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{{short description|Species of flowering plant}} {{short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox {{Speciesbox
| image = Penstemon harringtonii - bunnymom 01.jpg
| image =
| image_alt = Redish flowering stem with blue flowers, mostly facing one direction
| image_caption =
| image_caption = ], Colorado
| image2 = | image2 =
| image2_caption = | image2_caption =
⚫ | genus = Penstemon
⚫ | species = harringtonii
⚫ | authority = Penland
| status = G3 | status = G3
| status_system = TNC | status_system = TNC
| status_ref = <ref name=TNC>{{cite web|url= https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.142762/Penstemon_harringtonii|title=''Penstemon harringtonii''|date=August 9, 2023|access-date=January 1, 2025|work=NatureServe Explorer|publisher=]}}</ref> | status_ref = <ref name=TNC>{{cite web|url= https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.142762/Penstemon_harringtonii|title=''Penstemon harringtonii''|date=August 9, 2023|access-date=January 1, 2025|work=NatureServe Explorer|publisher=]}}</ref>
⚫ | genus = Penstemon
⚫ | species = harringtonii
⚫ | authority = Penland
}} }}

'''''Penstemon harringtonii''''', commonly known as '''Harrington's Penstemon''' and '''Harrington's beardtongue''', is a species of flowering plant. ''P.&nbsp;harringtonii'' is narrowly ] to northwestern and north-central ] in the United States. The plant blooms between June and July with blue and purple flowers. The species is named for Colorado botanist ]. '''''Penstemon harringtonii''''', commonly known as '''Harrington's penstemon''' and '''Harrington's beardtongue''', is a species of flowering plant. ''P.&nbsp;harringtonii'' is narrowly ] to northwestern and north-central ] in the United States. It generally populates sandy soil in the arid ] environment. The plant blooms between June and July with pink, blue, and purple flowers. The species is named for Colorado botanist ].


==Description== ==Description==
''Penstemon harringtonii'' is a ] flowering plant that ranges between {{convert|3|dm|in}} and {{convert|7|dm|in}} tall. Plants have one or a few stems stems; each are erect and ], and can be purpleish on their upper portions.<ref name=Penland/> A typical plant will have one unbranched stem.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|11}} ''Penstemon harringtonii'' is a ] flowering plant that ranges between {{convert|30 and 70|cm|in|sp=us}} tall. Plants have one or a few stems stems; each are erect and ], and can be purpleish on their upper portions.<ref name=Penland/> A typical plant will have one unbranched stem.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|11}} Leaves, which are all glabrous, are both basal (growing from the base of the stem) and cauline (growing from further up the stem). The leaves have an ovate or an elliptic shape,<ref name=FNA/> ranging between {{cvt|1.5|cm|in|1}} and {{cvt|2.5|cm|in|0}} wide and between {{cvt|5|cm|in|0}} and {{cvt|7|cm|in|1}} long.<ref name=Penland/>


