Misplaced Pages

Demographics of Somalia: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editContent deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 10:32, 4 June 2021 view sourceRatnahastin (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers16,983 edits Removing link(s) to "Garre": Deleted page..Tag: Twinkle← Previous edit Latest revision as of 20:38, 8 January 2025 view source Solanif (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users577 edits →Vital statisticsTag: Visual edit 
(376 intermediate revisions by more than 100 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{pp|small=yes}}
<!-- Per convention, please leave the page layout as is, with the main info on the country's ethnic groups at the top, and the statistical summary data below it. -->
{{Short description|none}}
] in 2020]]
<!-- Per convention, please leave the page layout as is, with the main info on the country's ethnic groups at the top, and the statistical summary data below it. -->{{Infobox place demographics|place=]|image=File:Somalia single age population pyramid 2020.png|image_size=350|caption=Population pyramid of Somalia in 2020|size_of_population=18,100,000 (2023 est.)<ref name="unfpa.org 2023-01">{{cite web |url=https://www.unfpa.org/data/world-population/SO |title=World Population Dashboard Somalia|publisher=United Nations Population Fund |date=2023-01-01 |website=unfpa.org |access-date=2023-04-28}}</ref>|nation=Somali|major_ethnic=Somali (98%)|age_0–14_years=42.38%|age_65_years=2.27%|growth=2.42% (2022 est.)|birth=37.98 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)|death=11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)|net_migration=-2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)|infant_mortality=86.53 deaths/1,000 live births|life=55.72 years|life_male=53.39 years|life_female=58.12 years|fertility=6.90 children born/woman (2020)<ref name="elief"/>}}{{Somali clans}}
{{Culture of Somalia}}
Demographic features of ]'s inhabitants include ethnicity, language, population density, education level, health, economic status, ] and other aspects of the population. Somalia is believed to be one of the most homogeneous countries in Africa.<ref>{{Citation |last=Olanrewaju |first=Ilemobola Peter |title=Fractionality in Homogeneity? Value Differences and Cross-Cultural Conflict in Somalia |date=2014 |work=Selected Themes in African Political Studies: Political Conflict and Stability |series=Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development |pages=9–23 |editor-last=Asuelime |editor-first=Lucky |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06001-9_2 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-06001-9_2 |language=en |isbn=978-3-319-06001-9 |editor2-last=Francis |editor2-first=Suzanne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Popescu |first=Alba Iulia Catrinel |date=2021 |title=SOMALIA – CASE STUDY ON THE FRAGMENTATION OF AN ETHNICALLY AND CIVILIZATIONALLY HOMOGENEOUS STATE |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1007489 |journal=Bulletin of &quot;Carol I&quot; National Defence University |volume=10 |language=English |issue=3 |pages=164–176 |doi=10.53477/2284-9378-21-37 |issn=2284-936X|doi-access=free }}</ref>


==2020 survey==
The '''Demographics of Somalia''' encompass the demographic features of ]'s inhabitants, including ethnicity, language, population density, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Somalia is believed to be one of the most homogenous countries in ].
]s, known to deprive women of opportunities to reach their full potential, have among women aged 20–24, 36 percent of total population.<ref name="elief">{{cite web|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/somali-health-and-demographic-survey-2020|website=reliefweb.int|date=30 April 2020|author=Govt. Somalia, ] |title=The Somali Health and Demographic Survey 2020}}</ref>

The April 2020 SHDS report further unveils that ] remain very high, the total fertility rate for Somalia is 6.9 children per woman, the highest in the world, which would impact planning for the next years.<ref name="elief" /> In addition, 99 percent of women have still been ].<ref name="elief" />


==Ethnic groups== ==Ethnic groups==
According to ''The Economist'', at independence Somalia was "arguably in ethnic terms the most homogeneous country in sub-Saharan Africa", ahead of ], which is four-fifths ]. However, the publication also notes that "its ethnic homogeneity is misleading. Despite also sharing a single language and religion, it is divided into more than 500 clans and sub-clans".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2013/05/11/the-centre-holds-but-only-just|title=The centre holds, but only just|work=The Economist|date=11 May 2013|access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref>

===Somalis=== ===Somalis===
] constitute the largest ] in Somalia, at approximately 98% of the nation's inhabitants.<ref name="2009factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/Somaliland|title=Somalia|access-date=2009-05-31|date=2009-05-14|work=]|publisher=]}}{{Dead link|date=May 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> They are organized into ] groupings, which are important ]s; clan membership plays a central part in Somali ] and ]. Clans are ] and are typically divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. Through the '']'' system (]), the advanced clan structure has served governmental roles in many rural Somali communities.<ref name="Abdullahi142">{{cite book|last=Abdullahi|first=Mohamed Diriye|title=Culture and Customs of Somalia|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0313313334|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri|url-access=registration}}</ref>
] women at a community event in ], ].]]
] constitute the largest ] in Somalia, at approximately 85% of the nation's inhabitants.<ref name=2009factbook>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|title=Somalia|access-date=2009-05-31|date=2009-05-14|work=]|publisher=]}}</ref> They are organized into ] groupings, which are important ]s; clan membership plays a central part in Somali ] and ]. Clans are ] and are typically divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. Through the '']'' system (]), the advanced clan structure has served governmental roles in many rural Somali communities.<ref name="Abdullahi142">{{cite book|last=Abdullahi|first=Mohamed Diriye|title=Culture and Customs of Somalia|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0313313334|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri|url-access=registration}}</ref>

Somali society is traditionally ethnically ]. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the ] clan, 55 (62%) were with women of ] sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (], 28; ], 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the ] clan family (] 2, ] 1).<ref>Ioan M. Lewis, ''Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society'', (Red Sea Press: 1994), p.51</ref>

====Clan structure====
<!-- Brief conspectus -->
Certain clans are traditionally classed as noble clans, referring to their nomadic lifestyle in contrast to the sedentary Sab who are either agropastoralists or artisanal castes.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Lewis|first1=I. M.|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|date=1999|publisher=James Currey Publishers|isbn=0852552807|pages=11–14|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=eK6SBJIckIsC&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false|access-date=8 July 2016}}</ref> The five noble clans are ], ], ], ] and ] .<ref>{{Cite book|title=Notre Breve sur les Tribus Somalies (1961)|jstor = 4390794}}</ref> Of these, the Dir and Hawiye are regarded as descended from ], the likely source of the ethnonym ''Somali (soomaali)''.<ref name="Lewis">{{cite book | last = Lewis | first = I. M. |author2=Said Samatar | title = A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa | publisher = LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster | year = 1999 | pages = 11–13 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=L2vXPfRsf04C | isbn = 3-8258-3084-5}}</ref> The Isaaq and Darod have separate agnatic (paternal) traditions of descent through ] (Sheikh Ishak) and ] (Sheikh Darod) respectively.<ref name="Lewismhs">I.M. Lewis, ''A Modern History of the Somali'', fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 23</ref> Both Sheikh Ishak and Sheikh Darod are asserted to have married women from the Dir clan, thus establishing matrilateral ties with the Samaale main stem.<ref name="Lewis"/> "Sab" is the term used to refer to minor Somali clans in contrast to "Samaale".<ref name="L&S">Laitin, David D. & ] (1987). ''Somalia: Nation in Search of a State'', Colorado: Westview Press. {{ISBN|0-86531-555-8}}</ref> Both Samaale and Sab are the children of their father "Hiil" whose is the common ancestor all Somali clans.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Adam|first1=Hussein Mohamed|title= Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century|date=1997|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569020739 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0m9yAAAAMAAJ|access-date=9 August 2016}}</ref>

A few clans in the southern part of ] do not belong to the major clans, but came to be associated with them and were eventually adopted into one of their confederations: Gaalje'el in ] and elsewhere in central Somalia traces its paternal descent to Gardheere Samaale;<ref name=":022">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0m9yAAAAMAAJ|title=Mending rips in the sky: options for Somali communities in the 21st century|last1=Adam|first1=Hussein Mohamed|last2=Ford|first2=Richard|date=1997-01-01|publisher=Red Sea Press|isbn=9781569020739|page=127|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC|title=The Invention of Somalia|last=Ahmed|first=Ali Jimale|date=1995-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415998|page=121|language=en}}</ref> Garre in the ] and ] is divided into two branches: Tuuf claiming itself to be Garre Gardheere Samaale,<ref name=":422">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC|title=The Invention of Somalia|last=Ahmed|first=Ali Jimale|date=1995-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415998|page=130|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":032">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_8D0gYZZVKEC|title=Voice and Power|last1=Hayward|first1=R. J.|last2=Lewis|first2=I. M.|date=2005-08-17|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135751753|page=242|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":13">The Quranyo section of the Garre claim descent from Dirr, who are born of the Irrir Samal. UNDP Paper in Keyna http://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Amani%20Papers/AP_Volume1_n2_May2010.pdf</ref> and Quranyow, who married Tuuf's daughter, is of Mahamed Hiniftir Mahe Dir lineage;<ref name=":032"/><ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Dynamics and Trends of Conflict in Greater Mandera|url=http://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Amani%20Papers/AP_Volume1_n2_May2010.pdf|publisher=Amani Papers|access-date=25 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC|title=The Invention of Somalia|last=Ahmed|first=Ali Jimale|date=1995-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415998|page=122|language=en}}</ref> Degoodi in the Somali Region and North Eastern Province is related to Gaaje'el as Saransoor and traces its patrilineage to Gardheere Samaale;<ref name=":022"/><ref name=":22"/> Hawaadle in Hiran belongs to the Meyle Samaale;<ref name=":022"/><ref name=":22"/> Ajuraan in the North Eastern Province claim descent from Maqaarre Samaale<ref name=":422"/> and ] acknowledges descent from Sheikh ], also known as ''Fiqi Umar''.<ref>Richard Burton, ''First Footsteps in East Africa'', 1856; edited with an introduction and additional chapters by Gordon Waterfield (New York: Praeger, 1966), p. 165</ref> Thus, the Gaalje'el, Garre, Degoodi Ajuraan and Hawaadle are said to have patrilateral ties with the Dir and Hawiye through Samaale to ], whereas the Sheekhaal traces descent to a different forefather than the Samaale progeny, but also ultimately to Aqeel Abu Talib. The Sheekhaal (var. Sheikhaal (Arabic: شيخال), also known as Fiqi Omar, is a Somali clan. A Group members of hawiye major clan (Martiile hiraab) inhabit Somalia, Ethiopia Djibouti and with considerable numbers also found in the Northern Frontier District (NFD) in Kenya.


