit.org/revue/TTR/2000/v13/n1/037395ar.pdf |date=10 September 2016 }}</ref>
In the autumn of 1807, ] moved French troops through Spain to invade Portugal. From 1807 to 1811, British-Portuguese forces would successfully fight against the ], while the royal family and the Portuguese ], including Maria I, relocated to the ], at that time a colony of the ], in South America. This episode is known as the ].


=== First Republic and Estado Novo ===
With the occupation by Napoleon, Portugal began a slow but inexorable decline that lasted until the 20th century. This decline was hastened by the independence in 1822 of the country's largest colonial possession, Brazil. In 1807, as Napoleon's army closed in on Lisbon, the ] ] ] to Brazil and established ] as the capital of the Portuguese Empire. In 1815, Brazil was declared a Kingdom and the Kingdom of Portugal was united with it, forming a pluricontinental State, the ].
{{Main|First Portuguese Republic|Estado Novo (Portugal)}}
] and his daughter Queen ].]]
As a result of the change in its status and the arrival of the Portuguese royal family, Brazilian administrative, civic, ], military, ], and ] apparatus were expanded and highly modernized. Portuguese and their allied British troops fought against the ] and by 1815 the situation in Europe had cooled down sufficiently that João VI would have been able to return safely to Lisbon. However, the King of Portugal remained in Brazil until the ], which started in ], demanded his return to Lisbon in 1821.

Thus he returned to Portugal but left his son ] in charge of Brazil. When the Portuguese Government attempted the following year to return the Kingdom of Brazil to subordinate status, his son Pedro, with the overwhelming support of the Brazilian elites, declared ] from Portugal. ] (today's sovereign state of Uruguay), in the south, was one of the last additions to the territory of Brazil under Portuguese rule.

Brazilian independence was recognized in 1825, whereby Emperor Pedro I granted unto his father the titular honour of ''Emperor of Brazil''. John VI's death in 1826 caused serious questions in his succession. Though Pedro was his heir, and reigned briefly as Pedro IV, his status as a Brazilian monarch was seen as an impediment to holding the Portuguese throne by both nations. Pedro abdicated in favour of his daughter, ]. However, Pedro's brother, ], claimed the throne in protest. After a proposal for Miguel and Maria to marry failed, Miguel seized power as King Miguel I, in 1828. In order to defend his daughter's rights to the throne, Pedro launched the ] to reinstall his daughter and establish a constitutional monarchy in Portugal. The war ended in 1834, with Miguel's defeat, the promulgation of a constitution, and the reinstatement of Queen Maria II.

=== Constitutional monarchy ===
{{Main article|History of Portugal (1834–1910)}}
{{multiple image {{multiple image
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| caption1 = ] ruled Portugal between 1932 and 1968, within the ] regime.
| image3 = Proclamação República Portuguesa.jpg
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| footer = Top to bottom: The ] (1908), ]'s acclamation as King (1908) and the ] (1910).
| caption2 = Paratroopers in a Portuguese Air Force helicopter during the ]
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Queen Maria II and King ]'s son, King ] modernized the country during his short reign (1853–1861). Under his reign, roads, telegraphs, and railways were constructed and improvements in public health advanced. His popularity increased when, during the ] outbreak of 1853–1856, he visited hospitals handing out gifts and comforting the sick. Pedro's reign was short, as he died of cholera in 1861, after a series of deaths in the royal family, including his two brothers ] and ], and his wife, ]. Not having children, his brother, ] ascended the throne and continued his modernization.
On 5 October 1910, a ] overthrew the near 800 year-old Monarchy and the Republic was proclaimed. During World War I, Portugal helped the ] fight the ]; however the war hurt its weak economy. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the ]. These conditions led to the failed ], ], and creation of the National Dictatorship ('']''). This in turn led to the right-wing dictatorship of the ] (New State), under ] in 1933.


Portugal remained neutral in ]. From the 1940s to 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of ], ], the ] (EFTA) and joined the ] in 1955. New economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with ] and ] being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a ] nation and not a colonial empire.
At the height of European colonialism in the 19th century, Portugal had already lost its territory in South America and all but a few bases in Asia. ], ], ], ], ] and the ] were among the oldest Portuguese-founded port cities in its African territories. During this phase, Portuguese colonialism focused on expanding its outposts in Africa into nation-sized territories to compete with other European powers there.


Pro-Indian residents of ], separated those territories from Portuguese rule in 1954.<ref name =lele>P S Lele, Dadra and Nagar Haveli: past and present, Published by Usha P. Lele, 1987,</ref> In 1961, ]'s annexation by the ] was the start of a process that led to the dissolution of the centuries-old Portuguese Empire. Another forcible retreat occurred in 1961 when Portugal refused to relinquish ]. The Portuguese were involved in armed conflict in ] against the ]. The ] and loss of the remaining Portuguese territories in the ]. The Portuguese regime refused to recognise Indian sovereignty over the annexed territories, which continued to be represented in the National Assembly until the coup of 1974.
With the ] of 1884, Portuguese Africa territories had their borders formally established on request of Portugal in order to protect the centuries-long Portuguese interests in the continent from rivalries enticed by the ]. Portuguese Africa's cities and towns like ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] were founded or redeveloped inland during this period and beyond. New coastal towns like ], ], ], ], ] and ] were also founded. Even before the turn of the 20th century, railway tracks as the ] in Angola, and the ] in Mozambique, started to be built to link coastal areas and selected inland regions.


Also in the early 1960s the independence movements in the Portuguese provinces of ], ], and ] in Africa, resulted in the ] (lasting from 1961 till 1974). The war mobilised around 1.4 million men for military or for civilian support service,<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/484 |title=A desmobilização dos combatentes africanos das Forças Armadas Portuguesas da Guerra Colonial (1961-1974) |date=2013 |doi=10.4000/lerhistoria.484 |access-date=8 December 2022 |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208230030/https://journals.openedition.org/lerhistoria/484 |url-status=live |last1=Rodrigues |first1=Fátima da Cruz |journal=Ler História |issue=65 |pages=113–128 |doi-access=free | issn = 0870-6182}}</ref> and led to large casualties. Throughout the colonial war period Portugal dealt with increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by the international community. The authoritarian and conservative Estado Novo regime, first governed by Salazar and from 1968 by ], tried to preserve the empire.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://purl.pt/11440/1/P1.html |title=Portugal Não É Um País Pequeno |publisher=Purl.pt |access-date=21 February 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20141025060609/http://purl.pt/11440/1/P1.html |archive-date=25 October 2014 }}</ref>
Other episodes during this period of the Portuguese presence in Africa include the ]. This forced the Portuguese military to retreat from the land between the Portuguese colonies of ] and ] (most of present-day ] and ]), which had been claimed by Portugal and included in its "]", which clashed with British aspirations to create a ].


=== Carnation Revolution and return to democracy===
The Portuguese territories in Africa were ], ], ], ], and ]. The tiny fortress of ] on the coast of ], was also under Portuguese rule. In addition, Portugal still ruled the Asian territories of ], ] and ].
{{Main|Carnation Revolution}}
] armoured car in ] on 25 April 1974]]
The government and army resisted the ] of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a left-wing military ] in Lisbon, the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of territories, as well as the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC ('']''). This period was characterised by power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. By the summer of 1975, the tensions were so high, that the country was on the verge of civil war. Forces connected to the extreme left-wing launched another coup on 25 November, but a military faction, the Group of Nine, initiated a counter-coup.


The Group of Nine emerged victorious, preventing the establishment of a ] and ending political instability. The retreat from the overseas territories prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from its African territories.<ref> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130227074203/http://www.economist.com/node/12079340?story_id=12079340 |date=27 February 2013 }}, '']'', 16 August 1975</ref><ref>, '']'', 7 July 1975</ref> Over one million ] fled the former Portuguese provinces, as white settlers were usually not considered part of the former colonies. By 1975, all Portuguese African territories were independent and Portugal held ] in 50 years.
On 1 February 1908, the king Dom ] and his ], ], ], ]. Under his rule, Portugal had twice been declared ]&nbsp;– on 14 June 1892, and again on 10 May 1902&nbsp;– causing social turmoil, economic disturbances, protests, revolts and criticism of the monarchy. ] became the new king, but was eventually overthrown by the ], which abolished the regime and instated ] in Portugal.


Portugal continued to be governed by a ] until the ]. It was won by the ] and Mário Soares, its leader, became prime minister. Soares would be prime minister from 1976 to 1978 and 1983 to 1985. Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution. He initiated the process of accession to the ] (EEC).
=== First Republic and Estado Novo ===
] (3rd & 8th President), ] (2nd President), ] (6th President), and ] (58th Prime Minister); 1911.]]
{{Main article|Portuguese First Republic|Estado Novo (Portugal)}}
Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the ]. These conditions would lead to the failed ], ], and the creation of the National Dictatorship ('']'').
This in turn led to the establishment of the right-wing dictatorship of the ] under ] in 1933.


After the transition to democracy, Portugal flipped between ] and adherence to the ] model. ] and ]s were enforced; the ] was rewritten to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution had references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a ]. Portugal's economic situation after the revolution obliged the government to pursue ] (IMF)-monitored stabilisation programmes in 1977–78 and 1983–85.] was signed in 2007, when Portugal held the presidency for the ]]] In 1986 Portugal alongside Spain, joined the European Economic Community which later became the ] (EU). Portugal's economy progressed considerably as a result of ] and companies' easier access to foreign markets.
Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in ]. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of ], ] and the ] (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with ] and ], as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a ] nation and not as a colonial empire.


Portugal's last overseas territory, ], was peacefully handed over to China in 1999. In 2002, the independence of ] (Asia) was formally recognised by Portugal. In 1995, Portugal started to implement ] rules, eliminating border controls with other Schengen members. ] took place in Portugal and in 1999 it was one of the founding countries of the ] and ]. In 2004 ], the then ], was nominated ]. On 1 December 2009 the ] entered into force, enhancing the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the Union. Economic disruption and an unsustainable growth in ] during the ] led the country to negotiate in 2011 with the IMF and the European Union, through the ] and the ], a loan to help the country stabilise its finances.
After India attained independence in 1947, pro-Indian residents of ], with the support of the Indian government and the help of pro-independence organisations, separated the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli from Portuguese rule in 1954.<ref name =lele>P S Lele, Dadra and Nagar Haveli: past and present, Published by Usha P. Lele, 1987,</ref> In 1961, ]'s annexation by the ] was the start of a process that led to the final dissolution of the centuries-old Portuguese Empire.
] ruled Portugal from 1932 to 1968, within the ] regime.]]
According to the census of 1921 São João Baptista de Ajudá had 5 inhabitants and, at the moment of the ultimatum by the Dahomey Government, it had only 2 inhabitants representing Portuguese Sovereignty.

Another forcible retreat from overseas territories occurred in December 1961 when Portugal refused to relinquish the territories of ], ]. As a result, the Portuguese army and navy were involved in armed conflict in its colony of ] against the ].

The ] and surrender of the limited Portuguese defensive garrison, which was forced to surrender to a much larger military force. The outcome was the loss of the remaining Portuguese territories in the ]. The Portuguese regime refused to recognize Indian sovereignty over the annexed territories, which continued to be represented in Portugal's National Assembly until the military coup of 1974.

Also in the early 1960s, independence movements in the Portuguese overseas provinces of ], ] and ] in Africa, resulted in the ] (1961–1974).

Throughout the colonial war period Portugal had to deal with increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by most of the international community. However, the authoritarian and conservative ] regime, first installed and governed by ] and from 1968 onwards led by ], tried to preserve a vast centuries-long intercontinental empire with a total area of 2,168,071&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://purl.pt/11440/1/P1.html |title=Portugal Não É Um País Pequeno |publisher=Purl.pt |accessdate=21 February 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514052605/http://purl.pt/11440/1/P1.html |archivedate=14 May 2011 }}</ref>

=== Carnation Revolution and European integration ===
{{Main article|Carnation Revolution|Portuguese transition to democracy}}
] before independence in 1975.]]
The Portuguese government and army resisted the ] of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a bloodless left-wing military ] in ], known as the ], led the way for the independence of the overseas territories in Africa and Asia, as well as for the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC ('']''). This period was characterized by social turmoil and power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. The retreat from the overseas territories and the acceptance of its independence terms by Portuguese head representatives for overseas negotiations, which would create independent states in 1975, prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Portuguese ] and ]).<ref>, ] (16 August 1975).</ref><ref>, ] (Monday, 7 July 1975).</ref>

Over one million ]s fled the former Portuguese provinces as white settlers were usually not considered part of the new identities of the former Portuguese colonies in Africa and Asia. ] and ] were charged with organising the independence of Portugal's overseas territories. By 1975, all the Portuguese African territories were independent and Portugal held ] in 50 years.

Portugal continued to be governed by a ] until the ]. It was won by the ] (PS) and Mário Soares, its leader, became Prime Minister of the 1st Constitutional Government on 23 July. Mário Soares would be Prime Minister from 1976 to 1978 and again from 1983 to 1985. In this capacity Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution, during the last decade of the previous regime. He initiated the process of accession to the ] (EEC) by starting accession negotiations as early as 1977.
] became Portugal's first democratically elected Prime-Minister in 1976.]]
Portugal bounced between ] and adherence to the ] model. ] and ]s were enforced; the ] (approved in 1976) was rewritten in order to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the constitutional revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution was a highly charged ideological document with numerous references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a ]. Portugal's economic situation after its transition to democracy, obliged the government to pursue ] (IMF)-monitored stabilization programs in 1977–78 and 1983–85.

In 1986, Portugal joined the ] (EEC) that later became the European Union (EU). In the following years Portugal's economy progressed considerably as a result of EEC/EU ] and Portuguese companies' easier access to foreign markets.

Portugal's last overseas territory, ], was peacefully handed over to the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1999, under the 1987 joint declaration that set the terms for Macau's handover from Portugal to the PRC. In 2002, the independence of ] (Asia) was formally recognized by Portugal, after an incomplete decolonization process that was started in 1975 because of the Carnation Revolution, but interrupted by an ]n armed invasion and ].
] was signed in 2007, when Portugal held the presidency for the ].]]
On 26 March 1995, Portugal started to implement ] rules, eliminating border controls with other Schengen members while simultaneously strengthening border controls with non-member states. In 1996 the country was a co-founder of the ] (CPLP) headquartered in Lisbon. ] took place in Portugal and in 1999 it was one of the founding countries of the ] and the ].

On 5 July 2004, ], then ], was nominated ], the most powerful office in the European Union. On 1 December 2009, the ] entered into force, after it had been signed by the European Union member states on 13 December 2007 in the ], in Lisbon, enhancing the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the Union and improving the coherence of its action.

Economic disruption and an unsustainable growth in ] in the wake of the ] led the country to negotiate in 2011 with the IMF and the European Union, through the ] (EFSM) and the ] (EFSF), a loan to help the country stabilise its finances.


== Geography == == Geography ==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Geography of Portugal" and "Protected areas of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. --> <!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Geography of Portugal" and "Protected areas of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{Main article|Geography of Portugal}} {{Main|Geography of Portugal}}
]
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Portugal occupies an area on the ] (referred to as ''the continent'' by most Portuguese) and two archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean: ] and the ]. It lies between latitudes ] and ], and longitudes ] and ].
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| image1 = Portugal topographic map-pt.png
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The territory of Portugal includes an area in the ] (referred to as ''the continent'' by most Portuguese) and two archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean: the archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores. It lies between latitudes ] and ], and longitudes ] and ].


] is split by its main river, the ] that flows from Spain and disgorges in Tagus Estuary, in Lisbon, before escaping into the Atlantic. The northern landscape is mountainous towards the interior with several plateaus indented by river valleys, whereas the south, that includes the ] and the ] regions, is characterized by rolling plains. ] is split by its main river, the ], that flows from Spain and disgorges in the ] at Lisbon, before escaping into the Atlantic. The northern landscape is mountainous towards the interior with several plateaus indented by river valleys, whereas the south, including the ] and the ] regions, is characterized by rolling plains.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Vieira|first1=Gonçalo|last2=Luís|first2=Zêzere José|last3=Mora|first3=Carla|title=Landscapes and Landforms of Portugal|date=2018|publisher=Springer International Publishing|isbn=978-3-319-03640-3}}</ref>


Portugal's highest peak is the similarly named ] on the island of ] in the Azores. This ancient volcano, which measures {{convert|2351|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} is an iconic symbol of the Azores, while the ] on the mainland (the summit being {{convert|1991|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} above sea level) is an important seasonal attraction for skiers and winter sports enthusiasts. Portugal's highest peak is ] on ] in the Azores. The archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores are scattered within the Atlantic Ocean: the Azores straddling the ] on a tectonic triple junction, and Madeira along a range formed by ] ] geology. Geologically, these islands were formed by volcanic and seismic events. The last terrestrial volcanic eruption occurred in 1957–58 (]) and minor earthquakes occur sporadically.


], a sea zone over which the Portuguese have special rights in exploration and have use of marine resources, covers an area of {{Convert|1,727,408|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. This is the 3rd largest ] of the European Union and the 20th largest in the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/portugal-tenta-duplicar-territorio-maritimo-8703814.html|title=Portugal tenta duplicar território marítimo|last=Francisco|first=Susete|date=14 August 2017|website=Diário de Notícias|access-date=7 December 2017|archive-date=7 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207083806/https://www.dn.pt/portugal/interior/portugal-tenta-duplicar-territorio-maritimo-8703814.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
The archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores are scattered within the Atlantic Ocean: the Azores straddling the ] on a tectonic triple junction, and Madeira along a range formed by ] ] geology. Geologically, these islands were formed by volcanic and seismic events. The last terrestrial volcanic eruption occurred in 1957–58 (]) and minor earthquakes occur sporadically, usually of low intensity.


=== Provinces of Portugal ===
], a sea zone over which the Portuguese have special rights over the exploration and use of marine resources, has 1,727,408&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. This is the 3rd largest ] of the European Union and the 11th largest in the world.
{{Main|Provinces of Portugal}}
]
The term "'''provinces'''" ({{langx|pt|províncias}}) has been used throughout history to identify regions of ]. Current legal ] do not coincide with the provinces, but several provinces, in their 19th- and 20th-century versions, still correspond to culturally relevant, strongly self-identifying categories. They include:
*] (], ])
*]
*] (], ], ])
*]
*]
*]
*]
*]
The islands of ] and ] were never called "provinces".


=== Climate === === Climate ===
{{Main article|Climate of Portugal}} {{Main|Climate of Portugal}}
Portugal is defined as a ] (''Csa'' in the South, interior, and Douro region; ''Csb'' in the North, Central Portugal and coastal Alentejo; mixed ] along the northern half of the coastline<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Portugal.htm|title=Climate of the World: Portugal – Weather UK – weatheronline.co.uk|work=weatheronline.co.uk|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref> and also ] or ] ('']'' in certain parts of Beja district far South) according to the ]), and is one of the warmest European countries: the annual average temperature in ] varies from {{convert|8-12|°C|°F|1}} in the mountainous interior north to {{convert|16-19|°C|°F|1}} in the south and on the ] ]. The ], separated from the ] region by mountains reaching up to {{convert|900|m|ft}} in Alto de Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia. Portugal is mainly characterised by a ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Portugal.htm|title=Climate of the World: Portugal|website=Weatheronline.co.uk|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509103058/https://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/climate/Portugal.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> ] in high altitude zones of the Azorean islands; a ] in parts of the ] far south and in ], a ] in the ] and a ] in the western ], according to the ]. It is one of the warmest countries in Europe: the average temperature in ] varies from {{convert|10-12|°C|°F|1}} in the mountainous interior north to {{convert|17-19|°C|°F|1}} in the south and on the ] ]. There are variations from the highlands to the lowlands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/form/tb_med.htm|title=Mapas bioclimáticos y biogeográficos|website=Globalbioclimatics.org|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=14 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014103938/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/form/tb_med.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The ], separated from the ] region by mountains reaching up to {{convert|900|m|ft}} in ], has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.


Annual average rainfall in the mainland varies from just over {{convert|3200|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in the northern mountains to less than {{convert|300|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in the area of the Massueime River, near Côa, along the ] river. ] is recognized as receiving the largest annual rainfall (over {{convert|6250|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} per year) in Portugal, according to ''] '' ({{lang-en|Portuguese Institute of the Sea and the Atmosphere}}). Annual average rainfall in the mainland varies from just over {{convert|3200|mm|in|1}} on the ] to less than {{convert|500|mm|in|1}} in southern parts of ]. ] receives the largest annual rainfall (over {{convert|6250|mm|in|1}} per year), according to '']''. In some areas, such as the Guadiana basin, annual diurnal average temperatures can be as high as {{convert|24.5|°C|°F}}, and summer's highest temperatures are routinely over {{convert|40|°C|°F}}. The record high of {{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} was recorded in ].<ref>{{cite web|title=Extremos climáticos de temperatura, Capitais Distrito|url=http://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/|publisher=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera|access-date=23 January 2013|author=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera|language=pt|year=2012|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512044211/https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/|title=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IP Portugal|publisher=ipma.pt|access-date=22 August 2010|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512044211/https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/|url-status=live}}</ref>


] in the ] is considered by the ], one of the 10 most beautiful beaches in Europe.]]
In some areas, such as the Guadiana basin, annual average temperatures can be as high as {{convert|28|°C|°F}}, and summer highest temperatures routinely are over {{convert|40|°C|°F}}. The record high of {{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} was recorded in ], although this might not be the hottest spot in summer, according to satellite readings.<ref>{{cite web|title=Extremos climáticos de temperatura, Capitais Distrito|url=http://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/|publisher=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera|accessdate=23 January 2013|author=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera|language=Portuguese|year=2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/|title=Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IP Portugal|publisher=ipma.pt |accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref>


Snowfalls occur regularly in the winter in the interior North and Centre of the country in districts such as ], ], ] and ]. In winter temperatures may drop below {{convert|-10.0|°C|°F}} in particular in ], ], ] and ]. In these places snow can fall any time from October to May. In the South of the country snowfalls are rare but still occur in the highest elevations. While the official absolute minimum by ] is {{convert|-16.0|°C|°F}} in ] and ], lower temperatures have been recorded, such as {{convert|-17.5|°C|°F}} by ] Polytechnic Institute in the outskirts of the city in 1983, and bellow {{convert|-20.0|°C|°F}} in Serra da Estrela. Snowfalls occur regularly, in the winter, in the interior North and Centre, particularly on the mountains. In winter, temperatures may drop below {{convert|-10.0|°C|°F}}. In these places snow can fall any time from October to May. In the South snowfalls are rare but still occur in the highest elevations. While the official absolute minimum by ] is {{convert|-16.0|°C|°F}} in ] and ], lower temperatures have been recorded. Continental Portugal receives around 2,300-3,200 hours of sunshine annually, an average of 4–6&nbsp;hours in winter and 10–12&nbsp;hours in the summer, with higher values in the south-east, south-west, Algarve coast and lower in the north-west.


Portugal's central west and southwest coasts have an extreme ocean ]; sea temperatures are warmer in October than in July and are their coldest in March. The average ] on the west coast of mainland Portugal varies from {{convert|14|-|16|°C|°F|1}} in January−March to {{convert|19|-|21|°C|°F|1}} in August−October while on the south coast it ranges from {{convert|16|°C|°F|1}} in January−March and rises in the summer to about {{convert|22|-|23|°C|°F|1}}, occasionally reaching {{convert|26|°C|°F|1}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Enjoyable, Mediterranean Climate in Portugal|url=https://www.liveandinvestoverseas.com/country-hub/portugal/climate-in-portugal/|department=Ocean temperatures in Portugal|website=LiveandInvestOverseas.com|date=16 May 2016 |access-date=18 December 2019|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219004527/https://www.liveandinvestoverseas.com/country-hub/portugal/climate-in-portugal/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the Azores, around {{convert|16|°C|°F|1}} in February−April to {{convert|22|-|24|°C|°F|1}} in July−September,<ref>{{cite web |title=Average sea temperature of the Azores |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/sao-roque-do-pico.htm |publisher=seatemperature.org |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=15 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115043016/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/sao-roque-do-pico.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> and in Madeira, around {{convert|18|°C|°F|1}} in February−April to {{convert|23|-|24|°C|°F|1}} in August−October.<ref>{{cite web |title=Average sea temperature of Madeira |url=https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/funchal.htm |publisher=seatemperature.org |access-date=9 November 2020 |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020194412/https://www.seatemperature.org/europe/portugal/funchal.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
Portugal has around 2500 to 3200 hours of sunshine a year, an average of 4–6&nbsp;h in winter and 10–12&nbsp;h in the summer, with higher values in the south-east and lower in the north-west.


Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist. The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding {{convert|20|°C|°F}} in some parts of the coast.<ref>Portuguese Meteorological Institute</ref> Some islands in Azores have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the islands of the Azores have been identified as having a ], while some islands (such as ] or ]) are classified as ], transitioning into an ] at higher altitudes. ] in Madeira has a warm semi-arid climate. The ], which are part of the regional territory of Madeira and a nature reserve are unique in being classified as a desert climate with an annual average rainfall of approximately {{convert|150|mm|in|1}}.
The ] on the west coast of mainland Portugal varies from {{convert|13|-|15|°C|°F|1}} in winter to {{convert|18|-|22|°C|°F|1}} in the summer while on the south coast it ranges from {{convert|15|°C|°F|1}} in winter and rises in the summer to about {{convert|23|°C|°F|1}} occasionally reaching {{convert|24|°C|°F|1}}.


=== Biodiversity===
Both the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist, making weather predictions very difficult (owing to rough topography). The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding {{convert|20|°C|°F}} along the coast (according to the Portuguese Meteorological Institute). Some islands in Azores do have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the island of the Azores have been identified as having a ] climate (both ''Csa'' and ''Csb'' types), while some islands (such as ] or ]) are classified as Maritime Temperate (''Cfb'') and Humid subtropical (''Cfa''), respectively, according to Köppen-Geiger classification.
{{Main|Biodiversity of Portugal}}
] is the only nationally designated park in Portugal, owing to the rarity and significance of its environment.]]


Portugal is located on the ], the third most diverse hotspot of flora in the world.<ref name="florestas" /> It is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: ], ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="DinersteinOlson2017">{{cite journal|last1=Dinerstein|first1=Eric|last2=Olson|first2=David|last3=Joshi|first3=Anup|last4=Vynne|first4=Carly|last5=Burgess|first5=Neil D.|last6=Wikramanayake|first6=Eric|last7=Hahn|first7=Nathan|last8=Palminteri|first8=Suzanne|last9=Hedao|first9=Prashant|last10=Noss|first10=Reed|last11=Hansen|first11=Matt|last12=Locke|first12=Harvey|last13=Ellis|first13=Erle C|last14=Jones|first14=Benjamin|last15=Barber|first15=Charles Victor|last16=Hayes|first16=Randy|last17=Kormos|first17=Cyril|last18=Martin|first18=Vance|last19=Crist|first19=Eileen|last20=Sechrest|first20=Wes|last21=Price|first21=Lori|last22=Baillie|first22=Jonathan E. M.|last23=Weeden|first23=Don|last24=Suckling|first24=Kierán|last25=Davis|first25=Crystal|last26=Sizer|first26=Nigel|last27=Moore|first27=Rebecca|last28=Thau|first28=David|last29=Birch|first29=Tanya|last30=Potapov|first30=Peter|last31=Turubanova|first31=Svetlana|last32=Tyukavina|first32=Alexandra|last33=de Souza|first33=Nadia|last34=Pintea|first34=Lilian|last35=Brito|first35=José C.|last36=Llewellyn|first36=Othman A.|last37=Miller|first37=Anthony G.|last38=Patzelt|first38=Annette|last39=Ghazanfar|first39=Shahina A.|last40=Timberlake|first40=Jonathan|last41=Klöser|first41=Heinz|last42=Shennan-Farpón|first42=Yara|last43=Kindt|first43=Roeland|last44=Lillesø|first44=Jens-Peter Barnekow|last45=van Breugel|first45=Paulo|last46=Graudal|first46=Lars|last47=Voge|first47=Maianna|last48=Al-Shammari|first48=Khalaf F.|last49=Saleem|first49=Muhammad|display-authors=1|title=An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm|journal=BioScience|volume=67|issue=6|year=2017|pages=534–545|issn=0006-3568|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix014|pmid=28608869|pmc=5451287|doi-access=free}}</ref> Over 22% of its land area is included in the ] network.<ref name="dre">{{cite web |title=1 - Portugal, Biodiversidade e Capital Natural Uma Leitura Atual |url=https://dre.pt/web/guest/home/-/dre/115226936/details/maximized |publisher=] |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414131521/https://dre.pt/web/guest/home/-/dre/115226936/details/maximized |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="florestas">{{cite web |title=Habitats da floresta portuguesa: um refúgio de biodiversidade |url=https://florestas.pt/conhecer/habitats-da-floresta-portuguesa-um-refugio-de-biodiversidade/ |publisher=florestas.pt |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309101848/https://florestas.pt/conhecer/habitats-da-floresta-portuguesa-um-refugio-de-biodiversidade/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ], ] and ] together make up 71% of the total forested area of continental Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |title=As espécies florestais mais comuns da floresta portuguesa |url=https://florestas.pt/conhecer/as-especies-florestais-mais-comuns-da-floresta-portuguesa/ |publisher=florestas.pt |access-date=19 March 2021 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309101652/https://florestas.pt/conhecer/as-especies-florestais-mais-comuns-da-floresta-portuguesa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Wildfires are quite common and a major issue in Portugal,<ref>{{cite web |title=What are the opinions of foresters in Portugal regarding fire? Results of a questionnaire |url=https://www.isa.ulisboa.pt/ceabn/uploads/docs/projectos/opinions%20foresters%20portugal.pdf |access-date=22 September 2024 |date=2003 }}</ref> being the country with the highest percentage of burned area, on average, in the entire ].<ref>{{cite web |title=EFFIS Estimates for European Union - Forest Fires Emergency |url=https://forest-fire.emergency.copernicus.eu/apps/effis.statistics/estimates |access-date=22 September 2024 |date=2023 }}</ref>
] island in Madeira has a semi-arid steppe climate (''BSh''). The ], which are part of the regional territory of Madeira and a nature reserve are unique in being classified as a desert climate (''BWh'') with an annual average rainfall of approximately {{convert|150|mm|in|1|abbr=on}}. The sea surface temperature in the archipelagos varies from {{convert|17|-|18|°C|°F|1}} in winter to {{convert|24|-|25|°C|°F|1}} in the summer occasionally reaching {{convert|26|°C|°F|1}}.


Geographical and climatic conditions facilitate the introduction of exotic species that later turn to be invasive and destructive to the native habitats. Around 20 percent of the total number of extant species in continental Portugal are ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=de Almeida |first1=João Domingues |title=New additions to the exotic vascular flora of continental Portugal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329872174 |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref> Portugal is the second country in Europe with the highest number of threatened animal and plant species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal tem quase 500 espécies em perigo de extinção |url=https://www.sabado.pt/ciencia---saude/detalhe/portugal-tem-quase-500-especies-em-perigo-de-extincao |work=] |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153030/https://www.sabado.pt/ciencia---saude/detalhe/portugal-tem-quase-500-especies-em-perigo-de-extincao |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Portugal é o 2.º país da Europa com mais espécies de mamíferos e plantas em perigo |date=18 December 2020 |url=https://www.comunidadeculturaearte.com/portugal-e-o-2-o-pais-da-europa-com-mais-especies-de-mamiferos-e-plantas-em-perigo/ |publisher=comunidade cultura e arte |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414212012/https://www.comunidadeculturaearte.com/portugal-e-o-2-o-pais-da-europa-com-mais-especies-de-mamiferos-e-plantas-em-perigo/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Portugal as a whole is an important stopover for migratory bird species.<ref>{{cite web |title=Observação de aves |url=https://www.visitportugal.com/pt-pt/node/73855 |publisher=visitportugal.com |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414132849/https://www.visitportugal.com/pt-pt/node/73855 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aves de Portugal |url=http://www.avesdeportugal.info/avesdeportugal-alfab.html |publisher=avesdeportugal.info |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152820/http://www.avesdeportugal.info/avesdeportugal-alfab.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<gallery mode=packed-hover perrow="5">
<center>
File: Região de Leiria ]
File:Benagil Cave, Algarve.jpg|Benagil coastal cave, on the ].
File:Lagoa_das_Sete_Cidades3.jpg|] volcanic lagoons, on the island of ].
File:Serra da Estrela 1.jpg|The ], the highest mountain range on ].
File:Sezelhe-Alto Cávado Reservoir 3.jpg|Snowy winter landscape, near ].
File:Furnas Beach, VN de Milfontes, Portugal.jpg|Beach in ], on the ] region.
</gallery>
<gallery mode=packed-hover perrow="5">
<center>
File:Alto Douro.jpg|The cultivated hillsides of the ] river valley of ].
File:Monsaraz and the Alqueva Reservoir.jpg|] and the Alqueva Reservoir on the background, on the ].
File:Açores 2010-07-19 (5051954996).jpg|] and ], the highest mountain in Portugal, seen from ].
File:Cabo da Roca from the air.jpg|], the westernmost point of mainland Europe.
File:Madeira Island Mountains.jpg|View of the mountains in ] island.
</gallery>


The large mammalian species of Portugal (deer, ], ], ], ] and ]) were once widespread throughout the country, but intense hunting, habitat degradation and growing pressure from agriculture and livestock reduced population on a large scale in the 19th and early 20th century, others, such as the ] were even led to extinction. Today, these animals are re-expanding their native range.<ref>{{cite web |title=8 mamíferos da floresta portuguesa |url=https://www.florestas.pt/descobrir/8-mamiferos-da-floresta-portuguesa/ |publisher=florestas.pt |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002353/https://florestas.pt/descobrir/8-mamiferos-da-floresta-portuguesa/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mammals">{{cite web |title=Atlas de Mamíferos de Portugal – uma recolha do conhecimento disponível sobre a distribuição dos mamíferos no nosso país |url=http://atlas-mamiferos.uevora.pt/ |publisher=University of Évora |access-date=20 March 2021 |language=pt-PT |archive-date=5 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210305064847/http://atlas-mamiferos.uevora.pt/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Biodiversity ===
] is the only national park in Portugal.]]
Despite the fact that humans have occupied the territory of Portugal for thousands of years, something still remains of the original vegetation. In Gerês both mature deciduous and coniferous forests can be found, an extremely rare worldwide mature Mediterranean forest remain in some parts of the Arrábida mountain and a subtropical laurissilva forest, dating back to the Tertiary period, covers its largest continuous area in the world in the Madeira main island. Due to the human population decrease and rural exodus, Pyrenean oak and other local native trees are colonizing many abandoned areas.


