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| ⚫ | {{Portal|Interwar period|World War II|Print media|French politics|Conservatism|Nationalism}} | ||
| {{other|Candide (newspaper)}} | {{other|Candide (newspaper)}} | ||
| {{Infobox newspaper | name = Candide | country = |
{{Infobox newspaper | name = Candide | country = ] | circulation area = ] | language = ] | frequency = Weekly | type = ] | foundation = March 20, 1924 | image = Candide (1924).png | headquarters = ] | ceased publication = August 9, 1944 | subtitle = Grand Parisian literary and political weekly | publisher = ] | ISSN = 1255-9911 }} | ||
| '''''Candide''''' was a French weekly ] aligned with the far-right ] ] and ] movements. It was published between 1924 and 1944. | '''''Candide''''' was a French weekly ] aligned with the far-right ] ] and ] movements. It was published between 1924 and 1944. | ||
| The name ''Candide'' was adopted in 1924 by a weekly launched by the Arthème ] publishing house. This newspaper was one of the main political and literary weeklies of the ], inspiring similar publications like '']'' on the far-right and '']'' and '']'' on the left. ''Candide'' itself was rooted in the ]<ref>{{Cite book |author1=] |title=L'extrême-droite en France, de Maurras à Le Pen |publisher=] |location=Brussels |year=1998 |pages=220 |isbn=978-2-87027-764-5}}.</ref> |
The name ''Candide'' was adopted in 1924 by a weekly launched by the Arthème ] publishing house. This newspaper was one of the main political and literary weeklies of the ], inspiring similar publications like '']'' on the far-right and '']'' and '']'' on the left. ''Candide'' itself was rooted in the ]'s ].<ref>{{Cite book |author1=] |title=L'extrême-droite en France, de Maurras à Le Pen |publisher=] |location=Brussels |year=1998 |pages=220 |isbn=978-2-87027-764-5}}.</ref> | ||
| Key figures such as ], the personal secretary to ], served on its editorial board until 1940. Other contributors included ] as a drama critic, ] for music, ] for sports, and ] for legal reporting, all of whom held similar roles at '']''. Rising Maurrassian talents such as ] and ] also contributed to ''Candide''. The newspaper's illustrations, especially the caricatures by ], were widely appreciated. | Key figures such as ], the personal secretary to ], served on its editorial board until 1940. Other contributors included ] as a drama critic, ] for music, ] for sports, and ] for legal reporting, all of whom held similar roles at '']''. Rising Maurrassian talents such as ] and ] also contributed to ''Candide''. The newspaper's illustrations, especially the caricatures by ], were widely appreciated. | ||
| The weekly espoused anti-parliamentarian, anti-republican, anti-communist, and anti-democratic views, explicitly advocating "resolute antisemitism" and showing strong support for ]<ref>Pierre Milza, ''L'Italie fasciste devant l'opinion française: 1920-1940,'' A. Colin, 1967.</ref>. Following the ], ''Candide'' became more radical along with much of the far-right and sections of the mainstream right. However, it did not adopt the overtly militant fascism of '']'' and maintained a lighter tone. Its hostility toward Jews and foreigners became more pronounced. While initially warning against the German threat, ''Candide'' supported the ], aligning with the Maurrassian movement's shifting stance. | The weekly espoused anti-parliamentarian, anti-republican, anti-communist, and anti-democratic views, explicitly advocating "resolute antisemitism" and showing strong support for ]<ref>Pierre Milza, ''L'Italie fasciste devant l'opinion française: 1920-1940,'' A. Colin, 1967.</ref>. Following the ], ''Candide'' became more radical along with much of the far-right and sections of the mainstream right. However, it did not adopt the overtly militant fascism of '']'' and maintained a lighter tone. Its hostility toward Jews and foreigners became more pronounced. While initially warning against the German threat, ''Candide'' supported the ], aligning with the Maurrassian movement's shifting stance. | ||
| Printed in a large format (43 x 60 cm), the newspaper achieved a circulation of 80,000 copies in its first year, rising to nearly 150,000 in 1930 and over 340,000 from 1936 onwards, even reaching 465,000 according to Professor ]<ref>''Candide'' by Pierre Albert, in ''Histoire générale de la presse française,'' Volume III, 1871-1940, PUF, 1972.</ref>. It wielded considerable influence in ] and ] political circles, and its literary section was respected beyond its ideological base. Contributors included figures such as ], who passed away in 1936, and ] ("Le parc national du silence," Issue 373, May 7, 1931). | Printed in a large format (43 x 60 cm), the newspaper achieved a circulation of 80,000 copies in its first year, rising to nearly 150,000 in 1930 and over 340,000 from 1936 onwards, even reaching 465,000 according to Professor ]<ref>''Candide'' by Pierre Albert, in ''Histoire générale de la presse française,'' Volume III, 1871-1940, PUF, 1972.</ref>. It wielded considerable influence in ] and ] political circles, and its literary section was respected beyond its ideological base. Contributors included figures such as ], who passed away in 1936, and ] ("Le parc national du silence," Issue 373, May 7, 1931). | ||