According to ''The Economist'', at independence Somalia was "arguably in ethnic terms the most homogeneous country in Africa" however, the publication also notes:{{Blockquote|"..its ethnic homogeneity is misleading. Despite also sharing a single language and religion, it is divided into more than 500 clans and sub-clans."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2013/05/11/the-centre-holds-but-only-just|title=The centre holds, but only just|newspaper=The Economist|date=11 May 2013|access-date=18 November 2020}}</ref>}}
The Digil and Mirifle (]) are ]-] clans in the area between the ] and ] rivers. Many do not follow a ]ic lifestyle, live further south, and speak ]. Although in the past frequently classified as a ], more recent research by the linguist ] suggests that Maay constitutes a separate but closely related ] language of the ] branch.<ref name="Abdullahi9">{{cite book|last=Abdullahi|first=Mohamed Diriye|title=Culture and Customs of Somalia|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0313313334|page=|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri|url-access=registration}}</ref>


====Somali Clans====
A third group, the occupational clans, are treated as outcasts. They can only marry among themselves and other Somalis considered them to be ritually unclean. They lived in their own settlements among the nomadic populations in the north and performed specialised occupations such as ], ] and ].<ref name="L&S"/> These Minority ]s are the Gaboye, Tumaal, ], Jaji and Yahar.
{{Main|Somali clans}}
Somali clans ({{langx|so|Qabaa'ilka Soomaalida}}; {{langx|ar|القبائل الصومالية|translit=''al-Qabā'il al-Sūmāliyya''}}) are patrilineal kinship groups based on agnatic descent of the ].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lewis |first=Ioan |date=2004 |title=Visible and Invisible Differences: The Somali Paradox |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/africa/article/abs/visible-and-invisible-differences-the-somali-paradox/5E8CC79BF1CED20D4FD4152201D6D86D |journal=Africa |language=en |volume=74 |issue=4 |pages=489–515 |doi=10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.489 |issn=1750-0184}}</ref>{{sfn|Lewis|Samatar|1999|p=11}}<ref name="AppiahGates2010p39522">{{cite book |author=Marian Aguiar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0XNvklcqbwC |title=Encyclopedia of Africa |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-19-533770-9 |editor=Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates |page=395}}</ref> Tradition and folklore connects the origin of the Somali population by language and way of life, and societal organisations, by customs, and by a feeling of belonging to a broader family among individuals from the ].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Touval |first=Saadia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=24QGAQAAIAAJ |title=Somali Nationalism: International Politics and the Drive for Unity in the Horn of Africa |date=1963 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-59435-7 |pages=15 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":52">{{Cite journal |last=Abdi |first=Farhia |date=2024-01-01 |title=Relational Leadership and Governing: Somali Clan Cultural Relational Leadership and Governing: Somali Clan Cultural Leadership Leadership |url=https://www.academia.edu/115832897 |journal=The Journal of Social Encounters |doi=10.69755/2995-2212.1248}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hamilton |first=David |date=1967 |title=Imperialism Ancient and Modern: A Study of British Attitudes to the Claims to Sovereignty to the Northern Somali Coastline. |url=https://arcadia.sba.uniroma3.it/bitstream/2307/6139/1/15_Imperialism%20Ancient%20and%20Modern_a%20study%20of%20British%20attitudes%20to%20the%20claims%20to%20Sovereignty%20to%20the%20Northern%20Somali%20coastline.pdf |journal=Journal of Ethiopian Studies |pages=11–12}}</ref>


The ] are mainly divided among five patrilineal clans, the ], ], ], ], and ].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Somali networks - structures of clan and society (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 949) |url=https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/somali-networks-structures-of-clan-and-society-gsdrc-helpdesk-research-report-949 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=GOV.UK |language=en}}</ref> The average person is able to trace his/her ancestry generations back. Somali clans in contemporary times have an established official structure in the country's political system, acknowledged by a mathematical formula for equitably distributing seats between the clans in the ].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-22 |title=The role of 4.5 in democratization and governance in Somalia: Implications and considerations for the way forward (May 2023) - Somalia {{!}} ReliefWeb |url=https://reliefweb.int/report/somalia/role-45-democratization-and-governance-somalia-implications-and-considerations-way-forward-may-2023 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=reliefweb.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ahmed |first=Nasteha |date=2019-02-01 |title=Somalia's struggle to integrate traditional and modern governance: The 4.5 formula and 2012 provisional constitution |url=https://fount.aucegypt.edu/etds/511 |journal=Theses and Dissertations}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Osman |first=Abdulahi A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScxEDwAAQBAJ&dq=info:rUWuOGUXLcQJ:scholar.google.com/&pg=PA58 |title=Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives inReconstituting a Failed State |date=2007-07-31 |publisher=Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd |isbn=978-1-909112-87-2 |language=en}}</ref>
====Clans and sub-clans====
]'s route to ] features one of the earliest depictions of Somali clan settlements.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/firstfootstepsi00burtgoog|title=First Footsteps in East Africa|last=Burton|first=Richard|publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans|year=1856|edition=1st}}</ref>]]
]
There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures. The divisions and subdivisions as given here are partial and simplified. Many lineages are omitted. Note that some sources state that the Rahanweyn group is made up of the Digil and Mirifle clans, whereas others list the Digil as a separate group from the Rahanweyn.<ref>Worldbank, 2005, p. 56</ref>


The clan represents the highest degree of familial affiliation. It holds territorial properties and is typically overseen by a Sultan. Clans possess ancestral lands, which are associated with the migratory patterns of the Somali populace throughout their historical narrative. Each clan is administered by its designated leader and supported by its council of elders, with land being communally owned and overseen.<ref name=":4222">{{Cite book |last=Ssero |first=Florence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQj-zgEACAAJ |title=Global Review of Ethnopolitics |volume=2 |pages=25–40 |language=en}}</ref> Various Somali clans utilise ] for their leaders, including ],{{sfn|Lewis|Samatar|1999|pp=203–204}} ], ],<ref>Mohamed Haji Muktar, ''Historical Dictionary of Somalia'', (Scarecrow Press: 2003), p.35</ref> ],{{sfn|Lewis|Samatar|1999|pp=203–204}} and ].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://en.sewasew.com/phrases/4612?withDetails=1 |title=Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad}}</ref> Clan leadership may be ], or leaders may be ] by the council of elders composed of representatives from diverse clan lineages. The leaders of these clans fulfill both religious and political responsibilities.<ref name=":4222" />
;Major clans
*]
** ], Ayuub, ], ], ], Tol Jecle, Sanbuur and Cibraan
* ]
** ], ], ], ], ], ], ], Mora'ase, ], ] ]
* ] (Irir son of ]),
**],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoMBQCr4LysC|title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa|last=Lewis|first=I. M.|date=1999-01-01|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=9783825830847|page=191|language=en}}</ref> ],<ref name=":022"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DK8aAQAAIAAJ|title=Nuova antologia|last=Protonotari|first=Francesco|date=1890-01-01|publisher=Direzione della Nuova Antologia|page=343|language=it}}</ref> Madahweyn or Madawini,<ref name=":022"/> Quranyow-Garre,<ref name=":032" /><ref name=":1" /> ], Dabruube,<ref name=":022"/> Barsug,<ref name=":022"/> Madigan, ], Bajimal<ref name=":022"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-12-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081350/http://www.asylumlaw.org/docs/somalia/ind01b_somalia_ca.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-16 }} Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure], p. 43; and Worldbank , pp. 56–58</ref>
* ] (Irir son of Samaale)
**], ] clan (s), Gugundhabe, Xawaadle, Sheekhaal loobage, Baadi Cade, Jajeele, Geel-Jecel, Duduble, ] (s), Murusade, Gorgate<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XpdAzRYruCwC|title=The Invention of Somalia|last=Ahmed|first=Ali Jimale|date=1995-01-01|publisher=The Red Sea Press|isbn=9780932415998|language=en}}</ref>
* ]
** Digil
*** Dabarre, Jiddu, Garre, Tunni, ]
** Mirifle
***Sagaal: Geeladle, Jilible, Gasaargude, Gawaweeyn, Baroosile, Luwaay, Hadame, Yantaar, Hubeer
***Sideed: Elaay. Leysaan, Eemid, Diisow, Maallan Wiin, Harin , Jiron, Naasiye
* ]
** ], ], ], ]<ref name=":022"/>
* ]
**]<ref name=":22" />
;Minor clans
* ], ], ], ], ], Gaboye (]), ] (s), ], ]<ref>{{cite book|last=Abdullahi|first=Mohamed Diriye|title=Culture and Customs of Somalia|year=2001|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0313313334|pages=|url=https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00diri/page/8|url-access=registration}}</ref>