The Portuguese west coast is part of the four major Eastern Boundary ] Systems of the ocean. This seasonal upwelling system typically seen during the summer months brings cooler, nutrient rich water up to the sea surface promoting ] growth, ] development and the subsequent rich diversity in ] and other ].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Correia |first1=Paulo Filipe Alexandre |title=Study of an upwelling event in the Portuguese coast |url=https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/563345090415834/Tese_Paulo%20Correia_final.pdf |access-date=22 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414133259/https://fenix.tecnico.ulisboa.pt/downloadFile/563345090415834/Tese_Paulo%20Correia_final.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This makes Portugal one of the largest per capita fish-consumers in the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fish and seafood consumption per capita, 2017 |url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fish-and-seafood-consumption-per-capita |publisher=] |access-date=24 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152633/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fish-and-seafood-consumption-per-capita |url-status=live }}</ref> 73% of the ] occurring in the ] are endemic, the largest out of any region in Europe.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rodeles |first1=Amaia A. |last2=Galicia |first2=David |last3=Miranda |first3=Rafael |title=Iberian fish records in the vertebrate collection of the Museum of Zoology of the University of Navarra |journal= Scientific Data|page=160091 |language=en |doi=10.1038/sdata.2016.91 |date=11 October 2016|volume=3 |pmid=27727236 |pmc=5058334 |bibcode=2016NatSD...360091R }}</ref> Some ] include: the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Serras de Aire e Candeeiros Nature Park |url=https://natural.pt/protected-areas/parque-natural-serras-aire-candeeiros?locale=en |publisher=natural.pt |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=3 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303215342/https://natural.pt/protected-areas/parque-natural-serras-aire-candeeiros?locale=en |url-status=live }}</ref> the ],<ref>{{cite web |title=Parque Natural do Sudoeste Alentejano e Costa Vicentina |url=https://www.infopedia.pt/$parque-natural-do-sudoeste-alentejano-e |publisher=Infopédia, ] |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152824/https://www.infopedia.pt/$parque-natural-do-sudoeste-alentejano-e |url-status=live }}</ref> and the ] which hosts some of the only populations of ] and ].<ref>{{cite web |title=First brown bear sighting in Portugal in over a century |date=9 May 2019 |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190509-first-brown-bear-sighting-portugal-over-century |publisher=France 24 |access-date=23 March 2021 |archive-date=14 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414153212/https://www.france24.com/en/20190509-first-brown-bear-sighting-portugal-over-century |url-status=live }}</ref>
], Iberian red deer, roe deer, and the Iberian wild goat, are reported to have expanded greatly during recent decades. Boars were found recently roaming at night inside large urban areas, like in Setubal. ] include one national park ({{lang-pt|Parque Nacional}}), 12 natural parks ({{lang-pt|Parque Natural}}), nine natural reserves ({{lang-pt|Reserva Natural}}), five natural monuments ({{lang-pt|Monumento Natural}}), and seven protected landscapes ({{lang-pt|Paisagem Protegida}}), which include the ], the ] and the ].


== Politics ==
These natural environments are shaped by diverse flora, and include widespread species of pine (especially the '']'' and '']'' species), the English oak ('']''), the Pyrenean oak ('']'') the chestnut ('']''), the cork-oak ('']''), the holm oak ('']'') or the Portuguese oak ('']''). Due to their economic value, some species of the ''Eucalyptus'' genus were introduced and are now common, despite their environmental impact.
{{Main|Politics of Portugal}}

{{multiple image
] is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic ''Laurisilva'' forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve).
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There are several species of diverse ]ian fauna, including the ], ], ], ], ] ('']''), wild cat ('']''), ], ], ], ], ], ], ]{{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Gerês) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as ] or the ] mountains, where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring (return migration).
| image1 = Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa em 2018.jpg
{{multiple image|perrow = 2|total_width=320
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| image1 = Estrela Mountain Dog 6 month old male.jpg |width1 = 736 |height1 = 541
| caption1 = ],<br /><small>] since 2016</small>
| image4 = Estrela Março 2010-40.jpg |width4 = 3872 |height4 = 2700
| image2 = Luís Montenegro.jpg
| image3 = Abejaruco.jpg |width3 = 1600 |height3 = 1200
| image2 = Loutre des pyrenees baronnies 2004.jpg |width2 = 594 |height2 = 394 | width2 = 145
| caption2 = ],<br /><small>] since 2024</small>
| footer = Left-to-right: an ], a ], a ], and a ] horse.
}} }}
Portugal has been a ] representative democratic ] since the ratification of the ], with ], the nation's largest city, as its capital.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martins|first=Ana|year=2006|title=Presidential Elements in Government: The Portuguese Semi-Presidential System|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/euroclv2&id=81&div=&collection=|journal=European Constitutional Law Review|volume=2|pages=81–100|doi=10.1017/S1574019606000812|s2cid=146507857|access-date=24 March 2021|archive-date=14 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414133258/https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/euroclv2&id=81&div=&collection=|url-status=live}}</ref> The Constitution grants the division or separation of powers among four sovereignty bodies: the ], the ], the ] and the ].<ref name="constitution">{{cite web|url=http://dre.pt/comum/html/legis/crp.html|title=Constituição da República Portuguesa – D.R.E. (Constitution of the Portuguese Republic)|date=2 April 1976|publisher=]|language=pt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221013137/http://www.dre.pt/comum/html/legis/crp.html|archive-date=21 December 2008|url-status=dead|access-date=16 August 2013}}</ref>
] serves as the official residence and workplace of the ].]]
The Head of State is the ], elected to a five-year term by direct, ]; the current president is ]. Although largely a ceremonial post,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17760433|title=Portugal profile - Leaders |publisher=BBC |access-date=8 July 2023|date=7 March 2017}}</ref> Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and other members of the Government; dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly; ]ing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly); and declaring war (only on the advice of the Government and with the authorisation of the Assembly).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.presidencia.pt/presidente-da-republica/as-funcoes/|title=As Funções Chefe de Estado |publisher=Presidency of the Republic |access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> The President has also supervisory and ]s and is the '']'' Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The President is advised on issues of importance by the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/presidente-republica|title=Presidente da República |publisher=] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>


===Government===
Most of the avian species congregate along the ] since it is the closest stopover between Northern Europe and Africa. Six hundred bird species occur in Portugal (either for nesting or during the course of migration), and annually there are new registries of nesting species. The archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are transient stopover for American, European, and African birds, while continental Portugal mostly encounters European and African bird species.
{{Main|Government of Portugal}}
] building in Lisbon]]
The ] is a single chamber parliament composed of a maximum of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/assembleia-republica|title=Assembleia da República |publisher=] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> The Government is headed by the ] and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State, that have full executive powers;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/primeiro-ministro|title=Primeiro-Ministro |publisher=] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> the current prime minister is ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc24/primeiro-ministro|title=Luís Montenegro Primeiro-Ministro |publisher=XXIV Constitutional Government website |access-date=23 April 2024}}</ref> The ] – under the Prime Minister (or the President at the latter's request) and the Ministers – acts as the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/conselho-ministros|title=Conselho de Ministros |publisher=] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref> The ] are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The ] are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member ] oversees the constitutionality of the laws.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/lexionario/termo/tribunais|title=Tribunais |publisher=] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>


Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national, regional and local levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the ] and the ], in addition to ], the ], the ], the ] (] and ]), ], the ] and the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.parlamento.pt/DeputadoGP/Paginas/GruposParlamentaresI.aspx|title=Composição dos Grupos Parlamentares/Partidos |publisher=] |access-date=7 April 2024}}</ref>
There are more than 100 freshwater fish species, varying from the giant European catfish (in the Tagus International Natural Park) to some small and endemic species that live only in small lakes (along the western portion of country, for example). Some of these rare and specific species are highly endangered because of habitat loss, pollution and drought. Up-welling along the west coast of Portugal makes the sea extremely rich in nutrients and diverse species of marine fish; the Portuguese marine waters are one of the richest in the world. ] species are more common, and include thousands of species, such as the ] (''Sardina pilchardus''), ] and ]. Bioluminescent species are also well represented (including species in different colour spectrum and forms), like the glowing plankton that are possible to observe in some beaches.


=== Foreign relations ===
There are many endemic insect species, most only found in certain parts of Portugal, while other species are more widespread like the ] (''Lucanus cervus'') and the ]. The ]n islands (Azores and Madeira) have many endemic species (like birds, reptiles, bats, insects, snails and slugs) that evolved independently from other regions of Portugal. In Madeira, for example, it is possible to observe more than 250 species of land ].
{{Main article|Foreign relations of Portugal}}
A member state of the ] since 1955, Portugal is a founding member of ] (1949), the ] (1961) and ] (1960); it left the last in 1986 to join the ], which became the European Union in 1993. In 1996, Portugal co-founded the ] (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organisation and political association of ] nations where ] is an official language.


Portugal was a full member of the ] (1983) and the ] (1949). It has a friendship alliance and ] treaty with its former colony, Brazil. Portugal and the United Kingdom share the world's oldest active military accord through their ] (]), signed in 1373.
== Government and administration ==
{{Main article|Government of Portugal|Politics of Portugal}}
{{multiple image
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=== Territorial disputes ===
| image1 = António Costa 2014 (cropped).jpg
]: Under Portuguese sovereignty since 1297, the municipality of Olivença was ceded to Spain under the ] in 1801, after the ]. Portugal claimed it back in 1815 under the ]. However, since the 19th century, it has been continuously ruled by Spain which considers the territory theirs not only ''de facto'' but also ''de jure''.<ref name="One-europe.net_2017-09-29">{{Citation| url=http://one-europe.net/portugal-spain-the-territorial-disputes-of-olivenza-and-the-savage-islands| title=Portugal & Spain – the territorial disputes of Olivenza and the Savage Islands (Part II) – OneEurope| newspaper=One-europe.net| date=11 February 2015| access-date=29 September 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929140112/http://one-europe.net/portugal-spain-the-territorial-disputes-of-olivenza-and-the-savage-islands| archive-date=29 September 2017| url-status=dead}}</ref>
| width1 = 824 | height1 = 1152
| caption1 = <center>], ] ].</center>


]: A small group of mostly uninhabited islets which fall under Portuguese Madeira's regional autonomous jurisdiction. Found in 1364 by Italian mariners under the service of ],<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2744/274432938006.pdf |title=O Arquipélago das Selvages. Um Mundo de Ilhas Portuguesas com História |journal=Annuario de Estudios Atlanticos |year=2015 |issn=0570-4065 |volume=61 |last=Vieria |first=Alberto |pages=1–14 |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421171504/https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/2744/274432938006.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> it was first noted by Portuguese navigator Diogo Gomes de Sintra in 1438. Historically, the islands have belonged to private Portuguese owners from the 16th century on, until 1971<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifcn.madeira.gov.pt/areas-protegidas/ilhas-selvagens/historial.html|title=Historial|date=6 June 2022|website=Instituto das Florestas e da Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM|access-date=21 April 2023|archive-date=21 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421170001/https://ifcn.madeira.gov.pt/areas-protegidas/ilhas-selvagens/historial.html|url-status=live}}</ref> when the government purchased them and established a natural reserve area covering the whole archipelago. The islands have been claimed by Spain since 1911,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_opinion/2017/DIEEEO22-2017_IslasSalvajes_GomezAdeva.pdf |title=Las Islas Salvajes: la mar como punto de encuentro |last=Adeva |first=Ana Gómez |publisher=Instituto Espanõl de Estudios Estratégicos |date=6 March 2017 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813175045/https://www.ieee.es/Galerias/fichero/docs_opinion/2017/DIEEEO22-2017_IslasSalvajes_GomezAdeva.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and the dispute has caused some periods of political tension between the two countries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/spain-reignites-island-tussle/33530|title=Spain reignites island tussle|work=The Portugal News|date=31 December 2014|access-date=24 December 2023|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114152958/https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/spain-reignites-island-tussle/33530|url-status=live}}</ref> The main problem for Spain's attempts to claim these small islands, has been not so much their intrinsic value, but the fact that they expand Portugal's ] considerably to the south, in detriment of Spain.<ref name="Algarvedailynews.com_2017-09-29">{{Citation| url=http://www.algarvedailynews.com/features/environment/4361-new-maritime-area-in-dispute-between-portugal-and-spain| title=New maritime area in dispute between Portugal and Spain| newspaper=Algarvedailynews.com| access-date=29 September 2017| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170929135147/http://www.algarvedailynews.com/features/environment/4361-new-maritime-area-in-dispute-between-portugal-and-spain| archive-date=29 September 2017| df=dmy-all}}</ref> The Selvagens Islands have been tentatively added to UNESCO's world heritage list in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6217/|title=Selvagens Islands|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|access-date=18 April 2023|archive-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412141507/https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6217/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| image2 = MarceloRebeloDeSousa 10Jun2016.png
| width2 = 514 | height2 = 728
| caption2 = <center>], ] ].</center>


=== Military ===
}}
{{Main|Portuguese Armed Forces}}
Portugal has been a ] ] ] since the ratification of the ], with ], the nation's largest city, as its capital. The Constitution grants the division or separation of powers among four bodies referred as "organs of Sovereignty": the ], the ], the ] and the ].<ref name="constitution"/>
] frigate NRP Bartolomeu Dias]]
The armed forces have three branches: ], ] and ], commanded by the ]. They serve primarily as a self-defence force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country but can also be used in offensive missions in foreign territories.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poderes e Competências |url=https://anibalcavacosilva.arquivo.presidencia.pt/comandantesupremo/?idc=301&idi=91150 |access-date=30 December 2023 |website=anibalcavacosilva.arquivo.presidencia.pt |language=pt |archive-date=30 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230115133/https://anibalcavacosilva.arquivo.presidencia.pt/comandantesupremo/?idc=301&idi=91150 |url-status=live }}</ref> In recent years, the ] have carried out several ] and ] military missions in various territories, namely in ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. As of 2023, the three branches numbered 24.000 military personnel. ] in 2023 was more than 4 billion US$, representing 1.48 per cent of GDP.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Defence Expenditure of NATO Countries (2014-2023) |url=https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf |access-date=30 December 2023 |archive-date=15 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230715092752/https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/2023/7/pdf/230707-def-exp-2023-en.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


The Army of 11,000 personnel comprises three brigades and other small units. An ] (mainly equipped with ] ], ] and ] ]), a ] (mainly equipped with ] tanks and ] APC) and a ] (consisting of ], ], ] and ]). The Navy (7,000 personnel, of which 900 are ]), the world's oldest surviving naval force, has five frigates, two corvettes, two submarines, and 20 oceanic patrol vessels. The Air Force (6,000 personnel) has the ] as the main combat aircraft.
The President, who is elected to a five-year term, has an executive role: the current President is ]. The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the ] (currently ]) and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State. The ] are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The ] are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member ] oversees the constitutionality of the laws.


In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the ], a security force subject to military law and organisation (]) comprising 25,000 personnel. This force is under the authority of both the Defence and the Interior Ministry. It has provided detachments for participation in international operations in Iraq and East Timor. The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops in the ] at ], in the Azores. The ] (JFC Lisbon) is one of the three main subdivisions of ]'s ].
Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national, regional and local levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the ] and the ], in addition to the ] (] and ]), the ] and the ], which garner between 5 and 15% of the vote regularly.


=== Presidency of the Republic === === Law and justice ===
{{Main|Judiciary of Portugal}}
] serves as the official residence and workplace of the ].]]
]
{{main article|President of Portugal|List of Presidents of Portugal}}
The Head of State of Portugal is the ], elected to a five-year term by direct, ]. He or she has also supervision and ]s. Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and the other members of the Government (where the President takes into account the results of legislative elections); dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly of the Republic (to call early elections); ]ing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly); and declaring a state of war or siege. The President is also the '']'' Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.


The Portuguese legal system is part of the civil law legal system. The main laws include the Constitution (1976), the ] (1966) and the ] (1982), as amended. Other relevant laws are the ''Commercial Code'' (1888) and the ''Civil Procedure Code'' (1961). Portuguese laws were applied in the former ] and continue to be influences for those countries. The supreme national courts are the ] and the ]. The ], headed by the Attorney General of the Republic, constitutes the independent body of public prosecutors.
The President is advised on issues of importance by the ], which is composed of six senior civilian officers, any former Presidents elected under the 1976 Constitution, five-members chosen by the Assembly, and five selected by the president.


Drug ] was declared in 2001, making Portugal the first country to allow usage and personal possession of all common drugs. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with ] infection cases, which dropped 50 percent by 2009. Overall drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds declined, however use of marijuana rose slightly.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=portugal-drug-decriminalization |title=5 Years After: Portugal's Drug Decriminalization Policy Shows Positive Results |website=] |access-date=2 June 2010 |archive-date=15 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130815160507/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=portugal-drug-decriminalization |url-status=live }}</ref><ref></ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Greenwald|first1=Glenn|title=Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies|url=http://www.cato.org/publications/white-paper/drug-decriminalization-portugal-lessons-creating-fair-successful-drug-policies|publisher=Cato Institute|access-date=14 February 2015|format=PDF|date=2 April 2009|archive-date=20 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120040916/https://www.cato.org/publications/white-paper/drug-decriminalization-portugal-lessons-creating-fair-successful-drug-policies|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Government ===
{{main article|Government of Portugal|Prime Minister of Portugal|List of Prime Ministers of Portugal}}
] houses multiple ministries of the ].]]
The Government is headed by the presidentially appointed ], also including (may have one or more Deputy Prime Ministers), Ministers, Secretaries of State and Under-Secretaries of State.


] have increased substantially in the 21st century. In 2003, Portugal added an anti-discrimination employment law on the basis of sexual orientation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=441&tabela=lei_velhas&nversao=1&so_miolo=|title=::: Lei n.º 99/2003, de 27 de Agosto|website=pgdlisboa.pt|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806093208/http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=441&tabela=lei_velhas&nversao=1&so_miolo=|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2004, sexual orientation was added to the Constitution as part of the protected from discrimination characteristics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=79&tabela=leis&ficha=1&pagina=1&so_miolo=|title=::: Lei n.º 1/2004, de 24 de Julho|website=pgdlisboa.pt|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200501183704/http://www.pgdlisboa.pt/leis/lei_mostra_articulado.php?nid=79&tabela=leis&ficha=1&pagina=1&so_miolo=|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2010, Portugal became the sixth country in Europe and eighth in the world to legalize ] at the national level.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web|url=http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2010/05/10500/0185301853.pdf|title=Diário da República, 1.ª série — N.º 105 — 31 May 2010|access-date=14 September 2013|archive-date=6 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106163651/https://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2010/05/10500/0185301853.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
The Government is both the organ of sovereignty that conducts the general politics of the country and the superior body of the public administration.


] has been allowed since 2016<ref>{{cite web|url=http://app.parlamento.pt/webutils/docs/doc.pdf?path=6148523063446f764c3246795a5868774d546f334e7a67774c336470626e526c654852766331396863484a76646d466b62334d764d6a41784e69394d587a4a664d6a41784e6935775a47593d&fich=L_2_2016.pdf&Inline=true|title=Lei n.º 2/2016 de 29 de fevereiro|website=App.parlamento.pt|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927181934/http://app.parlamento.pt/webutils/docs/doc.pdf?path=6148523063446f764c3246795a5868774d546f334e7a67774c336470626e526c654852766331396863484a76646d466b62334d764d6a41784e69394d587a4a664d6a41784e6935775a47593d&fich=L_2_2016.pdf&Inline=true|url-status=live}}</ref> as has female same-sex couple access to medically assisted reproduction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/54117/parlamento_aprova_barrigas_de_aluguer_e_procriacao_medicamente_assistida|title=Parlamento aprova barrigas de aluguer e Procriação Medicamente Assistida – Renascença|last=Renascença|website=rr.sapo.pt|date=13 May 2016|access-date=11 April 2017|archive-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630063804/http://rr.sapo.pt/noticia/54117/parlamento_aprova_barrigas_de_aluguer_e_procriacao_medicamente_assistida|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2017 the ''Law of Gender Identity'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-31-Nova-lei-vai-permitir-mudanca-de-sexo-a-menores|title=Governo entrega em janeiro projeto da nova Lei da Identidade de Género, que prevê a descida da idade legal e o fim do atestado médico obrigatório|website=Expresso.sapo.pt|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=4 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704003548/http://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-31-Nova-lei-vai-permitir-mudanca-de-sexo-a-menores|url-status=dead}}</ref> simplified the legal process of ] and name change for ] people, making it easier for minors to change their ] in legal documents.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/interior/375-pessoas-mudaram-de-genero-no-registo-civil-5590815.html|title=Dário de Notícias: 375 pessoas mudaram de género no registo civil|date=1 July 2017|website=Dn.pt|access-date=29 July 2018|archive-date=12 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012010306/https://www.dn.pt/sociedade/interior/375-pessoas-mudaram-de-genero-no-registo-civil-5590815.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2018, the right to ] and ] self-determination became protected, ] minors became protected by law from unnecessary ] "until the minor gender identity manifests" and the right of protection from discrimination on the basis of ] became protected by the same law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/115933863/details/maximized|title=Lei 38/2018, 2018-08-07|website=Diário da República Eletrónico|language=pt|access-date=8 December 2019|archive-date=8 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208131252/https://dre.pt/web/guest/pesquisa/-/search/115933863/details/maximized|url-status=live}}</ref>
It has essentially Executive powers, but has also limited Legislative powers. The Government can legislate about its own organization, about areas covered by legislative authorizations conceded by the Assembly of the Republic and about the specific regulation of generalist laws issued by the Assembly.


] has been legalised after reviews in parliament. Nationals over 18 who are terminally ill and in extreme suffering, but who can still decide to, will have the legal right to request assisted dying. However, non-residents will not.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/12/portuguese-parliament-legalises-euthanasia-after-long-battle#:~:text=After%20a%20long%20battle%2C%20Portugal,of%20countries%20around%20the%20world.|title=Portuguese Parliament legalises Euthanasia after long battle|website=]|date=12 May 2023|access-date=13 May 2023|archive-date=19 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519113348/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/may/12/portuguese-parliament-legalises-euthanasia-after-long-battle#:~:text=After%20a%20long%20battle%2C%20Portugal,of%20countries%20around%20the%20world.|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite the Parliamentary approval, Euthanasia legislation is yet to be regulated and a timeline for it is still unknown, meaning that Euthanasia is currently on hold.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/eutanasia/lei-da-eutanasia/eutanasia-regulamentacao-da-lei-adiada-para-proximo-governo/20231124/6560c742d34e371fc0ba39af|title=Eutanásia: regulamentação da lei adiada para próximo Governo|website=]|date=24 November 2023|access-date=14 January 2024|archive-date=14 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240114130137/https://cnnportugal.iol.pt/eutanasia/lei-da-eutanasia/eutanasia-regulamentacao-da-lei-adiada-para-proximo-governo/20231124/6560c742d34e371fc0ba39af|url-status=live}}</ref>
The ] – under the presidency of the Prime Minister (or the President of Portugal at the latter's request) and the Ministers (may also include one or more Deputy Prime Ministers) – acts as the ]. Each government is required to define the broad outline of its policies in a programme, and present it to the Assembly for a mandatory period of debate. The failure of the Assembly to reject the government programme by an absolute majority of deputies confirms the cabinet in office.

=== Parliament ===
] is the seat of the ].]]
{{main article|Assembly of the Republic (Portugal)}}
The ] is the national ] of Portugal. It is the main Legislative body, although the Government also has limited legislative powers.

The Assembly of the Republic is a unicameral body composed of up to 230 deputies. Elected by universal suffrage according to a system of proportional representation, deputies serve four-year terms of office, unless the President dissolves the Assembly and calls for new elections.

Currently the Government (PS) and its unofficial coalition (BE, PCP, PEV) controls parliament with the most seats. The PSD and CDS-PP form the opposition to the government alongside a single seat held by the PAN.

=== Law and criminal justice ===
]'' of ].]]
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Law of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{main article|Judiciary of Portugal|Law of Portugal|Drug policy of Portugal}}
The Portuguese legal system is part of the civil law legal system, also called the continental family legal system. The main laws include the Constitution (1976, as amended), the ] (1966, as amended) and the ] (1982, as amended). Other relevant laws are the ''Commercial Code'' (1888, as amended) and the ''Civil Procedure Code'' (1961, as amended).

The supreme national courts are the ] and the ]. The ], headed by the Attorney General of the Republic, constitutes the independent body of public prosecutors.

Portuguese law applied in the former ] and continues to be the major influence for those countries.

Portugal was one of the first countries in the world to abolish the death penalty. Maximum jail sentences are limited to 25 years.

Portugal is also known for having decriminalized the usage of all common drugs in 2001, the first country in the world to do so. Portugal decriminalized possession of effectively all drugs that are still illegal in other developed nations including ], ], ], and ]. While possession is legal, trafficking and possession of more than "10 days worth of personal use" are still punishable by jail time and fines. People caught with small amounts of any drug are given the choice to go to a rehab facility, and may refuse treatment without consequences. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with the number of ] infection cases, which had dropped 50 percent by 2009. Drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds also declined, however the use of marijuana rose only slightly among that age group.<ref>Brian Vastag . Scientific American. 7 April 2009</ref><ref>Maia Szalavitz, , ] (26 April 2009)</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Greenwald|first1=Glenn|title=Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies|url=http://www.cato.org/publications/white-paper/drug-decriminalization-portugal-lessons-creating-fair-successful-drug-policies|publisher=Cato Institute|accessdate=14 February 2015|format=pdf|date=2 April 2009}}</ref>

On 31 May 2010, Portugal became the sixth country in Europe and the eighth country in the world to legally recognize ] on the national level. The law came into force on 5 June 2010.<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://dre.pt/pdf1sdip/2010/05/10500/0185301853.pdf |title=Diário da República, 1.ª série — N.º 105 — 31 de Maio de 2010 |format=PDF |accessdate=14 September 2013}}</ref>


=== Law enforcement === === Law enforcement ===
{{Main|Law enforcement in Portugal}}
]'s honor guard.]]
] agents patrolling in bicycles]]
{{main article|Law enforcement in Portugal}}
Portugal's main police organizations are the '']&nbsp;– GNR'' (]), a ]; the '']&nbsp;– PSP'' (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the '']&nbsp;– PJ'' (Judicial Police), a highly specialized criminal investigation police that is overseen by the ]. Portugal's main police organisations are the '']&nbsp;– GNR'' (]), a ]; the '']&nbsp;– PSP'' (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the '']&nbsp;– PJ'' (Judicial Police), a highly specialised criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry.

Portugal has 49 correctional facilities in total run by the Ministry of Justice. They include seventeen central prisons, four special prisons, twenty-seven regional prisons, and one 'Cadeia de Apoio' (Support Detention Centre).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prisonstudies.org/country/portugal|title=Portugal {{!}} World Prison Brief|website=prisonstudies.org|access-date=24 April 2019|archive-date=24 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424155203/http://prisonstudies.org/country/portugal|url-status=live}}</ref> {{As of|2023|January|1}}, their current prison population is about 12,257 inmates, which comes to about 0.12% of their entire population.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portugal {{!}} World Prison Brief |url=https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/portugal |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=www.prisonstudies.org |archive-date=1 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201013547/https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/portugal |url-status=live }}</ref> The incarceration rate has been on the rise since 2010, with a 15% increase over the past eight years.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Portugal : les prisons en 2021 |url=https://www.prison-insider.com/fichepays/portugal-2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=Prison Insider |language=fr |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420224255/https://www.prison-insider.com/fichepays/portugal-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== Administrative divisions === === Administrative divisions ===
{{Main article|Administrative divisions of Portugal}} {{Main|Administrative divisions of Portugal}}
Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 ] ({{lang-pt|municípios or ]}}), which after a reform in ] are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes ({{lang-pt|]}}). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally identifiable ]s identified by the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services). For statistical purposes the Portuguese government also identifies ], inter-municipal communities and informally, the district system, used until European integration (and being phased-out by the national government).{{Original research inline|date=February 2016}} Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as ]; the largest units, established since 1976, are either ] ({{lang-pt|Portugal Continental}}) and the ] (] and ]). Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 ] (''municípios'' or '']''), which after a reform in ] are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes ({{langx|pt|]}}). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally ]s identified by the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services). ''Continental Portugal'' is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as ]; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal and the ] (] and ]).


The 18 districts of mainland Portugal are: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]&nbsp;– each district takes the name of the district capital. The 18 districts of mainland Portugal are: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]&nbsp;– each district takes the name of the district capital.


Within the European Union NUTS (]) system, Portugal is divided into seven regions: the ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], and with the exception of the Azores and Madeira, these NUTS areas are subdivided into 28 subregions. Within the European Union NUTS system, Portugal is divided into nine regions:<ref name=offjrn2023>{{Cite web |title=Official Journal L 87/2023 |url=https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=OJ:L:2023:087:FULL&from=EN |access-date=2024-01-13 |website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref> the ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], and with the exception of the Azores and Madeira, NUTS areas are subdivided into 28 subregions. Population estimates from 2023.


{| class="toccolours" style="width:100%; margin:auto; margin:1px; text-align:center; border-spacing: 0px; font-size:95%" {| class="toccolours" style="width:100%; margin:auto; margin:1px; text-align:center; border-spacing:0; font-size:95%;"
|+ style="text-align:left; background:lightgrey; padding-left:10px; font-weight: bold; font-size:130%;"| Regions<ref>{{Cite web |title=População residente (N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2024), Sexo e Idade; Anual |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0012905&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2 |access-date=2024-07-29 |website=ine.pt}}</ref>
|- style="font-size:95%; width:15%; background:white;"
! style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| &nbsp;
! style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Region
! style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Capital
! style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Area
! style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Population
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="10"|{{Image label begin|image=NUTS2 Portugal 2024.png|width=165|float=center}}
{{Image label small|x=0.88|y=0.30|scale=120|text={{font|size=120%|text='''1'''}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.88|y=0.75|scale=120|text={{font|size=120%|text='''2'''}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.50|y=0.90|scale=150|text={{font|size=120%|text='''3'''}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.32|y=0.86|scale=180|text={{font|size=120%|text='''4'''}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.36|y=0.82|scale=200|text={{font|size=120%|text='''5'''}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.45|y=0.77|scale=230|text={{font|size=120%|text='''6'''}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.45|y=0.99|scale=232|text={{font|size=120%|text='''7'''}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.10|y=0.77|scale=250|text={{font|size=120%|text='''8'''}}}}
{{Image label small|x=0.10|y=0.92|scale=250|text={{font|size=120%|text='''9'''}}}}
{{Image label end}}
|-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 1
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|21278|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 3,673,861
|-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 2
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|22636|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 1,695,635
|-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 3
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|9839|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 852,583
|-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 4
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|1580|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 2,126,578
|- |-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 5
! colspan="9" style="text-align:left; background:lightgrey; padding-left:10px; font-size:130%;"| Districts<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.distritosdeportugal.com/ |title=Districts of Portugal |publisher=Distritosdeportugal.com |accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref>
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|1421|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 834,599
|-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 6
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|27329|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 474,701
|-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 7
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|4997|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 484,122
|-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 8
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"|]
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|801|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 256,622
|-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 9
|style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"|]
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|2351|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 241,025
|}

{| class="toccolours" style="width:100%; margin:auto; margin:1px; text-align:center; border-spacing:0; font-size:95%;"
|+ style="text-align:left; background:lightgrey; padding-left:10px; font-weight: bold; font-size:130%;"| Districts<ref>{{Cite web |title=População residente (Nº) por Local de residência, Sexo e Grupo etário (Por ciclos de vida); Anual |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcontecto=pi&indOcorrCod=00004167&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2 |access-date=19 June 2024 |website=] |date=18 June 2024 |language=pt}}</ref>
|- style="font-size:95%; width:15%; background:white;" |- style="font-size:95%; width:15%; background:white;"
! style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| &nbsp; ! style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| &nbsp;
Line 573: Line 493:
! style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Area ! style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Area
! style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Population ! style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Population
|- |-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 1 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 1
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|2761|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|2761|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 2,250,533 | 2,355,867
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 10 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 10
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|5518|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|5518|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 160,939 | 141,995
|- |-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 2 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 2
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|3517|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|3517|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 470,930 | 479,261
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 11 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 11
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|3947|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|3947|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 430,104 | 418,136
|- |-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 3 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 3
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|6747|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|6747|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 453,638 | 441,255
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 12 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 12
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|2808|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|2808|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 714,200 | 725,461
|- |-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 4 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 4
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|5064|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|5064|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 851,258 | 902,863
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 13 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 13
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|5007|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|5007|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 377,653 | 355,309
|- |-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 5 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 5
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|10225|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|10225|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 152,758 | 148,881
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 14 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 14
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|6608|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|6608|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 136,252 | 122,739
|- |-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 6 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 6
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|4960|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|4960|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 451,006 | 484,122
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 15 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 15
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|4328|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|4328|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 206,661 | 185,086
|- |-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 7 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 7
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|7393|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|7393|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 166,706 | 153,475
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 16 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 16
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|2395|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|2395|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 1,817,117 | 1,846,178
|- |-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 8 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 8
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|6065|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|6065|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 118,506 | 104,081
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 17 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 17
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|2673|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|2673|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 848,185 | 863,547
|- |-
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 9 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 9
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|6675|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|6675|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 196,264 | 179,608
| style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 18 | style="width:2.5%; background:#f0f0f0; border:1px solid white" | 18
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ] | style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| ]
| {{convert|2255|km2|0|abbr=on}} | {{convert|2255|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 244,836 | 234,215
|} |}


==Economy==
{| class="toccolours" style="width:100%; margin:auto; margin:1px; text-align:center; border-spacing: 0px; font-size:95%"
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please instead add new info into the main article: "Economy of Portugal", your work there will be appreciated. -->
|-
{{Main|Economy of Portugal}}
! colspan="3" style="text-align:left; background:lightgrey; padding-left:10px; font-size:130%;"| Autonomous Regions
] in ] with the ], the longest bridge in the ], in ]]]
|-
! style="width:40%; background:white; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Autonomous Region
! style="width:30%; background:white; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Area
! style="width:30%; background:white; border-bottom:1px solid black;"| Population
|-
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| <center>]</center>
| {{convert|2333|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 246,772
|-
| style="text-align:left; padding-left:5px;"| <center>]</center>
| {{convert|801|km2|0|abbr=on}}
| 267,785
|}


Portugal is a ] and ]<ref>{{cite web |date=8 April 2014 |title=World Economic Outlook April 2014 - Recovery Strengthens, Remains Uneven |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225045/http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/pdf/text.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=imf.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=SOCIAL PROGRESS INDEX 2015 : EXECUTIVE SUMMARY |url=https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf |access-date=2 August 2017 |website=2.deloitte.com |archive-date=23 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723035217/https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/au/Documents/public-sector/deloitte-au-ps-social-progress-index-executive-summary-2015-90415.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=quality>{{cite web |title=Quality of Life Index by Country 2020 Mid-Year |url=https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp |website=numbeo.com |access-date=10 December 2019 |archive-date=23 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180123014301/https://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp |url-status=live }}</ref> with a GDP per capita of 83% of the EU27 average in 2023, and a ] of 0.874 (the 42nd highest in the world) in 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |publisher=United Nations |title=Country Insights |url=https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights |language=en |access-date=9 December 2022 |archive-date=12 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712063231/https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/country-insights |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/world/europe/01iht-portugal.4.6436125.html |title=Portugal, taking EU reins, has a fight on its hands |last=Bilefsky |first=Dan |date=1 July 2007 |newspaper=The New York Times |access-date=30 August 2018 |archive-date=6 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506192917/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/world/europe/01iht-portugal.4.6436125.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It holds the ] at its ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-reserves-by-country|title=Gold Reserves by Country 2021|date=5 December 2023|website=World Gold Council|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020175325/https://www.gold.org/goldhub/data/gold-reserves-by-country|url-status=live}}</ref> has the 8th largest proven reserves of ],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/battery-metals-investing/lithium-investing/lithium-reserves-country/|title=Lithium Reserves: Top 4 Countries|website=investingnews.com|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=20 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020151212/https://investingnews.com/daily/resource-investing/battery-metals-investing/lithium-investing/lithium-reserves-country/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/stories/2020/03/lithium-mining-what-you-should-know-about-the-contentious-issue.html |title=Lithium mining: What you should know about the contentious issue|access-date=20 October 2022 |archive-date=1 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201000543/https://www.volkswagenag.com/en/news/stories/2020/03/lithium-mining-what-you-should-know-about-the-contentious-issue.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2022/mcs2022-lithium.pdf|title=Mineral Commodity Summaries 2022 - Lithium, Brian W. Jaskula, U.S. Geological Survey, Mineral Commodity Summaries, January 2022|access-date=20 October 2022|archive-date=8 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221008151841/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2022/mcs2022-lithium.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> with total exports representing 47.4% of its GDP in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.portugalexporta.pt/noticias/exportacoes-tem-maior-contribuiao-para-crescimento-economico|title=Exportações têm maior contribuição para o crescimento económico|website=portugalexporta.pt|date=3 March 2024|access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref> Portugal has been a net beneficiary of the ] since it joined the union, then known as ], in 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=Jenna |date=20 September 2019 |title=Which Countries Are the Biggest Boost or Drag on the EU Budget? |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/which-countries-are-the-biggest-boost-or-drag-on-the-eu-budget/ |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=Visual Capitalist |language=en-US |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621121305/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/which-countries-are-the-biggest-boost-or-drag-on-the-eu-budget/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contribuições líquidas anuais por habitante para o Orçamento da União Europeia — Instituto +Liberdade |url=https://maisliberdade.pt/maisfactos/contribuicoes-liquidas-por-habitante-para-o-orcamento-da-uniao-europeia/ |access-date=14 June 2023 |website=Mais Liberdade |language=pt |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621121306/https://maisliberdade.pt/maisfactos/contribuicoes-liquidas-por-habitante-para-o-orcamento-da-uniao-europeia/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 May 2019 |title=EU budget: Who pays most in and who gets most back? |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-48256318 |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621121304/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-48256318 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Berthold |first1=Busch |last2=Björn |first2=Kauder |last3=Samina |first3=Sultan |date=2 November 2022 |title=Net contributors and net recipients in the EU |url=https://www.iwkoeln.de/en/studies/berthold-busch-bjoern-kauder-samina-sultan-net-contributors-and-net-recipients-in-the-eu.html |journal=Busch IW-Report |language=en-US |issue=55 |access-date=14 June 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621121307/https://www.iwkoeln.de/en/studies/berthold-busch-bjoern-kauder-samina-sultan-net-contributors-and-net-recipients-in-the-eu.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
=== Foreign relations ===
] houses the ].]]
] and former Prime Minister, ].]]
] (CPLP) is headquartered in Lisbon.]]
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Foreign Relations of Portugal" and "Military of Portugal", your work there will be much appreciated. -->
{{Main article|Foreign relations of Portugal}}
A member state of the ] since 1955, Portugal is also a founding member of ] (1949), ] (1961) and ] (1960); it left the latter in 1986 to join the ], which became the European Union in 1993. In 1996 it co-founded the ] (CPLP), which seeks to foster closer economic and cultural ties between the world's ] nations.