| By 1936, ''Candide'' focused on warning its readers about an imminent ] in ]. | By 1936, ''Candide'' focused on warning its readers about an imminent ] in ]. | ||
| In 1939, following the fall of the ], ''Candide'' expressed strong opposition to the arrival of Spanish refugees in France, stating: "All the dregs, all the underworld of Barcelona, all the assassins, Chekists, executioners, grave robbers of Carmelite nuns, all the thieves, all the sacrilegious looters, all the Thénardiers of the riot are pouring onto our soil"<ref>{{Cite |
In 1939, following the fall of the ], ''Candide'' expressed strong opposition to the arrival of Spanish refugees in France, stating: "All the dregs, all the underworld of Barcelona, all the assassins, Chekists, executioners, grave robbers of Carmelite nuns, all the thieves, all the sacrilegious looters, all the Thénardiers of the riot are pouring onto our soil"<ref>{{Cite journal |first=Anne |last=Mathieu |title=In 1939, a look at the camps of Spanish refugees in France |url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2019/08/MATHIEU/60128 |journal=]|date=1 August 2019 }}</ref>. | ||
| During the ], ''Candide'' relocated from ] to ] |
During the ], ''Candide'' relocated from ] to ] the '']'' and supported ] ], whose policies closely aligned with its political agenda, especially after 1934–1936. However, it avoided the overt collaborationism of Paris-based publications like '']''. The newspaper ceased publication following the ], as it was banned due to its association with the ]. | ||
| Other contributors included ], ], and ]. | Other contributors included ], ], and ]. | ||
| The name was taken up in 1924 by a weekly newspaper launched by the bookseller Arthème ]. This paper was one of the main literary and political weeklies of the ] period, and its formula inspired other papers from '']'' on the extreme-right to ''Vendredi'' and ''Marianne'' on the left. As for itself, '''''Candide''''' was rooted in the ] movement, ] and ]: ], personal secretary of ], was a member of the collective editorial leadership until 1940; Lucien Dubech as drama critic, Dominique Sordet as music critic, Maurice Pefferkorn for sports and Abel Manouvriez the legal columnist performed the same roles for both ''Candide'' and ''L'Action française''; ] and ], two young Maurrassian talents, wrote for ''Candide''. Its numerous cartoons, particularly those of Sennep, were much appreciated by the readership. | |||
| ''Candide'' was anti-parliamentarian, anti-republican, keenly anti-communist, basically, antidemocratic, and it was not loath to antisemitic tones. After 6 February 1934 it became radicalised along with the rest of the extreme-right and a good part of the right, while not reaching the robust fascism of '']'' and while retaining a light tone. Hostility towards Jews and foreigners was reasserted. While it was often watchful of the danger from Germany, ''Candide'' approved of the ], following the general evolution of the Maurrassist movement. | |||
| Printed in large format (43x60 cm), the paper ran 80,000 copies in its first year, almost 150,000 in 1930, then at least 340,000 from 1936 onwards (465,000 in that year according to Pierre Albert, emeritus professor at ]). It exercised an important influence in politics in conservative and ] circles, and its literary pages was respected more widely: ], who had nothing in common with the extreme-right, wrote for ''Candide'' (although he died in 1936). Mainly from 1936 onwards, ''Candide'' tried to convince its readers of the imminence of a communist ''coup d'état'' in France. | |||
| Under the ], ''Candide'' left Paris for the '']'' and supported the '']'', which embodied substantially its political ideas, particularly from 1934–1936; however it avoided the Parisian collaborationism defended by ''Je suis partout''. It disappeared after the liberation, banned for its compromising attitude towards the ]. | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
| {{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 13:35, 8 January 2025
For other uses, see Candide (newspaper).