===Other ethnic groups=== ===Other ethnic groups===
Non-Somali ethnic minority groups make up about 15% of the nation's population.<ref name=2009factbook/> They include ], ], ]ns, ]ns, ]is, ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="Gale">Gale Research Inc, ''Worldmark encyclopedia of the nations'', Volume 2, (Gale Research: 1984), p.278.</ref><ref name="Eoavo">Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates, ''Encyclopedia of Africa'', Volume 1, (Oxford University Press: 2010), p.402</ref> Non-Somali ethnic minority groups make up about 5% of the nation's population.<ref name=2009factbook/> They include ], ] & ].{{Culture of Somalia}}


==Languages== ==Languages==
{{main|Languages of Somalia}} {{main|Languages of Somalia}}
].]] ].|left]]
] and ] are the official languages of Somalia. The Somali language is the ] of the Somalis, the nation's most populous ethnic group.<ref name="factbook">{{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency|title=Somalia|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Langley, Virginia|year=2011|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|access-date=2011-10-05}}</ref> It is a member of the ] branch of the ] family.<ref>I. M. Lewis, ''Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho'', (Red Sea Press: 1998), p. 11.</ref> ] is the official language of Somalia. It is the ] of Somalis, the nation's most populous ethnic group.<ref name="factbook">{{cite web|author=Central Intelligence Agency|title=Somalia|work=The World Factbook|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|location=Langley, Virginia|year=2011|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|access-date=2011-10-05}}</ref> The language is a member of the ] branch of the ] family.<ref>I. M. Lewis, ''Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somalis, ] and Saho'', (Red Sea Press: 1998), p. 11.</ref>


In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afroasiatic tongue,<ref name="Dubnov">Helena Dubnov, ''A grammatical sketch of Somali'', (Kِppe: 2003), pp. 70–71.</ref> is an official national language in Somalia. Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the ], the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education.<ref name="Dubnov"/><ref name="PutnamNoor">Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor, ''The Somalis: their history and culture'', (Center for Applied Linguistics: 1993), p. 15.: "Somalis speak Somali. Many people also speak Arabic, and educated Somalis usually speak either English or Italian as well. Swahili may also be spoken in coastal areas near Kenya."</ref><ref name="MacDonald">Fiona MacDonald et al., ''Peoples of Africa'', Volume 10, (Marshall Cavendish: 2000), p. 178.</ref> In addition to Somali, ], which is also an Afroasiatic tongue,<ref name="Dubnov">Helena Dubnov, ''A grammatical sketch of Somali'', (Kِppe: 2003), pp. 70–71.</ref> is another official language in Somalia. Many speak it due to centuries-old ties with the ], the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education.<ref name="Dubnov"/><ref name="PutnamNoor">Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor, ''The Somalis: their history and culture'', (Center for Applied Linguistics: 1993), p. 15.: "Somalis speak Somali. Many people also speak Arabic, and educated Somalis usually speak either English or Italian as well. Swahili may also be spoken in coastal areas near Kenya."</ref><ref name="MacDonald">Fiona MacDonald et al., ''Peoples of Africa'', Volume 10, (Marshall Cavendish: 2000), p. 178.</ref>


] is widely used and taught. ] used to be a major language, but its influence significantly diminished following ]. It is now most frequently heard among older generations, government officials, and in educated circles.<ref name="Dubnov"/> Other minority languages include ], a variant of the ] ] that is spoken along the coast by the ], as well as ], another Swahili dialect that is the mother tongue of the ] ethnic minority group. ] is widely used and taught. Other minority languages include ], a variant of the ] ] that is spoken along the southern coast by the ], as well as ], another Swahili dialect that is the mother tongue of the ] ethnic minority group.


==Population== ==Population==
According to {{UN_Population|source}}, the total population was {{UN_Population|Somalia}} in {{UN_Population|Year}}, compared to 2,264,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 44.9%, 52.3% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.7% was 65 years or older.<ref name="WPP 2010"> {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506065230/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/index.htm |date=May 6, 2011 }}</ref> According to {{UN_Population|source}}, the total population was {{UN_Population|Somalia}} in {{UN_Population|Year}}, compared to 2,264,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 44.9%, 52.3% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.7% was 65 years or older.<ref name="WPP 2010">{{Cite press release |title = World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision |date = 2011-05-03 |publisher = ], Population Division |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Other-Information/Press_Release_WPP2010.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506084513/http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/Other-Information/Press_Release_WPP2010.pdf |archive-date = 2011-05-06 |url-status = deviated}}</ref>

As of July 2020, CIA's estimate of Somalia's population is 11,757,124 people.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Africa :: Somalia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|access-date=2020-11-30|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref>


==Vital statistics== ==Vital statistics==
Registration of vital events in Somalia is incomplete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates:<ref name="WPP 2010"/><ref name="Cia_2012">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/ |title=Somalia|author=CIA |author-link=Central Intelligence Agency |date=July 2010 |work=] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |access-date=2010-06-30 }}</ref> Registration of vital events in Somalia is incomplete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates:<ref>{{cite UN WPP|2022|rows=2741:2812|cols=M,X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|- |-
! style="width:70pt;"|Period ! scope="col" style="text-align: left;" |Year
! style="width:70pt;"|Population
! style="width:70pt;"|Live births per year ! style="width:70pt;"|Live births per year
! style="width:70pt;"|Deaths per year ! style="width:70pt;"|Deaths per year
Line 81: Line 53:
! style="width:70pt;"|TFR* ! style="width:70pt;"|TFR*
! style="width:70pt;"|IMR* ! style="width:70pt;"|IMR*
! style="width:70pt;"|Life expectancy (years)
|- |-
|1950
| 1950-1955 || 128 000|| 76 000|| 52 000||53.4||31.9||21.5||7.25||207
|2 213 000
|  112 000
|  50 000
|  62 000
|50.5
|22.4
|28.1
|7.25
|152.1
|41.40
|- |-
|1951
| 1955-1960 || 139 000|| 79 000|| 60 000||52.1||29.7||22.4||7.25||193
|  2 276 000
|  114 000
|  51 000
|  62 000
|49.9
|22.6
|27.3
|7.25
|151.4
|41.52
|- |-
|1952
| 1960-1965 || 153 000|| 82 000|| 71 000||51.0||27.5||23.6||7.25||179
|  2 339 000
|  116 000
|  53 000
|  63 000
|49.4
|22.5
|26.8
|7.25
|150.1
|41.74
|- |-
|1953
| 1965-1970 || 172 000|| 86 000|| 86 000||50.8||25.5||25.3||7.25||167
|  2 402 000
|  117 000
|  54 000
|  64 000
|48.9
|22.4
|26.5
|7.25
|148.8
|41.97
|- |-
|1954
| 1970-1975 || 194 000|| 91 000|| 103 000||50.4||23.6||26.8||7.10||155
|  2 466 000
|  119 000
|  55 000
|  65 000
|48.5
|22.3
|26.2
|7.25
|147.6
|42.19
|- |-
|1955
| 1975-1980 || 266 000|| 120 000|| 146 000||50.3||22.7||27.7||7.00||149
|  2 530 000
|  122 000
|  56 000
|  66 000
|48.0
|22.1
|26.0
|7.25
|146.3
|42.40
|- |-
|1956
| 1980-1985 || 280 000|| 128 000|| 152 000||43.8||20.0||23.8||6.70||138
|  2 595 000
|  124 000
|  57 000
|  67 000
|47.7
|21.9
|25.8
|7.25
|145.1
|42.62
|- |-
|1957
| 1985-1990 || 293 000|| 120 000|| 174 000||45.3||18.5||26.8||6.70||127
|  2 662 000
|  126 000
|  58 000
|  68 000
|47.4
|21.7
|25.7
|7.25
|143.9
|42.83
|- |-
|1958
| 1990-1995 || 299 000|| 135 000|| 164 000||45.6||20.6||25.0||6.50||141
|  2 729 000
|  129 000
|  59 000
|  70 000
|47.1
|21.5
|25.6
|7.25
|142.7
|43.04
|- |-
|1959
| 1995-2000 || 320 000|| 125 000|| 195 000||45.9||17.9||28.0||6.50||123
|  2 798 000
|  131 000
|  60 000
|  71 000
|46.8
|21.3
|25.5
|7.25
|141.6
|43.25
|- |-
|1960
| 2000-2005 || 360 000|| 128 000|| 232 000||45.7||16.2||29.5||6.50||111
|  2 871 000
|  134 000
|  61 000
|  73 000
|46.6
|21.1
|25.5
|7.25
|140.4
|43.45
|- |-
|1961
| 2005-2010 || 391 000|| 137 000|| 254 000||44.2||15.5||28.7||6.40||107
|  2 946 000
|  137 000
|  62 000
|  75 000
|46.4
|21.0
|25.3
|7.25
|139.8
|43.56
|- |-
|1962
|2018|||||||||||||||5.70||
|  3 023 000
|  140 000
|  63 000
|  77 000
|46.2
|20.7
|25.4
|7.26
|138.1
|43.88
|- |-
|1963
| style="text-align:left;" colspan="9"| * <small> CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)</small>
|  3 102 000
|}
|  143 000