By the end of 2023, GDP (PPP) was $48,759 per capita, according to the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?locations=PT|title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) - Portugal|website=data.worldbank.org|access-date=3 July 2024}}</ref> In 2023, Portugal had the 5th lowest GDP per capita (PPP) of the eurozone out of 20 members, and the 8th lowest of the European Union out of 27 member-states.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=GDP per capita, PPP (current international $) - European Union |url=https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.PP.CD?end=2023&locations=EU&most_recent_value_desc=true&skipRedirection=true&start=2023&view=bar |access-date=3 July 2024 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en }}</ref> In 2022, ] had fallen to the fourth lowest among the 27 member-states of the European Union (EU) and was 35% lower than the EU average.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Produtividade por hora de trabalho — Instituto +Liberdade |url=https://maisliberdade.pt/maisfactos/produtividade-por-hora-de-trabalho/ |access-date=13 June 2023 |website=Mais Liberdade |language=pt |archive-date=7 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230607082310/https://maisliberdade.pt/maisfactos/produtividade-por-hora-de-trabalho/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Within the EU, Portugal's economy ranks lower than most Western states.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/gdp-per-capita-by-country|access-date=7 April 2023|title=GDP per Capita by Country 2023|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405033503/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/gdp-per-capita-by-country|url-status=live}}</ref>
], who has served as Prime Minister of Portugal from 1995 to 2002 and ] from 2005 to 2015, assumed the post of ]; making him the first Secretary-General from Western Europe since Kurt Waldheim of Austria (1972–1981), the first former head of government to become Secretary-General and the first Secretary-General born after the establishment of the United Nations on June 26, 1945.


Portugal was an original member of the ]. The national currency, the ] (€) started transitioning from the ] in 2000 and consolidated in 2002. Portugal's central bank is the '']'', an integral part of the ]. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the ] and ] metropolitan areas – the ], ], ], ], ] and ] districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas.
In addition, Portugal is a full member of the ] (1983) and the ] (1949). It has a friendship alliance and ] treaty with its former colony, Brazil. Portugal and England (subsequently, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) share the world's oldest active military accord through their ] (]), which was signed in 1373.


Since the ] of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable ],<ref>{{cite web|title=História|url=http://www.sedes.pt/conteudo.aspx?args=1,2|publisher=SEDES|access-date=12 May 2013|language=pt, en|year=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319193720/http://www.sedes.pt/conteudo.aspx?args=1,2|archive-date=19 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1223460596B6rVC1pu1Mx32RY7.pdf|title=Ruptura e regulação da economia portuguesa nos anos 70|website=Analisesocial.ics.ul.pt|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402200125/http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1223460596B6rVC1pu1Mx32RY7.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing ], a process that continues. Since the 1990s, Portugal's ]-based ] model has changed to a system focused on exports, private ] and the development of the ] sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and ] (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer),<ref>''Grande Enciclopédia Universal'', p. 10543, "Portugal", para. 4</ref> wood products and beverages.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=Investing in Portugal|url=http://www.ft.com/reports/investportugal2008 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/http://www.ft.com/reports/investportugal2008 |archive-date=10 December 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|publisher=The Financial Times Ltd|access-date=11 May 2013|date=8 April 2008}}</ref>
There are two international territorial disputes, both with Spain:


In the 2010s, the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s, which resulted in the country receiving a 78-billion-euro bailout from the ] and the ] in May 2011.<ref name="nytimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/15/business/global/portugals-debt-efforts-may-be-a-warning-for-greece.html|title=Portugal's Debt Efforts May Be a Warning for Greece|first=Landon Jr.|last=Thomas|date=14 February 2012|access-date=2 August 2017|newspaper=]|archive-date=27 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827015107/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/02/15/business/global/portugals-debt-efforts-may-be-a-warning-for-greece.html|url-status=live}}</ref> At the end of 2023, the share of debt as percentage of GDP fell below 100 percent, to 97.9%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Procedimento dos Défices Excessivos 2ª Notificação|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=645949245&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |website=www.ine.pt |publisher=INE |access-date=14 October 2024}}</ref>
*]. Under Portuguese sovereignty since 1297, the municipality of Olivenza was ceded to Spain under the ] in 1801, after the ]. Portugal claimed it back in 1815 under the ]. However, since the 19th century, it has been continuously ruled by Spain which considers the territory theirs not only ''de facto'' but also ''de jure''.
*The Ilhas Selvagens (]). The archipelago is under Portuguese domination but is geographically closer to the ] (165&nbsp;km) than to ] (280&nbsp;km). Found in 1364 by Italian navigators, the islands belonged to private owners until 1971, when the Portuguese government bought them and established a natural reserve area covering the whole archipelago. The islands have been claimed by Spain since 1911 and the dispute has caused some periods of political tension between the two countries. The main problem is not so much their intrinsic value but the fact that they expand considerably to the south the ] of Portugal.


As of 2023, the average salary in the private sector was €1,505 per month,<ref>{{cite web |title=Salário médio por trabalhador atingiu 1.505 euros em 2023 |url=https://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/gc23/comunicacao/comunicado?i=salario-medio-por-trabalhador-atingiu-1505-euros-em-2023 |website=www.portugal.gov.pt |access-date=10 October 2024}}</ref> and the ], which is regulated by law, is €870 per month (paid 14 times per annum) as of 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.pordata.pt/pt/estatisticas/salarios-e-pensoes/salarios/salario-minimo-nacional|title=Salário mínimo nacional|publisher=Portdata|access-date=1 January 2025|language=pt}}</ref> The ] for 2019, published by the ], placed Portugal 34th. The Numbeo quality of life index placed Portugal 20th in the world in 2023.<ref name=quality/>
=== Military ===
] cars in the Port of Setúbal]]
{{Main article|Portuguese Armed Forces}}
Companies listed on ] ] like ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], are among the largest corporations by number of employees, ] or international ]. The Euronext Lisbon is the major stock exchange and part of the pan-European group of stock exchanges ]. The ] is Portugal's most selective and widely known ].


The ] economic reports since 2018 show recovery.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/06/29/mcs6292017-portugal-staff-concluding-statement-of-the-2017-article-iv-mission|title=Portugal: Staff Concluding Statement of the 2017 Article IV Mission|website=Imf.org|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802210018/https://www.imf.org/en/News/Articles/2017/06/29/mcs6292017-portugal-staff-concluding-statement-of-the-2017-article-iv-mission|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file_import/2019-european-semester-country-report-portugal_en_0.pdf|title=Country Report Portugal 2019 Including an In-Depth Review on the prevention and correction of macroeconomic imbalances|year=2019|publisher=European Commission|access-date=11 July 2020|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308143234/https://ec.europa.eu/info/sites/info/files/file_import/2019-european-semester-country-report-portugal_en_0.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/economy/portugal-economic-snapshot/|title=Portugal Economic Snapshot - OECD|website=oecd.org|access-date=13 April 2020|archive-date=3 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200403122638/http://www.oecd.org/economy/portugal-economic-snapshot/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rents and house prices have skyrocketed in Portugal, particularly Lisbon, where rents jumped 37% in 2022. The 8% inflation rate in the same year exacerbated the problem.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Rua |first1=Patricia Vicente |last2=Demony |first2=Catarina |last3=Demony |first3=Catarina |date=17 February 2023 |title=Portugal ends Golden Visas, curtails Airbnb rentals to address housing crisis |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/portugal-ends-golden-visas-curtails-airbnb-rentals-address-housing-crisis-2023-02-16/ |access-date=17 February 2023 |archive-date=17 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217132101/https://www.reuters.com/markets/europe/portugal-ends-golden-visas-curtails-airbnb-rentals-address-housing-crisis-2023-02-16/ |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the IMF, Portugal's economic recovery from the COVID pandemic in 2022 was substantially better than the EU average. Although modest, economic growth continued in 2023 while inflation continued decreasing to 5%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2023/06/21/Portugal-2023-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-Report-535040#:~:text=IMF%20Staff%20Country%20Reports&text=Growth%20is%20projected%20to%20slow,core%20inflation%20declining%20more%20gradually|access-date=22 July 2023|title=Portugal 2023 Article IV Consultation|archive-date=24 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724185359/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2023/06/21/Portugal-2023-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-Report-535040#:~:text=IMF%20Staff%20Country%20Reports&text=Growth%20is%20projected%20to%20slow,core%20inflation%20declining%20more%20gradually|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-surveillance-eu-economies/portugal/economic-forecast-portugal_en|title=Economic forecast for Portugal - European Commission|website=economy-finance.ec.europa.eu|access-date=30 August 2023|archive-date=30 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230830172558/https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-surveillance-eu-economies/portugal/economic-forecast-portugal_en|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2024 the annual inflation level is forecast at 2.3% accompanied by a small economic growth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/economic-surveillance-eu-economies/portugal/economic-forecast-portugal_en#:~:text=All%20in%20all%2C%20annual%20HICP,Autumn%20Forecast%20for%20both%20years. | title=Economic forecast for Portugal - European Commission }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cepr.org/voxeu/columns/unhappy-anniversary-missed-opportunities-growth-and-convergence-portugal|title= Unhappy Anniversary Missed Opportunities Growth and Convergence Portugal|date= 11 March 2024}}</ref>
The armed forces have three branches: ], ] and ]. They serve primarily as a self-defense force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country and provide humanitarian assistance and security at home and abroad. {{As of|2008}}, the three branches numbered 39,200 active personnel including 7,500 women. ] in 2009 was $5.2 billion, representing 2.1 percent of GDP. Military conscription was abolished in 2004. The minimum age for voluntary recruitment is 18 years.


Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale ], export-oriented ]es. The country produces a variety of crops and livestock products, including: tomatoes, ], ], ], ], ], ], ]s, ]s, ], ], ], ], ]s, ], ] and ]. According to ], Portugal is the top producer of ] and ] in the world, accounting for about 50% and 30% of world production, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |title=Crop production |publisher=FAO |access-date=21 July 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the third largest exporter of ]s and third largest European producer of ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://florestas.pt/valorizar/de-portugal-para-o-mundo-produtos-florestais-lideres-de-mercado/ |title=De Portugal para o mundo: produtos florestais líderes de mercado |publisher=Florestas |date=18 March 2020 |access-date=24 December 2023 |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813184110/https://florestas.pt/valorizar/de-portugal-para-o-mundo-produtos-florestais-lideres-de-mercado/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Portugal is among the world's top ten largest ] producers and fourth largest exporter.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://azeitedoalentejo.pt/en/o-azeite-do-alentejo/|title=Alentejo Olive Oil – Azeite do Alentejo|access-date=26 April 2021|archive-date=26 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426151910/https://azeitedoalentejo.pt/en/o-azeite-do-alentejo/|url-status=live}}</ref> The country is one of the world's largest exporters of ], reputed for its fine wines. ] has played an important economic role among the rural communities and industry. In 2001, the gross agricultural product accounted for 4% of the economy; in 2022 it was 2%.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Portugal/share_of_agriculture/ | title=Portugal GDP share of agriculture - data, chart | access-date=6 January 2024 | archive-date=2 February 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203838/https://www.theglobaleconomy.com/Portugal/share_of_agriculture/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
The Army (21,000 personnel) comprises three brigades and other small units. An ] (mainly equipped with ] ]), a ] (mainly equipped with ] tanks and ] APC) and a ] (consisting of paratroopers, ] and rangers). The Navy (10,700 personnel, of which 1,580 are ]) has five frigates, seven corvettes, two submarines, and 28 patrol and auxiliary vessels. The Air Force (7,500 personnel) has the ] and the ] as the main combat aircraft.


=== Tourism ===
{| class="toccolours" style="float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; border:1px #ddd solid;"
{{main|Tourism in Portugal}}
|+ '''Branches of the Portuguese Armed Forces'''
]]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
Travel and ] is an important part of Portugal's economy. As of 2023, nearly half of real GDP growth was due to the tourism sector, with tourism accounting for 16.5% of GDP.<ref>{{cite web | title=O VAB e o consumo do turismo no território económico reforçaram o seu peso relativo no total da economia, atingindo máximos históricos - 2023 | url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=646121022&DESTAQUESmodo=2 | work=] | publisher=INE | date=1 August 2024 | access-date=3 August 2024}}</ref> It has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.<ref>{{cite web | title=Travel and Tourism in Portugal | url=http://www.euromonitor.com/travel-and-tourism-in-portugal/report | work=Euromonitor International | publisher=Euromonitor | date=September 2012 | access-date=12 May 2013 | archive-date=31 May 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531002309/http://www.euromonitor.com/travel-and-tourism-in-portugal/report | url-status=live }}</ref>
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Portugal is among the top 20 most-visited countries in the world, receiving more than 26,5 million foreign tourists by 2023.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=646074543&DESTAQUESmodo=2 | title=Estatísticas do Turismo 2023: atividade turística superou níveis de 2019 | work=INE | date=8 July 2024 | access-date=8 July 2024}}</ref> In 2014, Portugal was elected ''The Best European Country'' by '']''.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-european-country/ | title=Best European Country Winners: 2014 10 Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards | work=10Best | date=14 May 2014 | access-date=5 June 2014 | archive-date=6 June 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606215138/http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-european-country/ | url-status=live }}</ref> In 2017, Portugal was elected both ''Europe's Leading Destination''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-europes-leading-destination-2017|title=World Travel Awards Elects Portugal as Europe's Leading Destination 2017|website=Worldtravelawards.com|access-date=30 September 2017|archive-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211160926/https://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-europes-leading-destination-2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and in 2018 and 2019, ''World's Leading Destination''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-worlds-leading-destination-2017|title=World Travel Awards Elects Portugal as World's Leading Destination 2017|website=Worldtravelawards.com|access-date=10 December 2017|archive-date=11 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211161049/https://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-worlds-leading-destination-2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the ], a security force subject to military law and organization (]) comprising 25,000 personnel. This force is under the authority of both the Defense and the Interior Ministry. It has provided detachments for participation in international operations in Iraq and East Timor.


Tourist hotspots in Portugal are: ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Lisbon attracts the sixteenth-most tourists among European cities<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.golisbon.com/blog/2013/05/30/lisbon-slowly-rising-as-one-of-europes-most-visited-cities/ |title=Go Lisbon Blog" Blog Archive" Lisbon Slowly Rising as One of Europe's Most-Visited Cities |publisher=Golisbon.com |date=30 May 2013 |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102004548/http://www.golisbon.com/blog/2013/05/30/lisbon-slowly-rising-as-one-of-europes-most-visited-cities/ |archive-date=2 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> (with seven million tourists occupying the city's hotels in 2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dn.pt/inicio/interior.aspx?content_id=651813|title=Cidades atraem mais turistas do que os destinos sol e mar|publisher=Diário das Noticias|access-date=30 April 2011|date=25 January 2007|location=Lisbon|language=pt|editor-first=DN|editor-last=Online|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812140231/http://www.dn.pt/inicio/interior.aspx?content_id=651813|archive-date=12 August 2011}}</ref>
The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops in the ] at ], in the Azores. The ] (JFC Lisbon)&nbsp;– one of the three main subdivisions of ]'s ]&nbsp;– it is based in ], near Lisbon.


=== Science and technology ===
In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: ] and the ] (1961–1974). After the end of the ] in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (]) and Lebanon. Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts.
{{Main|Science and technology in Portugal}}
], one of the leading research centres for ] and ] in the world]]
Scientific and technological research activities are mainly conducted within a network of ] units belonging to ] and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the ] and the ]. Funding and management of this system is conducted under the authority of the ] and the {{lang|pt|]|italic=no}} (Foundation for Science and Technology). The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include ] research institutions.


Among the largest non-state-run research institutions are the ] and the ], a neuroscience and oncology research centre. National and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the ], founded in 1779.
=== Government finance ===
{{Further information|2010–14 Portuguese financial crisis}}
], compared to eurozone average.]]


] bilateral state-supported research efforts include the ] and the ] ] platform. Portugal is a member of pan-European scientific organizations. These include the ] (ESA), the ] (CERN), ], and the ] (ESO). Portugal has the largest ] in Europe, the ], and have other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency ''Ciência Viva'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Ciência Viva|url=http://www.cienciaviva.pt/cienciaviva/index.asp?accao=changelang&lang=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429101927/https://www.cienciaviva.pt/cienciaviva/index.asp?accao=changelang&lang=en|archive-date=29 April 2011|access-date=22 August 2010|publisher=Cienciaviva.pt}}</ref> the ], the ] at the University of Lisbon, and the ]. The ] 2011, placed Portugal-based innovation 15th, with increase in innovation expenditure and output.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://economia.publico.pt/Noticia/portugal-ganha-terreno-no-ranking-da-inovacao_1478035 |title=Portugal ganha terreno no ranking da inovação |access-date=1 February 2011 |archive-date=1 February 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201160623/http://economia.publico.pt/Noticia/portugal-ganha-terreno-no-ranking-da-inovacao_1478035 |url-status=live }}</ref> Portugal was ranked 31st in the ] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite book |author=] |year=2024 |title=Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship |url=https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/ |access-date=2024-10-06 |website=www.wipo.int |page=18 |publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization |language=en |doi=10.34667/tind.50062 |isbn=978-92-805-3681-2}}</ref>
The Portuguese government is heavily indebted, and received a 78 billion euro bailout from the ] and the ] in May 2011.<ref name="nytimes"></ref> The ratio of Portugal’s debt to its overall economy, was 107 percent when it received the bailout.<ref name="nytimes"/> As part of the deal, the country agreed to cut its budget deficit from 9.8 percent of GDP in 2010 to 5.9 percent in 2011, 4.5 percent in 2012 and 3 percent in 2013.<ref name="reuters1">{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/12/13/portugal-deficit-idUKL6E7ND4O320111213|title=Portugal 2011 deficit to beat goal on one-off revs-PM|work=Reuters UK|date=13 December 2011|accessdate=30 December 2011}}</ref>


=== Transport ===
After the bailout was announced, the Portuguese government headed by ] managed to implement measures with the intention of improving the state's financial situation, including tax hikes, a freeze of civil service-related lower-wages and cuts of higher-wages by 14.3%, on top of the government's spending cuts. The Portuguese government also agreed to eliminate its ] in ] which gave it veto power over vital decisions.<ref>Kowsmann, Patricia, , Dow Jones Newswires 5 July 2011.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://online.wsj.com/article/BT-CO-20110705-707519.html |title=Portugal Government Ends Golden-Share Holdings |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=5 July 2011 |accessdate=20 July 2011 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In 2012, all public servants had already seen an average wage cut of 20% relative to their 2010 baseline, with cuts reaching 25% for those earning more than 1,500 euro per month.<ref>Institute of Management Technology Nagpur: , Okonomist, Vol.1, Issue 3, January 2012</ref>
{{Main|Transport in Portugal}}
]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://servicos.infrastruturasdeportugal.pt/pt-pt/a-descobrir/obras-de-arte/tunel-do-marao-ips |title=Tunel do Marão |publisher=]|date=May 2016 |access-date=16 January 2024}}</ref>]]
Portugal has a {{convert|68732|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} road network, of which almost {{convert|3000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} are part of system of 44 motorways. On many highways, a toll needs to be paid (see ]). ] is the longest bridge in the ] (the second longest in Europe) at {{Convert|12.345|km|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.listafterlist.com/tabid/57/listid/7961/Travel++Places/Top+10+Longest+Bridges+in+the+World.aspx|title=ListAfterList.com|publisher=ListAfterList.com|access-date=22 August 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502013507/http://www.listafterlist.com/tabid/57/listid/7961/Travel++Places/Top+10+Longest+Bridges+in+the+World.aspx|archive-date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.curiousread.com/2008/02/ten-longest-bridges-in-world.html |title=Curious? Read |publisher=Curiousread.com |date=February 2008 |access-date=22 August 2010 |archive-date=3 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110503225226/http://www.curiousread.com/2008/02/ten-longest-bridges-in-world.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


]'s {{convert|89015|km2|0|abbr=on}} territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of ], ], ] and ]. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary ] is ], although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country.
The IMF, the ] (EC) and the ] (ECB) said in September 2012 that Portugal’s debt would peak at 124 percent of gross domestic product in 2014.<ref name="October 2012 status">{{cite web|url=http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite2_1_03/10/2012_464362|title=Portugal seeks market access with $5 bln bond exchange|publisher=Kathimerini (English Edition)|date=3 October 2012|accessdate=17 October 2012}}</ref> The IMF previously said in July 2012 that Portugal’s debt would peak at about 118.5 percent of GDP in 2013.<ref name="October 2012 status"/> In September 2013, the Portuguese Government reviewed again the public debt of Portugal for 2013 to 127.8 percent, after a peak of 130.9 percent in that month.<ref name="September 2013 status">{{cite web|url=http://www.publico.pt/economia/noticia/divida-publica-revista-em-alta-para-1278-do-pib-em-2013-1607574|title=Dívida pública revista em alta para 127,8% do PIB em 2013 (Valor supera previsões iniciais do Governo, da troika e do FMI.)|publisher=Lusa and Público|date=30 September 2013|accessdate=30 October 2013|language=pt}}</ref>


The most important airports are in ], ], ], ] (Madeira), and ] (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ]. A ], to replace the current Lisbon airport, has been planned for more than 50 years, but it has been always postponed by a series of reasons.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sicnoticias.pt/economia/2023-12-04-Novo-aeroporto-relatorio-preliminar-e-mais-um-passo-num-tema-com-50-anos-9ec0dabe|title=Novo aeroporto: relatório preliminar é mais um passo num tema com 50 anos|publisher=SIC Notícias|date=4 December 2023|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=12 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231212033951/https://sicnoticias.pt/economia/2023-12-04-Novo-aeroporto-relatorio-preliminar-e-mais-um-passo-num-tema-com-50-anos-9ec0dabe|url-status=live}}</ref>
A report released in January 2011 by the ]<ref>{{pt icon}} , ] (2 March 2011)</ref> and published in Portugal by ], had demonstrated that in the period between the ] in 1974 and 2010, the democratic ]s encouraged over-expenditure and investment bubbles through unclear ]s and funding of numerous ineffective and unnecessary external consultancy and advisory of committees and firms.
This allowed considerable ] in state-managed ] and inflated top management and head officer bonuses and wages. Persistent and lasting recruitment policies boosted the number of redundant public servants. Risky ], ] creation, and European ] were mismanaged across almost four decades.<ref>{{pt icon}} , ] (2 March 2012)</ref>


A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by ] (CP). ] of passengers and goods is derived using the {{convert|2791|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of railway lines currently in service, of which {{convert|1430|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} are electrified and about {{convert|900|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} allow train speeds greater than {{convert|120|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}. The railway network is managed by ] while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of CP, both public companies. In 2006, the CP carried 133,000,000 passengers and {{convert|9750000|t|LT ST|sigfig=3|abbr=off|lk=on}} of goods.
After the ], it was known in 2008–2009 that two Portuguese banks (] (BPN) and ] (BPP)) had been accumulating losses for years due to bad investments, embezzlement and accounting fraud. The case of BPN was particularly serious because of its size, market share, and the political implications – Portugal's then current President, Cavaco Silva, and some of his political allies, maintained personal and business relationships with the bank and its CEO, who was eventually charged and arrested for fraud and other crimes.<ref>. Expresso.sapo.pt (13 April 2011). Retrieved on 26 July 2013.</ref><ref>. Dn.pt. Retrieved on 26 July 2013.</ref><ref>. Jn.pt. Retrieved on 26 July 2013.</ref> In the grounds of avoiding a potentially serious financial crisis in the Portuguese economy, the Portuguese government decided to give them a bailout, eventually at a future loss to taxpayers and to the Portuguese people in general.
] ] train in ]]]
The major seaports are located in ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: ] and ] light rail system in the ], and ] ] system in the ], each with more than {{convert|35|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of lines. ] is currently developing a ] system, ].


In Portugal, ] have been supplied by the ''Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa'' (]), for over a century. In ], ], of which only a tourist line on the shores of the ] remains, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the ]). All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.
== Economy ==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Economy of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{Main article|Economy of Portugal|Economic history of Portugal}}
]
Portugal is a ] and a ], with its GDP per capita in 2014 being 78% of the EU27 average – increasing from 76% in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tec00114&plugin=1|title=Eurostat GDP per capita 2003–2014 2009|accessdate=13 August 2015}}</ref> The Portuguese currency is the ] (€), which replaced the ], and the country was one of the original member states of the ]. Portugal's central bank is the '']'', an integral part of the ]. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the ] and ] metropolitan areas—the ], ], ], ] and ] districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas.
According to World Travel Awards, Portugal is the Europe's Leading Golf Destination 2012 and 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldtravelawards.com/award-europes-leading-golf-destination-2013 |title=Europe's Leading Golf Destination 2013 — World Travel Awards |publisher=Worldtravelawards.com |accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/algarve-elected-europes-best-golf-destination-of-2014/29987 |title=Algarve elected Europe’s best Golf Destination of 2014 |publisher=The Portugal News |date=21 November 2013 |accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref>


=== Energy ===
Since the ] of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable ] (that started in the 1960s),<ref>{{cite web|title=História|url=http://www.sedes.pt/conteudo.aspx?args=1,2|work=SEDES|publisher=SEDES|accessdate=12 May 2013|language=Portuguese, English|year=2013}}</ref> a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution and the ] period, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing ], a process that continues in 2013. Since the 1990s, Portugal's ]-based ] model has been slowly changing to a system that is focused on exports, ] and the development of the ] sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and ] (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer),<ref>''Grande Enciclopédia Universal'', p. 10543, "Portugal", para. 4</ref> wood products and beverages.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|title=NVESTING IN PORTUGAL|url=http://www.ft.com/reports/investportugal2008|work=The Financial Times|publisher=The Financial Times Ltd|accessdate=11 May 2013|date=8 April 2008}}</ref>
{{Main|Energy in Portugal}}
].]]
], the largest dam and artificial lake in Western Europe]]
In the second decade of the 21st century the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s resulting in the country having to be bailed out by the European Commission, European Central Bank and International Monetary Fund. The bailout, agreed to in 2011, required Portugal to enter into a range of austerity measures in exchange for funding support of €78 billion. In May 2014 the country exited the bailout but reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining its reformist momentum. At the time of exiting the bailout the economy had contracted by 0.7% in the first quarter of 2014, however unemployment, while still high had fallen to 15.3 percent.<ref name="PortugalBailoutEnds">{{cite news|title=Portugal follows Ireland out of bailout programme|url=http://www.europesun.com/index.php/sid/222083311/scat/88176adfdf246af5/ht/Portugal-follows-Ireland-out-of-bailout-programme|accessdate=18 May 2014|publisher=''Europe Sun''}}</ref>
Portugal has considerable resources of wind and hydropower. In 2006, the world's then largest ] plant, the ], began operating, while the world's first commercial ] farm, the ], opened in the ] (2008). By 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from ] dams, and 6% by ].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=PORTUGAL&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=ElecGenByFuel |title=IEA Energy Statistics: Portugal |access-date=7 April 2009 |publisher=] |year=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221104142037/https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/data-tools/energy-statistics-data-browser?country=PORTUGAL&fuel=Energy%20supply&indicator=ElecGenByFuel }}</ref> In 2008, renewable energy resources were producing 43% of the nation's electricity, even as hydroelectric production decreased with severe droughts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?section_id=114&id_news=381941 |title=Fontes renováveis originaram 43% da electricidade consumida |work=Diário Digital |author=Staff |date=8 April 2009 |language=pt |access-date=17 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514163035/http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?section_id=114&id_news=381941 |archive-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2010, electricity exports had outnumbered imports and 70% of energy came from renewable sources.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.agenciafinanceira.iol.pt/empresas/portugal-agencia-financeira-ren-energia-electricidade/1168567-1728.html |title=Portugal já exportou mais electricidade este ano que em 2009 |work=Agência Financeira |date=8 June 2010 |language=pt |access-date=8 June 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619070535/http://www.agenciafinanceira.iol.pt/empresas/portugal-agencia-financeira-ren-energia-electricidade/1168567-1728.html |archive-date=19 June 2010 }}</ref>


Portugal's national energy transmission company, ] (REN), uses modelling to predict weather, especially wind patterns. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programmes combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night; then water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal's distribution system is now two-way. It draws electricity small generators, like rooftop solar panels.
The average wage in Portugal is 910 € per month (net), excluding self-employed individuals<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gep.msess.gov.pt/estatistica/remuneracoes/ganhossinteseout11.pdf |title=No Slide Title |format=PDF |accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref> and the ], which is regulated/ref by law, is €530 per month (paid 14 times per annum).


== Demographics ==
The ] for 2014–2015, published by the ], placed Portugal on the 36th position on the economic index. This represents a sharp increase from the 51st position where Portugal appeared in 2013–2014.
{{Main|Demographics of Portugal|Portuguese people}}

] by statistical area:
The ]'s quality of life index placed Portugal as the country with the 19th-best quality of life in the world for 2005, ahead of other economically and technologically advanced countries like France, Germany, the United Kingdom and South Korea, but 9 places behind its only neighbour, Spain.<ref>http://www.economist.com/media/pdf/QUALITY_OF_LIFE.pdf</ref> This is despite the fact that Portugal remains one of the countries with the lowest per capita GDP in Western Europe.<ref name="economia.publico.clix.pt">{{cite web|url=http://economia.publico.pt/Noticia/portugueses-perderam-poder-de-compra-entre-2005-e-2007-e-estao-na-cauda-da-zona-euro_1352732|title=Portugueses perderam poder de compra entre 2005 e 2007 e estão na cauda da Zona Euro |publisher=Público|language=Portuguese|publication-date=11 December 2008|accessdate=10 October 2010}}</ref>
{{collapsible list
] in the world]]
| title = Per km<sup>2</sup>
Major ] include ] (water), ] (banking), ] (railways), ] (agriculture) and ] (media). Some former state-owned entities are managed by state-run ] ], which is a ] of several public and private companies.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}} Among former State owned companies recently privatized are ] (postal service), ] (airline) and ] (airports).
|{{Legend|#ffff00|0-49}}

|{{Legend|#ffcc00|50-99}}
Companies listed on ] ] like ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], are among the largest corporations of Portugal by number of employees, ] or international ]. The Euronext Lisbon is the major stock exchange of Portugal and is part of the ], the first global stock exchange. The ] is Portugal's most selective and widely known ].
|{{Legend|#ffa500|100-499}}

|{{Legend|#ff6600|500-999}}
=== Primary sector ===
|{{Legend|#ff0000|1000-1999}}
{{main article|Agriculture in Portugal|Fishing in Portugal|Mining in Portugal}}
|{{Legend|#880404|2000+}}
] is known as the "bread basket of Portugal", being the country's leading region in wheat and cork production.]]
] is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale ] export-oriented ]es backed by companies (like ]'s ], ], ], ], ] and ]). The country produces a wide variety of crops and livestock products, including ]es, ], ], ], ], ], ]s, ]s, ], ], ], ], ]s, ], ] and ].

] has also played an important economic role among the rural communities and industry (namely ] that includes ], ] that includes ], and ] that includes several manufacturing plants in and around ], the core of Portugal's major industrial operations of ]). In 2001, the gross agricultural product accounted for 4 per cent of the national GDP.

Traditionally a sea-power, Portugal has had a strong tradition in ] and is one of the countries with the highest fish consumption per capita.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Pessoa, M.F. |author2=Mendes, B. |author3=Oliveria, J.S. |url = https://www.st.nmfs.noaa.gov/st1/fus/fus99/per_capita99.pdf|title= Per Capita Consumption |language = English|quote = Annual per capita consumption of fish and shellfish for human food.}}</ref> The main landing sites in Portugal (including Azores and Madeira), according to total landings in weight by year, are the harbours of ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Portuguese processed fish products are exported through several companies, under a number of different brands and registered trademarks, such as ], the world’s oldest active canned fish producer.