The plants flower between June and July.<ref name=Johnson>{{cite web|url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=PEHA11|title=''Penstemon harringtonii''|website=wildflower.org|publisher=]|access-date=January 2, 2024}}</ref> Flowers are arranged in spikes with bilateral symmetry on the top half of the stem. The flowers on ''P.&nbsp;harringtonii'' have distinctive lower pairs of ] that are ] (extend beyond the length of the flower tube).<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|11}} Flowers range in color across pink, blue, and purple,<ref name=Walking/><ref name=SCP/>{{rp|11}} with the '']'' reporting "corolla blue to violet, lavender, or pinkish blue".<ref name=FNA>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Penstemon_harringtonii|chapter=''Penstemon harringtonii''|title=]|volume=17|page=119}}</ref> The plants flower between June and July.<ref name=Johnson>{{cite web|url=https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=PEHA11|title=''Penstemon harringtonii''|website=wildflower.org|publisher=]|access-date=January 2, 2024}}</ref> Flowers are arranged in spikes with bilateral symmetry on the top half of the stem. The flowers on ''P.&nbsp;harringtonii'' have distinctive lower pairs of ] that are ] (extend beyond the length of the flower tube).<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|11}} Flowers range in color across pink, blue, and purple,<ref name=Walking/><ref name=SCP/>{{rp|11}} with the '']'' reporting "corolla blue to violet, lavender, or pinkish blue".<ref name=FNA>{{cite book|chapter-url=http://floranorthamerica.org/Penstemon_harringtonii|chapter=''Penstemon harringtonii''|title=]|volume=17|page=119}}</ref>
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==Taxonomy== ==Taxonomy==
] of ''Penstemon harringtonii'']]
''Penstemon harringtonii'' was first ] in 1958 by C.&nbsp;William&nbsp;T. Penland in the journal '']''.<ref name=Penland>{{cite journal|title=Two new species of ''Penstemon'' in Colorado|first=C.&nbsp;William&nbsp;T.|last=Penland|date=January 1958|journal=]|volume=14|issue=5|jstor=41422929|pages=153–160}}</ref> Penland had discovered the plant in 1952 within {{convert|5|mi|km}} of ] in ], and collected a ] he would use to describe the species; this specimen is now held at ]'s ].<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|10–11}} Penland reviewed other ''Penstemon'' collections and determined that two other specimens of the species had been collected in 1951: ] had collected one in ], on June 7, while Mark and Claire Norton had collected a plant in ], on June 29.<ref name=Penland/><ref name=Norton>{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3798124774|title=Occurence 29 June 1951|website=gbif.org|publisher=]|access-date=January 2, 2025}}</ref> ]s are found in other herbariums across the United States.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|11}} ''Penstemon harringtonii'' was first ] in 1958 by C.&nbsp;William&nbsp;T. Penland in the journal '']''.<ref name=Penland>{{cite journal|title=Two new species of ''Penstemon'' in Colorado|first=C.&nbsp;William&nbsp;T.|last=Penland|date=January 1958|journal=]|volume=14|issue=5|jstor=41422929|pages=153–160}}</ref> Penland had discovered the plant in 1952 within {{convert|5|mi|km|0|order=flip|sp=us}} of ] in ], and collected a ] he would use to describe the species; this specimen is now held at ]'s ].<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|10–11}} Penland reviewed other ''Penstemon'' collections and determined that two other specimens of the species had been collected in 1951: ] had collected one in ], on June 7, while Mark and Claire Norton had collected a plant in ], on June 29.<ref name=Penland/><ref name=Norton>{{cite web|url=https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3798124774|title=Occurence 29 June 1951|website=gbif.org|publisher=]|access-date=January 2, 2025}}</ref> ]s are found in other herbariums across the United States.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|11}}


The genus '']''{{snd}} part of the ]/] family{{snd}} contains more than 270 species, making it the largest genus of flowering plants in North America.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|9}}<ref name=Walking/> The genus is divided into ], which are further divided into sections that are themselves sometimes divided into subsections.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|9}} There are 62 species of ''Penstemon'' native to ].<ref name=Walking/> ''P.&nbsp;harringtonii'' belongs to the subgenus ''Penstemon'', section ''Courulei'' (a section with no subsections). The plant's nearest relatives are other species within the section ''Courulei'', such as '']'', '']'', and '']''.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|9}} The genus '']''{{snd}} part of the ] family{{snd}} contains more than 270 species, making it the largest genus of flowering plants in North America.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|9}}<ref name=Walking/> The genus is divided into ], which are further divided into sections that are themselves sometimes divided into subsections.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|9}} There are 62 species of ''Penstemon'' native to ].<ref name=Walking/> ''P.&nbsp;harringtonii'' belongs to the subgenus ''Penstemon'', section ''Courulei'' (a section with no subsections). The plant's nearest relatives are other species within the section ''Courulei'', such as '']'', '']'', and '']''.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|9}}