|  64 000
=== Life expectancy ===
|  79 000
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|46.0
|20.5
|25.4
|7.26
|137.0
|44.10
|- |-
|1964
!Period
|  3 184 000
!Life expectancy in <br /> Years<ref>{{cite web|url=https://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/DataQuery/|title=World Population Prospects - Population Division - United Nations|website=esa.un.org|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref>
|  146 000
|  65 000
|  81 000
|45.8
|20.4
|25.4
|7.26
|135.9
|44.30
|- |-
|1965
|1950–1955
|  3 268 000
|33.99
|  149 000
|  66 000
|  83 000
|45.7
|20.2
|25.5
|7.26
|134.6
|44.54
|- |-
|1966
|1955–1960
|  3 354 000
|{{increase}} 35.99
|  153 000
|  67 000
|  86 000
|45.5
|20.0
|25.6
|7.26
|133.5
|44.76
|- |-
|1967
|1960–1965
|  3 442 000
|{{increase}} 37.97
|  156 000
|  68 000
|  88 000
|45.4
|19.8
|25.6
|7.25
|132.4
|44.97
|- |-
|1968
|1965–1970
|  3 532 000
|{{increase}} 39.99
|  160 000
|  69 000
|  91 000
|45.3
|19.6
|25.7
|7.23
|131.4
|45.17
|- |-
|1969
|1970–1975
|  3 625 000
|{{increase}} 41.91
|  164 000
|  71 000
|  93 000
|45.2
|19.5
|25.8
|7.21
|130.4
|45.37
|- |-
|1970
|1975–1980
|  3 721 000
|{{increase}} 43.78
|  168 000
|  72 000
|  96 000
|45.2
|19.3
|25.9
|7.18
|129.4
|45.56
|- |-
|1971
|1980–1985
|  3 818 000
|{{increase}} 45.48
|  173 000
|  73 000
|  99 000
|45.2
|19.2
|26.0
|7.15
|128.4
|45.75
|- |-
|1972
|1985–1990
|  3 918 000
|{{increase}} 46.37
|  177 000
|  75 000
|  103 000
|45.2
|19.0
|26.2
|7.12
|127.5
|45.94
|- |-
|1973
|1990–1995
|  4 022 000
|{{decrease}} 44.96
|  182 000
|  76 000
|  106 000
|45.2
|18.9
|26.3
|7.09
|126.5
|46.13
|- |-
|1974
|1995–2000
|  4 126 000
|{{increase}} 49.80
|  187 000
|  86 000
|  101 000
|45.3
|20.7
|24.6
|7.06
|137.8
|43.82
|- |-
|1975
|2000–2005
|  4 228 000
|{{increase}} 51.49
|  192 000
|  86 000
|  106 000
|45.5
|20.4
|25.1
|7.03
|135.9
|44.18
|- |-
|1976
|2005–2010
|  4 334 000
|{{increase}} 53.18
|  198 000
|  87 000
|  111 000
|45.7
|20.1
|25.5
|7.02
|134.0
|44.57
|- |-
|1977
|2010–2015
|  4 450 000
|{{increase}} 54.86
|  204 000
|  82 000
|  122 000
|45.8
|18.3
|27.5
|7.00
|122.6
|46.92
|-
|1978
|  4 778 000
|  214 000
|  84 000
|  130 000
|46.8
|18.4
|28.4
|7.13
|121.7
|46.95
|-
|1979
|  5 409 000
|  241 000
|  93 000
|  148 000
|47.1
|18.2
|28.8
|7.16
|120.7
|47.31
|-
|1980
|  5 892 000
|  277 000
|  106 000
|  171 000
|47.3
|18.1
|29.2
|7.18
|119.8
|47.49
|-
|1981
|  5 935 000
|  291 000
|  110 000
|  181 000
|47.7
|18.1
|29.7
|7.23
|119.0
|47.67
|-
|1982
|  5 952 000
|  286 000
|  107 000
|  179 000
|48.0
|18.0
|30.0
|7.25
|118.2
|47.83
|-
|1983
|  6 143 000
|  296 000
|  109 000
|  187 000
|48.3
|17.8
|30.5
|7.28
|116.6
|48.17
|-
|1984
|  6 369 000
|  307 000
|  112 000
|  196 000
|48.5
|17.6
|30.9
|7.30
|115.2
|48.46
|-
|1985
|  6 631 000
|  322 000
|  117 000
|  205 000
|48.7
|17.7
|31.0
|7.33
|114.8
|48.28
|-
|1986
|  6 909 000
|  336 000
|  121 000
|  215 000
|48.9
|17.6
|31.2
|7.35
|114.1
|48.37
|-
|1987
|  7 158 000
|  351 000
|  124 000
|  227 000
|49.0
|17.3
|31.7
|7.37
|113.1
|48.90
|-
|1988
|  7 160 000
|  362 000
|  151 000
|  211 000
|49.1
|20.5
|28.6
|7.40
|115.8
|43.84
|-
|1989
|  7 035 000
|  352 000
|  131 000
|  221 000
|49.2
|18.3
|30.8
|7.42
|110.1
|46.72
|-
|1990
|  6 999 000
|  349 000
|  128 000
|  221 000
|49.0
|18.0
|31.0
|7.44
|108.3
|47.11
|-
|1991
|  6 733 000
|  346 000
| style="color:red"| 284 000
|  63 000
|49.4
|style="color:red"|40.5
|style="color:red"|8.9
|7.47
|237.4
|26.57
|-
|1992
|  6 428 000
|  327 000
|  251 000
|  76 000
|50.2
|38.6
|11.7
|7.50
|236.3
|27.31
|-
|1993
|  6 621 000
|  328 000
|  101 000
|  227 000
|50.4
|15.5
|style="color:blue"|34.9
|7.53
|104.6
|50.65
|-
|1994
|  6 960 000
|  351 000
|  111 000
|  240 000
|50.3
|15.9
|34.4
|7.54
|105.1
|50.33
|-
|1995
|  7 211 000
|  360 000
|  113 000
|  247 000
|50.1
|15.8
|34.4
|7.58
|104.5
|50.60
|-
|1996
|  7 472 000
|  376 000
|  119 000
|  257 000
|50.1
|15.9
|34.2
|7.62
|104.8
|50.45
|-
|1997
|  7 734 000
|  388 000
|  124 000
|  264 000
|50.3
|16.1
|34.2
|style="color: blue"|7.66
|106.8
|50.20
|-
|1998
|  8 057 000
|  403 000
|  127 000
|  276 000
|50.2
|15.8
|34.4
|7.65
|104.6
|50.66
|-
|1999
|  8 384 000
|  419 000
|  133 000
|  286 000
|50.1
|15.9
|34.2
|7.63
|104.7
|50.53
|-
|2000
|  8 721 000
|  434 000
|  137 000
|  297 000
|49.9
|15.8
|34.1
|7.61
|104.6
|50.66
|-
|2001
|  9 071 000
|  450 000
|  142 000
|  308 000
|49.7
|15.7
|34.0
|7.58
|104.4
|50.74
|-
|2002
|  9 411 000
|  467 000
|  148 000
|  320 000
|49.7
|15.7
|34.0
|7.58
|104.4
|50.73
|-
|2003
|  9 758 000
|  482 000
|  153 000
|  329 000
|49.4
|15.7
|33.7
|7.55
|104.5
|50.61
|-
|2004
|  10 117 000
|  498 000
|  159 000
|  339 000
|49.2
|15.7
|33.5
|7.52
|104.6
|50.54
|-
|2005
|  10 467 000
|  513 000
|  163 000
|  350 000
|49.0
|15.6
|33.4
|7.48
|104.4
|50.66
|-
|2006
|  10 785 000
|  527 000
|  168 000
|  359 000
|48.7
|15.6
|33.2
|7.46
|104.1
|50.60
|-
|2007
|  11 118 000
|  539 000
|  173 000
|  366 000
|48.5
|15.5
|32.9
|7.42
|103.5
|50.52
|-
|2008
|  11 445 000
|  555 000
|  174 000
|  381 000
|48.2
|15.1
|33.1
|7.39
|101.3
|51.12
|-
|2009
|  11 730 000
|  565 000
|  172 000
|  393 000
|47.9
|14.6
|33.4
|7.34
|98.7
|51.85
|-
|2010
|  12 027 000
|  576 000
|  185 000
|  390 000
|47.7
|15.4
|32.3
|7.30
|102.5
|50.56
|-
|2011
|  12 217 000
|  589 000
|  184 000
|  405 000
|47.5
|14.9
|32.7
|7.26
|100.0
|51.30
|-
|2012
|  12 440 000
|  590 000
|  169 000
|  420 000
|47.3
|13.6
|33.7
|7.20
|91.4
|53.16
|-
|2013
|  12 852 000
|  604 000
|  169 000
|  435 000
|47.0
|13.1
|33.9
|7.13
|88.7
|53.84
|-
|2014
|  13 309 000
|  622 000
|  170 000
|  452 000
|46.7
|12.8
|33.9
|7.06
|86.1
|54.28
|-
|2015
|  13 764 000
|  640 000
|  171 000
|  469 000
|46.5
|12.4
|34.0
|6.98
|83.9
|54.86
|-
|2016
|  14 293 000
|  657 000
|  175 000
|  482 000
|46.2
|12.3
|33.9
|6.89
|82.0
|55.04
|-
|2017
|  14 864 000
|  675 000
|  177 000
|  498 000
|45.5
|11.9
|33.6
|6.74
|79.8
|55.65
|-
|2018
|  15 411 000
|  693 000
|  176 000
|  516 000
|45.0
|11.4
|33.5
|6.63
|77.2
|56.38
|-
|2019
|  15 981 000
|  711 000
|  176 000
|  535 000
|44.6
||11.0
|33.5
|6.53
|75.0
|57.08
|-
|2020
|  16 537 000
|  728 000
|  188 000
|  540 000
|44.0
|11.4
|32.6
|6.42
|72.9
|55.97
|-
|2021
|  17 271 000
|  762 000
|  195 000
|  566 000
| 44.1
|11.3
|32.8
|6.35
|70.0
|57.2
|-
|2022
|  17 802 000
|  780 000
|  228 000
|  551 000
| 43.8
|12.8
|31.0
| 6.26
|86.7
|53.9
|-
|2023
|  18 356 000
|  789 000
|  181 000
|  608 000
|style="color:red"|43.0
| 9.8
|33.1
|style="color:red" |6.13
|66.3
|58.8
|-
| colspan="11" style="text-align:left;" | * <small> CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)</small>
|} |}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=year
| yAxisTitle= million
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 2.2,2.3,2.3,2.4,2.5,2.5,2.6,2.7,2.7,2.8,2.9,2.9,3,3.1,3.2,3.3,3.4,3.4,3.5,3.6,3.7,3.8,3.9,4,4.1,4.2,4.3,4.5,4.8,5.4,5.9,5.9,6,6.1,6.4,6.6,6.9,7.2,7.2,7,7,6.7,6.4,6.6,7,7.2,7.5,7.7,8.1,8.4,8.7,9.1,9.4,9.8,10.1,10.5,10.8,11.1,11.4,11.7,12,12.2,12.4,12.9,13.3,13.8,14.3,14.9,15.4,16,16.5,17.1