Portugal is a significant European ] producer and is ranked among Europe's leading ] producers. The nation is also a notable producer of ], ] and ]. However, the country lacks the potential to conduct ] and ], a limitation that has hindered the development of Portugal's ] and ] sectors. Although the country has vast iron and coal reserves—mainly in the north—after the 1974 revolution and the consequent ], low competitiveness forced a decrease in the extraction activity for these minerals. The ] and ]s are among the most recognised Portuguese mines that are still in operation.{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}

=== Secondary sector ===
] pulp and paper factory in ].]]
Industry is diversified, ranging from ] (] and ]), ] (] and ]), ] and ], to ], ], ] and ]. Volkswagen Group's ] motor vehicle assembly plant in ] is among the largest ] projects in Portugal.
Modern non-traditional technology-based industries, such as ], ] and ], have been developed in several locations across the country. ], ],<ref>{{cite web|title=Covilhã: Aleia vai montar avião até agora vendido em kit e jactos portugueses em 2011|url=http://noticias.sapo.pt/lusa/artigo/3010ee885ea3612ea6bfc1.html|work=Noticias|publisher=Produzido por PTC|accessdate=12 May 2013|author=Agência Lusa|language=Portuguese|year=2011}}</ref> ],<ref>{{cite news|title=Évora aprova isenções fiscais aos projectos da Embraer|url=http://dinheirodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?id_news=103403|accessdate=12 May 2013|newspaper=Dinheiro|date=22 August 2008|author=Diário Digital / Lusa|language=Portuguese}}</ref> and ] are the main centres of the Portuguese aerospace industry, which is led by Brazil-based company Embraer and the Portuguese company OGMA. Following the turn of the 21st century, many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded, and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of ], ], ], ] and ].{{Citation needed|date=May 2013}}

=== Tertiary sector ===
{{main article|Tourism in Portugal}}
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Madeira 24 2014.jpg |width1 = 5600 |height1 = 3675
| image2 = DSC 3294 (3784718431).jpg |width2 = 1280 |height2 = 849
| image3 = Aveiro Canal.jpg |width3 = 4592 |height3 = 3056
| image4 = Sintra Portugal Palácio da Pena-01.jpg |width4 = 3500 |height4 = 2333
| footer = Left-to-right: A view of ], ]; a view of ], ]; the canals of ], ]; ], ].
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]]
The banking and insurance sectors performed well until the ], and this partly reflected a rapid deepening of the market in Portugal. While sensitive to various types of market and underwriting ]s, it has been estimated that overall both the life and non-life sectors will be able to withstand a number of severe shocks, even though the impact on individual insurers varies widely.<ref>, ], (October 2006)</ref>
Statistics Portugal ({{langx|pt|INE – ]}}) estimates that, by 31 December 2023, the population was 10,639,726, of which 52.2% was female and 47.8% male.<ref name="auto2"/><ref name="INEPop">{{Cite web |title=População residente (Série longa, início 1991 - N.º) por Local de residência (NUTS - 2013), Sexo e Idade; Anual |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0000256&selTab=tab0 |access-date=23 April 2023 |website=] |date=15 June 2023 |language=pt |archive-date=17 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230617163238/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0000256&selTab=tab0 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024 the median life expectancy was 82.8 years<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRT/portugal/life-expectancy#:~:text=The%20current%20life%20expectancy%20for,a%200.22%25%20increase%20from%202021.title=Portugal|access-date= 19 January 2024|title= Portugal Life Expectancy 1950-2024 &#124; MacroTrends|archive-date= 2 February 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203839/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRT/portugal/life-expectancy#:~:text=The%20current%20life%20expectancy%20for,a%200.22%25%20increase%20from%202021.title=Portugal|url-status= live}}</ref> and United Nations projections point to 90 or above, by 2100.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zonzeewerk.nl/blog/portugal-in-numbers|title=Demographics of Portugal|website=zonzeewerk.nl|access-date=9 April 2020|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613115155/https://zonzeewerk.nl/blog/portugal-in-numbers/}}</ref> The population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history, with a single religion (]) and language.


Despite good economic development, the Portuguese have been the shortest in Europe since around 1890. This emerging height gap started in the 1840s and increased. A driving factor was modest real wage growth, given late industrialization and economic growth compared to the European core. Another determinant was delayed ] formation.<ref>{{cite journal | last1=Stolz | first1=Yvonne | last2=Baten | first2=Jörg | last3=Reis | first3=Jaime | year=2013 | title=Portuguese living standards, 1720–1980, in European comparison: heights, income, and human capital| journal=Economic History Review | volume=66 | issue=2 | pages=545–578 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-0289.2012.00658.x| hdl=10451/20518 | s2cid=73565474 | hdl-access=free }}</ref>
Travel and ] continue to be extremely important for Portugal. It has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.<ref>{{cite web|title=Travel and Tourism in Portugal|url=http://www.euromonitor.com/travel-and-tourism-in-portugal/report|work=Euromonitor International|publisher=Euromonitor|accessdate=12 May 2013|date=September 2012}}</ref>


Portugal has to deal with low fertility levels: the country has experienced a ] since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cefage.uevora.pt/en/producao_cientifica/projectos/projectos_financiados_por_instituicoes_nacionais_de_apoio_a_investigacao/fertility_in_portugal_a_macro_micro_economic_perspective |title=Fertility in Portugal: a Macro/Micro Economic Perspective |publisher=Cefage.uevora.pt |access-date=31 January 2014 |archive-date=16 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016222801/http://www.cefage.uevora.pt/en/producao_cientifica/projectos/projectos_financiados_por_instituicoes_nacionais_de_apoio_a_investigacao/fertility_in_portugal_a_macro_micro_economic_perspective |url-status=dead }}</ref> The total fertility rate (TFR) {{As of|2024|lc=y}} was estimated at 1.36 children born/woman, one of the lowest in the world, similarly to countries such as Japan, South Korea, Italy, all well below the replacement rate of 2.1,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html|title= TOTAL FERTILITY RATE |work=The World Factbook|access-date=19 January 2024|archive-date=28 October 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028133713/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRT/portugal/fertility-rate|date=1 March 2024|title=Fertility Rate}}</ref> and considerably below the high of 5 children born per woman in 1911.<ref>{{citation|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=PRT|title=Total Fertility Rate around the world over the last centuries|first=Max|last=Roser|year=2014|work=], ]|access-date=7 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180807185922/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/children-born-per-woman?year=1800&country=PRT|archive-date=7 August 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2016, 53% of births were to unmarried women.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pordata.pt/en/Portugal/Live+births+outside+of+marriage++with+parents+co+habiting+or+not+(percentage)-620|title=Live births outside of marriage, with parents co-habitating or not (%) – Portugal|website=Pordata.pt|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=3 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803004624/http://www.pordata.pt/en/Portugal/Live+births+outside+of+marriage++with+parents+co+habiting+or+not+(percentage)-620|url-status=live}}</ref> Portugal's population has been steadily ageing and was the 11th oldest in the world, with a median age of 46 years in 2023. In the same year, it had the world's 4th highest number of citizens over 65 years, at 21.8% of the whole population.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/portugal/|title=World Factbook EUROPE : PORTUGAL|work=]|date=19 January 2024|access-date=23 January 2021|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109122645/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/portugal|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=https://www.prb.org/resources/countries-with-the-oldest-populations-in-the-world/ |date=19 January 2024 |title=Countries with the Oldest Populations in the World |access-date=18 January 2024 |archive-date=26 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926224925/https://www.prb.org/resources/countries-with-the-oldest-populations-in-the-world/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
Portugal is among the 20 most visited countries in the world, receiving an average of 13 million foreign tourists each year.<ref>. Data as collected by World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) for TMT 2005 Edition</ref> In 2014, Portugal was elected ''The Best European Country'' by the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.10best.com/awards/travel/best-european-country/|title=Best European Country Winners: 2014 10Best Readers' Choice Travel Awards|work=10Best|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref>


The structure of Portuguese society shows social inequality, which in 2019 placed the country 24th in the ], in the EU.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/SJI_2019.pdf|title=Social Justice in the EU – Index Report 2019|website=Bertelsmann-stiftung.de|access-date=19 November 2023|archive-date=19 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119022735/https://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/fileadmin/files/BSt/Publikationen/GrauePublikationen/SJI_2019.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2018, Portugal's parliament approved a budget plan for 2019 that included tax breaks for returning emigrants in a bid to attract back those who left during the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theportugalnews.com/news/government-creates-credit-line-for-emigrants-returning-to-invest/48771|title=Government creates credit line for emigrants returning to invest|website=Theportugalnews.com|access-date=2 April 2019|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402192937/http://theportugalnews.com/news/government-creates-credit-line-for-emigrants-returning-to-invest/48771|url-status=live}}</ref> According to projections by the national statistics office, Portugal's population will fall to 7.7 million by 2080 from 10.6 million and the population will continue to age.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://punchng.com/portugal-offers-tax-breaks-to-returning-emigrants/|title=Portugal offers tax breaks to returning emigrants|website=Punchng.com|date=29 November 2018|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-date=2 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024624/https://punchng.com/portugal-offers-tax-breaks-to-returning-emigrants/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Tourist hotspots in Portugal are Lisbon, Algarve, ], Porto and the city of ]. Lisbon attracts the 16th most tourists among European cities<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.golisbon.com/blog/2013/05/30/lisbon-slowly-rising-as-one-of-europes-most-visited-cities/ |title=Go Lisbon Blog » Blog Archive » Lisbon Slowly Rising as One of Europe’s Most-Visited Cities |publisher=Golisbon.com |date=30 May 2013 |accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref> (with seven million tourists occupying the city's hotels in 2006).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dn.pt/inicio/interior.aspx?content_id=651813|title=Cidades atraem mais turistas do que os destinos sol e mar|publisher=Diário das Noticias|accessdate=30 April 2011|date=25 January 2007|location=Lisbon, Portugal|language=Portuguese|editor=DN Online}}</ref>


According to a National Statistics Institute (INE) study, conducted shortly after the 2021 census, between 2022 and 2023, 6,4 million people aged between 18 and 74 years old identified themselves as White (84%), more than 262,000 identify as Mixed-race (3%), nearly 170,000 as Black (2%), 57,000 as Asian (<1%), and 47,500 as ] (<1%)<ref name="INERace">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Mais de 1,2 milhões de pessoas já sofreram discriminação em Portugal - 2023 |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=625453018&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222125218/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_destaques&DESTAQUESdest_boui=625453018&DESTAQUESmodo=2 |archive-date=22 December 2023 |access-date=13 January 2023 |work=]}}</ref>
Also, between 4–5 million religious pilgrims visit ] each year, where apparitions of the Blessed Virgin Mary to three shepherd children reportedly took place in 1917. The ] is one of the largest Roman Catholic shrines in the world. The Portuguese government continues to promote and develop new tourist destinations, such as the ], the island of ], and ].


=== Urbanization ===
The legend of the Rooster of Barcelos tells the story of a dead rooster's miraculous intervention in proving the innocence of a man who had been falsely accused and sentenced to death. The story is associated with the 17th-century ] that is part of the collection of the Archeological Museum located in Paço dos Condes, a gothic-style palace in ], a city in northwest Portugal. The ] is bought by many tourists as a ].
Based on commuting patterns, OECD and Eurostat define eight ].<ref>{{cite web |author=OECD |date=July 2022 |title=Portugal - Functional urban areas |url=http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/Portugal.pdf |access-date=2 August 2019 |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802070220/http://www.oecd.org/cfe/regional-policy/Portugal.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Only two have populations over 1 million, and since the 2013 local government reform, these are the only two which also have administrative legal status of metropolitan areas: ] and ],<ref name=law75>{{cite web|title=Law nr. 75/2013|url=http://dre.pt/pdf1s/2013/09/17600/0568805724.pdf|access-date=13 August 2014|work=]|publisher=]|language=pt|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226150136/https://dre.pt/application/dir/pdf1s/2013/09/17600/0568805724.pdf%20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=oliveira>Fernanda Paula Oliveira (2009), {{PDFWayback|url=http://www.cityfutures2009.com/PDF/96_Oliveira_Fernanda_Paula.pdf|title=The Evolution and Regulation of the Metropolitan Areas in Portugal|date=20130204143458|size=677 kB}}</ref> Several smaller metropolitan areas (], ], ], ] and ])<ref name=oliveira/> also held this status from 2003 to 2008, when they were converted into ], whose territories are roughly based on the ] statistical regions.<ref name=law45>{{cite web|title=Law nr. 45/2008|url=http://www.dre.pt/util/getpdf.asp?s=dip&serie=1&iddr=2008.165&iddip=20082445|access-date=13 August 2014|work=]|publisher=]|language=pt|format=PDF|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203958/https://diariodarepublica.pt/dr/error|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=oliveira/>
{{Largest cities
| country = Portugal
| kind = ]
| stat_ref = ] 2023 Estimate<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008272&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2|title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal|website=ine.pt|access-date=5 July 2023|archive-date=18 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618173525/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0008272&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2|url-status=live}}</ref>
| div_name = Region


| city_1 = Lisbon
On November 30, the United Nations added the Portuguese {{lang|pt|Bisalhães}} tradition of making black pottery to the UNESCO Heritage Protection List.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=55687#.WEG0YqIrLaY|title=Cultural traditions in Portugal, Uganda and Ukraine added to UNESCO heritage protection list|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref>
| div_1 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_1 = 567,131
| img_1 = Aerial view of Augusta Street, Lisbon (50644280948).jpg


| city_2 = Sintra
===Quaternary sector===
| div_2 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical | pop_2 = 395,528
|img_2 = Palacio Nacional, Sintra, Portugal, 2019-05-25, DD 78.jpg
| width =
| footer =
| image1 = Nanotecnologia.jpg
| caption1 = The ], created in 2005, is based in ].
| image2 = Fotooal.jpg
| caption2 = The ] is Portugal's oldest (1878) astronomical observatory.
| image3 = Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown (26).jpg
| caption3 = The ], in ], is one of the world's leading cancer research centers.
}}
{{Main article|Science and technology in Portugal}}
Scientific and technological research activities in Portugal are mainly conducted within a network of ] units belonging to ] and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the ] and the ]. The funding and management of this research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the ] (MCTES) itself and the MCTES's ] (FCT).


| city_3 = Vila Nova de Gaia
The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include ] research institutions like the ], the ], the ], the ] and the ].
| div_3 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_3 = 311,223
|img_3 = DJI 0006 (36961995516).jpg


| city_4 = Porto
Among the largest non-state-run research institutions in Portugal are the ] and the ], a neuroscience and oncology research centre, which in addition awards every year one of the highest monetary prizes of any science prize in the world. A number of both national and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are also responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the ], founded in 1779.
| div_4 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_4 = 248,769
|img_4 = Metro, Ponte e Porto.jpg


| city_5 = Cascais
] bilateral state-supported research efforts include the ] and the ] ] platform, which are joint research programmes of both Portugal and Spain. Portugal is a member of several pan-European scientific organizations. These include the ] (ESA), the ] (CERN), ], and the ] (ESO).
| div_5 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_5 = 219,636
| city_6 = Loures
| div_6 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_6 = 207,065
| city_7 = Braga
| div_7 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_7 = 201,583


| city_8 = Almada
Portugal has the largest ] in Europe, the ], and the Portuguese have several other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency ''Ciência Viva'', a programme of the Portuguese Ministry of Science and Technology to the promotion of a scientific and technological culture among the Portuguese population,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cienciaviva.pt/cienciaviva/index.asp?accao=changelang&lang=en |title=Ciência Viva |publisher=Cienciaviva.pt |accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> the ], the ] at the University of Lisbon, and the ].
| div_8 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
With the emergence and growth of several ]s throughout the world that helped create many thousands of scientific, technological and knowledge-based businesses, Portugal started to develop several<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tecparques.pt/associados.htm |archiveurl=//web.archive.org/web/20110428203838/http://www.tecparques.pt/associados.htm |archivedate=28 April 2011 |title=Tecparques&nbsp;– Associação Portuguesa de Parques de Ciência e Tecnologia |publisher=Tecparques.pt|accessdate=22 August 2010}}{{dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref> science parks across the country. These include the ] (in ]), the ] (in ]), the ] (in ]), the ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.madeiratecnopolo.pt/ |title=Madeira Tecnopolo |publisher=Madeiratecnopolo.pt |accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> (in ]), ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sinestecnopolo.org/ |title=Sines Tecnopolo |publisher=Sines Tecnopolo |accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> (in ]), Tecmaia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tecmaia.com.pt |title=TECMAIA Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia da Maia |publisher=Tecmaia.com.pt | accessdate=2 July 2011}}</ref> (in ]) and ]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parkurbis.pt/ |title=Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia da Covilhã (Parkurbis) |publisher=Parkurbis.pt | accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref> (in ]). Companies locate in the Portuguese science parks to take advantage of a variety of services ranging from financial and legal advice through to marketing and technological support.
| pop_8 = 181,232


| city_9 = Matosinhos
], a Portuguese physician who developed the ] and ], received in 1949 the ]&nbsp;– he is the first Portuguese recipient of a ] and the only in the sciences.
| div_9 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_9 = 179,558


| city_10 = Amadora
The ] 2011, placed Portugal-based innovation in the 15th position, with an impressive increase in innovation expenditure and output.<ref>, ] (1 February 2011)</ref>
| div_10 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_10 = 178,253


| city_11 = Oeiras, Portugal{{!}}Oeiras
=== Transport ===
| div_11 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
{{Main article|Transport in Portugal}}
| pop_11 = 175,677
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| align = left
| width =
| footer =
| image1 = Parque_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_31.jpg
| caption1 = The ], across the ], is Europe's longest.
| image2 = TAP Air Portugal Airbus A320-214; CS-TNJ@FNC;12.07.2011 607bc (5940056994).jpg
| caption2 = A ] aircraft (] ]).
| image3 = HPIM0530.JPG
| caption3 = The ] is Portugal's oldest (1955) and most extensive subway system
}}
By the early 1970s Portugal's ] with increasing ] and purchase of new automobiles set the priority for improvements in transportation. Again in the 1990s, after joining the ], the country built many new motorways. Today, the country has a {{convert|68732|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} road network, of which almost {{convert|3000|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} are part of system of 44 motorways. Opened in 1944, the first motorway (which linked Lisbon to the National Stadium) was an innovative project that made Portugal among one of the first countries in the world to establish a motorway (this roadway eventually became the Lisbon-Cascais highway, or A5).


| city_12 = Seixal
Although a few other tracts were created (around 1960 and 1970), it was only after the beginning of the 1980s that large-scale motorway construction was implemented. In 1972, ], the highway concessionaire, was founded to handle the management of many of the regions motorways. On many highways, toll needs to be paid, see ]. ] is the longest bridge in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.listafterlist.com/tabid/57/listid/7961/Travel++Places/Top+10+Longest+Bridges+in+the+World.aspx|title=ListAfterList.com|publisher=ListAfterList.com | accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.curiousread.com/2008/02/ten-longest-bridges-in-world.html |title=Curious? Read |publisher=Curiousread.com|date=February 2008 |accessdate=22 August 2010}}</ref>
| div_12 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_12 = 173,163


| city_13 = Gondomar, Portugal{{!}}Gondomar
]'s {{convert|89015|km2|0|abbr=on}} territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of ], ], ] and ]. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary ] is ], although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in ], to replace ], though this plan has been stalled due to austerity measures. Currently, the most important airports are in ], ], ], ] (Madeira), and ] (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ].
| div_13 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_13 = 168,582


| city_14 = Guimarães
A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by ]. ] of passengers and goods is derived using the {{convert|2791|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of railway lines currently in service, of which {{convert|1430|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} are electrified and about {{convert|900|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} allow train speeds greater than {{convert|120|km/h|mph|0|abbr=on}}. The railway network is managed by the ] while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of ] (CP), both public companies. In 2006 the CP carried 133&nbsp;million passengers and {{convert|9750000|t|LT ST|sigfig=3|abbr=on|lk=on}} of goods.
| div_14 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_14 = 156,789


| city_15 = Odivelas
The major seaports are located in ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].
| div_15 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
| pop_15 = 153,708


| city_16 = Coimbra
The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: ] and ''Metro Sul do Tejo'' in the ] and ] in the ], each with more than {{convert|35|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} of lines. In Portugal, ] have been supplied by the ''Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa'' (]), for over a century. In ], ], of which only a tourist line on the shores of the ] remains, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the ]). All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.
| div_16 = Centro Region, Portugal{{!}}Centro
| pop_16 = 144,822


| city_17 = Maia
=== Energy ===
{{Main article|Energy in Portugal}} | div_17 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_17 = 142,594
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width =
| image1 = Paul da Serra, Madeira - Jan 2012 - 07.jpg
| image2 = Alqueva dam.JPG
| footer = Solar farms in Madeira (top) and ] (bottom)
}}
Portugal has considerable resources of wind and river power, the two most cost-effective renewable sources. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been a trend towards the development of a renewable resource industry and reduction of both consumption and use of fossil fuel resources. In 2006, the world's largest ] plant at that date, the ], began operating near ], in the south, while the world's first commercial ] farm, the ], opened in the ] (2008). By the end of 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from ] dams, and 6% by ].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/electricitydata.asp?COUNTRY_CODE=PT |title=IEA Energy Statistics: Portugal |accessdate=7 April 2009 |publisher=]|year=2006 }}</ref>


| city_18 = Santa Maria da Feira
In 2008, renewable energy resources were producing 43% of the nation's consumption of electricity, even as hydroelectric production decreased with severe droughts.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://diariodigital.sapo.pt/news.asp?section_id=114&id_news=381941 |title=Fontes renováveis originaram 43% da electricidade consumida |work=Diário Digital|author=Staff |date=8 April 2009 |language=Portuguese|accessdate=17 April 2009}}</ref> As of June 2010, electricity exports had outnumbered imports. In the period between January and May 2010, 70% of the national production of energy came from renewable sources.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.agenciafinanceira.iol.pt/empresas/portugal-agencia-financeira-ren-energia-electricidade/1168567-1728.html?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed:+iol/agenciafinanceira+(agenciafinanceira) |title=Portugal já exportou mais electricidade este ano que em 2009 |work=Agência Financeira |author=Staff |date=8 June 2010|language=Portuguese|accessdate=8 June 2010}}</ref>
| div_18 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
| pop_18 = 139,837


| city_19 = Vila Franca de Xira
Portugal’s national energy transmission company, ] (REN), uses sophisticated modeling to predict weather, especially wind patterns, and computer programs to calculate energy from the various renewable-energy plants.
| div_19 = Região de Lisboa{{!}}Lisboa
Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programs combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night, the most blustery period; then the water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal’s distribution system is also now a two-way street. Instead of just delivering electricity, it draws electricity from even the smallest generators, like rooftop solar panels. The government aggressively encouraged such contributions by setting a premium price for those who buy rooftop-generated solar electricity.
| pop_19 = 139,452


| city_20 = Vila Nova de Famalicão
== Demographics ==
| div_20 = Norte Region, Portugal{{!}}Norte
{{Main article|Demographics of Portugal}}
| pop_20 = 135,994
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width =
| image1 = Viana_do_Castelo,_Portugal_(4922364383).jpg
| image2 = Fado1 - Fadistas a los Jeronimos.JPG
| footer = Women in traditional attire from ] (top) and ] playing at ] (bottom)
}}
The Statistics Portugal ({{lang-pt|INE – ]}}) estimates that, according to the 2011 census, the population was 10,562,178 (of which 52% was female, 48% was male). This population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history: a single religion (Catholicism) and a single language have contributed to this ethnic and national unity, namely after the expulsion of the ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Portugal.html |title=Portugal |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |accessdate=6 May 2012}}</ref>
A considerable number of Moors and Jews, nevertheless, stayed in Portugal, under the condition that they converted to Catholicism, and afterwards they were known as ''Mouriscos'' (former Muslims) and ''Cristãos Novos'' (New Christians or former Jews) some of whom may have continued to observe rabbinic Judaism in secret, as in the case of the secret ], who now observe the Jewish faith openly. After 1772 the distinction between Old and New Christians was abolished by decree. Some famous Portuguese New Christians were the mathematician ] and the physician and naturalist ].


}}
Native Portuguese are an ] ethnic group, whose ancestry is very similar to other ] and ] Europeans and ]s, in particular Spaniards, followed by some regional French and Italians with whom they share a common ancestry, history and cultural proximity.


=== Immigration ===
The most important demographic influence in the modern Portuguese seems to be the oldest one; current interpretation of ] and ] data suggests that the Portuguese have their origin in ] peoples that began arriving to the European continent around 45,000 years ago. All subsequent migrations did leave an impact, genetically and culturally, but the main population source of the Portuguese is still Paleolithic. Genetic studies show Portuguese populations not to be significantly different from other European populations.<ref>{{Cite journal | pmc=1852743 | year=2007 | last1=Bauchet | first1=M | last2=McEvoy | first2=B | last3=Pearson | first3=LN | last4=Quillen | first4=EE | last5=Sarkisian | first5=T | last6=Hovhannesyan | first6=K | last7=Deka | first7=R | last8=Bradley | first8=DG | last9=Shriver | first9=MD | title=Measuring European Population Stratification with Microarray Genotype Data | volume=80 | issue=5 | pages=948–956 | journal=American Journal of Human Genetics | doi=10.1086/513477 | pmid=17436249 }}</ref>
{{main|Immigration to Portugal}}
]
In 2023 Portugal had 10,639,726 inhabitants, of whom 1,044,606 accounted for legal resident foreigners<ref name="aima">{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Relatório de migrações e asilo 2023 |url=https://aima.gov.pt/media/pages/documents/92dd0f02ea-1726562672/rma-2023.pdf |access-date=17 September 2024 |website=aima.gov.pt |language=pt-PT}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=ine.pt |archive-date=9 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109182931/https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpgid=ine_main&xpid=INE |url-status=live }}</ref> Resident foreigners make up approximately 10% of the population. These figures do not include Portuguese citizens of foreign descent, as in Portugal it is illegal to collect data based on ethnicity. For instance, more than 340,000 resident foreigners who acquired ] between 2008 and 2022 - and thus constitute around 3.27% of the country's population in 2022 - were not taken into account in immigration figures as they became official Portuguese citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Acquisition of citizenship by age group, sex and former citizenship |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MIGR_ACQ__custom_11587481/default/table?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705132848/https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MIGR_ACQ__custom_6784189/default/table?lang=en |archive-date=5 July 2023 |access-date=5 July 2023 |publisher=European Commission}}</ref> In 2022 alone, almost 21,000 foreign residents acquired ], of which 11,170 were female and 9,674 were male.<ref>{{cite web|title=Foreign population that acquired portuguese nationality: total and by sex|url=https://www.pordata.pt/en/Portugal/Foreign+population+that+acquired+portuguese+nationality+total+and+by+sex-3250-292118|access-date=6 October 2021|website=Pordata|archive-date=20 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211020004214/https://www.pordata.pt/en/Portugal/Foreign+population+that+acquired+portuguese+nationality+total+and+by+sex-3250-292118|url-status=live}}</ref>


Portugal, for long a country of emigration (the vast majority of ] have Portuguese ancestry),<ref name="diaspora"> {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629081956/http://countrystudies.us/portugal/48.htm |date=29 June 2011 }}, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993.</ref> became a country of net immigration.<ref>" {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119221956/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4436276.stm |date=19 November 2017 }}", BBC News, 14 November 2005</ref> The influx of immigrants didn't come just from the last ] (Portuguese until 1961), ] (Portuguese until 1975), and ] (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories, but from other parts of the world as well. Even though in the aftermath of the ], Portugal's emigration rate increased to 6.9‰ in 2022, it was still well below the immigration rate of around 11.3‰.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Imigrantes permanentes: total e por sexo |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/imigrantes+permanentes+total+e+por+sexo-3254 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Emigrantes por mil habitantes |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/emigrantes+por+mil+habitantes-832 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref> It is also noteworthy that the overwhelming majority of Portuguese emigrants tend to leave the country for short periods, with 56.8% of those having left the country in 2022 doing so for less than a year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emigrantes: total e por tipo e sexo |url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/emigrantes+total+e+por+tipo+e+sexo-23 |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=www.pordata.pt}}</ref>
The total fertility rate (TFR) {{As of|2015|lc=y}} was estimated at 1.52 children born/woman, which is below the replacement rate of 2.1.<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2127rank.html</ref> In 2015, 50.7% of births were to unmarried women.<ref> PORDATA</ref>
Like most Western countries, Portugal has to deal with low fertility levels: the country has experienced a ] since the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cefage.uevora.pt/en/producao_cientifica/projectos/projectos_financiados_por_instituicoes_nacionais_de_apoio_a_investigacao/fertility_in_portugal_a_macro_micro_economic_perspective |title=Fertility in Portugal: a Macro/Micro Economic Perspective / Projects funded by national science agencies / Projects / Research output / Welcome – CEFAGE |publisher=Cefage.uevora.pt |accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref>


Since the 1990s, along with a boom in ], several new waves of ], ], ] and other ] have settled in the country. ], ], ], ], ], and ] have also migrated to the country. The numbers of ], ], ], and ] migrants are also significant. Moreover, Portugal's ] is estimated at 50,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Portugal |first=Rádio e Televisão de |date=25 October 2022 |title=Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/mais-de-95-da-etnia-cigana-em-portugal-vive-abaixo-do-limiar-da-pobreza_a1442067 |access-date=5 July 2023 |website=Mais de 95% da etnia cigana em Portugal vive abaixo do limiar da pobreza |language=pt |archive-date=13 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813183906/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/mais-de-95-da-etnia-cigana-em-portugal-vive-abaixo-do-limiar-da-pobreza_a1442067 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The structure of Portuguese society is characterized by an increasing inequality which at present (2015) places the country in the lowest third of the Social Justice Index for the European Union.<ref>See http://www.bertelsmann-stiftung.de/de/publikationen/publikation/did/social-justice-in-the-eu-index-report-2015/</ref>


It is estimated that over 30,000 seasonal, often ] work in ], mainly southern cities such as ] where they are often exploited by organised seasonal workers' networks. These migrants, who frequently arrive without due documentation or work contracts, make up over 90% of agricultural workers in the south of Portugal. Most are Southeast Asians from India, ], ], Pakistan and ]. In the interior of the ] there are many African workers. Significant numbers also come from Eastern Europe, Moldova, Ukraine, Romania and Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|last=LP|date=1 May 2020|title=Trabalhadores agrícolas imigrantes: Precários e explorados|url=https://jornaldoalgarve.pt/trabalhadores-agricolas-imigrantes-precarios-e-explorados/|access-date=21 June 2021|website=Jornal do Algarve|language=pt-PT|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707064311/https://jornaldoalgarve.pt/trabalhadores-agricolas-imigrantes-precarios-e-explorados/|url-status=live}}</ref>
=== Urbanization ===
{{Largest cities of Portugal}}


In addition, a significant number of ]s, mostly from ], ], ] or other northern European countries, have become permanent residents in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf|title=Estrangeiros em Portugal em 2022|access-date=5 July 2023|archive-date=23 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230723201450/https://www.sef.pt/pt/Documents/RIFA2022%20vF2a.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There is also a large expatriate community made up of ], ] and ]. The British community is mostly composed of retired ]s who live in the ] and ].
=== Metropolitan areas and ]<ref>http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=urb_lpop1&lang=en</ref>===
{{main article|Metropolitan areas of Portugal}}
]
There are two Greater Metropolitan Areas (]): ] and ].<ref>, ('']''-19 July 2011)</ref>
{{electiontable}}
|- style="background: #efefef;"
!align=right| Rank
!align=left| City name
!align=left| Metro<br/>Area
!align=left| Population<ref>Source of the city populations: ] census, 2011.</ref>
!align=left| Subregion
!align=left| Population
!align=center|FUA Population<br/><small>2013</small>
|- style="text-align:right;"
|1 ||align=left| ] || align=left| ''']'''|| '''2,821,699''' || align=left| ''']''' || '''2,042,326''' ||align=center|2,818,000
|- style="text-align:right;"
|2||align=left| ] || align=left| ''']'''|| '''1,758,531''' || align=left| ''']''' || '''1,401,805'''||align=center|1,295,000
|- style="text-align:right;"
|3 ||align=left| ]''' || align=left| ]||814,083 || align=left| ] || 410,149||align=center|249,000
|- style="text-align:right;"
|4 ||align=left| ] || align=left| ] || 461,819 || align=left| ] || 390,840||align=center|141,084
|- style="text-align:right;"
|5 ||align=left| ] || align=left| ] ||451,005 || align=left| ] || 451,005||align=center|118,000
|- style="text-align:right;"
|6 ||align=left| ] || align=left| ]||422,708 || align=left| ] || 332,306||align=center|274,000
|- style="text-align:right;"
|7 ||align=left| ] || align=left| ] || 338,229 || align=left| ] || 277,216 ||align=center|98,778
|}


A National Statistics Institute (INE) study, conducted between 2022 and 2023, found out that 1.4 million people, (13% of the population) have immigrant background, in which 947,500 are first generation immigrants, concentrated mainly in the ] and the ].<ref name="INERace"/> It is noteworthy that the survey was only carried out amongst people living legally in the country for at least one year at the time of the interview and that in 2022 the statistical office figures suggested that 16.1% of the country's population or 1,683,829 people were first generation immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population on 1 January by age group, sex and country of birth |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/MIGR_POP3CTB/default/table?lang=en |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal – Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&contecto=pi&indOcorrCod=0000256&selTab=tab0 |access-date=2023-08-02 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics Portugal - Web Portal |url=https://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorrCod=0006031&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2 |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=www.ine.pt}}</ref>
=== Immigration ===
{{main article|Immigration to Portugal}}
]
Portugal's ] has long since been a cornerstone of its national identity, as has its geographic position at the south-western corner of Europe, looking out into the Atlantic Ocean. It was one of the last western colonial European powers to give up its overseas territories (among them ] and ] in 1975), turning over the administration of ] to the People's Republic of China at the end of 1999. Consequently, it has both influenced and been influenced by cultures from former colonies or dependencies, resulting in immigration from these former territories for both economic and personal reasons. Portugal, long a country of emigration (the vast majority of ] have Portuguese ancestry),<ref name="diaspora">, Eric Solsten, ed. Portugal: A Country Study. Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1993.</ref> has now become a country of net immigration,<ref>"", BBC News, 14 November 2005</ref> and not just from the last ] (Portuguese until 1961), ] (Portuguese until 1975), and ] (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories. An estimated 800,000 Portuguese returned to Portugal as the country's African possessions gained independence in 1975.<ref name="diaspora"/> By 2007, Portugal had 10,617,575 inhabitants of whom about 332,137 were legal ].<ref name="ine.pt">{{cite web|author=ITDS, Rui Campos, Pedro Senos |url=http://www.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_main |title=Statistics Portugal |publisher=Ine.pt |accessdate=2 July 2011}}</ref>

Since the 1990s, along with a boom in ], several new waves of ], ], ] and other ] have settled in the country. ], ], ] and ] have also chosen Portugal as their destination. Portugal's ] population is estimated to be at about 40,000.<ref>, ('']''-5 April 2008)</ref>

In addition, a number of ]s, mostly from the United Kingdom, other northern European or ] countries, have become permanent residents in the country (with the British community being mostly composed of retired pensioners and choosing to live in the Algarve and Madeira).<ref> Embaixada de Portugal No Brasil {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106043956/http://embaixada-portugal-brasil.blogspot.com/2007/06/brasileiros-so-maior-colnia-estrangeira.html |date=6 November 2013 }}</ref>


=== Religion === === Religion ===
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Religion in Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. --> <!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Religion in Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{Main article|Religion in Portugal}} {{Main|Religion in Portugal}}
{{bar box {{Pie chart
| thumb = right
|title=Religions in Portugal (Census 2011)<ref name=CIS>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.pt/ngt_server/attachfileu.jsp?look_parentBoui=148642956&att_display=n&att_download=y|title=Census – Final results: Portugal – 2011|page = 530|accessdate=10 December 2012|publisher=Statistics Portugal|year=2012}}</ref>
| caption = Religion in Portugal (Census 2021)<ref name="Censos2021">{{cite web |url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/censos-2021-catolicos-diminuem-mas-ainda-sao-mais-de-80-dos-portugueses_n1449073 |title=Censos 2021. Católicos diminuem, mas ainda são mais de 80% dos portugueses |publisher=RTP |date=23 November 2022 |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123182010/https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/pais/censos-2021-catolicos-diminuem-mas-ainda-sao-mais-de-80-dos-portugueses_n1449073 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
| label1 = ]
|float=right
| value1 = 80.20
|bars=
| color1 = #d4213d
{{bar percent|Catholicism|blue|81.0}}
| label2 = ]
{{bar percent|Other Christianity|purple|3.3}}
| value2 = 2.13
{{bar percent|Others|grey|0.6}}
| color2 = DodgerBlue
{{bar percent|No Religion|red|6.8}}
| label3 = ]
{{bar percent|Undeclared|yellow|8.3}}
| value3 = 0.72
| color3 = Aquamarine
| label4 = ]
| value4 = 0.69
| color4 = Purple
| label5 = Other Christian
| value5 = 1.04
| color5 = Pink
| label6 = ]
| value6 = 0.42
| color6 = Green
| label7 = ]
| value7 = 0.22
| color7 = Orange
| label8 = ]
| value8 = 0.19
| color8 = Gold
| label9 = ]
| value9 = 0.03
| color9 = Blue
| label10 = Other religion
| value10 = 0.28
| color10 = Gray
| label11 = ]
| value11 = 14.09
| color11 = Honeydew
}} }}
Roman Catholicism, which has a long history in Portugal, remains the dominant religion. Portugal has no official religion, though in the past, the ] was the ].<ref>{{cite book|title=Possessed by the Virgin: Hinduism, Roman Catholicism, and Marian Possession in South India|first=Kristin |last=C. Bloomer|year= 2018| isbn=9780190615093| page =14|publisher=Oxford University Press|quote=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=American History from a Global Perspective: An Interpretation|first=David |last=J. Russo|year= 2000| isbn=9780275968960| page =314|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group}}</ref>


According to the 2011 Census, 81.0% of the Portuguese population are ]. The country has small Protestant, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] communities. Influences from ] and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and African Witch Doctors. Some 6.8% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious, and 8.3% did not give any answer about their religion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censos.ine.pt/xportal/xmain?xpid=CENSOS&xpgid=ine_censos_indicador&contexto=ind&indOcorrCod=0006396&selTab=tab10 |title=Instituto Nacional de Estatistica, Censos 2011 |publisher=Censos.ine.pt |accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref> According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the Portuguese population was ].<ref name="Censos2021" /> The country has small Protestant, ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] communities. Influences from ] and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional African Herbal Medicine. Some 14.1% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious.<ref name="Censos2021" />


Portugal is a ]: ] during the First Portuguese Republic, and this was reiterated in the 1976 ]. Other than the Constitution, the two most important documents relating to ] in Portugal are the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the ] and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act. Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation.
In 2012, a study conducted by the Catholic University revealed 79.5% of the Portuguese considered themselves Catholics, and that 18% ] regularly. These figures represent a drop from 86.9% of Catholics in 2001, while during the same period the number of people stating that they had no religion rose from 8.2% to 14.2%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tvi24.iol.pt/sociedade/catolicos-conferencia-episcopal-cep-estudo-tvi24/1341085-4071.html |title=Número de católicos portugueses tem vindo a diminuir > |publisher=TVI24 |date=16 April 2012 |accessdate=31 January 2014}}</ref>
], near ], is one of the world's most visited Catholic pilgrimage sites.]]
Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation. Although relations between the Portuguese state and the Roman Catholic Church were generally amiable and stable since the earliest years of the Portuguese nation, their relative power fluctuated. In the ], the church enjoyed both riches and power stemming from its role in the ], its close identification with early Portuguese nationalism and the foundation of the Portuguese educational system, including the ].