.png){kind=small} | |
| Type | Newspaper |
|---|---|
| Publisher | Fayard |
| Founded | March 20, 1924 |
| Language | French |
| Ceased publication | August 9, 1944 |
| Headquarters | Paris |
| ISSN | 1255-9911 |
Candide was a French weekly newspaper aligned with the far-right Maurrassian nationalist and antisemitic movements. It was published between 1924 and 1944.
The name Candide was adopted in 1924 by a weekly launched by the Arthème Fayard publishing house. This newspaper was one of the main political and literary weeklies of the Interwar period, inspiring similar publications like Gringoire on the far-right and Vendredi and Marianne on the left. Candide itself was rooted in the Charles Maurras's Integral nationalism.
Key figures such as Pierre Gaxotte, the personal secretary to Charles Maurras, served on its editorial board until 1940. Other contributors included Lucien Dubech as a drama critic, Dominique Sordet for music, Maurice Pefferkorn for sports, and Abel Manouvriez for legal reporting, all of whom held similar roles at L'Action française. Rising Maurrassian talents such as Lucien Rebatet and Robert Brasillach also contributed to Candide. The newspaper's illustrations, especially the caricatures by Sennep, were widely appreciated.
The weekly espoused anti-parliamentarian, anti-republican, anti-communist, and anti-democratic views, explicitly advocating "resolute antisemitism" and showing strong support for Italian fascism. Following the 6 February 1934 crisis, Candide became more radical along with much of the far-right and sections of the mainstream right. However, it did not adopt the overtly militant fascism of Je suis partout and maintained a lighter tone. Its hostility toward Jews and foreigners became more pronounced. While initially warning against the German threat, Candide supported the Munich Agreement, aligning with the Maurrassian movement's shifting stance.
Printed in a large format (43 x 60 cm), the newspaper achieved a circulation of 80,000 copies in its first year, rising to nearly 150,000 in 1930 and over 340,000 from 1936 onwards, even reaching 465,000 according to Professor Pierre Albert. It wielded considerable influence in conservative and reactionary political circles, and its literary section was respected beyond its ideological base. Contributors included figures such as Albert Thibaudet, who passed away in 1936, and Georges Duhamel ("Le parc national du silence," Issue 373, May 7, 1931).
By 1936, Candide focused on warning its readers about an imminent communist coup in France.
In 1939, following the fall of the Second Spanish Republic, Candide expressed strong opposition to the arrival of Spanish refugees in France, stating: "All the dregs, all the underworld of Barcelona, all the assassins, Chekists, executioners, grave robbers of Carmelite nuns, all the thieves, all the sacrilegious looters, all the Thénardiers of the riot are pouring onto our soil".
During the German occupation of France, Candide relocated from Paris to Clermont-Ferrand the zone libre and supported Pétain's National Revolution, whose policies closely aligned with its political agenda, especially after 1934–1936. However, it avoided the overt collaborationism of Paris-based publications like Je suis partout. The newspaper ceased publication following the Liberation of France, as it was banned due to its association with the Vichy regime.
Other contributors included Georges Blond, Irène Némirovsky, and Edmond Jaloux.
References
- Ariane Chebel d'Appollonia (1998). L'extrême-droite en France, de Maurras à Le Pen. Brussels: Éditions Complexe. p. 220. ISBN 978-2-87027-764-5..
- Pierre Milza, L'Italie fasciste devant l'opinion française: 1920-1940, A. Colin, 1967.
- Candide by Pierre Albert, in Histoire générale de la presse française, Volume III, 1871-1940, PUF, 1972.
- Mathieu, Anne (1 August 2019). "In 1939, a look at the camps of Spanish refugees in France". Le Monde diplomatique.