| y1Title= population (million)

}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= ‰
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 28.1,27.3,26.8,26.5,26.2,26.0,25.8,25.7,25.6,25.5,25.5,25.3,25.4,25.4,25.4,25.5,25.6,25.6,25.7,25.8,25.9,26.0,26.2,26.3,24.6,25.1,25.5,27.5,28.4,28.8,29.2,29.7,
30.0,30.5,30.9,31.0,31.2,31.7,28.6,30.8,31.0,8.9,11.7,34.9,34.4,34.4,34.2,34.2,34.4,34.2,34.1,34.0,34.0,33.7,33.5,33.4,33.2,32.9,33.1,33.4,32.3,32.7,33.7,33.9,
33.9,34.0,33.9,33.6,33.5,33.5,32.6,32.0

| y1Title=Natural change (per 1000)
}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= ‰
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 152.1,151.4,150.1,148.8,147.6,146.3,145.1,143.9,142.7,141.6,140.4,139.8,138.1,137.0,135.9,134.6,133.5,132.4,131.4,130.4,129.4,128.4,127.5,126.5,137.8,135.9,
134.0,122.6,121.7,120.7,119.8,119.0,118.2,116.6,115.2,114.8,114.1,113.1,115.8,110.1,108.3,237.4,236.3,104.6,105.1,104.5,104.8,106.8,104.6,104.7,104.6,104.4,104.4,104.5,104.6,104.4,104.1,103.5,101.3,98.7,102.5,100.0,91.4,88.7,86.1,83.9,82.0,79.8,77.2,75.0,72.9,71.2

| y1Title=Infant Mortality (per 1000 live births)
}}
{{GraphChart
| width = 450
| height = 150
| xAxisTitle=years
| yAxisTitle= TFR
| yAxisMin=
| yGrid= 0,1
| xGrid= 10
| hAnnotatonsLine=
| hAnnotatonsLabel=
| legend=
| type = line
| x = 1950,1951,1952,1953,1954,1955,1956,1957,1958,1959,1960,1961,1962,1963,1964,1965,1966,1967,1968,1969,1970,1971,1972,1973,1974,1975,1976,1977,1978,1979,1980,1981,1982,1983,1984,1985,1986,1987,1988,1989,1990,1991,1992,1993,1994,1995,1996,1997,1998,1999,2000,2001,2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021

| y1= 7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.25,7.26,7.26,7.26,7.26,7.26,7.25,7.23,7.21,7.18,7.15,7.12,7.09,7.06,7.03,7.02,7.00,7.13,7.16,7.18,7.23,
7.25,7.28,7.30,7.33,7.35,7.37,7.40,7.42,7.44,7.47,7.50,7.53,7.54,7.58,7.62,7.66,7.65,7.63,7.61,7.58,7.58,7.55,7.52,7.48,7.46,7.42,7.39,7.34,7.30,7.26,7.20,7.13,7.06,6.98,6.89,6.74,6.63,6.53,6.42,6.31,

| y1Title=Total Fertility Rate
}}


==Demographic statistics== ==Demographic statistics==


Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.<ref name="WPR 2018">{{citation|url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/somalia-population/|title=Somalia Population 2018|website=World Population Review}}</ref> Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.<ref name="WPR 2022">{{citation|url=https://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/somalia-population|title=Somalia Population 2022|website=World Population Review}}</ref>


*One birth every 48 seconds *One birth every 46 seconds
*One death every 3 minutes *One death every 3 minutes
*One net migrant every 14 minutes *One net migrant every 16 minutes
*Net gain of one person every 1 minutes *Net gain of one person every 1 minutes


The following demographic are from the ]<ref name=".cia.gov">{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|title= The World FactBook - Somalia|date=July 12, 2018|work=]}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> unless otherwise indicated. The following demographic are from the ]<ref name=".cia.gov">{{citation|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|title= The World FactBook – Somalia|date=2022|work=]}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> unless otherwise indicated.


===Population=== ===Population===
:18,100,000 (2023 est.)<ref name="unfpa.org 2023-01"/>
:11,259,029 (July 2018 est.)

:11,259,029 (July 2018 est.)]
:10,428,043 (2014 est.) :10,428,043 (2014 est.)

===Religions===
Sunni Muslim (Islam) (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter)


===Age structure=== ===Age structure===
:''0-14 years:'' 42.38% (male 2,488,604/female 2,493,527)
]
:''15-24 years:'' 19.81% (male 1,167,807/female 1,161,040)
:''25-54 years:'' 30.93% (male 1,881,094/female 1,755,166)
:''55-64 years:'' 4.61% (male 278,132/female 264,325)
:''65 years and over:'' 2.27% (2020 est.) (male 106,187/female 161,242)

:''0-14 years:'' 42.87% (male 2,410,215 /female 2,416,629) :''0-14 years:'' 42.87% (male 2,410,215 /female 2,416,629)
:''15-24 years:'' 19.35% (male 1,097,358 /female 1,081,762) :''15-24 years:'' 19.35% (male 1,097,358 /female 1,081,762)
Line 179: Line 1,053:
:''55-64 years:'' 4.35% (male 245,744 /female 243,893) :''55-64 years:'' 4.35% (male 245,744 /female 243,893)
:''65 years and over:'' 2.19% (male 95,845 /female 150,887) (2018 est.) :''65 years and over:'' 2.19% (male 95,845 /female 150,887) (2018 est.)

===Median age===
:Total: 18.2 years. Country comparison to the world: 211st
:Male: 18.4 years
:Female: 18 years (2018 est.)


===Birth rate=== ===Birth rate===
:37.98 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th
:39.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th :39.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th
:40.87 births/1,000 population (2014 est.) :40.87 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)


===Death rate=== ===Death rate===
:11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 17th
:12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.) :12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
:13.91 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.) :13.91 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)


===]=== ===Total fertility rate===
:5.22 children born/woman (2023 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th
:5.31 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th
:5.7 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 6th :5.7 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 6th


===Population growth rate=== ===Population growth rate===
:2.42% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 27th
:2.08% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 45th :2.08% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 45th
:1.75% (2014 est.) :1.75% (2014 est.)