The growth of the ] made its ] important agents of ], with important roles in the ] and ] of people from all the inhabited continents. The growth of ] and nascent ] movements during the eras leading to the formation of the ] (1910–26) changed the role and importance of organized religion.

Portugal is a ]: ] during the Portuguese First Republic, and later reiterated in the 1976 ]. Other than the Constitution, the two most important documents relating to ] in Portugal are: the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the ], and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act.


=== Languages === === Languages ===
{{Main article|Languages of Portugal|Portuguese language}} {{Main|Languages of Portugal|Portuguese language}}
] in ], ].]]
] is the 6th most spoken language in the world, with approximately 260 million speakers.]]
Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Portuguese is a ] that originated in what is now ] and ], originating from ], which was the common language of the Galician and Portuguese people until the independence of Portugal. Particularly in the North of Portugal, there are still many similarities between the Galician culture and the Portuguese culture. Galicia is a consultative observer of the ]. According to the Ethnologue of Languages, Portuguese and Spanish have a lexical similarity of 89% – educated speakers of each language can communicate easily with one another.


] in ], ]]]
The Portuguese language is derived from the ] spoken by the ] ] around 2000 years ago—particularly the ], ], ] and ]. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the language spread worldwide as Portugal established a colonial and commercial empire between 1415 and 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portugueselanguage.net/portuguese/history.asp|title=History of the Portuguese|work=portugueselanguage.net|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref> Portuguese is now spoken as a native language in five different continents, with Brazil accounting for the largest number of native Portuguese speakers of any country (200 million speakers in 2012).<ref>{{cite web|title=Report: Portuguese is the third most used language on Facebook – Socialbakers|url=http://portuguese-american-journal.com/report-portuguese-is-the-third-most-used-language-on-facebook-socialbakers/|work=Portuguese American Journal|publisher=Portuguese American Journal|accessdate=11 November 2013|date=18 November 2012}}</ref>


Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. ] is also recognised as a co-official regional language in some municipalities of North-Eastern Portugal. It is part of the ] group of languages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://termcoord.eu/2015/05/discovering-mirandese/|title=Discovering Mirandese|date=26 May 2015|website=Terminology Coordination Unit|access-date=5 July 2020|archive-date=6 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806144357/https://termcoord.eu/2015/05/discovering-mirandese/|url-status=live}}</ref> An estimate of between 6,000 and 7,000 Mirandese speakers has been documented for Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |title=Linguagens Fronteiriças: Mirandês |url=http://www.clul.ul.pt/pt/investigacao/210-project-border-languages-mirandese |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923204856/http://www.clul.ul.pt/pt/investigacao/210-project-border-languages-mirandese |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date= |website=Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa}}</ref> Furthermore, a particular dialect known as ], spoken in ], is also officially recognised and protected in Portugal since 2021.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/o-barranquenho-ja-tem-protecao-agora-falta-quem-o-ensine-e-quem-o-mantenha-original-14425613.html|title=O barranquenho já tem proteção. Agora falta quem o ensine e quem o mantenha original|first1=Guilhermina|last1=Sousa|first2=Gonçalo|last2=Teles|publisher=]|date=20 December 2021|language=pt|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109141226/https://www.tsf.pt/portugal/sociedade/o-barranquenho-ja-tem-protecao-agora-falta-quem-o-ensine-e-quem-o-mantenha-original-14425613.html|url-status=live}}</ref> ], a ] of the Portuguese language, is spoken by around 500 people in the town of ].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.publico.pt/2019/09/27/culturaipsilon/video/quer-falar-mirandes-barranquenho-minderico-20190927-151045|title=Quem quer falar mirandês, barranquenho, minderico?|first=Vera|last=Moutinho|newspaper=Público|date=27 September 2019|language=pt|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=9 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109142505/https://www.publico.pt/2019/09/27/culturaipsilon/video/quer-falar-mirandes-barranquenho-minderico-20190927-151045|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2013 the Portuguese language is the official language spoken in Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea, and ]. These countries, plus ] Special Administrative Region (People's Republic of China) where Portuguese is co-official with Cantonese, make up the ], a term derived from the ancient ] of "]", which currently matches the Portuguese territory south of the ] river.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:id=lusitania-geo|title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), LABANAE AQUAE, LUSITA´NIA|work=tufts.edu|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref>


According to the ], Portugal has a high proficiency level in English, higher than those of other Romance-speaking European countries like Spain, Italy or France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ef.co.uk/epi/|title=EF English Proficiency Index – A comprehensive ranking of countries by English skills|website=Ef.co.uk|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802000431/http://www.ef.co.uk/epi/|archive-date=2 August 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
] is also recognized as a co-official regional language in some municipalities of North-Eastern Portugal. An estimate of between 6,000 and 7,000 Mirandese speakers has been documented for Portugal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://languagesindanger.eu/book-of-knowledge/list-of-languages/|title=List of Languages|work=languagesindanger.eu|accessdate=14 September 2015}}</ref>

According to ], Portugal has a high proficiency level in ], proficiency higher than in countries like ], ] or ].


=== Education === === Education ===
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Education in Portugal" and "Higher education in Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. --> <!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Education in Portugal" and "Higher education in Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{Main article|Education in Portugal}} {{Main|Education in Portugal}}
The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age six), basic education (nine years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (three years, compulsory since 2010), and higher education (subdivided in university and ] education). Universities are usually organised into ]. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of ].
{{multiple image
| direction = vertical
| width =
| image1 = Coimbra_University.jpg
| caption1 = Founded in 1290, the ] is Portugal's oldest.
| image2 = Portugal e Espanha DSC03991 (25965467611).jpg
| caption2 = The ] is among Portugal's leading research universities.
}}
The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age 6), basic education (9 years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (3 years, compulsory since 2010), and higher education (subdivided in university and ] education).


The total adult literacy rate in Portugal was 99.8% in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/macroeconomic/literacy-rate-in-portugal/|title=literacy rate in Portugal|access-date=13 June 2023|archive-date=13 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613013710/https://www.globaldata.com/data-insights/macroeconomic/literacy-rate-in-portugal/|url-status=live}}</ref> According to the ] (PISA) 2018, Portugal scored around the ] average in reading, mathematics and science.<ref>{{cite web |title=Testes PISA: Portugal supera média da OCDE |date=6 December 2016 |url=https://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2016-12-06-Testes-PISA-Portugal-supera-media-da-OCDE |publisher=] |language=pt |access-date=29 July 2018 |archive-date=17 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917113126/http://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2016-12-06-Testes-PISA-Portugal-supera-media-da-OCDE |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=E agora no PISA: alunos portugueses melhoram a ciências, leitura e matemática |url=https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica |work=] |language=pt |access-date=29 July 2018 |archive-date=13 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181213064034/https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica |url-status=dead }}</ref> In reading and mathematics, mean performance in 2018 was close to the level observed in 2009 to 2015; in science, mean performance in 2018 was below that of 2015, and returned close to the level observed in 2009 and 2012, near below average.<ref>{{cite magazine|url = https://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2016-12-06-Testes-PISA-Portugal-supera-media-da-OCDE|title = Testes PISA: Portugal supera média da OCDE|magazine = ]|language = pt|access-date = 29 July 2018|archive-date = 17 September 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180917113126/http://visao.sapo.pt/actualidade/sociedade/2016-12-06-Testes-PISA-Portugal-supera-media-da-OCDE|url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica|title = E agora no PISA: alunos portugueses melhoram a ciências, leitura e matemática|work = ]|language = pt|access-date = 29 July 2018|archive-date = 13 December 2018|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181213064034/https://expresso.sapo.pt/sociedade/2016-12-06-E-agora-no-PISA-alunos-portugueses-melhoram-a-ciencias-leitura-e-matematica|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Viana |first=Clara |date=5 December 2023 |title=PISA 2022: queda "sem precedentes" nas médias dos alunos da OCDE. Portugal acompanha trambolhão |url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/12/05/sociedade/noticia/pisa-2022-queda-precedentes-medias-alunos-ocde-portugal-acompanha-trambolhao-2072556 |access-date=10 January 2024 |website=PÚBLICO |language=pt |archive-date=10 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110140041/https://www.publico.pt/2023/12/05/sociedade/noticia/pisa-2022-queda-precedentes-medias-alunos-ocde-portugal-acompanha-trambolhao-2072556 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The total adult literacy rate is 99 percent. Portuguese primary school enrollments are close to 100 percent. According to the ]'s ] (PISA) 2009, the average Portuguese 15-year-old student, when rated in terms of reading literacy, mathematics and science knowledge, is placed at the same level as those students from the United States, Sweden, Germany, Ireland, France, Denmark, United Kingdom, Hungary and ], with 489 points (493 is the average).<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.destak.pt/artigo/82223-alunos-portugueses-pela-primeira-vez-perto-da-media-relatorio-pisa|title = Alunos portugueses pela primeira vez "perto da média"&nbsp;– relatório PISA|publisher=]|language = Portuguese}}</ref>


Over 35% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of Portugal's higher education institutions<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/GC18/Governo/Ministerios/MCTES/Intervencoes/Pages/20100111_MCTES_Int_Contrato_Confianca_EnsSup.aspx|archiveurl = //web.archive.org/web/20110724173015/http://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/GC18/Governo/Ministerios/MCTES/Intervencoes/Pages/20100111_MCTES_Int_Contrato_Confianca_EnsSup.aspx|archivedate = 24 July 2011|title= Um Contrato de confiança no Ensino Superior para o futuro de Portugal|publisher=], portugal.gov.pt|language = Portuguese|date=11 January 2010 }}</ref> (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD countries). In addition to being a destination for ]s, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totaled 380,937 in 2005. About 47.6% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of Portugal's higher education institutions<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/GC18/Governo/Ministerios/MCTES/Intervencoes/Pages/20100111_MCTES_Int_Contrato_Confianca_EnsSup.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724173015/http://www.portugal.gov.pt/pt/GC18/Governo/Ministerios/MCTES/Intervencoes/Pages/20100111_MCTES_Int_Contrato_Confianca_EnsSup.aspx |archive-date=24 July 2011 |title=Um Contrato de confiança no Ensino Superior para o futuro de Portugal |publisher=], Portugal.gov.pt |language=pt |date=11 January 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnedu.pt/content/noticias/CNE/ensino_superior.pdf|title=Ensino Superior|website=Cnedu.pt|access-date=2 August 2017|archive-date=16 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171016222806/http://www.cnedu.pt/content/noticias/CNE/ensino_superior.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2022/en/country-reports/portugal.html|title=European Commission Education and Training Monitor 2022|date=19 January 2024|access-date=19 January 2024|archive-date=2 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203847/https://op.europa.eu/webpub/eac/education-and-training-monitor-2022/en/country-reports/portugal.html|url-status=live}}</ref> (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD on average). In addition to being a destination for ]s, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totalled 380,937 in 2005.
], the first university in Portugal founded in 1290 by ]]]
Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The ]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-coimbra|title=University of Coimbra|date=16 July 2015|website=Top Universities|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=7 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307221441/https://www.topuniversities.com/universities/university-coimbra|url-status=live}}</ref> was first established in Lisbon before moving to ]. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the ] (the '']'' of ]) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the '']'' of ]) in 1842. Presently, the largest university in Portugal is the ].


The ] has been adopted by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes in 2006. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of '']'' is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), ], foreign students from the ], degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (]), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department.
Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The ] was first established in ] before moving to ]. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the ] (the '']'' of ]) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the '']'' of ]) in 1842. The largest university in Portugal is the ].


Most student costs are supported with public money. Portugal has entered into ] to further develop and increase the effectiveness of Portuguese higher education and research.<ref name="Carvalho et al 2020">{{cite book |last1=Carvalho |first1=Luís |last2=Camacho |first2=Nuno |last3=Amorim |first3=Gonçalo |last4=Esperança |first4=José Paulo |editor1-last=Information Resources Management Association |title=Foreign Direct Investments: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools, and Applications |date=2020 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-7998-2449-7 |page=1921 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=22V2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1921 |access-date=25 December 2023 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225204525/https://books.google.com/books?id=22V2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1921 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Universities are usually organized into ]. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of ].


=== Health ===
The ] has been adopted, since 2006, by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of '']'' is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), ], foreign students from the ], degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (]), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department.
{{Main|Health in Portugal}}
In 2023, Portugal ranked as 40th best healthcare system in the world,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1376359/health-and-health-system-ranking-of-countries-worldwide/|title=Health and health systems rankings of countries worldwide in 2023|website=statista.com|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=16 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016185219/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1376359/health-and-health-system-ranking-of-countries-worldwide/|url-status=live}}</ref> which was significantly lower than the previous ]. The health system is characterised by three coexisting systems: the National Health Service (''Serviço Nacional de Saúde'', SNS), special social health insurance schemes for certain professions (health subsystems) and voluntary private health insurance. The SNS provides universal coverage. In addition, about 55% of the population is covered by the health subsystems,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2024/10/16/estudo-medis-acesso-digital-melhora-a-percecao-dos-portugueses-quanto-ao-sns/|title=Estudo Médis: Acesso digital melhora a perceção dos portugueses quanto ao SNS |website=eco.sapo.pt|access-date=19 October 2024|date=16 October 2024}}</ref> 43% by private insurance schemes and another 12% by mutual funds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://expresso.pt/economia/2024-03-07-Maioria-dos-beneficiarios-da-ADSE-sao-mulheres-e-tem-mais-de-50-anos-f2f706f5|title=Maioria dos beneficiários da ADSE são mulheres e têm mais de 50 anos|website=expresso.pt|date=7 March 2024|access-date=19 October 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pordata.pt/Portugal/Beneficiarios+da+ADSE-612|title=Beneficiários da ADSE|website=pordata.pt|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928104312/https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/beneficiarios+da+adse-612|url-status=live}}</ref>]]]The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralisation efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care. The SNS is predominantly funded through general taxation. Employer (including the state) and employee contributions represent the main funding sources of the health subsystems. In addition, direct payments by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums account for a large proportion of funding.


Similarly to other 'Eur-A countries', (Western Europe), most Portuguese die from ].<ref name=Saude>{{cite web|url=https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/obitos+por+algumas+causas+de+morte+(percentagem)-758|title=Óbitos por algumas causas de morte (%)|website=pordata.pt|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=28 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328092519/https://www.pordata.pt/portugal/obitos+por+algumas+causas+de+morte+(percentagem)-758|url-status=live}}</ref> Mortality from ] (CVD) is around 30,000 deaths per year, a third of all annual deaths,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sicnoticias.pt/saude-e-bem-estar/2023-05-11-A-cada-15-minutos-morre-uma-pessoa-por-doenca-cardiovascular-em-Portugal-721ef0b0|title=A cada 15 minutos, morre uma pessoa por doença cardiovascular em Portugal|website=sicnoticias.pt|date=11 May 2023|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606152335/https://sicnoticias.pt/saude-e-bem-estar/2023-05-11-A-cada-15-minutos-morre-uma-pessoa-por-doenca-cardiovascular-em-Portugal-721ef0b0|url-status=live}}</ref> but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with ] being the single biggest killer in Portugal, with more than 11,000 deaths per year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2022-05-17-Por-que-morreram-mais-pessoas-por-AVC-em-Portugal--O-grande-fator-deste-aumento-e-a-pandemia-dizem-especialistas-6ce5a103|title=Por que morreram mais pessoas por AVC em Portugal? "O grande fator deste aumento é a pandemia", dizem especialistas|website=expresso.pt|date=17 May 2022|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=15 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115005343/https://expresso.pt/sociedade/2022-05-17-Por-que-morreram-mais-pessoas-por-AVC-em-Portugal--O-grande-fator-deste-aumento-e-a-pandemia-dizem-especialistas-6ce5a103|url-status=live}}</ref> Oncological diseases represent 22% of all deaths in the country,<ref name=Saude/> with lung and breast cancer cases being lower, and cervical and prostate cancer being more frequent. Diabetes mortality rates have been decreasing, from 4.5% in 2010 down to 2.8% in 2021.<ref name=Saude/>
Most student costs are supported with public money. However, with the increasing tuition fees a student has to pay to attend a Portuguese state-run higher education institution and the attraction of new types of students (many as part-time students or in evening classes) like employees, businessmen, parents, and pensioners, many departments make a substantial profit from every additional student enrolled in courses, with benefits for the college or university's gross tuition revenue and without loss of educational quality (teacher per student, computer per student, classroom size per student, etc.).


Portugal's ] (IMR) stood at 2,25 deaths per 1,000 live births as of 2024.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRT/portugal/infant-mortality-rate#:~:text=The%20infant%20mortality%20rate%20for,a%204.88%25%20decline%20from%202021|title=Portugal Infant Mortality Rate 1950-2024|access-date=19 January 2024|archive-date=19 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119011122/https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/PRT/portugal/infant-mortality-rate#:~:text=The%20infant%20mortality%20rate%20for,a%204.88%25%20decline%20from%202021|url-status=live}}</ref> An opinion poll in 2021 found that 50% of adults rated their health as good or very good, the third lowest rate collected in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eco.sapo.pt/2022/12/12/portugal-e-terceiro-pais-da-ue-onde-a-populacao-se-sente-menos-saudavel/|title=Portugal é terceiro país da UE onde a população se sente menos saudável|website=eco.sapo.pt|date=12 December 2022|access-date=15 January 2024|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002020512/https://eco.sapo.pt/2022/12/12/portugal-e-terceiro-pais-da-ue-onde-a-populacao-se-sente-menos-saudavel/|url-status=live}}</ref> The largest university hospital in the country is ], Lisbon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Area of expertise |url=https://ern-cranio.eu/network-partners/ern-cranio-centres/hospital-de-santa-maria-centro-hospitalar-lisboa-norte/ |website=European Reference Networks |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-date=4 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190604124407/https://ern-cranio.eu/network-partners/ern-cranio-centres/hospital-de-santa-maria-centro-hospitalar-lisboa-norte/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Portugal has entered into ] to further develop and increase the effectiveness of Portuguese higher education and research.


=== Health === ==Culture==
{{Main article|Health in Portugal}} {{Main|Culture of Portugal|Mass media in Portugal}}
], the iconic Portuguese souvenir and symbol]]
{{multiple image
Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilisations that have crossed the European continent and Mediterranean, or were introduced when it played an active role during the ]. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernised its public cultural facilities, in addition to the ] established in 1956 in Lisbon.
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According to the latest ], the average ] in 2015 was 81.0 years.<ref>]</ref>


These include the ] in Lisbon, ] and the ], both in ], as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to ] UNESCO ]s, ranking it ]
Portugal ranks 12th in the best public health systems in the world, ahead of high developed countries like the United Kingdom, Germany or Sweden.<ref>]</ref>


=== Architecture ===
The Portuguese health system is characterized by three coexisting systems: the National Health Service (''Serviço Nacional de Saúde''', SNS), special social health insurance schemes for certain professions (health subsystems) and voluntary private health insurance. The SNS provides universal coverage. In addition, about 25% of the population is covered by the health subsystems, 10% by private insurance schemes and another 7% by mutual funds.
{{Main|Architecture of Portugal}}
] is an example of modern architecture.]]
Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the ], also known as Portuguese late ] a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century, followed by ] of the 18th century.


A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, ], appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like ], ] (both ] winners) and ]. In Portugal ] is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design.<ref>{{in lang|pt}} {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429003508/http://www.dn.pt/Inicio/interior.aspx?content_id=615671 |date=29 April 2011 }}, ] (8 July 2005)</ref><ref>Tomás Taveira, Geoffrey Broadbent (introduction), Publisher: St Martins Pr (February 1991)</ref> The ] is a mainstream, typical element among Portugal's traditional building materials and construction techniques.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2017 |title=A história do azulejo português |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/a-historia-do-azulejo-portugues |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516000147/https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/a-historia-do-azulejo-portugues/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Life |first=Portugal the Simple |date=21 May 2021 |title=Azulejos – Get to know the famous Portuguese tiles |url=https://www.portugal-the-simple-life.com/post/azulejos-portuguese-tiles |access-date=15 May 2023 |website=Portugal Simple Life |language=en |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516001643/https://www.portugal-the-simple-life.com/post/azulejos-portuguese-tiles |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS.
Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralization efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, however, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care.


=== Cuisine ===
The SNS is predominantly funded through general taxation. Employer (including the state) and employee contributions represent the main funding sources of the health subsystems. In addition, direct payments by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums account for a large proportion of funding.
{{Main|Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese wine}}
] in Lisbon]]
Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry ] ('']'' in Portuguese), for which there are many ] ranging from ], ], to ]. Other fish recipes include grilled ] and ], a tomato-based ] that can be made from several types of fish or shellfish, with a mix of onion, garlic, bay leaf, potatoes, peppers, parsley.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.feastingathome.com/portuguese-fish-stew-caldeirada/|title=Portuguese Fish Stew (Caldeirada)|first=Sylvia Fountaine &#124; Feasting at|last=Home|date=3 June 2020|website=Feasting At Home|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225163848/https://www.feastingathome.com/portuguese-fish-stew-caldeirada/|url-status=live}}</ref>


Typical Portuguese meat recipes made out of the customary beef, pork, chicken, goat, lamb or duck meat, include '']'', '']'', '']'', ''leitão'' (roast ]), '']'' and '']''. Typical fast food dishes include the ] (Frenchie) from Porto and ''bifanas'' (grilled pork) or ''prego'' (grilled beef) ]es.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://simply-delicious-food.com/easy-portuguese-prego-rolls/|title=Easy Portuguese prego rolls|first=Alida|last=Ryder|date=18 May 2019|website=Simply Delicious|access-date=25 December 2023|archive-date=25 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225163848/https://simply-delicious-food.com/easy-portuguese-prego-rolls/|url-status=live}}</ref> An egg custard tart pastry, the ], typical and popular among the Portuguese, became popular abroad and among foreign tourists visiting the country as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Portuguese custard tarts (Pastéis de nata) |url=https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/pasteis-de-nata |access-date=16 January 2024 |website=BBC Good Food |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128142950/https://www.bbcgoodfood.com/recipes/pasteis-de-nata |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Oliveira |first1=Sónia |last2=Fradinho |first2=Patrícia |last3=Mata |first3=Paulina |last4=Moreira-Leite |first4=Bruno |last5=Raymundo |first5=Anabela |date=1 October 2019 |title=Exploring innovation in a traditional sweet pastry: Pastel de Nata |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1878450X19300320 |journal=International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science |volume=17 |pages=100160 |doi=10.1016/j.ijgfs.2019.100160 |s2cid=194348439 |issn=1878-450X}}</ref>
Similar to the other Eur-A countries, most Portuguese die from ]. Mortality from ] (CVD) is higher than in the ], but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with ] being the single biggest killer in Portugal (17%). Portuguese people die 12% less often from cancer than in the Eur-A, but mortality is not declining as rapidly as in the Eur-A. Cancer is more frequent among children as well as among women younger than 44 years. Although lung cancer (slowly increasing among women) and breast cancer (decreasing rapidly) are scarcer, cancer of the cervix and the prostate are more frequent.
Portugal has the highest mortality rate for diabetes in the Eur-A, with a sharp increase since the 1980s.
].]]
Portugal's ] has dropped sharply since the late 1970s, when 24 of 1000 newborns died in the first year of life. It is now around 2 deaths per a 1000 newborns. This improvement was mainly due to the decrease in neonatal mortality, from 15.5 to 2.4 per 1000 live births.


Portuguese wines have enjoyed recognition since the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god ], due to its climate. Some of the best Portuguese wines are ], ], ], ], ], ] and the sweet ], ], and the ] from ] and ].
People are usually well informed about their health status, the positive and negative effects of their behaviour on their health and their use of health care services. Yet their perceptions of their health can differ from what administrative and examination-based data show about levels of illness within populations. Thus, survey results based on self-reporting at the household level complement other data on health status and the use of services.


=== Visual art ===
Only one third of adults rated their health as good or very good in Portugal (Kasmel et al., 2004). This is the lowest of the Eur-A countries reporting and reflects the relatively adverse situation of the country in terms of mortality and selected morbidity.<ref>{{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091201122536/http://www.euro.who.int/document/chh/por_highlights.pdf |date=1 December 2009 |title=Highlights on health in Portugal 2004 }}{{dead link|date=January 2014}}. World Health Organization</ref>
{{main|Portuguese art}}


] was one of the most prolific ] painters (]).]]
== Culture ==
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Culture of Portugal", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{Main article|Culture of Portugal}}
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Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilizations that have crossed the Mediterranean and the European continent, or were introduced when it played an active role during the ]. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernized its public cultural facilities, in addition to the ] established in 1956 in Lisbon.


Portugal has a ]. The first well-known painters dating back to the 15th century&nbsp;– like ] and ]&nbsp;– were part of the late Gothic painting period.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/nuno-goncalves/|title=O mítico Nuno Gonçalves|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/nuno-goncalves/|title=Grão Vasco, o lendário pintor de Viseu|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> During the Renaissance, Portuguese painting was highly influenced by Northern European painting.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://estudoemcasaapoia.dge.mec.pt/recurso/producao-artistica-em-portugal-manuelino-e-tendencias-do-renascimento|title=Produção Artística em Portugal: Manuelino e tendências do Renascimento|website=]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> In the Baroque period ] and ] were the most prolific painters.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/josefa-de-obidos-1630-ou1634-1684/|title=Josefa de Óbidos, a pintora das naturezas mortas|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
These include the ] in Lisbon, ] and the ], both in ], as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country.
], known for his work ''Fado'', and ] (who painted the portraits of ] and ]) were both references in ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/jose-malhoa-1855-1933/|title=José Malhoa, pintor de costumes e tradições|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/columbano-bordalo-pinheiro-1857-1929/|title=Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro, mestre do retrato|date=2012|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
Portugal is home to ] UNESCO ]s, ranking it ]


The 20th century saw the arrival of ], and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: ], who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly the Delaunays (] and ]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.pt/historia/amadeo-souza-cardoso-biografia-o-genio_4346|title=Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso: O génio que viveu furiosamente|date=5 June 2024|website=National Geographic Portugal|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> Among his best-known works is ''Canção Popular – a Russa e o Fígaro''. Other great modernist painters/writers include ] and ], friend to the poet ], who painted Pessoa's portrait. He was deeply influenced by both ] and ] trends.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/jose-de-almada-negreiros/|title=José de Almada Negreiros: artista multimédia|date=1999|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/botelho-um-olhar-na-cidade/|title=Botelho: um Olhar na Cidade|date=5 May 1982|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
=== Architecture ===
{{Main article|Architecture of Portugal}}
Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the ], also known as Portuguese late Gothic, a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century. A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, ], appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like ], ] (both ] winners) and ]. In Portugal ] is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design.<ref>{{pt icon}} , ] (8 July 2005)</ref><ref>, Geoffrey Broadbent (introduction), Publisher: St Martins Pr (February 1991)</ref><ref>{{pt icon}} , Diarioeconomico.com</ref>


Prominent international figures in visual arts today include painters ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/cam/artist/maria-helena-vieira-da-silva/|title=Maria Helena Vieira da Silva|website=]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/cam/artist/julio-pomar/|title=Júlio Pomar|website=]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/programa/tv/p44926/e5|title=Joana Vasconcelos|date=2024|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/cam/artist/juliao-sarmento/|title=Julião Sarmento |website=]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/uma-biografia-de-paula-rego/|title=Uma biografia de Paula Rego|date=2022|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
=== Cinema ===
{{Main article|Cinema of Portugal}}

] has a long tradition, reaching back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century. Portuguese film directors such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ], are among those that gained notability. Noted Portuguese film actors include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ].


=== Literature === === Literature ===
{{Main article|Portuguese literature}} {{Main|Portuguese literature}}
], legendary poet of the ]]]
{{multiple image
Portuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text as well as song. Until 1350, the ] ]s spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian Peninsula,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ferreira |first=Maria Ema |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/52071315 |title=Poesia e prosa medievais |date=1998 |publisher=Editora Ulisseia |isbn=972-568-124-X |page=9 |oclc=52071315 |access-date=17 January 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202204001/https://search.worldcat.org/title/52071315 |url-status=live }}</ref> like King ] (1261–1325) who became famous for his poetry. Other kings would write and sponsor works of literature across Portuguese history, like ] (1367–1383) who supported Pêro Menino in writing o ''Livro da Falcoaria''<ref name=":2" />
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Portuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text as well as song. Until 1350, the ] ]s spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian Peninsula.<ref>''Poesia e Prosa Medievais'', p. 9, para. 4</ref> ] (c. 1465–c. 1536), was one of the founders of both Portuguese and Spanish dramatic traditions.

Adventurer and poet ] (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem ''"Os Lusíadas"'' (]), with ]'s ] as his main influence.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11198/ |title = The Lusiads |website = ] |date = 1800–1882 |accessdate = 31 August 2013 }}</ref> Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by ] (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Particularly popular and distinguished is ], recipient of the 1998 ].

=== Cuisine ===
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main articles: "Portuguese cuisine" and "Portuguese wine", your work there will be very appreciated. -->
{{Main article|Portuguese cuisine|Portuguese wine}}
Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry ] ('']'' in Portuguese), for which there are hundreds of ].<ref>SILVA, A. J. M. (2015), The fable of the cod and the promised sea. About portuguese traditions of bacalhau, in BARATA, F. T- and ROCHA, J. M. (eds.), Heritages and Memories from the Sea, Proceedings of the 1st International Conference of the UNESCO Chair in Intangible Heritage and Traditional Know-How: Linking Heritage, 14–16 January 2015. University of Evora, Évora, pp. 130–143. </ref> There are more than enough '']'' dishes for each day of the year. Two other popular fish recipes are grilled ] and ], a potato-based ] that can be made from several types of fish. Typical Portuguese meat recipes, that may be made out of beef, pork, ], or chicken, include '']'', '']'', '']'', ''leitão'' (roast ]) and '']''. A very popular northern dish is the arroz de sarrabulho (rice stewed in pigs blood) or the arroz de cabidela (rice and chickens meat stewed in chickens blood).
], such as ] (being transported here into ]), is world-famous.]]
Typical fast food dishes include the ] (Frenchie) from Porto, and ''bifanas'' (grilled pork) or ''prego'' (grilled beef) ]es, which are well known around the country. The Portuguese art of ] has its origins in the many ] Catholic monasteries spread widely across the country. These monasteries, using very few ingredients (mostly almonds, flour, eggs and some liquor), managed to create a spectacular wide range of different pastries, of which ] (or ''pastéis de nata'') originally from Lisbon, and '']'' from Aveiro are examples. Portuguese cuisine is very diverse, with different regions having their own traditional dishes. The Portuguese have a culture of good food, and throughout the country there are myriads of good restaurants and typical small ''tasquinhas''.