===Etymology=== ===Etymology===
Plants in the genus ''Penstemon'' are often referred to as beardtongues for their flowers that resemble lips.<ref name=Walking>{{cite web|url=https://blog.walkingmountains.org/curious-nature/harrington-penstemon|title=Curious Nature: Harrington’s Penstemon is a Gem in Eagle County's Wildflower Crown|date=June 10, 2024|first=Hannah|last=Rumble|website=blog.walkingmountains.org|publisher=Walking Mountains Science Center|access-date=January 2, 2025}}</ref> Penland named the species ''Penstemon harringtonii'' for Harrington, a noted Colorado botanist.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|10}} The species is also commonly known as Harrington's Penstemon and Harrington's beardtongue.<ref name=Eagle>{{cite web|url=https://evlt.org/trust-land-harringtons-penstemon-unique-flower-calls-eagle-county-home/|title=Trust Our Land: Harrington's Penstemon – A Unique Flower That Calls Eagle County Home|first=Bergen|last=Tjossem|date=May 26, 2016|publisher=Eagle Valley Land Trust|location=], ]|access-date=January 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name=TNC/> Plants in the genus ''Penstemon'' are often referred to as beardtongues for their flowers that resemble lips.<ref name=Walking>{{cite web|url=https://blog.walkingmountains.org/curious-nature/harrington-penstemon|title=Curious Nature: Harrington’s Penstemon is a Gem in Eagle County's Wildflower Crown|date=June 10, 2024|first=Hannah|last=Rumble|website=blog.walkingmountains.org|publisher=Walking Mountains Science Center|access-date=January 2, 2025}}</ref> ''Penstemon'' (historically spelled ''Pentstemon'') is a reference to the unusual presence of a fifth stamen in the genus.<ref>{{cite book|title=Manual of the Plants of Colorado|author-link=Harold Harrington|first=H.&nbsp;D.|last=Harrington|date=1964|edition=2nd|publisher=Sage Books|location=]|page=491}}</ref> Penland named the species ''Penstemon harringtonii'' for Harrington, a noted Colorado botanist.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|10}} The species is also commonly known as Harrington's Penstemon and Harrington's beardtongue.<ref name=Eagle>{{cite web|url=https://evlt.org/trust-land-harringtons-penstemon-unique-flower-calls-eagle-county-home/|title=Trust Our Land: Harrington's Penstemon – A Unique Flower That Calls Eagle County Home|first=Bergen|last=Tjossem|date=May 26, 2016|publisher=Eagle Valley Land Trust|location=], ]|access-date=January 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name=TNC/>


==Distribution== ==Distribution==
''Penstemon harringtonii'' is a species narrowly ] to northwestern and north-central Colorado in the United States.<ref name=CPC>{{cite web|url=https://saveplants.org/plant-profile/?CPCNum=3240|title=Plant Profile: Harrington's Beardtongue (''Penstemon harringtonii'')|website=saveplants.org|publisher=]|access-date=January 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name=SCP/>{{rp|3}} Its range spans a {{convert|82|mi|km}} by {{convert|48|mi|km}} area on both sides of the ] drainage in the ].<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|3, 17}}<ref name=Penland/> The species prefers sandy soil in the arid ] between elevations of {{convert|6400|ft|m}} and {{convert|9400|ft|m}}.<ref name=Johnson/><ref name=SCP/>{{rp|3}} Plants can also be found in ]s.<ref name=FNA/> ''P.&nbsp;harringtonii'' was recorded as found in Eagle, Grand, Routt, ] counties in 1988; plants were later also found in ] and ] counties.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Colorado's Rare Flora|first=Steve&nbsp;L.|last=O'Kane&nbsp;Jr.|journal=]|date=31 October 1988|volume=48|issue=4|jstor=41712461|pages=434–484}}</ref><ref name=SCP/>{{rp|10}} {{As of|2006}}, the entire population of an estimated 40,000 to 43,000 individuals was spread across {{convert|10000|acre|km2}} of occupied habitat.<ref name=SCP>{{cite web|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5206876.pdf|title=''Penstemon harringtonii'' Penland (Harrington’s beardtongue): A Technical Conservation Assessment|first1=Susan Spackman|last1=Panjabi|first2=David&nbsp;G.|last2=Anderson|date=June 30, 2006|location=], ]|publisher=] ], ]|work=Species Conservation Project}}</ref>{{rp|3, 13}} ''Penstemon harringtonii'' is a species narrowly ] to northwestern and north-central Colorado in the United States.<ref name=CPC>{{cite web|url=https://saveplants.org/plant-profile/?CPCNum=3240|title=Plant Profile: Harrington's Beardtongue (''Penstemon harringtonii'')|website=saveplants.org|publisher=]|access-date=January 2, 2025}}</ref><ref name=SCP/>{{rp|3}} Its range spans a {{convert|82 by 48|mi|km|order=flip|sp=us}} area on both sides of the ] drainage in the ].<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|3, 17}}<ref name=Penland/> The species prefers sandy soil in the arid ] between elevations of {{convert|6400 and 9400|ft|m|order=flip|sp=us}}.<ref name=Johnson/><ref name=SCP/>{{rp|3}} Plants can also be found in ]s.<ref name=FNA/> ''P.&nbsp;harringtonii'' was recorded as found in Eagle, Grand, Routt, ] counties in 1988; plants were later also found in ] and ] counties.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Colorado's Rare Flora|first=Steve&nbsp;L.|last=O'Kane&nbsp;Jr.|journal=]|date=31 October 1988|volume=48|issue=4|jstor=41712461|pages=434–484}}</ref><ref name=SCP/>{{rp|10}} {{As of|2006}}, the entire population of an estimated 40,000 to 43,000 individuals was spread across {{convert|10000|acre|km2|order=flip|sp=us}} of occupied habitat.<ref name=SCP>{{cite web|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5206876.pdf|title=''Penstemon harringtonii'' Penland (Harrington’s beardtongue): A Technical Conservation Assessment|first1=Susan Spackman|last1=Panjabi|first2=David&nbsp;G.|last2=Anderson|date=June 30, 2006|location=], ]|publisher=] ], ]|work=Species Conservation Project}}</ref>{{rp|3, 13}}