===Median age===
:total: 18.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 210th
:male: 18.7 years
:female: 18.3 years (2020 est.)

:Total: 18.2 years. Country comparison to the world: 211th
:Male: 18.4 years
:Female: 18 years (2018 est.)


===Net migration rate=== ===Net migration rate===
:-2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 171st
:-5.6 migrants/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 199th :-5.6 migrants/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 199th
:-9.51 migrants/1,000 population (2014 est.) :-9.51 migrants/1,000 population (2014 est.)


===Contraceptive prevalence rate===
===]s===
:6.9% (2018/19)

===Dependency ratios===
:Total dependency ratio: 97.4 (2015 est.) :Total dependency ratio: 97.4 (2015 est.)
:Youth dependency ratio: 92.1 (2015 est.) :Youth dependency ratio: 92.1 (2015 est.)
Line 211: Line 1,098:


===Urbanization=== ===Urbanization===
{{main|List of cities in Somalia by population}}
:urban population: 47.3% of total population (2022)
:rate of urbanization: 4.2% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)

:Urban population: 45% of total population (2018) :Urban population: 45% of total population (2018)
:Rate of urbanization: 4.23% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.) :Rate of urbanization: 4.23% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)


:''Urban population:'' 37.7% of total population (2011) :''Urban population:'' 37.7% of total population (2011)
:''Rate of ]:'' 3.79 annual rate of change (2010-15 est.) :''Rate of ]:'' 3.79 annual rate of change (2010–15 est.)


===Sex ratio=== ===Sex ratio===
Line 221: Line 1,112:
''Under 15 years:'' 1 male/female <br /> ''Under 15 years:'' 1 male/female <br />
''15–64 years:'' 1.07 males/female <br /> ''15–64 years:'' 1.07 males/female <br />
''65 years and over:'' 0.66 males/female <br /> ''65 years and over:'' 0.66 males/female ]
<br />
''Total population:'' 1.01 males/female (2015 est. ) ''Total population:'' 1.01 males/female (2015 est. )


Line 230: Line 1,122:


===Life expectancy at birth=== ===Life expectancy at birth===
total population: 55.72 years. Country comparison to the world: 225th
male: 53.39 years
female: 58.12 years (2022 est.)

:Total population: 53.2 years :Total population: 53.2 years
:Male: 51 years :Male: 51 years
:Female: 55.4 years (2018 est.) :Female: 55.4 years (2018 est.)] in Somalia since 1950]]


:''Total population:'' 51.58 years :''Total population:'' 51.58 years
:''Male:'' 49.58 years :''Male:'' 49.58 years
:''Female:'' 53.65 years (2014 est.) :''Female:'' 53.65 years (2014 est.)

===Major infectious diseases===
:degree of risk: very high (2020)
:food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
:vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever
:water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
:animal contact diseases: rabies

note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Somalia is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine


===HIV/AIDS=== ===HIV/AIDS===
;HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate ;HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate
0.1% (2017 est.) 0.1% (2017 est.)
;HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS ;HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS
11,000 (2017 est.) 11,000 (2017 est.)
;HIV/AIDS - deaths ;HIV/AIDS – deaths
<1000 (2017 est.) <1000 (2017 est.)


Line 258: Line 1,163:


===Ethnic groups=== ===Ethnic groups===
*] 85%<ref name="CIASO">{{cite web|url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|title= Africa - SOMALIA|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref> *] 90%<ref name="CIASO">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/somalia/|title= Africa – SOMALIA|date= 24 January 2023|publisher= CIA The World Factbook}}</ref>
*] and other non-Somali 15%. *] and other non-Somali 10%.

===Religions===
*] (]) (official)<ref name="CIASO"/>


===Languages=== ===Languages===
*] (official)<ref name="CIASO"/> *] (official)<ref name="CIASO"/>
*] (official)<ref name="Frspc2">{{cite web |title=The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution |url=http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124010543/http://www.somaliweyn.com/pages/news/Aug_12/Somalia_Constitution_English_FOR_WEB.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 |access-date=10 September 2012 |quote=The official language of the Federal Republic of Somalia is Somali (Maay and Maxaa-tiri), and Arabic is the second language.}}</ref>
*]
*]

===Literacy=== ===Literacy===
''Definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write <br /> ''Definition:'' age 15 and over can read and write <br />
Line 274: Line 1,174:


==See also== ==See also==
{{Portal|Somalia}}
* ] * ]
* ] * ]

Latest revision as of 20:38, 8 January 2025

Demographics of Somalia
Population pyramid of Somalia in 2020
Population18,100,000 (2023 est.)
Growth rate2.42% (2022 est.)
Birth rate37.98 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Death rate11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Life expectancy55.72 years
 • male53.39 years
 • female58.12 years
Fertility rate6.90 children born/woman (2020)
Infant mortality rate86.53 deaths/1,000 live births
Net migration rate-2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)
Age structure
0–14 years42.38%
65 and over2.27%
Nationality
NationalitySomali
Major ethnicSomali (98%)
Part of a series on
Somali clans
Darod
Isaaq
Dir
Hawiye
Rahanweyn

Demographic features of Somalia's inhabitants include ethnicity, language, population density, education level, health, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population. Somalia is believed to be one of the most homogeneous countries in Africa.

2020 survey

Child marriages, known to deprive women of opportunities to reach their full potential, have among women aged 20–24, 36 percent of total population.

The April 2020 SHDS report further unveils that fertility rates remain very high, the total fertility rate for Somalia is 6.9 children per woman, the highest in the world, which would impact planning for the next years. In addition, 99 percent of women have still been genitally circumcised.

Ethnic groups

Somalis

Somalis constitute the largest ethnic group in Somalia, at approximately 98% of the nation's inhabitants. They are organized into clan groupings, which are important social units; clan membership plays a central part in Somali culture and politics. Clans are patrilineal and are typically divided into sub-clans, sometimes with many sub-divisions. Through the xeer system (customary law), the advanced clan structure has served governmental roles in many rural Somali communities.

According to The Economist, at independence Somalia was "arguably in ethnic terms the most homogeneous country in Africa" however, the publication also notes:

"..its ethnic homogeneity is misleading. Despite also sharing a single language and religion, it is divided into more than 500 clans and sub-clans."

Somali Clans

Main article: Somali clans

Somali clans (Somali: Qabaa'ilka Soomaalida; Arabic: القبائل الصومالية, romanized: al-Qabā'il al-Sūmāliyya) are patrilineal kinship groups based on agnatic descent of the Somali people. Tradition and folklore connects the origin of the Somali population by language and way of life, and societal organisations, by customs, and by a feeling of belonging to a broader family among individuals from the Arabian Peninsula.

The Somali people are mainly divided among five patrilineal clans, the Hawiye, Darod, Rahanweyn, Dir, and Isaaq. The average person is able to trace his/her ancestry generations back. Somali clans in contemporary times have an established official structure in the country's political system, acknowledged by a mathematical formula for equitably distributing seats between the clans in the Federal Parliament of Somalia.

The clan represents the highest degree of familial affiliation. It holds territorial properties and is typically overseen by a Sultan. Clans possess ancestral lands, which are associated with the migratory patterns of the Somali populace throughout their historical narrative. Each clan is administered by its designated leader and supported by its council of elders, with land being communally owned and overseen. Various Somali clans utilise distinct titles for their leaders, including Sultan, Emir, Imam, Ugaas, and Garaad. Clan leadership may be hereditary, or leaders may be elected by the council of elders composed of representatives from diverse clan lineages. The leaders of these clans fulfill both religious and political responsibilities.

Other ethnic groups

Non-Somali ethnic minority groups make up about 5% of the nation's population. They include Arabs, Bantus & Bajunis.

Part of a series on the
Culture of Somalia
Culture
People
Religion
Language
Politics

Languages

Main article: Languages of Somalia
Speech sample in Standard Somali.

Somali is the official language of Somalia. It is the mother tongue of Somalis, the nation's most populous ethnic group. The language is a member of the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family.

In addition to Somali, Arabic, which is also an Afroasiatic tongue, is another official language in Somalia. Many speak it due to centuries-old ties with the Arab world, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education.

English is widely used and taught. Other minority languages include Bravanese, a variant of the Bantu Swahili language that is spoken along the southern coast by the Bravanese people, as well as Bajuni, another Swahili dialect that is the mother tongue of the Bajuni ethnic minority group.

Population

According to the 2022 revision of the World Population Prospects, the total population was 17,065,581 in 2021, compared to 2,264,000 in 1950. The proportion of children below the age of 15 in 2010 was 44.9%, 52.3% was between 15 and 65 years of age, while 2.7% was 65 years or older.