Adventurer and poet ] (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem '']'' (''The Lusiads''), with ]'s '']'' as his main influence.<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |date=1800–1882 |title=The Lusiads |url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11198/ |access-date=31 August 2013 |website=] |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014103951/https://www.wdl.org/en/item/11198/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by ] (1765–1805), ] (1842–1891) and ] (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Particularly popular and distinguished is ], recipient of the 1998 ].
Portuguese wines have enjoyed international recognition since the times of the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god ]. Today, the country is known by wine lovers and its wines have won several international prizes. Some of the best Portuguese wines are: ], ], ], ], ], ] and the sweet: ], ], the ] from ] and ]. Port and Madeira are particularly appreciated in a wide range of places around the world.


=== Music === === Music ===
{{Main article|Music of Portugal}} {{Main|Music of Portugal}}
{{Moresources|section|date=December 2024}}] performing in 1969]]
], famously depicted in this painting by ], is Portugal's national song.]]
] encompasses a wide variety of genres. The most renowned is ], a melancholy urban music originated in ], usually associated with the ] and ''saudade'', or longing. ], a unique type of "serenading" fado, is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The Music of Portugal encompasses a wide variety of genres. The traditional one is the Portuguese folk music which has deep roots in local customs, utilising instruments such as ] ('']'')<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/o-gaiteiro-mirandes/|title=O gaiteiro mirandês|date=2000|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, drums, flutes, tambourines, accordions and ukuleles ('']'').<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/o-cavaquinho-para-o-mundo/|title=O “Cavaquinho” para o mundo|date=2013|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> Within Portuguese folk music is the renowned genre of ], a melancholic urban music originated in ] in the 19th century, probably inside bohemian environments, usually associated with the ] and ''saudade'', or longing.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.museudofado.pt/en/fado-history-en|title=Fado History|website=Museu do Fado|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> ], a unique type of "] serenading" fado, is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/colecoes/amalia-rodrigues/|title=Amália Rodrigues|date=2013|website=Museu do Fado|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/programa/tv/p32352|title=Carlos do Carmo: Um Homem no Mundo|date=2013|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>


In addition to ] and ], the Portuguese listen to pop and other types of modern music, particularly from North America and the United Kingdom, as well as a wide range of Portuguese, Caribbean and Brazilian artists and bands. Artists with international recognition include ], ], ], ] and ], with the two latter being nominees for a ]. In addition to ], Fado and Classical music, other genres are present at Portugal like pop and other types of modern music, particularly from North America and the United Kingdom, as well as a wide range of Portuguese, Caribbean, Lusophone African and Brazilian artists and bands. Artists with international recognition include ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1487930/bio/|title=Dulce Pontes|website=imdb.com|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/10/25/culturaipsilon/entrevista/principio-morbid-god-sonho-vieram-moonspell-sucesso-2108716|title=No princípio havia os Morbid God e um sonho, depois vieram os Moonspell e o sucesso|date=25 October 2024|website=Público|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://media.rtp.pt/festivaldacancao/autores/blasted/|title=Blasted Mechanism|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2016/03/11/culturaipsilon/noticia/terminar-porque-1725625|title=Buraka Som Sistema: dez anos da história mais surpreendente da música portuguesa |website=Público|date=11 March 2016|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, ] and ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$the-gift|title=The Gift|date=2013|website=infopédia|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, with the three latter being nominees for a ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/cultura/premios-europeus-da-mtv_n155279|title=Prémios Europeus da MTV|website=RTP|date=3 November 2005|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rtp.pt/noticias/cultura/david-carreira-venceu-premio-da-mtv_v960106|title=David Carreira venceu prémio da MTV|website=RTP|date=7 November 2016|access-date=5 January 2025}}</ref>


Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as '']'' in ], '']'' in ], '']'' near ], ] in ], '']'', ''Sumol Summer Fest'' in ], '']'' and '']'' in ]. Out of the summer season, Portugal has a large number of festivals, designed more to an urban audience, like Flowfest or Hip Hop Porto. Furthermore, one of the largest international ] festivals takes place in central Portugal every two years, the , that is also the only festival in Portugal to win international awards: European Festival Award 2010 – Green'n'Clean Festival of the Year and the Greener Festival Award Outstanding 2008 and 2010. There is also the student festivals of '']'' are major events in a number of cities across Portugal. In 2005, Portugal held the ], in ], ]. Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as '']'' in ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sabado.pt/gps/musica/detalhe/o-que-slow-j-gostaria-de-ver-no-meo-sudoeste|title=O que Slow J gostaria de ver no MEO Sudoeste|date=1 July 2023|website=Sábado|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, '']'' in ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/vodafone-paredes-de-coura/2023-08-15-30-anos-do-Paredes-de-Coura-quatro-amigos-sonharam-pegaram-em-160-contos-e-fizeram-um-festival-0ea8f863|title=30 anos do Paredes de Coura: quatro amigos sonharam, pegaram em 160 contos e fizeram um festival|date=15 August 2023|website=SIC Notícias|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, '']'' near ], '']'' in ], '']'', ''Sumol Summer Fest'' in ], '']''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/06/23/culturaipsilon/noticia/rock-in-rio-lisboa-regressa-parque-tejo-2026-2095016|title=Rock in Rio Lisboa regressa ao Parque Tejo em 2026|date=23 June 2024|website=Público|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and '']'' in ], plus ] and ] in the ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://expresso.pt/blitz/2025-01-06-todos-os-concertos-marcados-para-2025-em-portugal-53436cea|title=Todos os concertos marcados para 2025 em Portugal|date=6 January 2025|website=Expresso Blitz|access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref>
]
The student festivals of ''],'' which are major events in a number of cities across Portugal, show every year a selection of well-established, high-profile musicians and bands to the public as well as newer, on the rise, upcoming success artists seeking definite recognition.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Queima das Fitas: A Festa dos Universitários em Portugal |url=https://atlanticbridge.com.br/artigos/queima-das-fitas |access-date=25 May 2023 |website=Atlantic Bridge |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525234154/https://atlanticbridge.com.br/artigos/queima-das-fitas |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2005, Portugal held the ], in ], ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0495859/|title=MTV Europe Music Awards Lisboa 2005|website=imdb.com|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> Furthermore, Portugal won the ] in ] with the song "]" presented by ], and subsequently hosted the ].<ref>{{cite web |date=14 May 2017 |title=Portugal Wins the 2017 Eurovision Song Contest! |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/portugal-salvador-sobral-winner-eurovision-2017 |access-date=2 August 2017 |publisher=Eurovision Song Contest |archive-date=14 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014103948/https://eurovision.tv/story/portugal-salvador-sobral-winner-eurovision-2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=25 July 2017 |title=Lisbon revealed as Host City of the 2018 Eurovision Song Contest! |url=https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-2018-dates-and-host-city-confirmed |access-date=20 April 2021 |publisher=Eurovision Song Contest |archive-date=4 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804042227/https://eurovision.tv/story/eurovision-2018-dates-and-host-city-confirmed |url-status=live }}</ref>


Portuguese classical music constitutes an important chapter of Western music.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$musica-classica-portuguesa-(sec.-xviii)|title=Música Clássica Portuguesa (séc. XVIII)|website=Infopédia|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> Over the centuries, names of composers and performers have stood out, such as the troubadours ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infopedia.pt/artigos/$martin-codax|title=Martin Codax|website=Infopédia|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/dom-dinis/|title=Dom Dinis |website=RTP|date=24 October 2008|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, the polyphonists ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kennedy-center.org/artists/l/lo-lz/duarte-lobo/|title=Duarte Lobo |website=]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, ], ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mpmp.pt/manuel-cardoso|title=Manuel Cardoso|website=MPMP Património Musical Vivo|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and ], the organist ], the composer and harpsichordist ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/carlos-de-seixas/|title=Carlos de Seixas|date=14 August 1991|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, the singer ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/luisa-todi/|title=Luísa Todi|date=3 September 1991|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, symphonist and pianist ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/domingos-bomtempo/|title=Domingos Bomtempo|date=30 November 1986|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> or composer and musicologist ].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ensina.rtp.pt/artigo/no-som-de-fernando-lopes-graca/|title=No som de Fernando Lopes-Graça|date=2006|website=RTP Ensina|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> The golden period of Portuguese music coincided, arguably, with the heyday of classical polyphony in the 17th century (Escola de ], ]). Among the great current references, the names of pianists ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/musica/biography/artur-pizarro/|title=Artur Pizarro|website=]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publico.pt/2024/09/10/culturaipsilon/noticia/pianista-maria-joao-pires-distinguida-praemium-imperiale-japao-2103581|title=Pianista Maria João Pires distinguida com Praemium Imperiale do Japão|date=10 September 2024|website=Público|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> and ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/musica/noticias/sequeira-costa/|title=Sequeira Costa (1929-2019) |website=]|date=22 February 2019|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, violinist ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cesem.fcsh.unl.pt/pessoa/carlos-alexandre-mourao-de-carvalho-e-damas/|title=Carlos Alexandre Mourão de Carvalho e Damas|website=CESEM|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, composer ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/emanuel-nunes-no-principio-era-o-som/|title=Emanuel Nunes – No Princípio Era o Som…|date=5 January 1994|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, composer and conductor ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arquivos.rtp.pt/conteudos/alvaro-cassuto/|title=Álvaro Cassuto|date=28 February 2006|website=RTP|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> stand out. The most important symphony orchestras are the ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulbenkian.pt/musica/coro-e-orquestra/orquestra-gulbenkian/|title=Orquestra Gulbenkian|website=]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>, the Porto National Orchestra and the Portuguese Symphony Orchestra.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orquestrasinfonicaportuguesa.pt/en/|title=Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa|website=]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref> When it comes to opera, the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon is the most representative.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.saocarlos.pt/sobre/|title=TNSC Sobre|website=]|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>
In the classical music domain, Portugal is represented by names as the pianists ], ], ], the violinists Carlos Damas, ] and in the past by the great cellist ]. Notable composers include ], ], ], ], ] and his student ], ], ] and ]. Similarly, contemporary composers such as Nuno Malo and Miguel d'Oliveira have achieved some international success writing ].

=== Visual arts ===
] was one the most prolific ] painters. (''Adoration of the Magi''; 1828).]]
{{main article|Portuguese art}}
Portugal has a ]. The first well-known painters date back to the 15th century&nbsp;– like ]&nbsp;– were part of the Gothic painting period.
], known for his work ''Fado'', and ] (who painted the portraits of ] and ]) were both references in ].

The 20th century saw the arrival of ], and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: ], who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly by the ]. Among his best-known works is ''Canção Popular a Russa e o Fígaro''. Another great modernist painters/writers were ] and ], friend to the poet ], who painted his (Pessoa's) portrait. He was deeply influenced by both ] and ] trends.

Prominent international figures in visual arts nowadays include painters ], ], Helena Almeida, ], ] and ].


=== Sport === === Sport ===
{{Main|Sport in Portugal}}
<!-- If you want to expand this section, please add new info into the main article: "Sport in Portugal" your work will be very appreciated. -->
] is considered one of the greatest football players of all time]]
{{Main article|Sport in Portugal}}
], from ] has been ranked as the best football player in the world.]]
] is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. The legendary ] is still a major symbol of ] history. ] winners ] and ], who won the ], are two world-class Portuguese football players. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with ] and ] are among the most renowned.


] is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. All-time greats ], ] and ] are major symbols of ] history.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eusébio, Figo e CR7 na história da Bola de Ouro - Internacional - Jornal Record |url=https://www.record.pt/internacional/detalhe/eusebio-figo-e-cr7-na-historia-da-bola-de-ouro-734571 |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=Record}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-19 |title=Encontrar a melhor equipa de todos os tempos. Ronaldo, Figo e Eusébio nomeados |url=https://sicnoticias.pt/desporto/2020-10-19-Encontrar-a-melhor-equipa-de-todos-os-tempos.Ronaldo-Figo-e-Eusebio-nomeados |access-date=2024-03-08 |website=SIC Notícias |language=pt}}</ref> Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFFHS |url=https://iffhs.com/posts/964 |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=iffhs.com |archive-date=2 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240202203954/https://iffhs.com/posts/964 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SIC International Distribution JOSÉ MOURINHO - THE BEST COACH IN THE WORLD |url=https://internationaldistribution.sic.pt/catalogue/lifestyle/2017-02-23-JOSE-MOURINHO---THE-BEST-COACH-IN-THE-WORLD |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=SIC International Distribution |language=pt-PT |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180717/https://internationaldistribution.sic.pt/catalogue/lifestyle/2017-02-23-JOSE-MOURINHO---THE-BEST-COACH-IN-THE-WORLD |url-status=live }}</ref> and ]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abel vence Campeonato Paulista e é o treinador estrangeiro com mais títulos do Brasil |url=https://www.dn.pt/desporto/abel-vence-campeonato-paulista-e-e-o-treinador-estrangeiro-com-mais-titulos-do-brasil-16149727.html |access-date=10 April 2023 |website=dn.pt |date=9 April 2023 |language=pt-PT |archive-date=10 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410135028/https://www.dn.pt/desporto/abel-vence-campeonato-paulista-e-e-o-treinador-estrangeiro-com-mais-titulos-do-brasil-16149727.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abel para a eternidade: Palmeiras revalida título do Brasileirão e português consolida estatuto lendário |url=https://tribuna.expresso.pt/futebol-internacional/2023-12-07-Abel-para-a-eternidade-Palmeiras-revalida-titulo-do-Brasileirao-e-portugues-consolida-estatuto-lendario-f3afeeed |access-date=7 December 2023 |website=Tribuna Expresso |language=pt-PT |archive-date=7 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207180709/https://tribuna.expresso.pt/futebol-internacional/2023-12-07-Abel-para-a-eternidade-Palmeiras-revalida-titulo-do-Brasileirao-e-portugues-consolida-estatuto-lendario-f3afeeed |url-status=live }}</ref> among the most renowned.
The ]&nbsp;– ''Seleção Nacional''&nbsp;– have won one ] title: the ], with a 1–0 victory in the ] over ], the tournament hosts. In addition, Portugal finished second in the ] (held in Portugal), third in the ], and fourth in the ]. At youth level, Portugal have won two ]s (in ] and ]) and several ] European Youth Championships.


The ] has won one ] title: the ], with a 1–0 victory in the ] over ], the tournament hosts. In addition, Portugal finished first in the ], second in the ], third in the ] and fourth in the ]. At youth level, Portugal have won two ]s.
], ] and ] are the largest ] by popularity and by number of trophies won, often known as "''os três grandes''" (]). They have won eight titles in the European ] club competitions, were present in many finals and have been regular contenders in the last stages almost every season. Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in several other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these may include ], ], ], ], and ].
The ] (FPF) &nbsp;– ''Federação Portuguesa de Futebol''&nbsp;– annually hosts the ], a prestigious ] tournament that has been celebrated in the Algarvian part of Portugal.


], ] and ] are the largest ] by popularity and number of trophies, often known as "''os três grandes''" (]). They have won eight titles in the European ] club competitions and present in 21 finals. The ] (FPF) – ''Federação Portuguesa de Futebol''&nbsp;– annually hosts the ], a ] tournament.
The ] qualified for the ] and the ] has played in the ].
] won gold in ] at the ].]]
In ], the Portuguese have won a number of gold, silver and bronze medals in the European, World and Olympic Games competitions. ], with ] being the most important race, is also a popular sports event and include professional cycling teams such as ], ], ] and ].


Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these include ], ], ], ], ] and ]. The ] qualified for the ] and the ] has played in the ].
The country has also achieved notable performances in sports like ], ], ], ], sailing, ], shooting, ] and ], owning several European and world titles. The ] athletes have also conquered many medals in sports like swimming, ] and ].


In motorsport, Portugal is internationally noted for the ], and the ], ]s and the revived ] which holds a stage of the WTCC every two years, as well as for a number of internationally noted pilots in varied ]. ], with ] the most important race, is a popular sports event and includes professional cycling teams such as ], ], ] and ]. In motorsport, Portugal is noted for the ], and the ] and ]s as well as the revived ] which holds a stage of the WTCC every two years, as well as for a number of internationally noted racers such as ], ], ], ], ], ] and others in a range of varied ].


In water, Portugal has three major sports: ], ] and ]. Portugal had success in ] with several world and European champions, such as olympic medalist ]. Annually, the country hosts one of the stages of the ] men's and women's ''Championship Tour'', the ] at the ] in ]. Northern Portugal has its own original ], '']'', in which fighters use staffs to confront one or several opponents. Other popular sport-related recreational outdoor activities include ], fishing, ], hiking, hunting and ]. Portugal is one of the world's leading ] destinations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why Portugal is still Europe's #1 golf destination |url=http://www.globalgolfermag.com/matthewmooreblogspot/why-portugal-is-still-europes-1-golf-destination/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211082330/http://www.globalgolfermag.com/matthewmooreblogspot/why-portugal-is-still-europes-1-golf-destination/ |archive-date=11 February 2017 |access-date=2 August 2017 |website=Globalgolfermag.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2016 |title=World Golf Awards 2016: Portugal Voted the Best Golf Destination in the World |url=http://tripwix.com/2016/12/world-golf-awards-2016-portugal-voted-the-best-golf-destination-in-the-world/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170803011446/https://tripwix.com/2016/12/world-golf-awards-2016-portugal-voted-the-best-golf-destination-in-the-world/ |archive-date=3 August 2017 |access-date=2 August 2017 |website=Tripwix.com}}</ref>
In equestrian sports, Portugal won the only Horseball-Pato World Championship (in 2006), achieved the third position in the First ] World Cup (organized in Ponte de Lima, Portugal, in 2008), and has achieved several victories in the European ] Championship.

In water sports, Portugal has two major sports: ] and ]. Northern Portugal has its own original ], '']'', in which the fighters use staffs to confront one or several opponents. Other popular sport-related recreational outdoor activities with thousands of enthusiasts nationwide include ], fishing, ], hiking, hunting and ].

Portugal is one of the world's best ] destinations.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} It has received several awards by the World Golf Awards.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Its weather allows play all year round.


== See also == == See also ==
{{Misplaced Pages books|Portugal}} {{Portal|Portugal|Europe}}
* ]
* ]
* ] * ]


==Notes== == Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}} {{Notelist|30em}}
{{notelist}}


== References == == References ==
; Sources
{{reflist|30em}} {{reflist|30em}}


=== Sources ===
; Bibliography
{{refbegin|30em}} {{refbegin|30em}}
*{{cite book |last=Disney |first=A.&nbsp;R. |year=2009 |title=A History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire, vol. 1: Portugal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-60397-3 }}
* {{Cite book |first=Christopher |last=Bliss |first2=Jorge Braga de |last2=Macedo |publisher=Centre for Economic Policy Research |location=London, England |title=Unity with Diversity in the European Economy: the Community's Southern Frontier |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-521-39520-5}}
* {{Cite book |first=Richard M. |last=Juang |first2=Noelle Anne |last2=Morrissette |title=Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia |volume=2 |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-85109-441-7}} * {{Cite book |last1=Page |first1=Melvin Eugene |title=Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia |last2=Sonnenburg |first2=Penny M. |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57607-335-3 |volume=2|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic }}
*{{cite book |last=Livermore |first=Harold V. |year=1969 |title=A New History of Portugal |publisher=Cambridge University Press }}
* {{Cite book |first=Melvin Eugene |last=Page |first2=Penny M. |last2=Sonnenburg |title=Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia |volume=2 |year=2003 |isbn=978-1-57607-335-3}}
* {{Cite book |first=Liam Matthew |last=Brockey |title=Portuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-7546-6313-3}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ribeiro |first=Ângelo |last2=José Hermano |title=História de Portugal I&nbsp;— A Formação do Território |trans_title=History of Portugal: The Formation of the Territory |publisher=QuidNovi |year=2004 |isbn=989-554-106-6 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ribeiro |first=Ângelo |last2=Saraiva |first2=José Hermano |title=História de Portugal II&nbsp;— A Afirmação do País |trans_title=History of Portugal II: An Affirmation of Nation |publisher=QuidNovi |year=2004 |isbn=989-554-107-4 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{Cite book |last=de Macedo |first=Newton |last2=Saraiva |first2=José Hermano |title=História de Portugal III&nbsp;— A Epopeia dos Descobrimentos |trans_title=History of Portugal III: The Epoch of Discoveries |publisher=QuidNovi |year=2004 |isbn=989-554-108-2 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{Cite book |last=de Macedo |first=Newton |last2=Saraiva |first2=José Hermano |title=História de Portugal IV&nbsp;— Glória e Declínio do Império |trans_title=History of Portugal IV: Glory and Decline of Empire |publisher=QuidNovi |year=2004 |isbn=989-554-109-0 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{Cite book |last=de Macedo |first=Newton |last2=Saraiva |first2=José Hermano |title=História de Portugal V&nbsp;— A Restauração da Indepêndencia |trans_title=History of Portugal IV: The Restoration of Independence |publisher=QuidNovi |year=2004 |isbn=989-554-110-4 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{Cite book |last=Saraiva |first=José Hermano |title=História de Portugal X&nbsp;— A Terceira República |trans_title=History of Portugal X: The Third Republic |publisher=QuidNovi |year=2004 |isbn=989-554-115-5 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{Cite book |last=Loução |first=Paulo Alexandre |title=Portugal, Terra de Mistérios |trans_title=Portugal: Land of Mysteries |publisher=Ésquilo |year=2000 |edition=3rd |isbn=972-8605-04-8 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{Cite book |last=Muñoz |first=Mauricio Pasto |title=Viriato, A Luta pela Liberdade |trans_title=Viriato: The Struggle for Liberty |publisher=Ésquilo |year=2003 |edition=3rd |isbn=972-8605-23-4 |language=Portuguese}}
* {{Cite book |title=Grande Enciclopédia Universal |publisher=Durclub |year=2004}} * {{Cite book |title=Grande Enciclopédia Universal |publisher=Durclub |year=2004}}
* {{Cite book |title=Constituição da República Portuguesa |trans_title=Constitution of the Portuguese Republic |edition=VI Revisão Constitucional |year=2004 |language=Portuguese}} * {{Cite book |title=Constituição da República Portuguesa |year=2004 |edition=VI Revisão Constitucional |language=pt |trans-title=Constitution of the Portuguese Republic}}
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== External links == == External links ==

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* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Portugal | volume= 22 |last1= Prestage |first1= Edgar |author1-link= Edgar Prestage | last2= Jayne |first2= Kingsley Garland | pages = 134&ndash;163 |short=1}}
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Latest revision as of 16:39, 7 January 2025

Country in Southwestern Europe For other uses, see Portugal (disambiguation).

Portuguese RepublicRepública Portuguesa (Portuguese)
Flag of Portugal Flag Coat of arms of Portugal Coat of arms
Anthem: 
A Portuguesa
"The Portuguese"
Show globeShow map of the European UnionLocation of Portugal (dark green)

– in Europe (green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (green)

Capitaland largest cityLisbon
38°46′N 9°9′W / 38.767°N 9.150°W / 38.767; -9.150
Official languagesPortuguese
Recognised regional languagesMirandese
Nationality (2023)
Religion (2021)
Demonym(s)Portuguese
GovernmentUnitary semi-presidential republic
• President Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa
• Prime Minister Luís Montenegro
• Speaker José Pedro Aguiar-Branco
LegislatureAssembly of the Republic
Establishment
• County 868
• Sovereignty 24 June 1128
• Kingdom 25 July 1139
• Treaty of Zamora 5 October 1143
• Manifestis Probatum 23 May 1179
• First constitution 23 September 1822
• Republic 5 October 1910
• Democratization 25 April 1974
• Current constitution 25 April 1976
Area
• Total92,230 km (35,610 sq mi) (109th)
• Water (%)1.2 (2015)
Population
• 2023 estimateNeutral increase 10,639,726 (88th)
• 2021 censusNeutral decrease 10,343,066
• Density115.4/km (298.9/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• TotalIncrease $508.508 billion (51st)
• Per capitaIncrease $49,237 (40th)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• TotalIncrease $303.032 billion (47th)
• Per capitaIncrease $29,341 (41st)
Gini (2023)Negative increase 33.7
medium inequality
HDI (2022)Increase 0.874
very high (42nd)
CurrencyEuro () (EUR)
Time zoneUTC (WET)
UTC−1 (Atlantic/Azores)
• Summer (DST)UTC+1 (WEST)
UTC (Atlantic/Azores)
Note: Continental Portugal and Madeira use WET/WEST; the Azores are 1 hour behind.
Drives onRight
Calling code+351
ISO 3166 codePT
Internet TLD.pt

Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic, is a country in the Iberian Peninsula in Southwestern Europe. Featuring the westernmost point in continental Europe, Portugal borders Spain to its north and east, with which it shares the longest uninterrupted border in the European Union; to the south and the west is the North Atlantic Ocean; and to the west and southwest lie the Macaronesian archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira, which are two autonomous regions of Portugal. Lisbon is the capital and largest city, followed by Porto, which is the only other metropolitan area.

The western part of the Iberian Peninsula has been continuously inhabited since prehistoric times, with the earliest signs of settlement dating to 5500 BC. Celtic and Iberian peoples arrived in the first millennium BC. The region came under Roman control in the second century BC, followed by a succession of Germanic peoples and the Alans from the fifth to eighth centuries AD. Muslims conquered the entirety of Portugal's current mainland in the eighth century, but they were gradually expelled by the Christian Reconquista over the next several centuries. Modern Portugal began taking shape during this period, initially as a county of the Christian Kingdom of León in 868, officially declared a sovereign Kingdom with the Treaty of Zamora in 1143.

During the Age of Discovery, the Kingdom of Portugal settled Madeira and the Azores, and established itself as a major economic and political power, largely through its maritime empire, which extended mostly along the South Atlantic and Indian Ocean coasts. Portuguese explorers and merchants were instrumental in establishing trading posts and colonies that enabled control over spices and slave trades. While Portugal expanded its influence globally, its political and military power faced internal and external challenges towards the end of the 16th century. The dynastic crisis marked the beginning of the country's political decline that led to the Iberian Union (1580-1640), a period in which Portugal was united under Spanish rule. While maintaining a degree of self-governance, the union strained Portugal’s autonomy and drew it into conflicts with European powers which targeted Portuguese territories and trade routes. Portugal's prior opulence was further diminished by a series of events, such as the Portuguese Restoration War and the 1755 Lisbon earthquake, which destroyed the city and damaged the empire's economy.

The Napoleonic Wars motivated the Portuguese royal family to relocate to Brazil in 1807. This event reshaped the relationship between Portugal and Brazil, culminating in Brazilian independence in 1822, which indirectly led to a civil war between liberals and absolutists from 1828 to 1834. The monarchy was overthrown in the 5 October 1910 revolution, which led to the establishment of the Portuguese First Republic. A phase of unrest ultimately led to the rise of authoritarian regimes of the Ditadura Nacional and the Estado Novo. Democracy was finally restored following the Carnation Revolution of 1974, and brought an end to the Portuguese Colonial War, allowing the last of Portugal’s African territories to achieve independence.

Portugal's imperial history has left a cultural legacy, with around 300 million Portuguese speakers around the world. Today, it is a developed country with an advanced economy relying chiefly upon services, industry, and tourism. Portugal, a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Schengen Area, and the Council of Europe, was one of the founding members of NATO, the eurozone, the OECD, and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries.

Etymology

The word Portugal derives from the combined Roman-Celtic place name Portus Cale (present-day's conurbation of Porto and Vila Nova de Gaia). Porto stems from the Latin for port, portus; Cale's meaning and origin is unclear. The mainstream explanation is an ethnonym derived from the Callaeci, also known as the Gallaeci peoples, who occupied the north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. One theory proposes Cale is a derivation of the Celtic word for 'port'. Another is that Cala was a Celtic goddess. Some French scholars believe it may have come from Portus Gallus, the port of the Gauls.

Around 200 BC, the Romans took Iberia from the Carthaginians during the Second Punic War. In the process they conquered Cale, renaming it Portus Cale ('Port of Cale') and incorporating it into the province of Gallaecia. During the Middle Ages, the region around Portus Cale became known by the Suebi and Visigoths as Portucale. The name Portucale changed into Portugale during the 7th and 8th centuries, and by the 9th century, it was used to refer to the region between the rivers Douro and Minho. By the 11th and 12th centuries, Portugale, Portugallia, Portvgallo or Portvgalliae was already referred to as Portugal.

History

Main article: History of Portugal

Prehistory

Main article: Prehistoric Iberia

The region has been inhabited by humans since circa 400,000 years ago, when Homo heidelbergensis entered the area. The oldest human fossil found in Portugal is the 400,000-year-old Aroeira 3 H. Heidelbergensis skull discovered in the Cave of Aroeira in 2014. Later Neanderthals roamed the northern Iberian peninsula and a tooth has been found at Nova da Columbeira cave in Estremadura. Homo sapiens sapiens arrived in Portugal around 35,000 years ago and spread rapidly. Pre-Celtic tribes inhabited Portugal. The Cynetes developed a written language, leaving stelae, which are mainly found in the south.

Early in the first millennium BC, several waves of Celts invaded Portugal from Central Europe and intermarried with the local populations to form several different ethnic groups. The Celtic presence is patent in archaeological and linguistic evidence. They dominated most of northern and central Portugal, while the south maintained its older character (believed non-Indo-European, likely related to Basque) until the Roman conquest. In southern Portugal, some small, semi-permanent commercial coastal settlements were also founded by Phoenicians and Carthaginians.

Roman Portugal

Roman Temple of Évora, one of the best preserved landmarks of Roman presence in Portugal
Main articles: Lusitania, Gallaecia, and Hispania

Romans first invaded the Iberian Peninsula in 219 BC. The Carthaginians, Rome's opponent in the Punic Wars, were expelled from their coastal colonies. During Julius Caesar's rule, almost the entire peninsula was annexed to Rome. The conquest took two hundred years and many died, including those sentenced to work in slave mines or sold as slaves to other parts of the empire. Roman occupation suffered a setback in 155 BC, when a rebellion began in the north. The Lusitanians and other native tribes, under the leadership of Viriathus, wrested control of all of western Iberia. Rome sent legions to quell the rebellion but were unsuccessful. Roman leaders bribed Viriathus's allies to kill him in 139 BC; he was replaced by Tautalus.

In 27 BC, Lusitania gained the status of Roman province. Later, a northern province was separated from the province of Tarraconensis, under Emperor Diocletian's reforms, known as Gallaecia. There are still ruins of castros (hill forts) and remains of the Castro culture, like Conímbriga, Mirobriga and Briteiros.

Germanic kingdoms

Map of the Kingdom of the Suebi in the 5th and 6th centuries

In 409, with the decline of the Roman Empire, the Iberian Peninsula was occupied by Germanic tribes. In 411, with a federation contract with Emperor Honorius, many of these people settled in Hispania. An important group was made up of the Suebi and Vandals in Gallaecia, who founded a Suebi Kingdom with its capital in Braga. They came to dominate Aeminium (Coimbra) as well, and there were Visigoths to the south. The Suebi and the Visigoths were the Germanic tribes who had the most lasting presence in the territories corresponding to modern Portugal. As elsewhere in Western Europe, there was a sharp decline in urban life during the Dark Ages.

Roman institutions disappeared in the wake of the Germanic invasions with the exception of ecclesiastical organisations, which were fostered by the Suebi in the fifth century and adopted by the Visigoths afterwards. Although the Suebi and Visigoths were initially followers of Arianism and Priscillianism, they adopted Catholicism from the local inhabitants. St. Martin of Braga was a particularly influential evangelist.

In 429, the Visigoths moved south to expel the Alans and Vandals and founded a kingdom with its capital in Toledo. From 470, conflict between the Suebi and Visigoths increased. In 585, the Visigothic King Liuvigild conquered Braga and annexed Gallaecia; the Iberian Peninsula was unified under a Visigothic Kingdom. A new class emerged, unknown in Roman times: a nobility, which played a key social and political role during the Middle Ages. It was under the Visigoths that the Church began to play an important part within the state. As the Visigoths did not learn Latin from the local people, they had to rely on bishops to continue the Roman system of governance. The laws were made by councils of bishops, and the clergy emerged as a high-ranking class.

Islamic period

Today's continental Portugal, along with most of modern Spain, was invaded from the South and became part of al-Andalus between 726 and 1249, following the Umayyad Caliphate conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. This rule lasted decades in the North, up to five centuries in the South.

After defeating the Visigoths in a few months, the Umayyad Caliphate started expanding rapidly in the peninsula. Beginning in 726, the land that is now Portugal became part of the vast Umayyad Caliphate's empire of Damascus, until its collapse in 750. That year the west of the empire gained its independence under Abd-ar-Rahman I with the establishment of the Emirate of Córdoba. The Emirate became the Caliphate of Córdoba in 929, until its dissolution in 1031, into 23 small kingdoms, called Taifa kingdoms.

The governors of the taifas proclaimed themselves Emir of their provinces and established diplomatic relations with the Christian kingdoms of the north. Most of present-day Portugal fell into the hands of the Taifa of Badajoz of the Aftasid Dynasty, and in 1022 the Taifa of Seville of the Abbadids poets. The Taifa period ended with the conquest of the Almoravids in 1086, then by the Almohads in 1147. Al-Andaluz was divided into districts called Kura. Gharb Al-Andalus at its largest consisted of ten kuras, each with a distinct capital and governor. The main cities were in the southern half of the country: Beja, Silves, Alcácer do Sal, Santarém and Lisbon. The Muslim population consisted mainly of native Iberian converts to Islam and Berbers. The Arabs (mainly noblemen from Syria) although a minority, constituted the elite. The Berbers who joined them, were nomads from the Rif Mountains of North Africa.

Invasions from the North also occurred in this period, with Viking incursions raiding the coast between the 9th and 11th centuries, including Lisbon. This resulted in the establishment of small Norse settlements in the coastline between Douro and Minho.

Reconquista

Main article: Portugal in the Reconquista
A statue of Count Vímara Peres, first Count of Portugal

The Reconquista was a period when Christians reconquered the Iberian Peninsula from Moorish domination. An Asturian Visigothic noble named Pelagius of Asturias was elected leader in 718 by many of the ousted Visigoth nobles. Pelagius called for the remnants of the Christian Visigothic armies to rebel against the Moors and regroup in the unconquered northern Asturian highlands, known today as the Cantabrian Mountains, in north-west Spain. After defeating the Moors in the Battle of Covadonga in 722, Pelagius was proclaimed king, thus founding the Christian Kingdom of Asturias and starting the war of Christian reconquest.