Between the collections in the 1950s and 1982, only one other occurrence location was identified. A 1982 study identified additional occurrences, with subsequent studies and collections identifying further sites where the species occurs. ] and Ronald Wittmann made the sole collection of ''P.&nbsp;harringtonii'' at its only known occurrence in Summit County in 1982.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|10, 15}} Between the collections in the 1950s and 1982, only one other occurrence location was identified. A 1982 study identified additional occurrences, with subsequent studies and collections identifying further sites where the species occurs. ] and Ronald Wittmann made the sole collection of ''P.&nbsp;harringtonii'' at its only known occurrence in Summit County in 1982.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|10, 15}}
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The 2006 conservation assessment determined that plant's population had been decreasing in the approximately 140 years since the region was settled and that preceding 25 years had seen a sharper decline coincident with heightened development within the plant's range. Annual population fluctuations were credited with making the analysis of long-term population trends difficult.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|17}} The 2006 conservation assessment determined that plant's population had been decreasing in the approximately 140 years since the region was settled and that preceding 25 years had seen a sharper decline coincident with heightened development within the plant's range. Annual population fluctuations were credited with making the analysis of long-term population trends difficult.<ref name=SCP/>{{rp|17}}

==See also==
* ]


==References== ==References==

Latest revision as of 08:23, 8 January 2025

Species of flowering plant

Penstemon harringtonii
Redish flowering stem with blue flowers, mostly facing one direction
White River National Forest, Colorado
Conservation status

Vulnerable  (NatureServe)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Plantaginaceae
Genus: Penstemon
Species: P. harringtonii
Binomial name
Penstemon harringtonii
Penland

Penstemon harringtonii, commonly known as Harrington's penstemon and Harrington's beardtongue, is a species of flowering plant. P. harringtonii is narrowly endemic to northwestern and north-central Colorado in the United States. It generally populates sandy soil in the arid sagebrush steppe environment. The plant blooms between June and July with pink, blue, and purple flowers. The species is named for Colorado botanist Harold Harrington.

Description

Penstemon harringtonii is a perennial flowering plant that ranges between 30 and 70 centimeters (12 and 28 in) tall. Plants have one or a few stems stems; each are erect and glabrous, and can be purpleish on their upper portions. A typical plant will have one unbranched stem. Leaves, which are all glabrous, are both basal (growing from the base of the stem) and cauline (growing from further up the stem). The leaves have an ovate or an elliptic shape, ranging between 1.5 cm (0.6 in) and 2.5 cm (1 in) wide and between 5 cm (2 in) and 7 cm (2.8 in) long.

The plants flower between June and July. Flowers are arranged in spikes with bilateral symmetry on the top half of the stem. The flowers on P. harringtonii have distinctive lower pairs of stamen that are exserted (extend beyond the length of the flower tube). Flowers range in color across pink, blue, and purple, with the Flora of North America reporting "corolla blue to violet, lavender, or pinkish blue".

The species is primarily pollinated by leafcutting bees, including at least seven species in the genus Osmia, as well as pollen wasps. The degree that an individual insect species is responsible for pollinating P. harringtonii varies between occurrence locations and years. P. harringtonii is not pollen-limited.

Taxonomy

Isotype of Penstemon harringtonii

Penstemon harringtonii was first described in 1958 by C. William T. Penland in the journal Madroño. Penland had discovered the plant in 1952 within 8 kilometers (5 mi) of Green Mountain Reservoir in Grand County, Colorado, and collected a type specimen he would use to describe the species; this specimen is now held at Colorado College's herbarium. Penland reviewed other Penstemon collections and determined that two other specimens of the species had been collected in 1951: Harold Harrington had collected one in Eagle County, Colorado, on June 7, while Mark and Claire Norton had collected a plant in Routt County, Colorado, on June 29. Isotypes are found in other herbariums across the United States.

The genus Penstemon – part of the Plantaginaceae family – contains more than 270 species, making it the largest genus of flowering plants in North America. The genus is divided into subgenera, which are further divided into sections that are themselves sometimes divided into subsections. There are 62 species of Penstemon native to Colorado. P. harringtonii belongs to the subgenus Penstemon, section Courulei (a section with no subsections). The plant's nearest relatives are other species within the section Courulei, such as P. arenicola, P. cyathophorus, and P. secundiflorus.

Etymology

Plants in the genus Penstemon are often referred to as beardtongues for their flowers that resemble lips. Penstemon (historically spelled Pentstemon) is a reference to the unusual presence of a fifth stamen in the genus. Penland named the species Penstemon harringtonii for Harrington, a noted Colorado botanist. The species is also commonly known as Harrington's Penstemon and Harrington's beardtongue.

Distribution

Penstemon harringtonii is a species narrowly endemic to northwestern and north-central Colorado in the United States. Its range spans a 132 by 77 kilometers (82 by 48 mi) area on both sides of the Colorado River drainage in the Rocky Mountains. The species prefers sandy soil in the arid sagebrush steppe between elevations of 2,000 and 2,900 meters (6,400 and 9,400 ft). Plants can also be found in pinyon–juniper woodlands. P. harringtonii was recorded as found in Eagle, Grand, Routt, Summit counties in 1988; plants were later also found in Garfield and Pitkin counties. As of 2006, the entire population of an estimated 40,000 to 43,000 individuals was spread across 40 square kilometers (10,000 acres) of occupied habitat.

Between the collections in the 1950s and 1982, only one other occurrence location was identified. A 1982 study identified additional occurrences, with subsequent studies and collections identifying further sites where the species occurs. William Alfred Weber and Ronald Wittmann made the sole collection of P. harringtonii at its only known occurrence in Summit County in 1982.

As of 2006, a United States Forest Service-sponsored conservation assessment on the species reported there were 74 known occurrences of P. harringtonii. The majority of individuals were found within 20 of these occurrences, with 19 of these featuring at least 500 individuals. The majority of occurrences had between 20 and 300 plants. While the 2006 estimated the total species population at between 40,000 to 43,000 plants, it considered a population between 300,000 and 500,000 individuals plausible.

It is unknown if P. harringtonii can only survive in certain geologic substrates or soils. Plants typically favor sandy, gritty material in clay loams derived from Pleistocene gravels, limestone, limey shales, and other material. The Niobrara Formation is documented as the parent material for some occurrences.

Conservation

The plant's NatureServe conservation status is G3, meaning Penstemon harringtonii is considered "vulnerable". Prior to 1996, the species was evaluated by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service as a candidate for protection under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 but not listed.

The 2006 conservation assessment determined that plant's population had been decreasing in the approximately 140 years since the region was settled and that preceding 25 years had seen a sharper decline coincident with heightened development within the plant's range. Annual population fluctuations were credited with making the analysis of long-term population trends difficult.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Penstemon harringtonii". NatureServe Explorer. NatureServe. August 9, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2025.
  2. ^ Penland, C. William T. (January 1958). "Two new species of Penstemon in Colorado". Madroño. 14 (5): 153–160. JSTOR 41422929.
  3. ^ Panjabi, Susan Spackman; Anderson, David G. (June 30, 2006). "Penstemon harringtonii Penland (Harrington's beardtongue): A Technical Conservation Assessment" (PDF). Species Conservation Project. Fort Collins, CO: United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Center for Plant Conservation.
  4. ^ "Penstemon harringtonii". Flora of North America. Vol. 17. p. 119.
  5. ^ "Penstemon harringtonii". wildflower.org. Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Retrieved January 2, 2024.
  6. ^ Rumble, Hannah (June 10, 2024). "Curious Nature: Harrington's Penstemon is a Gem in Eagle County's Wildflower Crown". blog.walkingmountains.org. Walking Mountains Science Center. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  7. ^ "Plant Profile: Harrington's Beardtongue (Penstemon harringtonii)". saveplants.org. Center for Plant Conservation. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  8. "Occurence 29 June 1951". gbif.org. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  9. Harrington, H. D. (1964). Manual of the Plants of Colorado (2nd ed.). Denver: Sage Books. p. 491.
  10. Tjossem, Bergen (May 26, 2016). "Trust Our Land: Harrington's Penstemon – A Unique Flower That Calls Eagle County Home". Edwards, CO: Eagle Valley Land Trust. Retrieved January 2, 2025.
  11. O'Kane Jr., Steve L. (31 October 1988). "Colorado's Rare Flora". The Great Basin Naturalist. 48 (4): 434–484. JSTOR 41712461.
Taxon identifiers
Penstemon harringtonii
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