Vital statistics

Registration of vital events in Somalia is incomplete. The Population Department of the United Nations prepared the following estimates:

Year Population Live births per year Deaths per year Natural change per year CBR* CDR* NC* TFR* IMR* Life expectancy (years)
1950 2 213 000   112 000   50 000   62 000 50.5 22.4 28.1 7.25 152.1 41.40
1951   2 276 000   114 000   51 000   62 000 49.9 22.6 27.3 7.25 151.4 41.52
1952   2 339 000   116 000   53 000   63 000 49.4 22.5 26.8 7.25 150.1 41.74
1953   2 402 000   117 000   54 000   64 000 48.9 22.4 26.5 7.25 148.8 41.97
1954   2 466 000   119 000   55 000   65 000 48.5 22.3 26.2 7.25 147.6 42.19
1955   2 530 000   122 000   56 000   66 000 48.0 22.1 26.0 7.25 146.3 42.40
1956   2 595 000   124 000   57 000   67 000 47.7 21.9 25.8 7.25 145.1 42.62
1957   2 662 000   126 000   58 000   68 000 47.4 21.7 25.7 7.25 143.9 42.83
1958   2 729 000   129 000   59 000   70 000 47.1 21.5 25.6 7.25 142.7 43.04
1959   2 798 000   131 000   60 000   71 000 46.8 21.3 25.5 7.25 141.6 43.25
1960   2 871 000   134 000   61 000   73 000 46.6 21.1 25.5 7.25 140.4 43.45
1961   2 946 000   137 000   62 000   75 000 46.4 21.0 25.3 7.25 139.8 43.56
1962   3 023 000   140 000   63 000   77 000 46.2 20.7 25.4 7.26 138.1 43.88
1963   3 102 000   143 000   64 000   79 000 46.0 20.5 25.4 7.26 137.0 44.10
1964   3 184 000   146 000   65 000   81 000 45.8 20.4 25.4 7.26 135.9 44.30
1965   3 268 000   149 000   66 000   83 000 45.7 20.2 25.5 7.26 134.6 44.54
1966   3 354 000   153 000   67 000   86 000 45.5 20.0 25.6 7.26 133.5 44.76
1967   3 442 000   156 000   68 000   88 000 45.4 19.8 25.6 7.25 132.4 44.97
1968   3 532 000   160 000   69 000   91 000 45.3 19.6 25.7 7.23 131.4 45.17
1969   3 625 000   164 000   71 000   93 000 45.2 19.5 25.8 7.21 130.4 45.37
1970   3 721 000   168 000   72 000   96 000 45.2 19.3 25.9 7.18 129.4 45.56
1971   3 818 000   173 000   73 000   99 000 45.2 19.2 26.0 7.15 128.4 45.75
1972   3 918 000   177 000   75 000   103 000 45.2 19.0 26.2 7.12 127.5 45.94
1973   4 022 000   182 000   76 000   106 000 45.2 18.9 26.3 7.09 126.5 46.13
1974   4 126 000   187 000   86 000   101 000 45.3 20.7 24.6 7.06 137.8 43.82
1975   4 228 000   192 000   86 000   106 000 45.5 20.4 25.1 7.03 135.9 44.18
1976   4 334 000   198 000   87 000   111 000 45.7 20.1 25.5 7.02 134.0 44.57
1977   4 450 000   204 000   82 000   122 000 45.8 18.3 27.5 7.00 122.6 46.92
1978   4 778 000   214 000   84 000   130 000 46.8 18.4 28.4 7.13 121.7 46.95
1979   5 409 000   241 000   93 000   148 000 47.1 18.2 28.8 7.16 120.7 47.31
1980   5 892 000   277 000   106 000   171 000 47.3 18.1 29.2 7.18 119.8 47.49
1981   5 935 000   291 000   110 000   181 000 47.7 18.1 29.7 7.23 119.0 47.67
1982   5 952 000   286 000   107 000   179 000 48.0 18.0 30.0 7.25 118.2 47.83
1983   6 143 000   296 000   109 000   187 000 48.3 17.8 30.5 7.28 116.6 48.17
1984   6 369 000   307 000   112 000   196 000 48.5 17.6 30.9 7.30 115.2 48.46
1985   6 631 000   322 000   117 000   205 000 48.7 17.7 31.0 7.33 114.8 48.28
1986   6 909 000   336 000   121 000   215 000 48.9 17.6 31.2 7.35 114.1 48.37
1987   7 158 000   351 000   124 000   227 000 49.0 17.3 31.7 7.37 113.1 48.90
1988   7 160 000   362 000   151 000   211 000 49.1 20.5 28.6 7.40 115.8 43.84
1989   7 035 000   352 000   131 000   221 000 49.2 18.3 30.8 7.42 110.1 46.72
1990   6 999 000   349 000   128 000   221 000 49.0 18.0 31.0 7.44 108.3 47.11
1991   6 733 000   346 000 284 000   63 000 49.4 40.5 8.9 7.47 237.4 26.57
1992   6 428 000   327 000   251 000   76 000 50.2 38.6 11.7 7.50 236.3 27.31
1993   6 621 000   328 000   101 000   227 000 50.4 15.5 34.9 7.53 104.6 50.65
1994   6 960 000   351 000   111 000   240 000 50.3 15.9 34.4 7.54 105.1 50.33
1995   7 211 000   360 000   113 000   247 000 50.1 15.8 34.4 7.58 104.5 50.60
1996   7 472 000   376 000   119 000   257 000 50.1 15.9 34.2 7.62 104.8 50.45
1997   7 734 000   388 000   124 000   264 000 50.3 16.1 34.2 7.66 106.8 50.20
1998   8 057 000   403 000   127 000   276 000 50.2 15.8 34.4 7.65 104.6 50.66
1999   8 384 000   419 000   133 000   286 000 50.1 15.9 34.2 7.63 104.7 50.53
2000   8 721 000   434 000   137 000   297 000 49.9 15.8 34.1 7.61 104.6 50.66
2001   9 071 000   450 000   142 000   308 000 49.7 15.7 34.0 7.58 104.4 50.74
2002   9 411 000   467 000   148 000   320 000 49.7 15.7 34.0 7.58 104.4 50.73
2003   9 758 000   482 000   153 000   329 000 49.4 15.7 33.7 7.55 104.5 50.61
2004   10 117 000   498 000   159 000   339 000 49.2 15.7 33.5 7.52 104.6 50.54
2005   10 467 000   513 000   163 000   350 000 49.0 15.6 33.4 7.48 104.4 50.66
2006   10 785 000   527 000   168 000   359 000 48.7 15.6 33.2 7.46 104.1 50.60
2007   11 118 000   539 000   173 000   366 000 48.5 15.5 32.9 7.42 103.5 50.52
2008   11 445 000   555 000   174 000   381 000 48.2 15.1 33.1 7.39 101.3 51.12
2009   11 730 000   565 000   172 000   393 000 47.9 14.6 33.4 7.34 98.7 51.85
2010   12 027 000   576 000   185 000   390 000 47.7 15.4 32.3 7.30 102.5 50.56
2011   12 217 000   589 000   184 000   405 000 47.5 14.9 32.7 7.26 100.0 51.30
2012   12 440 000   590 000   169 000   420 000 47.3 13.6 33.7 7.20 91.4 53.16
2013   12 852 000   604 000   169 000   435 000 47.0 13.1 33.9 7.13 88.7 53.84
2014   13 309 000   622 000   170 000   452 000 46.7 12.8 33.9 7.06 86.1 54.28
2015   13 764 000   640 000   171 000   469 000 46.5 12.4 34.0 6.98 83.9 54.86
2016   14 293 000   657 000   175 000   482 000 46.2 12.3 33.9 6.89 82.0 55.04
2017   14 864 000   675 000   177 000   498 000 45.5 11.9 33.6 6.74 79.8 55.65
2018   15 411 000   693 000   176 000   516 000 45.0 11.4 33.5 6.63 77.2 56.38
2019   15 981 000   711 000   176 000   535 000 44.6 11.0 33.5 6.53 75.0 57.08
2020   16 537 000   728 000   188 000   540 000 44.0 11.4 32.6 6.42 72.9 55.97
2021   17 271 000   762 000   195 000   566 000 44.1 11.3 32.8 6.35 70.0 57.2
2022   17 802 000   780 000   228 000   551 000 43.8 12.8 31.0 6.26 86.7 53.9
2023   18 356 000   789 000   181 000   608 000 43.0 9.8 33.1 6.13 66.3 58.8
* CBR = crude birth rate (per 1000); CDR = crude death rate (per 1000); NC = natural change (per 1000); IMR = infant mortality rate per 1000 births; TFR = total fertility rate (number of children per woman)
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. Updates on reimplementing the Graph extension, which will be known as the Chart extension, can be found on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.

Demographic statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review.

  • One birth every 46 seconds
  • One death every 3 minutes
  • One net migrant every 16 minutes
  • Net gain of one person every 1 minutes

The following demographic are from the CIA World Factbook unless otherwise indicated.

Population

18,100,000 (2023 est.)
11,259,029 (July 2018 est.)
Estimated Population 1950–2021; UN, World Population Prospects 2022
10,428,043 (2014 est.)

Religions

Sunni Muslim (Islam) (official, according to the 2012 Transitional Federal Charter)

Age structure

0-14 years: 42.38% (male 2,488,604/female 2,493,527)
15-24 years: 19.81% (male 1,167,807/female 1,161,040)
25-54 years: 30.93% (male 1,881,094/female 1,755,166)
55-64 years: 4.61% (male 278,132/female 264,325)
65 years and over: 2.27% (2020 est.) (male 106,187/female 161,242)
0-14 years: 42.87% (male 2,410,215 /female 2,416,629)
15-24 years: 19.35% (male 1,097,358 /female 1,081,762)
25-54 years: 31.23% (male 1,821,823 /female 1,694,873)
55-64 years: 4.35% (male 245,744 /female 243,893)
65 years and over: 2.19% (male 95,845 /female 150,887) (2018 est.)