At the end of the 9th century, the region of Portugal between the rivers Minho and Douro, was reconquered from the Moors by nobleman and knight Vímara Peres on the orders of King Alfonso III of Asturias. Finding many towns deserted, he decided to repopulate and rebuild them.

Vímara Peres elevated the region to the status of County, naming it the County of Portugal after its major port city – Portus Cale or modern Porto. One of the first cities he founded is Vimaranes, known today as Guimarães – "birthplace of the Portuguese nation" or the "cradle city".

After annexing the County of Portugal into one of the counties that made up the Kingdom of Asturias, King Alfonso III of Asturias knighted Vímara Peres, in 868, as the First Count of Portus Cale (Portugal). The region became known as Portucale, Portugale, and simultaneously Portugália. With the forced abdication of Alfonso III in 910, the Kingdom of Asturias split into three separate kingdoms; they were reunited in 924 under the crown of León.

In 1093 Alfonso VI of León bestowed the county to Henry of Burgundy and married him to his daughter, Teresa of León. Henry thus became Henry, Count of Portugal and based his newly formed county from Bracara Augusta (modern Braga).

Independence

Main article: Portugal in the Middle Ages
King Afonso I of Portugal ruled between 1143–1185.

At the Battle of São Mamede, in the outskirts of Guimarães, in 1128, Afonso Henriques, Count of Portugal, defeated his mother Countess Teresa and her lover Fernão Peres de Trava, establishing himself as sole leader of the county. Afonso continued his father Henry of Burgundy's Reconquista wars. His campaigns were successful and in 1139, he obtained a victory in the Battle of Ourique, so was proclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers. This is traditionally taken as the occasion when the County of Portugal became the independent Kingdom of Portugal and, in 1129, the capital city was transferred from Guimarães to Coimbra. Afonso was recognized as the first king of Portugal in 1143 by King Alfonso VII of León, and in 1179 by Pope Alexander III as Afonso I of Portugal. Afonso Henriques and his successors, aided by military monastic orders, continued pushing southwards against the Moors. In 1249, the Reconquista ended with the capture of the Algarve and expulsion of the last Moorish settlements. With minor readjustments, Portugal's territorial borders have remained the same, making it one of the oldest established nations in Europe.

After a conflict with the kingdom of Castile, Denis of Portugal signed the Treaty of Alcañices in 1297 with Ferdinand IV of Castile. This treaty established the border between the kingdoms of Portugal and Leon. The reigns of Denis, Afonso IV, and Peter I mostly saw peace with the other kingdoms of Iberia.

In 1348-49 Portugal, as with the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, the oldest standing alliance in the world.

Age of Discoveries

Main article: Portuguese Empire
Vera Cruz Caravel replica sailing on the Tagus River, near Lisbon

In 1383 John I of Castile, Beatrice of Portugal, and Ferdinand I of Portugal claimed the throne of Portugal. John of Aviz, later John I of Portugal, defeated the Castilians in the Battle of Aljubarrota, and the House of Aviz became the ruling house. The new ruling dynasty led Portugal to the limelight of European politics and culture. They created and sponsored literature, such as a history of Portugal, by Fernão Lopes.

Portugal spearheaded European exploration of the world and the Age of Discovery under the sponsorship of Prince Henry the Navigator. Portugal explored the Atlantic, encountering the Azores, Madeira, and Portuguese Cape Verde, which led to the first colonisation movements. The Portuguese explored the Indian Ocean, established trade routes in most of southern Asia, and sent the first direct European maritime trade and diplomatic missions to China (Jorge Álvares) and Japan (Nanban trade). In 1415, Portugal acquired its first colonies by conquering Ceuta, in North Africa. Throughout the 15th century, Portuguese explorers sailed the coast of Africa, establishing trading posts for commodities, ranging from gold to slavery. Portugal sailed the Portuguese India Armadas to Goa via the Cape of Good Hope.

The Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 was intended to resolve a dispute created following the return of Christopher Columbus and divided the newly located lands outside Europe between Portugal and Spain along a line west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa. In 1498 Vasco da Gama became the first European to reach India by sea, bringing economic prosperity to Portugal and helping to start the Portuguese Renaissance. In 1500, the Portuguese explorer Gaspar Corte-Real reached what is now Canada and founded the town of Portugal Cove-St. Philip's, one of many Portuguese colonies of the Americas.

Areas that were, at some point, part of the Portuguese Empire

In 1500, Pedro Álvares Cabral landed on Brazil and claimed it for Portugal. Ten years later, Afonso de Albuquerque conquered Goa in India, Muscat and Ormuz in the Persian Strait, and Malacca, now in Malaysia. Thus, the Portuguese empire held dominion over commerce in the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic. Portuguese sailors set out to reach Eastern Asia, landing in Taiwan, Japan, Timor, Flores, and the Moluccas. Although it was believed the Dutch were the first Europeans to arrive in Australia, there is evidence the Portuguese may have discovered it in 1521.

Between 1519 and 1522 Ferdinand Magellan organised a Spanish expedition to the East Indies which resulted in the first circumnavigation of the globe. The Treaty of Zaragoza, signed in 1529 between Portugal and Spain, divided the Pacific Ocean between Spain and Portugal.

Iberian Union and Restoration

Main article: Iberian Union

Portugal voluntarily entered a dynastic union (1580–1640) because the last two kings of the House of Aviz died without heirs, resulting in the Portuguese succession crisis of 1580. Philip II of Spain claimed the throne and was accepted as Philip I of Portugal. Portugal did not lose its formal independence, forming a union of kingdoms. But the joining of the two crowns deprived Portugal of an independent foreign policy, and led to its involvement in the Eighty Years' War between Spain and the Netherlands.

Palace of Mafra built by John V, now a UNESCO World Heritage Site

War led to a deterioration of relations with Portugal's oldest ally, England, and the loss of Hormuz, a strategic trading post located between Iran and Oman. From 1595 to 1663 the Dutch-Portuguese War primarily involved Dutch companies invading Portuguese colonies and commercial interests in Brazil, Africa, India and the Far East, resulting in the loss of Portugal's Indian sea trade monopoly.

In 1640 John IV of Portugal spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king. The Portuguese Restoration War ended the 60-year period of the Iberian Union under the House of Habsburg. This was the beginning of the House of Braganza, which reigned until 1910. John V saw a reign characterized by the influx of gold into the royal treasury, supplied largely by the royal fifth (tax on precious metals) from the Portuguese colonies of Brazil and Maranhão. Most estimates place the number of Portuguese migrants to Colonial Brazil during the gold rush of the 18th century at 600,000. This represented one of the largest movements of European populations to their colonies, during colonial times.

Pombaline era and Enlightenment

Main article: History of Portugal (1640–1777)
The Marquis of Pombal effectively ruled Portugal during the reign of Joseph I of Portugal.

In 1738 Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, later ennobled as 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London, later in Vienna. King Joseph I was crowned in 1750 and made him his Minister of Foreign Affairs. As the King's confidence in Carvalho e Melo increased, he entrusted him with more control of the state. By 1755, Carvalho e Melo was made prime minister. Impressed by British economic success witnessed as Ambassador, he successfully implemented similar economic policies in Portugal.

In 1761, during the reign of King José I, he banned the import of black slaves into mainland Portugal and India, not for humanitarian reasons, but because they were a necessary work force in Brazil. At the same time, he encouraged the trade of black slaves ("the pieces", in the terms of that time) to that colony, and with the support and direct involvement of the Marquis of Pombal, two companies were founded - the Companhia do Grão-Pará e Maranhão and the Companhia Geral de Pernambuco e Paraíba - whose main activity was the trafficking of slaves, mostly Africans, to Brazilian lands.

He reorganised the army and navy and ended legal discrimination against different Christian sects. He created companies and guilds to regulate commercial activity and one of the first appellation systems by demarcating the region for production of Port to ensure the wine's quality. This was the first attempt to control wine quality and production in Europe. He imposed strict law upon all classes of Portuguese society, along with a widespread review of the tax system. These reforms gained him enemies in the upper classes.

The 1755 Lisbon earthquake devastated Portugal.

Lisbon was struck by a major earthquake on November 1st 1755, magnitude estimated to have been between 7.7–9.0, with casualties ranging from 12,000 to 50,000. Following the earthquake, Joseph I gave his prime minister more power, and Carvalho de Melo became an enlightened despot. In 1758 Joseph I was wounded in an attempted assassination. The Marquis of Távora, several members of his family and even servants were tortured and executed in public with extreme brutality (even by the standards of the time), as alleged part of the Távora affair.

The following year, the Jesuits were suppressed and expelled. This crushed opposition by publicly demonstrating even the aristocracy was powerless before Pombal. Further titled "Marquês de Pombal" in 1770, he ruled Portugal until Joseph I's death in 1777. The new ruler, Queen Maria I of Portugal, disliked Pombal because of his excesses, and upon her accession to the throne, withdrew all his political offices. Pombal was banished to his estate at Pombal, where he died in 1782.

Historians argue that Pombal's "enlightenment," while far-reaching, was primarily a mechanism for enhancing autocracy at the expense of individual liberty and especially an apparatus for crushing opposition, suppressing criticism, and furthering colonial exploitation and consolidating personal control, and profit.

Crises of the 19th century

The Battle of Ponte Ferreira during the Liberal Wars (1828–1834)

In 1807 Portugal refused Napoleon's demand to accede to the Continental System of embargo against the United Kingdom; a French invasion under General Junot followed, and Lisbon was captured in 1807. British intervention in the Peninsular War helped maintain Portuguese independence; the last French troops were expelled in 1812.

Rio de Janeiro in Brazil was the Portuguese capital between 1808 and 1821. In 1820, constitutionalist insurrections took place at Porto and Lisbon. Lisbon regained its status as the capital of Portugal when Brazil declared its independence in 1822. The death of King John VI in 1826 led to a crisis of royal succession. His eldest son, Pedro I of Brazil, briefly became Pedro IV of Portugal, but neither the Portuguese nor Brazilians wanted a unified monarchy; consequently, Pedro abdicated the Portuguese crown in favor of his 7-year-old daughter, Maria da Glória, on the condition that when she came of age she would marry his brother, Miguel. Dissatisfaction at Pedro's constitutional reforms led the "absolutist" faction of landowners and the church to proclaim Miguel king in February 1828. This led to the Liberal Wars, also known as the War of the Two Brothers or the Portuguese Civil War, in which Pedro forced Miguel to abdicate and go into exile in 1834 and place his daughter on the throne as Queen Maria II of Portugal.

In pink are areas in Africa claimed by Portugal before the 1890 British Ultimatum

After 1815 the Portuguese expanded their trading ports along the African coast, moving inland to take control of Angola and Mozambique. The slave trade was abolished in 1836. In Portuguese India, trade flourished in the colony of Goa, with its subsidiary colonies of Macau, near Hong Kong, and Timor, north of Australia. The Portuguese successfully introduced Catholicism and the Portuguese language into their colonies, while most settlers continued to head to Brazil.

On 11 January 1890, the British government delivered an ultimatum to Portugal, demanding the withdrawal of Portuguese forces from the area between Portugal's colonies of Mozambique and Angola. The area had been claimed by Portugal as part of its colonialist Pink Map project, but Britain disputed these claims, mostly due to Cecil Rhodes' aspirations to create a Cape to Cairo Railway, which was intended to link all British colonies via a single railway. The government of Portugal quietly accepted the ultimatum and withdrew their forces from the disputed area, leading to a widespread backlash among the Portuguese public, who viewed acceptance of the British demands as a humiliation.

First Republic and Estado Novo

Main articles: First Portuguese Republic and Estado Novo (Portugal) António de Oliveira Salazar ruled Portugal between 1932 and 1968, within the Estado Novo regime.Paratroopers in a Portuguese Air Force helicopter during the Portuguese Colonial War

On 5 October 1910, a coup d'état overthrew the near 800 year-old Monarchy and the Republic was proclaimed. During World War I, Portugal helped the Allies fight the Central Powers; however the war hurt its weak economy. Political instability and economic weaknesses were fertile ground for chaos and unrest during the First Portuguese Republic. These conditions led to the failed Monarchy of the North, 28 May 1926 coup d'état, and creation of the National Dictatorship (Ditadura Nacional). This in turn led to the right-wing dictatorship of the Estado Novo (New State), under António de Oliveira Salazar in 1933.

Portugal remained neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD, the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and joined the United Nations in 1955. New economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not a colonial empire.

Pro-Indian residents of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, separated those territories from Portuguese rule in 1954. In 1961, Fort of São João Baptista de Ajudá's annexation by the Republic of Dahomey was the start of a process that led to the dissolution of the centuries-old Portuguese Empire. Another forcible retreat occurred in 1961 when Portugal refused to relinquish Goa. The Portuguese were involved in armed conflict in Portuguese India against the Indian Armed Forces. The operations resulted in the defeat and loss of the remaining Portuguese territories in the Indian subcontinent. The Portuguese regime refused to recognise Indian sovereignty over the annexed territories, which continued to be represented in the National Assembly until the coup of 1974.

Also in the early 1960s the independence movements in the Portuguese provinces of Portuguese Angola, Portuguese Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea in Africa, resulted in the Portuguese Colonial War (lasting from 1961 till 1974). The war mobilised around 1.4 million men for military or for civilian support service, and led to large casualties. Throughout the colonial war period Portugal dealt with increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by the international community. The authoritarian and conservative Estado Novo regime, first governed by Salazar and from 1968 by Marcelo Caetano, tried to preserve the empire.

Carnation Revolution and return to democracy

Main article: Carnation Revolution
Crowd celebrates on a Panhard EBR armoured car in Lisbon on 25 April 1974

The government and army resisted the decolonization of its overseas territories until April 1974, when a left-wing military coup in Lisbon, the Carnation Revolution, led the way for the independence of territories, as well as the restoration of democracy after two years of a transitional period known as PREC (Processo Revolucionário Em Curso). This period was characterised by power disputes between left- and right-wing political forces. By the summer of 1975, the tensions were so high, that the country was on the verge of civil war. Forces connected to the extreme left-wing launched another coup on 25 November, but a military faction, the Group of Nine, initiated a counter-coup.

The Group of Nine emerged victorious, preventing the establishment of a communist state and ending political instability. The retreat from the overseas territories prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from its African territories. Over one million Portuguese refugees fled the former Portuguese provinces, as white settlers were usually not considered part of the former colonies. By 1975, all Portuguese African territories were independent and Portugal held its first democratic elections in 50 years.

Portugal continued to be governed by a National Salvation Junta until the Portuguese legislative election of 1976. It was won by the Portuguese Socialist Party and Mário Soares, its leader, became prime minister. Soares would be prime minister from 1976 to 1978 and 1983 to 1985. Soares tried to resume the economic growth and development record that had been achieved before the Carnation Revolution. He initiated the process of accession to the European Economic Community (EEC).

After the transition to democracy, Portugal flipped between socialism and adherence to the neoliberal model. Land reform and nationalisations were enforced; the Portuguese Constitution was rewritten to accommodate socialist and communist principles. Until the revisions of 1982 and 1989, the constitution had references to socialism, the rights of workers, and the desirability of a socialist economy. Portugal's economic situation after the revolution obliged the government to pursue International Monetary Fund (IMF)-monitored stabilisation programmes in 1977–78 and 1983–85.

The Treaty of Lisbon was signed in 2007, when Portugal held the presidency for the European Council

In 1986 Portugal alongside Spain, joined the European Economic Community which later became the European Union (EU). Portugal's economy progressed considerably as a result of European Structural and Investment Funds and companies' easier access to foreign markets.

Portugal's last overseas territory, Macau, was peacefully handed over to China in 1999. In 2002, the independence of East Timor (Asia) was formally recognised by Portugal. In 1995, Portugal started to implement Schengen Area rules, eliminating border controls with other Schengen members. Expo '98 took place in Portugal and in 1999 it was one of the founding countries of the euro and eurozone. In 2004 José Manuel Barroso, the then Prime Minister of Portugal, was nominated President of the European Commission. On 1 December 2009 the Treaty of Lisbon entered into force, enhancing the efficiency and democratic legitimacy of the Union. Economic disruption and an unsustainable growth in government debt during the financial crisis of 2007–2008 led the country to negotiate in 2011 with the IMF and the European Union, through the European Financial Stability Mechanism and the European Financial Stability Facility, a loan to help the country stabilise its finances.

Geography

Main article: Geography of Portugal
Topography and administration

Portugal occupies an area on the Iberian Peninsula (referred to as the continent by most Portuguese) and two archipelagos in the Atlantic Ocean: Madeira and the Azores. It lies between latitudes 30° and 42° N, and longitudes 32° and 6° W.

Continental Portugal is split by its main river, the Tagus, that flows from Spain and disgorges in the Tagus Estuary at Lisbon, before escaping into the Atlantic. The northern landscape is mountainous towards the interior with several plateaus indented by river valleys, whereas the south, including the Algarve and the Alentejo regions, is characterized by rolling plains.

Portugal's highest peak is Mount Pico on Pico Island in the Azores. The archipelagos of Madeira and the Azores are scattered within the Atlantic Ocean: the Azores straddling the Mid-Atlantic Ridge on a tectonic triple junction, and Madeira along a range formed by in-plate hotspot geology. Geologically, these islands were formed by volcanic and seismic events. The last terrestrial volcanic eruption occurred in 1957–58 (Capelinhos) and minor earthquakes occur sporadically.

The exclusive economic zone, a sea zone over which the Portuguese have special rights in exploration and have use of marine resources, covers an area of 1,727,408 km (666,956 sq mi). This is the 3rd largest exclusive economic zone of the European Union and the 20th largest in the world.

Provinces of Portugal

Main article: Provinces of Portugal
11 provinces since 1936

The term "provinces" (Portuguese: províncias) has been used throughout history to identify regions of continental Portugal. Current legal subdivisions of Portugal do not coincide with the provinces, but several provinces, in their 19th- and 20th-century versions, still correspond to culturally relevant, strongly self-identifying categories. They include:

The islands of Azores and Madeira were never called "provinces".

Climate

Main article: Climate of Portugal

Portugal is mainly characterised by a Mediterranean climate, temperate maritime climate in high altitude zones of the Azorean islands; a semi-arid climate in parts of the Beja District far south and in Porto Santo Island, a hot desert climate in the Selvagens Islands and a humid subtropical climate in the western Azores, according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. It is one of the warmest countries in Europe: the average temperature in mainland Portugal varies from 10–12 °C (50.0–53.6 °F) in the mountainous interior north to 17–19 °C (62.6–66.2 °F) in the south and on the Guadiana river basin. There are variations from the highlands to the lowlands. The Algarve, separated from the Alentejo region by mountains reaching up to 900 metres (3,000 ft) in Alto da Fóia, has a climate similar to that of the southern coastal areas of Spain or Southwest Australia.

Annual average rainfall in the mainland varies from just over 3,200 millimetres (126.0 in) on the Peneda-Gerês National Park to less than 500 millimetres (19.7 in) in southern parts of Alentejo. Mount Pico receives the largest annual rainfall (over 6,250 millimetres (246.1 in) per year), according to Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera. In some areas, such as the Guadiana basin, annual diurnal average temperatures can be as high as 24.5 °C (76.1 °F), and summer's highest temperatures are routinely over 40 °C (104 °F). The record high of 47.4 °C (117.3 °F) was recorded in Amareleja.

The Marinha Beach in the Algarve is considered by the Michelin Guide, one of the 10 most beautiful beaches in Europe.

Snowfalls occur regularly, in the winter, in the interior North and Centre, particularly on the mountains. In winter, temperatures may drop below −10.0 °C (14.0 °F). In these places snow can fall any time from October to May. In the South snowfalls are rare but still occur in the highest elevations. While the official absolute minimum by IPMA is −16.0 °C (3.2 °F) in Penhas da Saúde and Miranda do Douro, lower temperatures have been recorded. Continental Portugal receives around 2,300-3,200 hours of sunshine annually, an average of 4–6 hours in winter and 10–12 hours in the summer, with higher values in the south-east, south-west, Algarve coast and lower in the north-west.

Portugal's central west and southwest coasts have an extreme ocean seasonal lag; sea temperatures are warmer in October than in July and are their coldest in March. The average sea surface temperature on the west coast of mainland Portugal varies from 14–16 °C (57.2–60.8 °F) in January−March to 19–21 °C (66.2–69.8 °F) in August−October while on the south coast it ranges from 16 °C (60.8 °F) in January−March and rises in the summer to about 22–23 °C (71.6–73.4 °F), occasionally reaching 26 °C (78.8 °F). In the Azores, around 16 °C (60.8 °F) in February−April to 22–24 °C (71.6–75.2 °F) in July−September, and in Madeira, around 18 °C (64.4 °F) in February−April to 23–24 °C (73.4–75.2 °F) in August−October.

Azores and Madeira have a subtropical climate, although variations between islands exist. The Madeira and Azorean archipelagos have a narrower temperature range, with annual average temperatures exceeding 20 °C (68 °F) in some parts of the coast. Some islands in Azores have drier months in the summer. Consequently, the islands of the Azores have been identified as having a Mediterranean climate, while some islands (such as Flores or Corvo) are classified as Humid subtropical, transitioning into an Oceanic climate at higher altitudes. Porto Santo Island in Madeira has a warm semi-arid climate. The Savage Islands, which are part of the regional territory of Madeira and a nature reserve are unique in being classified as a desert climate with an annual average rainfall of approximately 150 millimetres (5.9 in).

Biodiversity

Main article: Biodiversity of Portugal
Peneda-Gerês National Park is the only nationally designated park in Portugal, owing to the rarity and significance of its environment.

Portugal is located on the Mediterranean Basin, the third most diverse hotspot of flora in the world. It is home to six terrestrial ecoregions: Azores temperate mixed forests, Cantabrian mixed forests, Madeira evergreen forests, Iberian sclerophyllous and semi-deciduous forests, Northwest Iberian montane forests, and Southwest Iberian Mediterranean sclerophyllous and mixed forests. Over 22% of its land area is included in the Natura 2000 network. Eucalyptus, cork oak and maritime pine together make up 71% of the total forested area of continental Portugal. Wildfires are quite common and a major issue in Portugal, being the country with the highest percentage of burned area, on average, in the entire European Union.

Geographical and climatic conditions facilitate the introduction of exotic species that later turn to be invasive and destructive to the native habitats. Around 20 percent of the total number of extant species in continental Portugal are exotic. Portugal is the second country in Europe with the highest number of threatened animal and plant species. Portugal as a whole is an important stopover for migratory bird species.

The large mammalian species of Portugal (deer, Iberian ibex, wild boar, red fox, Iberian wolf and Iberian lynx) were once widespread throughout the country, but intense hunting, habitat degradation and growing pressure from agriculture and livestock reduced population on a large scale in the 19th and early 20th century, others, such as the Portuguese ibex were even led to extinction. Today, these animals are re-expanding their native range.

The Portuguese west coast is part of the four major Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems of the ocean. This seasonal upwelling system typically seen during the summer months brings cooler, nutrient rich water up to the sea surface promoting phytoplankton growth, zooplankton development and the subsequent rich diversity in pelagic fish and other marine invertebrates. This makes Portugal one of the largest per capita fish-consumers in the world. 73% of the freshwater fish occurring in the Iberian Peninsula are endemic, the largest out of any region in Europe. Some protected areas of Portugal include: the Serras de Aire e Candeeiros, the Southwest Alentejo and Vicentine Coast Natural Park, and the Montesinho Natural Park which hosts some of the only populations of Iberian wolf and Iberian brown bear.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Portugal Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa,
President since 2016Luís Montenegro,
Prime Minister since 2024

Portugal has been a semi-presidential representative democratic republic since the ratification of the Constitution of 1976, with Lisbon, the nation's largest city, as its capital. The Constitution grants the division or separation of powers among four sovereignty bodies: the President of the Republic, the Assembly of the Republic, the Government and the Courts.

Belém Palace serves as the official residence and workplace of the President of the Republic.

The Head of State is the President of the Republic, elected to a five-year term by direct, universal suffrage; the current president is Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa. Although largely a ceremonial post, Presidential powers include the appointment of the Prime Minister and other members of the Government; dismissing the Prime Minister; dissolving the Assembly; vetoing legislation (which may be overridden by the Assembly); and declaring war (only on the advice of the Government and with the authorisation of the Assembly). The President has also supervisory and reserve powers and is the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. The President is advised on issues of importance by the Council of State.

Government

Main article: Government of Portugal
Assembly of the Republic building in Lisbon

The Assembly of the Republic is a single chamber parliament composed of a maximum of 230 deputies elected for a four-year term. The Government is headed by the Prime Minister and includes Ministers and Secretaries of State, that have full executive powers; the current prime minister is Luís Montenegro. The Council of Ministers – under the Prime Minister (or the President at the latter's request) and the Ministers – acts as the cabinet. The Courts are organized into several levels, among the judicial, administrative and fiscal branches. The Supreme Courts are institutions of last resort/appeal. A thirteen-member Constitutional Court oversees the constitutionality of the laws.

Portugal operates a multi-party system of competitive legislatures/local administrative governments at the national, regional and local levels. The Assembly of the Republic, Regional Assemblies and local municipalities and parishes, are dominated by two political parties, the Social Democratic Party and the Socialist Party, in addition to Enough, the Liberal Initiative, the Left Bloc, the Unitary Democratic Coalition (Portuguese Communist Party and Ecologist Party "The Greens"), LIVRE, the CDS – People's Party and the People Animals Nature.

Foreign relations

Main article: Foreign relations of Portugal

A member state of the United Nations since 1955, Portugal is a founding member of NATO (1949), the OECD (1961) and EFTA (1960); it left the last in 1986 to join the European Economic Community, which became the European Union in 1993. In 1996, Portugal co-founded the Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organisation and political association of Lusophone nations where Portuguese is an official language.

Portugal was a full member of the Latin Union (1983) and the Organisation of Ibero-American States (1949). It has a friendship alliance and dual citizenship treaty with its former colony, Brazil. Portugal and the United Kingdom share the world's oldest active military accord through their Anglo-Portuguese Alliance (Treaty of Windsor), signed in 1373.

Territorial disputes

Olivenza: Under Portuguese sovereignty since 1297, the municipality of Olivença was ceded to Spain under the Treaty of Badajoz in 1801, after the War of the Oranges. Portugal claimed it back in 1815 under the Treaty of Vienna. However, since the 19th century, it has been continuously ruled by Spain which considers the territory theirs not only de facto but also de jure.

Savage Islands: A small group of mostly uninhabited islets which fall under Portuguese Madeira's regional autonomous jurisdiction. Found in 1364 by Italian mariners under the service of Prince Henry The Navigator, it was first noted by Portuguese navigator Diogo Gomes de Sintra in 1438. Historically, the islands have belonged to private Portuguese owners from the 16th century on, until 1971 when the government purchased them and established a natural reserve area covering the whole archipelago. The islands have been claimed by Spain since 1911, and the dispute has caused some periods of political tension between the two countries. The main problem for Spain's attempts to claim these small islands, has been not so much their intrinsic value, but the fact that they expand Portugal's exclusive economic zone considerably to the south, in detriment of Spain. The Selvagens Islands have been tentatively added to UNESCO's world heritage list in 2017.

Military

Main article: Portuguese Armed Forces
Portuguese Navy frigate NRP Bartolomeu Dias

The armed forces have three branches: Navy, Army and Air Force, commanded by the Portuguese Armed Forces General Staff. They serve primarily as a self-defence force whose mission is to protect the territorial integrity of the country but can also be used in offensive missions in foreign territories. In recent years, the Portuguese Armed Forces have carried out several NATO and European Union military missions in various territories, namely in Afghanistan, Iraq, Lebanon, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Mali, Central African Republic, Somalia, Mozambique and East Timor. As of 2023, the three branches numbered 24.000 military personnel. Portuguese military expenditure in 2023 was more than 4 billion US$, representing 1.48 per cent of GDP.

The Army of 11,000 personnel comprises three brigades and other small units. An Infantry Brigade (mainly equipped with Pandur II APC, M114 howitzer and MIM-72 Chaparral air defence systems), a Mechanized Brigade (mainly equipped with Leopard 2 A6 tanks and M113A2 APC) and a Rapid Reaction Brigade (consisting of Paratroopers, Commandos, Rangers and Artillery Regiment). The Navy (7,000 personnel, of which 900 are marines), the world's oldest surviving naval force, has five frigates, two corvettes, two submarines, and 20 oceanic patrol vessels. The Air Force (6,000 personnel) has the Lockheed F-16M Fighting Falcon as the main combat aircraft.

In addition to the three branches of the armed forces, there is the National Republican Guard, a security force subject to military law and organisation (gendarmerie) comprising 25,000 personnel. This force is under the authority of both the Defence and the Interior Ministry. It has provided detachments for participation in international operations in Iraq and East Timor. The United States maintains a military presence with 770 troops in the Lajes Air Base at Terceira Island, in the Azores. The Allied Joint Force Command Lisbon (JFC Lisbon) is one of the three main subdivisions of NATO's Allied Command Operations.

Law and justice

Main article: Judiciary of Portugal
Lisbon's Campus of Justice

The Portuguese legal system is part of the civil law legal system. The main laws include the Constitution (1976), the Portuguese Civil Code (1966) and the Penal Code of Portugal (1982), as amended. Other relevant laws are the Commercial Code (1888) and the Civil Procedure Code (1961). Portuguese laws were applied in the former colonies and territories and continue to be influences for those countries. The supreme national courts are the Supreme Court of Justice and the Constitutional Court. The Public Ministry, headed by the Attorney General of the Republic, constitutes the independent body of public prosecutors.

Drug decriminalisation was declared in 2001, making Portugal the first country to allow usage and personal possession of all common drugs. Despite criticism from other European nations, who stated Portugal's drug consumption would tremendously increase, overall drug use has declined along with HIV infection cases, which dropped 50 percent by 2009. Overall drug use among 16- to 18-year-olds declined, however use of marijuana rose slightly.

LGBT rights in Portugal have increased substantially in the 21st century. In 2003, Portugal added an anti-discrimination employment law on the basis of sexual orientation. In 2004, sexual orientation was added to the Constitution as part of the protected from discrimination characteristics. In 2010, Portugal became the sixth country in Europe and eighth in the world to legalize same-sex marriage at the national level.

LGBT adoption has been allowed since 2016 as has female same-sex couple access to medically assisted reproduction. In 2017 the Law of Gender Identity, simplified the legal process of gender and name change for transgender people, making it easier for minors to change their sex marker in legal documents. In 2018, the right to gender identity and gender expression self-determination became protected, intersex minors became protected by law from unnecessary medical procedures "until the minor gender identity manifests" and the right of protection from discrimination on the basis of sex characteristics became protected by the same law.

Euthanasia has been legalised after reviews in parliament. Nationals over 18 who are terminally ill and in extreme suffering, but who can still decide to, will have the legal right to request assisted dying. However, non-residents will not. Despite the Parliamentary approval, Euthanasia legislation is yet to be regulated and a timeline for it is still unknown, meaning that Euthanasia is currently on hold.

Law enforcement

Main article: Law enforcement in Portugal
Public Security Police agents patrolling in bicycles

Portugal's main police organisations are the Guarda Nacional Republicana – GNR (National Republican Guard), a gendarmerie; the Polícia de Segurança Pública – PSP (Public Security Police), a civilian police force who work in urban areas; and the Polícia Judiciária – PJ (Judicial Police), a highly specialised criminal investigation police that is overseen by the Public Ministry.

Portugal has 49 correctional facilities in total run by the Ministry of Justice. They include seventeen central prisons, four special prisons, twenty-seven regional prisons, and one 'Cadeia de Apoio' (Support Detention Centre). As of 1 January 2023, their current prison population is about 12,257 inmates, which comes to about 0.12% of their entire population. The incarceration rate has been on the rise since 2010, with a 15% increase over the past eight years.

Administrative divisions

Main article: Administrative divisions of Portugal

Administratively, Portugal is divided into 308 municipalities (municípios or concelhos), which after a reform in 2013 are subdivided into 3,092 civil parishes (Portuguese: freguesia). Operationally, the municipality and civil parish, along with the national government, are the only legally local administrative units identified by the government of Portugal (for example, cities, towns or villages have no standing in law, although may be used as catchment for the defining services). Continental Portugal is agglomerated into 18 districts, while the archipelagos of the Azores and Madeira are governed as autonomous regions; the largest units, established since 1976, are either mainland Portugal and the autonomous regions of Portugal (Azores and Madeira).

The 18 districts of mainland Portugal are: Aveiro, Beja, Braga, Bragança, Castelo Branco, Coimbra, Évora, Faro, Guarda, Leiria, Lisbon, Portalegre, Porto, Santarém, Setúbal, Viana do Castelo, Vila Real and Viseu – each district takes the name of the district capital.

Within the European Union NUTS system, Portugal is divided into nine regions: the Azores, Alentejo, Algarve, Centro, Lisboa, Madeira, Norte, Oeste e Vale do Tejo and Península de Setúbal, and with the exception of the Azores and Madeira, NUTS areas are subdivided into 28 subregions. Population estimates from 2023.

Regions
  Region Capital Area Population 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1 North Region Porto 21,278 km (8,215 sq mi) 3,673,861
2 Central Region Coimbra 22,636 km (8,740 sq mi) 1,695,635
3 West and Tagus Valley Santarém 9,839 km (3,799 sq mi) 852,583
4 Greater Lisbon Lisbon 1,580 km (610 sq mi) 2,126,578
5 Setúbal Peninsula Setúbal 1,421 km (549 sq mi) 834,599
6 Alentejo Region Évora 27,329 km (10,552 sq mi) 474,701
7 Algarve Region Faro 4,997 km (1,929 sq mi) 484,122
8 Madeira Autonomous Region Funchal 801 km (309 sq mi) 256,622
9 Azores Autonomous Region Ponta Delgada 2,351 km (908 sq mi) 241,025
Districts
  District Area Population   District Area Population
1 Lisbon 2,761 km (1,066 sq mi) 2,355,867 10 Guarda 5,518 km (2,131 sq mi) 141,995
2 Leiria 3,517 km (1,358 sq mi) 479,261 11 Coimbra 3,947 km (1,524 sq mi) 418,136
3 Santarém 6,747 km (2,605 sq mi) 441,255 12 Aveiro 2,808 km (1,084 sq mi) 725,461
4 Setúbal 5,064 km (1,955 sq mi) 902,863 13 Viseu 5,007 km (1,933 sq mi) 355,309
5 Beja 10,225 km (3,948 sq mi) 148,881 14 Bragança 6,608 km (2,551 sq mi) 122,739
6 Faro 4,960 km (1,915 sq mi) 484,122 15 Vila Real 4,328 km (1,671 sq mi) 185,086
7 Évora 7,393 km (2,854 sq mi) 153,475 16 Porto 2,395 km (925 sq mi) 1,846,178
8 Portalegre 6,065 km (2,342 sq mi) 104,081 17 Braga 2,673 km (1,032 sq mi) 863,547
9 Castelo Branco 6,675 km (2,577 sq mi) 179,608 18 Viana do Castelo 2,255 km (871 sq mi) 234,215

Economy

Main article: Economy of Portugal
Vasco da Gama Tower in Parque das Nações with the Vasco da Gama Bridge, the longest bridge in the EU, in Lisbon

Portugal is a developed and high-income country with a GDP per capita of 83% of the EU27 average in 2023, and a HDI of 0.874 (the 42nd highest in the world) in 2021. It holds the 13th largest gold reserve in the world at its national central bank, has the 8th largest proven reserves of lithium, with total exports representing 47.4% of its GDP in 2023. Portugal has been a net beneficiary of the European Union budget since it joined the union, then known as EEC, in 1986.

By the end of 2023, GDP (PPP) was $48,759 per capita, according to the World Bank. In 2023, Portugal had the 5th lowest GDP per capita (PPP) of the eurozone out of 20 members, and the 8th lowest of the European Union out of 27 member-states. In 2022, labour productivity had fallen to the fourth lowest among the 27 member-states of the European Union (EU) and was 35% lower than the EU average. Within the EU, Portugal's economy ranks lower than most Western states.

Portugal was an original member of the eurozone. The national currency, the euro (€) started transitioning from the Portuguese Escudo in 2000 and consolidated in 2002. Portugal's central bank is the Banco de Portugal, an integral part of the European System of Central Banks. Most industries, businesses and financial institutions are concentrated in the Lisbon and Porto metropolitan areas – the Setúbal, Aveiro, Braga, Coimbra, Leiria and Faro districts are the biggest economic centres outside these two main areas.

Since the Carnation Revolution of 1974, which culminated in the end of one of Portugal's most notable phases of economic expansion, a significant change has occurred in the nation's annual economic growth. After the turmoil of the 1974 revolution, Portugal tried to adapt to a changing modern global economy, a process that continues. Since the 1990s, Portugal's public consumption-based economic development model has changed to a system focused on exports, private investment and the development of the high-tech sector. Consequently, business services have overtaken more traditional industries such as textiles, clothing, footwear and cork (Portugal is the world's leading cork producer), wood products and beverages.

In the 2010s, the Portuguese economy suffered its most severe recession since the 1970s, which resulted in the country receiving a 78-billion-euro bailout from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund in May 2011. At the end of 2023, the share of debt as percentage of GDP fell below 100 percent, to 97.9%.

As of 2023, the average salary in the private sector was €1,505 per month, and the minimum wage, which is regulated by law, is €870 per month (paid 14 times per annum) as of 2025. The Global Competitiveness Report for 2019, published by the World Economic Forum, placed Portugal 34th. The Numbeo quality of life index placed Portugal 20th in the world in 2023.

Volkswagen Autoeuropa cars in the Port of Setúbal

Companies listed on Euronext Lisbon stock exchange like EDP, Galp, Jerónimo Martins, Mota-Engil, Novabase, Semapa, Portucel Soporcel, Portugal Telecom and Sonae, are among the largest corporations by number of employees, net income or international market share. The Euronext Lisbon is the major stock exchange and part of the pan-European group of stock exchanges Euronext. The PSI-20 is Portugal's most selective and widely known stock index.

The OECD economic reports since 2018 show recovery. Rents and house prices have skyrocketed in Portugal, particularly Lisbon, where rents jumped 37% in 2022. The 8% inflation rate in the same year exacerbated the problem. According to the IMF, Portugal's economic recovery from the COVID pandemic in 2022 was substantially better than the EU average. Although modest, economic growth continued in 2023 while inflation continued decreasing to 5%. In 2024 the annual inflation level is forecast at 2.3% accompanied by a small economic growth.

Agriculture in Portugal is based on small to medium-sized family-owned dispersed units. However, the sector also includes larger scale intensive farming, export-oriented agrobusinesses. The country produces a variety of crops and livestock products, including: tomatoes, citrus, green vegetables, rice, wheat, barley, maize, olives, oilseeds, nuts, cherries, bilberry, table grapes, edible mushrooms, dairy products, poultry and beef. According to FAO, Portugal is the top producer of cork and carob in the world, accounting for about 50% and 30% of world production, respectively. It is the third largest exporter of chestnuts and third largest European producer of pulp. Portugal is among the world's top ten largest olive oil producers and fourth largest exporter. The country is one of the world's largest exporters of wine, reputed for its fine wines. Forestry has played an important economic role among the rural communities and industry. In 2001, the gross agricultural product accounted for 4% of the economy; in 2022 it was 2%.

Tourism

Main article: Tourism in Portugal
Portuguese coast in Algarve

Travel and tourism is an important part of Portugal's economy. As of 2023, nearly half of real GDP growth was due to the tourism sector, with tourism accounting for 16.5% of GDP. It has been necessary for the country to focus upon its niche attractions, such as health, nature and rural tourism, to stay ahead of its competitors.

Portugal is among the top 20 most-visited countries in the world, receiving more than 26,5 million foreign tourists by 2023. In 2014, Portugal was elected The Best European Country by USA Today. In 2017, Portugal was elected both Europe's Leading Destination and in 2018 and 2019, World's Leading Destination

Tourist hotspots in Portugal are: Lisbon, Cascais, Algarve, Madeira, Nazaré, Fátima, Óbidos, Porto, Braga, Guimarães and Coimbra. Lisbon attracts the sixteenth-most tourists among European cities (with seven million tourists occupying the city's hotels in 2006).

Science and technology

Main article: Science and technology in Portugal
Champalimaud Foundation, one of the leading research centres for neuroscience and oncology in the world

Scientific and technological research activities are mainly conducted within a network of R&D units belonging to public universities and state-managed autonomous research institutions like the INETI – Instituto Nacional de Engenharia, Tecnologia e Inovação and the INRB – Instituto Nacional dos Recursos Biológicos. Funding and management of this system is conducted under the authority of the Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education and the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (Foundation for Science and Technology). The largest R&D units of the public universities by volume of research grants and peer-reviewed publications, include biosciences research institutions.

Among the largest non-state-run research institutions are the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência and the Champalimaud Foundation, a neuroscience and oncology research centre. National and multinational high-tech and industrial companies, are responsible for research and development projects. One of the oldest learned societies of Portugal is the Sciences Academy of Lisbon, founded in 1779.

Iberian bilateral state-supported research efforts include the International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory and the Ibercivis distributed computing platform. Portugal is a member of pan-European scientific organizations. These include the European Space Agency (ESA), the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (CERN), ITER, and the European Southern Observatory (ESO). Portugal has the largest aquarium in Europe, the Lisbon Oceanarium, and have other notable organizations focused on science-related exhibits and divulgation, like the state agency Ciência Viva, the Science Museum of the University of Coimbra, the National Museum of Natural History at the University of Lisbon, and the Visionarium. The European Innovation Scoreboard 2011, placed Portugal-based innovation 15th, with increase in innovation expenditure and output. Portugal was ranked 31st in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.

Transport

Main article: Transport in Portugal
Marão tunnel, the longest road tunnel in the Iberian Peninsula

Portugal has a 68,732 km (42,708 mi) road network, of which almost 3,000 km (1,864 mi) are part of system of 44 motorways. On many highways, a toll needs to be paid (see Via Verde). Vasco da Gama bridge is the longest bridge in the EU (the second longest in Europe) at 12.345 km (7.671 mi).

Continental Portugal's 89,015 km (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Air Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country.

The most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal. A new airport, to replace the current Lisbon airport, has been planned for more than 50 years, but it has been always postponed by a series of reasons.

A national railway system that extends throughout the country and into Spain, is supported and administered by Comboios de Portugal (CP). Rail transport of passengers and goods is derived using the 2,791 km (1,734 mi) of railway lines currently in service, of which 1,430 km (889 mi) are electrified and about 900 km (559 mi) allow train speeds greater than 120 km/h (75 mph). The railway network is managed by Infraestruturas de Portugal while the transport of passengers and goods are the responsibility of CP, both public companies. In 2006, the CP carried 133,000,000 passengers and 9,750,000 tonnes (9,600,000 long tons; 10,700,000 short tons) of goods.

Metro do Porto Bombardier Flexity Swift train in Maia

The major seaports are located in Sines, Leixões, Lisbon, Setúbal, Aveiro, Figueira da Foz, and Faro. The two largest metropolitan areas have subway systems: Lisbon Metro and Metro Sul do Tejo light rail system in the Lisbon metropolitan area, and Porto Metro light metro system in the Porto Metropolitan Area, each with more than 35 km (22 mi) of lines. Coimbra is currently developing a Bus rapid transit system, Metro Mondego.

In Portugal, Lisbon tram services have been supplied by the Companhia de Carris de Ferro de Lisboa (Carris), for over a century. In Porto, a tram network, of which only a tourist line on the shores of the Douro remains, began construction on 12 September 1895 (a first for the Iberian Peninsula). All major cities and towns have their own local urban transport network, as well as taxi services.

Energy

Main article: Energy in Portugal
Alqueva Dam, the largest dam and artificial lake in Western Europe

Portugal has considerable resources of wind and hydropower. In 2006, the world's then largest solar power plant, the Moura Photovoltaic Power Station, began operating, while the world's first commercial wave power farm, the Aguçadoura Wave Farm, opened in the Norte region (2008). By 2006, 66% of the country's electrical production was from coal and fuel power plants, while 29% were derived from hydroelectric dams, and 6% by wind energy. In 2008, renewable energy resources were producing 43% of the nation's electricity, even as hydroelectric production decreased with severe droughts. As of 2010, electricity exports had outnumbered imports and 70% of energy came from renewable sources.

Portugal's national energy transmission company, Redes Energéticas Nacionais (REN), uses modelling to predict weather, especially wind patterns. Before the solar/wind revolution, Portugal had generated electricity from hydropower plants on its rivers for decades. New programmes combine wind and water: wind-driven turbines pump water uphill at night; then water flows downhill by day, generating electricity, when consumer demand is highest. Portugal's distribution system is now two-way. It draws electricity small generators, like rooftop solar panels.

Demographics

Main articles: Demographics of Portugal and Portuguese people
Population density in Continental Portugal by statistical area: Per km
  •   0-49
  •   50-99
  •   100-499
  •   500-999
  •   1000-1999
  •   2000+

Statistics Portugal (Portuguese: INE – Instituto Nacional de Estatística) estimates that, by 31 December 2023, the population was 10,639,726, of which 52.2% was female and 47.8% male. In 2024 the median life expectancy was 82.8 years and United Nations projections point to 90 or above, by 2100. The population has been relatively homogeneous for most of its history, with a single religion (Catholic church) and language.

Despite good economic development, the Portuguese have been the shortest in Europe since around 1890. This emerging height gap started in the 1840s and increased. A driving factor was modest real wage growth, given late industrialization and economic growth compared to the European core. Another determinant was delayed human capital formation.

Portugal has to deal with low fertility levels: the country has experienced a sub-replacement fertility rate since the 1980s. The total fertility rate (TFR) as of 2024 was estimated at 1.36 children born/woman, one of the lowest in the world, similarly to countries such as Japan, South Korea, Italy, all well below the replacement rate of 2.1, and considerably below the high of 5 children born per woman in 1911. In 2016, 53% of births were to unmarried women. Portugal's population has been steadily ageing and was the 11th oldest in the world, with a median age of 46 years in 2023. In the same year, it had the world's 4th highest number of citizens over 65 years, at 21.8% of the whole population.

The structure of Portuguese society shows social inequality, which in 2019 placed the country 24th in the Social Justice Index, in the EU. In 2018, Portugal's parliament approved a budget plan for 2019 that included tax breaks for returning emigrants in a bid to attract back those who left during the financial crisis of 2007–2008. According to projections by the national statistics office, Portugal's population will fall to 7.7 million by 2080 from 10.6 million and the population will continue to age.

According to a National Statistics Institute (INE) study, conducted shortly after the 2021 census, between 2022 and 2023, 6,4 million people aged between 18 and 74 years old identified themselves as White (84%), more than 262,000 identify as Mixed-race (3%), nearly 170,000 as Black (2%), 57,000 as Asian (<1%), and 47,500 as Romani (<1%)

Urbanization

Based on commuting patterns, OECD and Eurostat define eight metropolitan areas of Portugal. Only two have populations over 1 million, and since the 2013 local government reform, these are the only two which also have administrative legal status of metropolitan areas: Lisbon and Porto, Several smaller metropolitan areas (Algarve, Aveiro, Coimbra, Minho and Viseu) also held this status from 2003 to 2008, when they were converted into intermunicipal communities, whose territories are roughly based on the NUTS III statistical regions.

   Largest Municipalities in Portugal
INE 2023 Estimate
Rank Name Region Pop. Rank Name Region Pop.
Lisbon
Lisbon
Sintra
Sintra
1 Lisbon Lisboa 567,131 11 Oeiras Lisboa 175,677 Vila Nova de Gaia
Vila Nova de Gaia
Porto
Porto
2 Sintra Lisboa 395,528 12 Seixal Lisboa 173,163
3 Vila Nova de Gaia Norte 311,223 13 Gondomar Norte 168,582
4 Porto Norte 248,769 14 Guimarães Norte 156,789
5 Cascais Lisboa 219,636 15 Odivelas Lisboa 153,708
6 Loures Lisboa 207,065 16 Coimbra Centro 144,822
7 Braga Norte 201,583 17 Maia Norte 142,594
8 Almada Lisboa 181,232 18 Santa Maria da Feira Norte 139,837
9 Matosinhos Norte 179,558 19 Vila Franca de Xira Lisboa 139,452
10 Amadora Lisboa 178,253 20 Vila Nova de Famalicão Norte 135,994

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to Portugal
Foreigners living in Portugal as of 2022 by country of origin. Only communities with 1,000+ residents are shown.

In 2023 Portugal had 10,639,726 inhabitants, of whom 1,044,606 accounted for legal resident foreigners Resident foreigners make up approximately 10% of the population. These figures do not include Portuguese citizens of foreign descent, as in Portugal it is illegal to collect data based on ethnicity. For instance, more than 340,000 resident foreigners who acquired Portuguese citizenship between 2008 and 2022 - and thus constitute around 3.27% of the country's population in 2022 - were not taken into account in immigration figures as they became official Portuguese citizens. In 2022 alone, almost 21,000 foreign residents acquired Portuguese citizenship, of which 11,170 were female and 9,674 were male.

Portugal, for long a country of emigration (the vast majority of Brazilians have Portuguese ancestry), became a country of net immigration. The influx of immigrants didn't come just from the last Indian (Portuguese until 1961), African (Portuguese until 1975), and Far East Asian (Portuguese until 1999) overseas territories, but from other parts of the world as well. Even though in the aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic, Portugal's emigration rate increased to 6.9‰ in 2022, it was still well below the immigration rate of around 11.3‰. It is also noteworthy that the overwhelming majority of Portuguese emigrants tend to leave the country for short periods, with 56.8% of those having left the country in 2022 doing so for less than a year.

Since the 1990s, along with a boom in construction, several new waves of Ukrainian, Brazilian, Afro-Portuguese and other Africans have settled in the country. Romanians, Moldovans, Kosovo Albanians, Russians, Bulgarians, and Chinese have also migrated to the country. The numbers of Venezuelan, Pakistani, Indian, and Bangladeshi migrants are also significant. Moreover, Portugal's Romani population is estimated at 50,000.

It is estimated that over 30,000 seasonal, often illegal immigrants work in agriculture, mainly southern cities such as Odemira where they are often exploited by organised seasonal workers' networks. These migrants, who frequently arrive without due documentation or work contracts, make up over 90% of agricultural workers in the south of Portugal. Most are Southeast Asians from India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and Thailand. In the interior of the Alentejo there are many African workers. Significant numbers also come from Eastern Europe, Moldova, Ukraine, Romania and Brazil.

In addition, a significant number of EU citizens, mostly from Italy, France, Germany or other northern European countries, have become permanent residents in the country. There is also a large expatriate community made up of Britons, Canadians and people from the United States of America. The British community is mostly composed of retired pensioners who live in the Algarve and Madeira.

A National Statistics Institute (INE) study, conducted between 2022 and 2023, found out that 1.4 million people, (13% of the population) have immigrant background, in which 947,500 are first generation immigrants, concentrated mainly in the Lisbon metropolitan area and the Algarve. It is noteworthy that the survey was only carried out amongst people living legally in the country for at least one year at the time of the interview and that in 2022 the statistical office figures suggested that 16.1% of the country's population or 1,683,829 people were first generation immigrants.

Religion

Main article: Religion in Portugal

Religion in Portugal (Census 2021)

  Roman Catholicism (80.20%)  Protestantism (2.13%)  Jehovah's Witnesses (0.72%)  Eastern Orthodoxy (0.69%)  Other Christian (1.04%)  Islam (0.42%)  Hinduism (0.22%)  Buddhism (0.19%)  Judaism (0.03%)  Other religion (0.28%)  No religion (14.09%)

Roman Catholicism, which has a long history in Portugal, remains the dominant religion. Portugal has no official religion, though in the past, the Catholic Church in Portugal was the state religion.

According to the 2021 Census, 80.2% of the Portuguese population was Roman Catholic Christian. The country has small Protestant, Latter-day Saint, Muslim, Hindu, Sikh, Eastern Orthodox Church, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baháʼí, Buddhist, Jewish and Spiritist communities. Influences from African Traditional Religion and Chinese Traditional Religion are also felt among many people, particularly in fields related with Traditional Chinese Medicine and Traditional African Herbal Medicine. Some 14.1% of the population declared themselves to be non-religious.

Portugal is a secular state: church and state were formally separated during the First Portuguese Republic, and this was reiterated in the 1976 Portuguese Constitution. Other than the Constitution, the two most important documents relating to religious freedom in Portugal are the 1940 Concordata (later amended in 1971) between Portugal and the Holy See and the 2001 Religious Freedom Act. Many Portuguese holidays, festivals and traditions have a Christian origin or connotation.

Languages

Main articles: Languages of Portugal and Portuguese language
A sign in Mirandese in Miranda do Douro, Trás-os-Montes

Portuguese is the official language of Portugal. Mirandese is also recognised as a co-official regional language in some municipalities of North-Eastern Portugal. It is part of the Astur-Leonese group of languages. An estimate of between 6,000 and 7,000 Mirandese speakers has been documented for Portugal. Furthermore, a particular dialect known as Barranquenho, spoken in Barrancos, is also officially recognised and protected in Portugal since 2021. Minderico, a sociolect of the Portuguese language, is spoken by around 500 people in the town of Minde.

According to the International English Proficiency Index, Portugal has a high proficiency level in English, higher than those of other Romance-speaking European countries like Spain, Italy or France.

Education

Main article: Education in Portugal

The educational system is divided into preschool (for those under age six), basic education (nine years, in three stages, compulsory), secondary education (three years, compulsory since 2010), and higher education (subdivided in university and polytechnic education). Universities are usually organised into faculties. Institutes and schools are also common designations for autonomous subdivisions of Portuguese higher education institutions.

The total adult literacy rate in Portugal was 99.8% in 2021. According to the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2018, Portugal scored around the OECD average in reading, mathematics and science. In reading and mathematics, mean performance in 2018 was close to the level observed in 2009 to 2015; in science, mean performance in 2018 was below that of 2015, and returned close to the level observed in 2009 and 2012, near below average.

About 47.6% of college-age citizens (20 years old) attend one of Portugal's higher education institutions (compared with 50% in the United States and 35% in the OECD on average). In addition to being a destination for international students, Portugal is also among the top places of origin for international students. All higher education students, both domestic and international, totalled 380,937 in 2005.

University of Coimbra, the first university in Portugal founded in 1290 by King Diniz

Portuguese universities have existed since 1290. The oldest Portuguese university was first established in Lisbon before moving to Coimbra. Historically, within the scope of the Portuguese Empire, the Portuguese founded the oldest engineering school of the Americas (the Real Academia de Artilharia, Fortificação e Desenho of Rio de Janeiro) in 1792, as well as the oldest medical college in Asia (the Escola Médico-Cirúrgica of Goa) in 1842. Presently, the largest university in Portugal is the University of Lisbon.

The Bologna process has been adopted by Portuguese universities and poly-technical institutes in 2006. Higher education in state-run educational establishments is provided on a competitive basis, a system of numerus clausus is enforced through a national database on student admissions. However, every higher education institution offers also a number of additional vacant places through other extraordinary admission processes for sportsmen, mature applicants (over 23 years old), international students, foreign students from the Lusosphere, degree owners from other institutions, students from other institutions (academic transfer), former students (readmission), and course change, which are subject to specific standards and regulations set by each institution or course department.

Most student costs are supported with public money. Portugal has entered into cooperation agreements with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other US institutions to further develop and increase the effectiveness of Portuguese higher education and research.

Health

Main article: Health in Portugal

In 2023, Portugal ranked as 40th best healthcare system in the world, which was significantly lower than the previous 12th place in the 2000 World Health Organisation ranking of best public health systems in the world. The health system is characterised by three coexisting systems: the National Health Service (Serviço Nacional de Saúde, SNS), special social health insurance schemes for certain professions (health subsystems) and voluntary private health insurance. The SNS provides universal coverage. In addition, about 55% of the population is covered by the health subsystems, 43% by private insurance schemes and another 12% by mutual funds.

Hospitais da Universidade de Coimbra

The Ministry of Health is responsible for developing health policy as well as managing the SNS. Five regional health administrations are in charge of implementing the national health policy objectives, developing guidelines and protocols and supervising health care delivery. Decentralisation efforts have aimed at shifting financial and management responsibility to the regional level. In practice, the autonomy of regional health administrations over budget setting and spending has been limited to primary care. The SNS is predominantly funded through general taxation. Employer (including the state) and employee contributions represent the main funding sources of the health subsystems. In addition, direct payments by the patient and voluntary health insurance premiums account for a large proportion of funding.

Similarly to other 'Eur-A countries', (Western Europe), most Portuguese die from noncommunicable diseases. Mortality from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) is around 30,000 deaths per year, a third of all annual deaths, but its two main components, ischaemic heart disease and cerebrovascular disease, display inverse trends compared with the Eur-A, with cerebrovascular disease being the single biggest killer in Portugal, with more than 11,000 deaths per year. Oncological diseases represent 22% of all deaths in the country, with lung and breast cancer cases being lower, and cervical and prostate cancer being more frequent. Diabetes mortality rates have been decreasing, from 4.5% in 2010 down to 2.8% in 2021.

Portugal's infant mortality rate (IMR) stood at 2,25 deaths per 1,000 live births as of 2024. An opinion poll in 2021 found that 50% of adults rated their health as good or very good, the third lowest rate collected in the European Union. The largest university hospital in the country is Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon.

Culture

Main articles: Culture of Portugal and Mass media in Portugal
Rooster of Barcelos, the iconic Portuguese souvenir and symbol

Portugal has developed a specific culture while being influenced by various civilisations that have crossed the European continent and Mediterranean, or were introduced when it played an active role during the Age of Discovery. In the 1990s and 2000s (decade), Portugal modernised its public cultural facilities, in addition to the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation established in 1956 in Lisbon.

These include the Belém Cultural Centre in Lisbon, Serralves Foundation and the Casa da Música, both in Porto, as well as new public cultural facilities like municipal libraries and concert halls that were built or renovated in many municipalities across the country. Portugal is home to 17 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 9th in Europe and 18th in the world.

Architecture

Main article: Architecture of Portugal
Casa da Música is an example of modern architecture.

Traditional architecture is distinctive and include the Manueline, also known as Portuguese late Gothic a sumptuous, composite Portuguese style of architectural ornamentation of the first decades of the 16th century, followed by Pombaline style of the 18th century.

A 20th-century interpretation of traditional architecture, Soft Portuguese style, appears extensively in major cities, especially Lisbon. Modern Portugal has given the world renowned architects like Eduardo Souto de Moura, Álvaro Siza Vieira (both Pritzker Prize winners) and Gonçalo Byrne. In Portugal Tomás Taveira is also noteworthy, particularly for stadium design. The azulejo is a mainstream, typical element among Portugal's traditional building materials and construction techniques.

Cuisine

Main articles: Portuguese cuisine and Portuguese wine
Pastéis de Nata in Lisbon

Portuguese cuisine is diverse. The Portuguese consume a lot of dry cod (bacalhau in Portuguese), for which there are many recipes ranging from bacalhau à Brás, bacalhau à Gomes de Sá, to bacalhau com natas. Other fish recipes include grilled sardines and caldeirada, a tomato-based stew that can be made from several types of fish or shellfish, with a mix of onion, garlic, bay leaf, potatoes, peppers, parsley.

Typical Portuguese meat recipes made out of the customary beef, pork, chicken, goat, lamb or duck meat, include cozido à portuguesa, feijoada, frango de churrasco, leitão (roast suckling pig), chanfana and carne de porco à alentejana. Typical fast food dishes include the Francesinha (Frenchie) from Porto and bifanas (grilled pork) or prego (grilled beef) sandwiches. An egg custard tart pastry, the pastel de nata, typical and popular among the Portuguese, became popular abroad and among foreign tourists visiting the country as well.

Portuguese wines have enjoyed recognition since the Romans, who associated Portugal with their god Bacchus, due to its climate. Some of the best Portuguese wines are Vinho Verde, Alvarinho, Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho da Bairrada and the sweet Port Wine, Madeira Wine, and the Moscatel from Setúbal and Favaios.

Visual art

Main article: Portuguese art
Domingos Sequeira was one of the most prolific neoclassical painters (Adoration of the Magi; 1828).

Portugal has a rich history in painting. The first well-known painters dating back to the 15th century – like Nuno Gonçalves and Vasco Fernandes – were part of the late Gothic painting period. During the Renaissance, Portuguese painting was highly influenced by Northern European painting. In the Baroque period Josefa de Óbidos and Vieira Lusitano were the most prolific painters. José Malhoa, known for his work Fado, and Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro (who painted the portraits of Teófilo Braga and Antero de Quental) were both references in naturalist painting.

The 20th century saw the arrival of Modernism, and along with it came the most prominent Portuguese painters: Amadeo de Souza-Cardoso, who was heavily influenced by French painters, particularly the Delaunays (Robert and Sonia). Among his best-known works is Canção Popular – a Russa e o Fígaro. Other great modernist painters/writers include Carlos Botelho and Almada Negreiros, friend to the poet Fernando Pessoa, who painted Pessoa's portrait. He was deeply influenced by both Cubist and Futurist trends.

Prominent international figures in visual arts today include painters Vieira da Silva, Júlio Pomar, Joana Vasconcelos, Julião Sarmento and Paula Rego.

Literature

Main article: Portuguese literature
Luís Vaz de Camões, legendary poet of the Portuguese Renaissance

Portuguese literature, one of the earliest Western literatures, developed through text as well as song. Until 1350, the Portuguese-Galician troubadours spread their literary influence to most of the Iberian Peninsula, like King D. Dinis (1261–1325) who became famous for his poetry. Other kings would write and sponsor works of literature across Portuguese history, like D. Fernando (1367–1383) who supported Pêro Menino in writing o Livro da Falcoaria

Adventurer and poet Luís de Camões (c. 1524–1580) wrote the epic poem Os Lusíadas (The Lusiads), with Virgil's Aeneid as his main influence. Modern Portuguese poetry is rooted in neoclassic and contemporary styles, as exemplified by Bocage (1765–1805), Antero de Quental (1842–1891) and Fernando Pessoa (1888–1935). Modern Portuguese literature is represented by authors such as Almeida Garrett, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queirós, Fernando Pessoa, Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen, António Lobo Antunes, Miguel Torga and Agustina Bessa-Luís. Particularly popular and distinguished is José Saramago, recipient of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature.

Music

Main article: Music of Portugal
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Amália Rodrigues performing in 1969

The Music of Portugal encompasses a wide variety of genres. The traditional one is the Portuguese folk music which has deep roots in local customs, utilising instruments such as bagpipes (gaita), drums, flutes, tambourines, accordions and ukuleles (cavaquinho). Within Portuguese folk music is the renowned genre of Fado, a melancholic urban music originated in Lisbon in the 19th century, probably inside bohemian environments, usually associated with the Portuguese guitar and saudade, or longing. Coimbra fado, a unique type of "troubadour serenading" fado, is also noteworthy. Internationally notable performers include Amália Rodrigues, Carlos Paredes, José Afonso, Mariza, Carlos do Carmo, António Chainho, Mísia, Dulce Pontes and Madredeus.

In addition to Folk, Fado and Classical music, other genres are present at Portugal like pop and other types of modern music, particularly from North America and the United Kingdom, as well as a wide range of Portuguese, Caribbean, Lusophone African and Brazilian artists and bands. Artists with international recognition include Dulce Pontes, Moonspell, Buraka Som Sistema, Blasted Mechanism, David Carreira and The Gift, with the three latter being nominees for a MTV Europe Music Award.

Portugal has several summer music festivals, such as Festival Sudoeste in Zambujeira do Mar, Festival de Paredes de Coura in Paredes de Coura, Festival Vilar de Mouros near Caminha, Boom Festival in Idanha-a-Nova municipality, NOS Alive, Sumol Summer Fest in Ericeira, Rock in Rio Lisboa and Super Bock Super Rock in Greater Lisbon, plus Primavera Sound Porto and MEO Marés Vivas in the Greater Porto area.

Carlos Damas in concert

The student festivals of Queima das Fitas, which are major events in a number of cities across Portugal, show every year a selection of well-established, high-profile musicians and bands to the public as well as newer, on the rise, upcoming success artists seeking definite recognition. In 2005, Portugal held the MTV Europe Music Awards, in Pavilhão Atlântico, Lisbon. Furthermore, Portugal won the Eurovision Song Contest 2017 in Kyiv with the song "Amar pelos dois" presented by Salvador Sobral, and subsequently hosted the 2018 contest.

Portuguese classical music constitutes an important chapter of Western music. Over the centuries, names of composers and performers have stood out, such as the troubadours Martim Codax and King Denis I, the polyphonists Duarte Lobo, Filipe de Magalhães, Manuel Cardoso and Pedro de Cristo, the organist Manuel Rodrigues Coelho, the composer and harpsichordist Carlos Seixas, the singer Luísa Todi, symphonist and pianist João Domingos Bomtempo or composer and musicologist Fernando Lopes Graça. The golden period of Portuguese music coincided, arguably, with the heyday of classical polyphony in the 17th century (Escola de Évora, Santa Cruz de Coimbra). Among the great current references, the names of pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires and Sequeira Costa, violinist Carlos Damas, composer Emmanuel Nunes, composer and conductor Álvaro Cassuto stand out. The most important symphony orchestras are the Fundação Gulbenkian, the Porto National Orchestra and the Portuguese Symphony Orchestra. When it comes to opera, the Teatro Nacional de São Carlos in Lisbon is the most representative.

Sport

Main article: Sport in Portugal
Cristiano Ronaldo is considered one of the greatest football players of all time

Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. There are several football competitions ranging from local amateur to world-class professional level. All-time greats Eusébio, Figo and Cristiano Ronaldo are major symbols of Portuguese football history. Portuguese football managers are also noteworthy, with José Mourinho and Abel Ferreira among the most renowned.

The Portugal national football team has won one UEFA European Championship title: the UEFA Euro 2016, with a 1–0 victory in the final over France, the tournament hosts. In addition, Portugal finished first in the 2018–19 UEFA Nations League, second in the Euro 2004, third in the 1966 FIFA World Cup and fourth in the 2006 FIFA World Cup. At youth level, Portugal have won two FIFA World Youth Championships.

S.L. Benfica, Sporting CP and FC Porto are the largest sports clubs by popularity and number of trophies, often known as "os três grandes" ("the big three"). They have won eight titles in the European UEFA club competitions and present in 21 finals. The Portuguese Football Federation (FPF) – Federação Portuguesa de Futebol – annually hosts the Algarve Cup, a women's football tournament.

Other than football, many Portuguese sports clubs, including the "big three", compete in other sports events with a varying level of success and popularity, these include roller hockey, basketball, futsal, handball, volleyball and athletics. The Portuguese national rugby union team qualified for the 2007 Rugby World Cup and the Portuguese national rugby sevens team has played in the World Rugby Sevens Series.

Road cycling, with Volta a Portugal the most important race, is a popular sports event and includes professional cycling teams such as Sporting CP, Boavista, Clube de Ciclismo de Tavira and União Ciclista da Maia. In motorsport, Portugal is noted for the Rally of Portugal, and the Estoril and Algarve Circuits as well as the revived Porto Street Circuit which holds a stage of the WTCC every two years, as well as for a number of internationally noted racers such as Miguel Oliveira, Tiago Monteiro, António Félix da Costa, Filipe Albuquerque, Pedro Lamy, Armindo Araújo and others in a range of varied motorsports.

In water, Portugal has three major sports: swimming, water polo and surfing. Portugal had success in canoeing with several world and European champions, such as olympic medalist Fernando Pimenta. Annually, the country hosts one of the stages of the World Surf League men's and women's Championship Tour, the MEO Rip Curl Pro Portugal at the Supertubos in Peniche. Northern Portugal has its own original martial art, Jogo do Pau, in which fighters use staffs to confront one or several opponents. Other popular sport-related recreational outdoor activities include airsoft, fishing, golf, hiking, hunting and orienteering. Portugal is one of the world's leading golf destinations.

See also

Notes

  1. Mirandese, spoken in the region of Terra de Miranda, was officially recognised in 1999 (Lei n.° 7/99 de 29 de Janeiro), awarding it an official right-of-use. Portuguese Sign Language is also recognised.
  2. While Portugal has a de jure semi-presidential system, the role of the president is mostly ceremonial, and the country operates de facto as a parliamentary republic.
  3. Portuguese Constitution adopted in 1976 with several subsequent minor revisions, between 1982 and 2005
  4. The Escudo before 2002
  5. European Portuguese pronunciation: [puɾtuˈɣal]
  6. Portuguese: República Portuguesa [ʁɛˈpuβlikɐ puɾtuˈɣezɐ].
    In recognized minority languages of Portugal:

References

  1. "Reconhecimento oficial de direitos linguísticos da comunidade mirandesa (Official recognition of linguistic rights of the Mirandese community)". Centro de Linguística da Universidade de Lisboa (UdL). Archived from the original on 18 March 2002. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  2. The Euromosaic study, Mirandese in Portugal Archived 5 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, europa.eu – European Commission website. Retrieved January 2007. Link updated December 2015
  3. ^ "Relatório de migrações e asilo 2023" (PDF). aima.gov.pt (in European Portuguese). 17 September 2024. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  4. ^ "Censos 2021. Católicos diminuem, mas ainda são mais de 80% dos portugueses". RTP. 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  5. "Constitution of Portugal, Preamble" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 March 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2018.
  6. "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Archived from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
  7. "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". ine.pt. Archived from the original on 13 November 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
  8. "Portugal country profile". BBC News. 24 February 2020. Archived from the original on 26 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  9. "População residente ultrapassa os 10,6 milhões - 2023". ine.pt. INE. Retrieved 18 June 2024.
  10. ^ "Censos 2021 - Principais tendências ocorridas em Portugal na última década". Statistics Portugal - Web Portal. 23 November 2022. Archived from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  11. ^ "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Portugal)". www.imf.org. International Monetary Fund. 22 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  12. "A taxa de risco de pobreza aumentou para 17,0% em 2022 - 2023". www.ine.pt. INE. Retrieved 12 February 2024.
  13. "Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 13 March 2024. p. 288. Retrieved 13 March 2024.
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