Birth rate

37.98 births/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th
39.3 births/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th
40.87 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Death rate

11.62 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 17th
12.8 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)
13.91 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Total fertility rate

5.22 children born/woman (2023 est.) Country comparison to the world: 8th
5.31 children born/woman (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 9th
5.7 children born/woman (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 6th

Population growth rate

2.42% (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 27th
2.08% (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 45th
1.75% (2014 est.)

Median age

total: 18.5 years. Country comparison to the world: 210th
male: 18.7 years
female: 18.3 years (2020 est.)
Total: 18.2 years. Country comparison to the world: 211th
Male: 18.4 years
Female: 18 years (2018 est.)

Net migration rate

-2.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.) Country comparison to the world: 171st
-5.6 migrants/1,000 population (2018 est.) Country comparison to the world: 199th
-9.51 migrants/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

6.9% (2018/19)

Dependency ratios

Total dependency ratio: 97.4 (2015 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 92.1 (2015 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 5.3 (2015 est.)
Potential support ratio: 18.8 (2015 est.)

Urbanization

Main article: List of cities in Somalia by population
urban population: 47.3% of total population (2022)
rate of urbanization: 4.2% annual rate of change (2020–25 est.)
Urban population: 45% of total population (2018)
Rate of urbanization: 4.23% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)
Urban population: 37.7% of total population (2011)
Rate of urbanization: 3.79 annual rate of change (2010–15 est.)

Sex ratio

At birth: 1.03 males/female
Under 15 years: 1 male/female
15–64 years: 1.07 males/female

65 years and over: 0.66 males/female

Life expectancy in Somalia since 1960 by gender


Total population: 1.01 males/female (2015 est. )

Infant mortality rate

Total: 93 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 101.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Female: 84.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 55.72 years. Country comparison to the world: 225th male: 53.39 years female: 58.12 years (2022 est.)

Total population: 53.2 years
Male: 51 years
Female: 55.4 years (2018 est.)
Life expectancy in Somalia since 1950
Total population: 51.58 years
Male: 49.58 years
Female: 53.65 years (2014 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk: very high (2020)
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
vectorborne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever
water contact diseases: schistosomiasis
animal contact diseases: rabies

note: on 21 March 2022, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) issued a Travel Alert for polio in Africa; Somalia is currently considered a high risk to travelers for circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV); vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) is a strain of the weakened poliovirus that was initially included in oral polio vaccine (OPV) and that has changed over time and behaves more like the wild or naturally occurring virus; this means it can be spread more easily to people who are unvaccinated against polio and who come in contact with the stool or respiratory secretions, such as from a sneeze, of an “infected” person who received oral polio vaccine; the CDC recommends that before any international travel, anyone unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or with an unknown polio vaccination status should complete the routine polio vaccine series; before travel to any high-risk destination, CDC recommends that adults who previously completed the full, routine polio vaccine series receive a single, lifetime booster dose of polio vaccine

HIV/AIDS

HIV/AIDS – adult prevalence rate

0.1% (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS – people living with HIV/AIDS

11,000 (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS – deaths

<1000 (2017 est.)

Major infectious diseases

Degree of risk: high
Food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever
Vector-borne diseases: dengue fever, malaria, and Rift Valley fever
Water contact disease: schistosomiasis
Animal contact disease: rabies (2013)

Nationality

Noun: Somali (singular) or Somali (plural)
Adjective: Somali

Ethnic groups

Languages

Literacy

Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Total population: N/A

See also

Notes

Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.

  1. ^ "World Population Dashboard Somalia". unfpa.org. United Nations Population Fund. 2023-01-01. Retrieved 2023-04-28.
  2. ^ Govt. Somalia, UNFPA (30 April 2020). "The Somali Health and Demographic Survey 2020". reliefweb.int.
  3. Olanrewaju, Ilemobola Peter (2014), Asuelime, Lucky; Francis, Suzanne (eds.), "Fractionality in Homogeneity? Value Differences and Cross-Cultural Conflict in Somalia", Selected Themes in African Political Studies: Political Conflict and Stability, Advances in African Economic, Social and Political Development, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 9–23, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06001-9_2, ISBN 978-3-319-06001-9
  4. Popescu, Alba Iulia Catrinel (2021). "SOMALIA – CASE STUDY ON THE FRAGMENTATION OF AN ETHNICALLY AND CIVILIZATIONALLY HOMOGENEOUS STATE". Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University. 10 (3): 164–176. doi:10.53477/2284-9378-21-37. ISSN 2284-936X.
  5. ^ "Somalia". World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. 2009-05-14. Retrieved 2009-05-31.
  6. Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). Culture and Customs of Somalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 142. ISBN 0313313334.
  7. "The centre holds, but only just". The Economist. 11 May 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2020.
  8. Lewis, Ioan (2004). "Visible and Invisible Differences: The Somali Paradox". Africa. 74 (4): 489–515. doi:10.3366/afr.2004.74.4.489. ISSN 1750-0184.
  9. Lewis & Samatar 1999, p. 11. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewisSamatar1999 (help)
  10. Marian Aguiar (2010). Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates (ed.). Encyclopedia of Africa. Oxford University Press. p. 395. ISBN 978-0-19-533770-9.
  11. Touval, Saadia (1963). Somali Nationalism: International Politics and the Drive for Unity in the Horn of Africa. Harvard University Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-674-59435-7.
  12. Abdi, Farhia (2024-01-01). "Relational Leadership and Governing: Somali Clan Cultural Relational Leadership and Governing: Somali Clan Cultural Leadership Leadership". The Journal of Social Encounters. doi:10.69755/2995-2212.1248.
  13. Hamilton, David (1967). "Imperialism Ancient and Modern: A Study of British Attitudes to the Claims to Sovereignty to the Northern Somali Coastline" (PDF). Journal of Ethiopian Studies: 11–12.
  14. "Somali networks - structures of clan and society (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 949)". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2024-07-16.
  15. "The role of 4.5 in democratization and governance in Somalia: Implications and considerations for the way forward (May 2023) - Somalia | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2024-07-16.
  16. Ahmed, Nasteha (2019-02-01). "Somalia's struggle to integrate traditional and modern governance: The 4.5 formula and 2012 provisional constitution". Theses and Dissertations.
  17. Osman, Abdulahi A. (2007-07-31). Somalia at the Crossroads: Challenges and Perspectives inReconstituting a Failed State. Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd. ISBN 978-1-909112-87-2.
  18. ^ Ssero, Florence. Global Review of Ethnopolitics. Vol. 2. pp. 25–40.
  19. ^ Lewis & Samatar 1999, pp. 203–204. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLewisSamatar1999 (help)
  20. Mohamed Haji Muktar, Historical Dictionary of Somalia, (Scarecrow Press: 2003), p.35
  21. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: Gärad.
  22. Central Intelligence Agency (2011). "Somalia". The World Factbook. Langley, Virginia: Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 2011-10-05.
  23. I. M. Lewis, Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somalis, Afar and Saho, (Red Sea Press: 1998), p. 11.
  24. ^ Helena Dubnov, A grammatical sketch of Somali, (Kِppe: 2003), pp. 70–71.
  25. Diana Briton Putman, Mohamood Cabdi Noor, The Somalis: their history and culture, (Center for Applied Linguistics: 1993), p. 15.: "Somalis speak Somali. Many people also speak Arabic, and educated Somalis usually speak either English or Italian as well. Swahili may also be spoken in coastal areas near Kenya."
  26. Fiona MacDonald et al., Peoples of Africa, Volume 10, (Marshall Cavendish: 2000), p. 178.
  27. "World Population Prospects 2022". United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  28. "World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved July 17, 2022.
  29. "World Population Prospects: The 2010 Revision" (PDF) (Press release). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2011-05-03. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-06.
  30. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2022). "World Population Prospects 2022 Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100" (XLS (91MB)). United Nations Population Division. 27 (Online ed.). New York: United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. rows 2741:2812, cols M,X,AE,S,AH,S,AA,AV,AI. Archived from the original on 2022-08-09.
  31. "Somalia Population 2022", World Population Review
  32. "The World FactBook – Somalia", The World Factbook, 2022Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  33. ^ "Africa – SOMALIA". CIA The World Factbook. 24 January 2023.
  34. "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2012. The official language of the Federal Republic of Somalia is Somali (Maay and Maxaa-tiri), and Arabic is the second language.
  35. No reliable data on nationwide literacy rate. 2013 FSNAU survey indicates considerable differences per region, with the autonomous northeastern Puntland region having the highest registered literacy rate (72%).

References

External links

Ethnic and national groups in Somalia
Traditional
Immigrant
Somalia articles
History
Chronology
By topic
Geography
Regions
States
Politics
Economy
Society
Culture
Demographics of Africa
Sovereign states
States with limited
recognition
Dependencies and
other territories
Human rights in Somalia
See also
Category: