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'''Tatsusaburo Nakayama''' was a school teacher and martial artist. He is best known for being the first ] and primary ] teacher of ], founder of ], a blended style of jujutsu and Okinawan Shuri- te ], which would eventually become one of the four main styles of karate.<ref>Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo (2019). Shindo Yoshin Ryu, History and Technique ISBN 978-1-7334223-2-1, p.88.</ref><ref>] paragraph 1, sentence 1</ref> '''Tatsusaburo Nakayama''' was a school teacher and martial artist. He is best known for being the first ] and primary ] teacher of ], founder of ], a blended style of jujutsu and Okinawan Shuri-te ], which would eventually become one of the four main styles of karate.
<ref>{{cite book
|last1=Threadgill
|first1= Tobin
|last2= Ohgami
|first2= Shingo
| title = Shindo Yoshin Ryu, History and Technique
| publisher = New Willow Press

| date = 2019
| pages = 88
| language = English
| isbn = 978-1-7334223-2-1
}}
</ref>
<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://bik.org.uk/wadoryu.html
| title = Information On Karate Styles And History
| last =
| first =
| date =
| website = British Institute of Karate
| publisher =
| access-date = 9 January 2024
| quote = }}
</ref>
== Early life== == Early life==
Nakayama was born in 1870, in Kuramochi near ], ], ], ]. He was the oldest son of Kenzaburo Nakayama.<ref name="auto2">ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.88.</ref> Nakayama was born in 1870, in Kuramochi near ], ], ], ]. He was the oldest son of Kenzaburo Nakayama.<ref name="auto2">ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.88.</ref>


On April 10, 1886, Nakayama entered Katsunosuke Matsuoka's Shindokan ] and began learning the ] kenjutsu and the ] jujutsu Betsuden (short sword capture, large sword capture, atemi, katsuho, etc.) as basic techniques for swordsmanship. Matsuoka was the founder and ] of Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu.<ref>] History/Mainline Branch paragraph, sentence 1</ref><ref>"Wado Journal" Jujutsu and Wado Ryu, Magazine 2001 Issue No. 5, page 5, Coronation Press Ltd.</ref> Shindō Yōshin-ryū is believed to be the last Edo-period jujutsu school into which the ] koryu (founded by Akiyama Shirōbei Yoshitoki in 1642) has been absorbed, and was a consolidation of the Totsuka-ha Yōshin-ryū and ] jujutsu schools.<ref>'''Classical Fighting Arts of Japan''', by Serge Mol, ISBN 4-7700-2619-6, p.131, Kodansha International Ltd.</ref> On April 10, 1886, Nakayama entered Katsunosuke Matsuoka's Shindokan ] and began learning the ] kenjutsu and the ] jujutsu Betsuden (short sword capture, large sword capture, atemi, katsuho, etc.) as basic techniques for swordsmanship. Matsuoka was the founder and ] of Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu.<ref>] History/Mainline Branch paragraph, sentence 1</ref>
<ref>
{{cite magazine
|last1=Harrison
|first1=E.J.
|year=2001
|editor-last1=Pollock
|editor-first1=Ben
|title=Jujutsu and Wado Ryu
|magazine=Wado Journal
|language=English
|volume=1
|issue=5
|page=5
|publisher=Coronation Press Ltd.
}}
</ref>
Shindō Yōshin-ryū is believed to be the last Edo-period jujutsu school into which the ] koryu (founded by Akiyama Shirōbei Yoshitoki in 1642) has been absorbed, and was a consolidation of the Totsuka-ha Yōshin-ryū and ] jujutsu schools.
<ref>{{cite book
|last1=Mol
|first1= Serge
| title = Classical Fighting Arts of Japan
| publisher = Kodansha International Ltd
| date = 2001
| pages = 131
| language = English
| isbn = 4-7700-2619-6
}}
</ref>


In 1888, at the age of 18, on the recommendation of Katsunosuke Matsuoka, who was expected to have such talent, Nakayama entered the gate of Yosaburo Hakomori, a master of Jikishinkage-ryu kenjutsu swordsmanship.<ref>'''Karate Wadoryu From Japan to the West''', by Ben Pollock, ISBN 978-1-716-51786-0, Appendix 2, Bujutsu training and Judo Seifuku License page 1</ref> In 1888, at the age of 18, on the recommendation of Katsunosuke Matsuoka, who was expected to have such talent, Nakayama entered the gate of Yosaburo Hakomori, a master of Jikishinkage-ryu kenjutsu swordsmanship.
<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Pollock
| first = Ben
| title = Karate Wadoryu From Japan to the West
| publisher = 978-1-716-51786-0
| date = 2020
| pages = Appendix 2
| language = English
| isbn = 978-1-716-51786-0
| jfm =}}
</ref>


In March 1890, Nakayama received from Motokichi Inose (Matsuoka's successor and second soke over Shindō Yōshin-ryū) a Shoden Mokuroku license, training at the Matsuoka Akeno Dojo near Kuramochi<ref>ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.80.</ref>. Two years later in March 1892 at the age of 22, he received his Chuden Mokuroku license.<ref name="auto">ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.86.</ref> In March 1890, Nakayama received from Motokichi Inose (Matsuoka's successor and second soke over Shindō Yōshin-ryū) a Shoden Mokuroku license, training at the Matsuoka Akeno Dojo near Kuramochi<ref>ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.80.</ref>. Two years later in March 1892 at the age of 22, he received his Chuden Mokuroku license.<ref name="auto">ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.86.</ref>


In 1895, at the age of 25, the highest technical license in Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu was awarded by Inose to Nakayama when he received the Joden Gokyu Menkyo<ref name="auto"/> In 1895, at the age of 25, the highest technical license in Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu was awarded by Inose to Nakayama when he received the Joden Gokyu Menkyo.<ref name="auto"/>


In 1898, Nakayama began training in the ] kenjutsu, under Sasaburo Takano. In 1898, Nakayama began training in the ] kenjutsu, under Sasaburo Takano.
Line 53: Line 117:


== Shimotsuma Junior High School and the Dai Nippon Butoku Kan== == Shimotsuma Junior High School and the Dai Nippon Butoku Kan==
Nakayama<ref>], History/Mainline Section, paragraph 3</ref> became employed as the physical education teacher at Shimotsuma Junior High School, teaching ] and Gekken (]) classes.<ref>Ohgami,Shingo. (2006) Svenska Wadokai, NR #120. Goteborg, Sweden (Article on Shindo Yoshin ryu mentioning a 1905 class yearbook record obtained</ref> Nakayama became employed as the physical education teacher at Shimotsuma Junior High School, teaching ] and Gekken (]) classes.<ref>ibid Ben Pollock, Apendix 2, p. 164</ref>


In September 1906, Nakayama was awarded a special kendo Ittō-ryū Tokugyi Shosho certificate by Sasaburo Takano.<ref name="auto"/> In September 1906, Nakayama was awarded a special kendo Ittō-ryū Tokugyi Shosho certificate by Sasaburo Takano.<ref name="auto"/>
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In May 1919<ref>ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.86.</ref>, Nakayama entered the Matsuoka Honbu Shindokan dojo again<ref> ibid Ben Pollock, Apendix 2, p. 164</ref> studying Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu under Inose in order to obtain a license as a bone-setter(osteopath). He was also awarded the rank of second ] in kendo. In September of the following year, he was awarded a "Jujutsu Practical Skills Certificate" and received an osteopathic license from the Ibaraki Prefectural Office.<ref name="auto1">ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.87.</ref> In May 1919<ref>ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.86.</ref>, Nakayama entered the Matsuoka Honbu Shindokan dojo again<ref> ibid Ben Pollock, Apendix 2, p. 164</ref> studying Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu under Inose in order to obtain a license as a bone-setter(osteopath). He was also awarded the rank of second ] in kendo. In September of the following year, he was awarded a "Jujutsu Practical Skills Certificate" and received an osteopathic license from the Ibaraki Prefectural Office.<ref name="auto1">ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.87.</ref>


On June 1, 1921, Nakayama awarded a ] (certificate of complete mastery and license to teach)<ref>'''Shindo Yoshin Ryu: Interview with Yukiyoshin Takamura ''', by Stanley Pranin, Marco Ruiz, and David Maynard, Aikido Journal, June 11, 2012, https://aikidojournal.com/2012/06/11/interview-with-yukiyoshi-takamura/, Accessed 9 January 2024.</ref> in 'Shindō Yōshin-ryū judo' (jujutsu and judo terms were used fairly interchangeably at this time) to Otsuka<ref>ibid Ben Pollock, pp. 1-3</ref>. On June 1, 1921, Nakayama awarded a ] (certificate of complete mastery and license to teach)<ref>
{{cite magazine
|last1=Pranin
|first1=Stanley
|last2=Ruiz
|first2=Marco
|last3= Maynard
|first3=David
|date=11 June 2012
|title=Shindo Yoshin Ryu: Interview with Yukiyoshin Takamura
|url=https://aikidojournal.com/2012/06/11/interview-with-yukiyoshi-takamura/
|magazine=Aikido Journal
|access-date=9 January 2024}}
</ref>
in 'Shindō Yōshin-ryū judo' (jujutsu and judo terms were used fairly interchangeably at this time) to Otsuka<ref>ibid Ben Pollock, pp. 1-3</ref>.


In 1923, the Butoku Kai awarded Nakayama with a 4th dan in kendo, and a Kendo Seirensho certificate, recognizing his dedication to kendo<ref>ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.87.</ref>. In 1923, the Butoku Kai awarded Nakayama with a 4th dan in kendo, and a Kendo Seirensho certificate, recognizing his dedication to kendo<ref>ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.87.</ref>.
Line 90: Line 168:
Nakayama was good at striking and kicking techniques, and when he was training under Katsunosuke Matsuoka, he got into a big fight with dozens of rough-tempered construction workers, but at that time he was able to perform various attacks while changing his strength. I tested myself experimentally and hit all of them. Nakayama was good at striking and kicking techniques, and when he was training under Katsunosuke Matsuoka, he got into a big fight with dozens of rough-tempered construction workers, but at that time he was able to perform various attacks while changing his strength. I tested myself experimentally and hit all of them.


After that, when they searched for each of them and confirmed whether they were alive or dead, the earliest they lived was 3 months, and the longest lived 13 and a half years. Hironori Otsuka that sannen-katsuri really existed because he averaged three years. After that, when they searched for each of them and confirmed whether they were alive or dead, the earliest they lived was 3 months, and the longest lived 13 and a half years. Hironori Otsuka said that sannen-katsuri really existed because he averaged three years.


At this time, Nakayama used a fist with the second joint of his middle finger sticking out.<ref>"Monthly Karatedo" September 2001 issue</ref> At this time, Nakayama used a fist with the second joint (knuckle) of his middle finger sticking out.
<ref>
{{cite magazine
|year=2001
|title=Three Year Kill
|magazine=Monthly Karate
|language=Japanese
|issue=September
|publisher=Fukushodo Company
}}
</ref>


Nakayama advocated that it is effective to use the fist with the second joint of the middle finger sticking out to strike the vital point, and all the thrusts in Shindō Yōshin-ryū style were used. Nakayama advocated that it is effective to use the fist with a joint of the finger sticking out to strike the vital point, and all the thrusts in Shindō Yōshin-ryū style were used.


This idea was inherited by Wado-ryu, which was founded by his disciple Hironori Otsuka, and in the 36 kihon kata of Wado-ryu jujutsu kenpo, no straight fist is used, and all thrusts are fists sticking out the second joint of the middle finger. This idea was inherited by Wado-ryu, which was founded by his disciple Hironori Otsuka<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Otsuka
| first = Hironori
| title = Wado Ryu Karate
| publisher = Masters Publication
| date = 1997
| pages = 40
| language = English
| isbn = 0-920129-18-8
}}
</ref>, and in the 36 kihon kata of Wado-ryu jujutsu kenpo, no straight fist is used, and all thrusts are fists sticking out the knuckle joint of the finger.<ref>
{{cite book
| last = Otsuka
| first = Kazutaka
| title = Kihon Kumite Wado Ryu
| publisher = Budo Editions
| date = 2013
| pages = 44
| language = French
| isbn = 978-2-84617-298-1
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite book
| last = Patterson
| first = Cecil T.
| title = An Introduction to Wado-Ryu Karate
| publisher = Ohara Publications, Inc
| date = 1974
| pages = 71 & 75
| language = English
| lccn=74-82029
}}
</ref>


===Roundhouse Kick=== ===Roundhouse Kick===
In the ], Nakayama used a ] in which the opponent's ribs were kicked with the middle foot in a straight line at an angle of 45 degrees.<ref>"Mystery Secret Kick" April 1998</ref> In the ], Nakayama used a ] in which the opponent's ribs were kicked with the middle foot in a straight line at an angle of 45 degrees.
<ref>
{{cite magazine

|last1=
This kick was incorporated into the training system as the basic technique of Wado-ryu karate, the roundhouse kick.<ref>"Monthly Karatedo" July 2012 issue "As for kicks, front kicks, foot sword kicks, and karate did not have roundhouse kicks, so I introduced this from old-style jujutsu."</ref>
|first1=
|date=
|year=1998
|editor-last1=
|editor-first1=
|title=Mastering the Mystery of Kicking From "2D" to "3D" Techniques
|url=https://www.toudoukan.com/@en/shop/goods/$/id/3914267/
|magazine=Secret Kick Monthly
|language=Japanese
|volume=301
|issue=April
|publisher=Mook Fukushodo
}}
</ref>
This kick was incorporated into the training system as a basic kicking technique of Wado-ryu karate, the roundhouse kick. <ref>{{cite book
| last = Ohgami
| first = Shingo
| title = Karate Katas of Wado Ryu
| publisher = Japanska Magasinet, Goteborg
| date = 2008
| pages = 208
| language = English
| isbn = 91-9702-31-08
}}
</ref>Otsuka describes, "''As for kicks, front kicks, foot sword kicks, and karate did not have roundhouse kicks, so I introduced this from old-style jujutsu.''"
<ref>
{{cite magazine
|date=2012
|title=Wado Roundhouse Kick
|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328162214fw_/http://fukushodo.com/karatedoback/karate-list2012.htm#2012.7
|magazine=Monthly Karate
|language=Japanese
|issue=July
|publisher=Fukushodo Company
|access-date=
}}
</ref>


==Footnotes== ==Footnotes==
Line 108: Line 267:
*The Additional Sources were supplied from the Japanese Misplaced Pages page but not footnoted in the English translated page. They are supplied here for thoroughness, and linked to references, when possible, even if Japanese and not English language, is the source. *The Additional Sources were supplied from the Japanese Misplaced Pages page but not footnoted in the English translated page. They are supplied here for thoroughness, and linked to references, when possible, even if Japanese and not English language, is the source.


==Additional sources == ==Additional Sources Listed in the Japanese Wiki, but not linked==
* "History and Techniques of Shindo Yoshinryu" Ryozo Fujiwara * Fujiwara, Ryozo. "History and Techniques of Shindo Yoshinryu".
* "" magazine, published by Fukushodo Company, Japanese language, September 2001 issue * "Monthly Karate"(2012) magazine, published by Fukushodo Company. Japanese language. .
* "Monthly Hiden"(1999) magazine. . Japanese language. November issue.
* "Monthly Karate" magazine, published by Fukushodo Company, Japanese language,
* "Monthly Hiden"(1999) magazine. . Japanese language. December issue.
* "Monthly Karate" magazine, published by Fukushodo Company, Japanese language,
* "Monthly Hiden" magazine, published by , November 1999 issue
* "Monthly Hiden" magazine, published by , December 1999 issue
* "Secret Kick Monthly" magazine, April 1998
* "" magazine, Interview with Yikiyoshi Takamura of Shindo Yoshin Ryu Jujutsu, published 2000, by the Coronation Express, Durham, UK, Issue Vol. 1 Issue 2, pp. 3-5


== See also == == See also ==

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Jujutsu and kenjutsu instructor, known as the primary jujutsu teacher of Wado-Ryu's Hironori Otsuka
Tatsusaburo Nakayama
BornMeiji 3 1870
Kuramochi Village near Akeno, Makabe District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan
DiedMarch 2, 1945
Shimotsuma City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan
ResidenceShimotsuma City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan
StyleShindō Yōshin-ryū, Ono-ha Ittō-ryū, Jikishinkage-ryū, Jujutsu, Kenjutsu
Teacher(s)Katsunosuke Matsuoka, Motokichi Inose, Tatsuo Matsuoka, Yosaburo Hakomori, Sasaburo Takano
RankMokuroku and Menkyo Kaiden License, Tokugyi Shosho Kendo Certificate, Osteopath License
Other information
Notable studentsHironori Ōtsuka (founder of Wado Ryu)

Tatsusaburo Nakayama was a school teacher and martial artist. He is best known for being the first sensei and primary jujutsu teacher of Hironori Otsuka, founder of Wado Ryu, a blended style of jujutsu and Okinawan Shuri-te karate, which would eventually become one of the four main styles of karate.

Early life

Nakayama was born in 1870, in Kuramochi near Akeno Village, Makabe District, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. He was the oldest son of Kenzaburo Nakayama.

On April 10, 1886, Nakayama entered Katsunosuke Matsuoka's Shindokan dojo and began learning the Jikishinkage-ryū kenjutsu and the Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu Betsuden (short sword capture, large sword capture, atemi, katsuho, etc.) as basic techniques for swordsmanship. Matsuoka was the founder and soke of Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu. Shindō Yōshin-ryū is believed to be the last Edo-period jujutsu school into which the Yōshin-ryū koryu (founded by Akiyama Shirōbei Yoshitoki in 1642) has been absorbed, and was a consolidation of the Totsuka-ha Yōshin-ryū and Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū jujutsu schools.

In 1888, at the age of 18, on the recommendation of Katsunosuke Matsuoka, who was expected to have such talent, Nakayama entered the gate of Yosaburo Hakomori, a master of Jikishinkage-ryu kenjutsu swordsmanship.

In March 1890, Nakayama received from Motokichi Inose (Matsuoka's successor and second soke over Shindō Yōshin-ryū) a Shoden Mokuroku license, training at the Matsuoka Akeno Dojo near Kuramochi. Two years later in March 1892 at the age of 22, he received his Chuden Mokuroku license.

In 1895, at the age of 25, the highest technical license in Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu was awarded by Inose to Nakayama when he received the Joden Gokyu Menkyo.

In 1898, Nakayama began training in the Ono-ha Ittō-ryū kenjutsu, under Sasaburo Takano.

1908 Tatsusaburo Nakayama (leftmost dark uniform) class at Genbukan dojo, with Hironori Otsuka (3rd row 4th from right)

In 1905, a dojo named the Genbukan, was built near the Shimotsuma Junior High School, and Hakomori was named kancho (lead administrator), and Hakomori requested Nakayama to be his dojocho technical instructor.

Shimotsuma Junior High School and the Dai Nippon Butoku Kan

Nakayama became employed as the physical education teacher at Shimotsuma Junior High School, teaching Judo and Gekken (kendo) classes.

In September 1906, Nakayama was awarded a special kendo Ittō-ryū Tokugyi Shosho certificate by Sasaburo Takano.

in Dec 1908, Nakayama was involved with the Dai Nippon Butoku Kai, in performing a jujustu and kenjustu demonstration, performing jujutsu with Inose. He also competed in this event in kenjutsu again Torajiro Watabiki and Toyokichi Otaki.

In 1913, The Butoku Kai awarded Nakayama with a Renshi license.

Later life

In May 1919, Nakayama entered the Matsuoka Honbu Shindokan dojo again studying Shindō Yōshin-ryū jujutsu under Inose in order to obtain a license as a bone-setter(osteopath). He was also awarded the rank of second dan in kendo. In September of the following year, he was awarded a "Jujutsu Practical Skills Certificate" and received an osteopathic license from the Ibaraki Prefectural Office.

On June 1, 1921, Nakayama awarded a Menkyo kaiden (certificate of complete mastery and license to teach) in 'Shindō Yōshin-ryū judo' (jujutsu and judo terms were used fairly interchangeably at this time) to Otsuka.

In 1923, the Butoku Kai awarded Nakayama with a 4th dan in kendo, and a Kendo Seirensho certificate, recognizing his dedication to kendo.

In 1932, Nakayama retired from Shimatsuma Junior High School, but continued teaching and bone-setting at the Genbukan Dojo.

Feb 17, 1939, Nakayama received his 5th dan in kendo from Butokukai president Senjuro Hayashi.

Death and Posthumous Memorials

March 2, 1945, Nakayama died, per confirmation by family descendent Tsuyuko Nakayama, in Shimotsuma City, Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. Sometimes an erroneous death year of 1933 is listed.

In 1973, Nakayama's students from Shimotsuma School raised a monument in his memory near the Genbukan Dojo.

In 1974, another monument was raised in his memory in Kuramochi, his family home, by his kendo students.

Photographs

A 1908 Genbukan dojo class picture shows Nakayama and his students, including a young 16 year old Otsuka.

A 1931 class photo from Shimotsuma School shows Nakayama here.

A photo of Nakayama's grave monument can be seen on here.

Anecdote

Three Year Kill

Nakayama was good at striking and kicking techniques, and when he was training under Katsunosuke Matsuoka, he got into a big fight with dozens of rough-tempered construction workers, but at that time he was able to perform various attacks while changing his strength. I tested myself experimentally and hit all of them.

After that, when they searched for each of them and confirmed whether they were alive or dead, the earliest they lived was 3 months, and the longest lived 13 and a half years. Hironori Otsuka said that sannen-katsuri really existed because he averaged three years.

At this time, Nakayama used a fist with the second joint (knuckle) of his middle finger sticking out.

Nakayama advocated that it is effective to use the fist with a joint of the finger sticking out to strike the vital point, and all the thrusts in Shindō Yōshin-ryū style were used.

This idea was inherited by Wado-ryu, which was founded by his disciple Hironori Otsuka, and in the 36 kihon kata of Wado-ryu jujutsu kenpo, no straight fist is used, and all thrusts are fists sticking out the knuckle joint of the finger.

Roundhouse Kick

In the Meiji era, Nakayama used a roundhouse kick in which the opponent's ribs were kicked with the middle foot in a straight line at an angle of 45 degrees. This kick was incorporated into the training system as a basic kicking technique of Wado-ryu karate, the roundhouse kick. Otsuka describes, "As for kicks, front kicks, foot sword kicks, and karate did not have roundhouse kicks, so I introduced this from old-style jujutsu."

Footnotes

  • The roundhouse kick is the third kick of the Shindō Yōshin-ryū Betsuden Kotozatsu, which Nakayama learned as a sword technique when he was studying swordsmanship under Katsunosuke Matsuoka, but the relevance is unknown.
  • The Additional Sources were supplied from the Japanese Misplaced Pages page but not footnoted in the English translated page. They are supplied here for thoroughness, and linked to references, when possible, even if Japanese and not English language, is the source.

Additional Sources Listed in the Japanese Wiki, but not linked

  • Fujiwara, Ryozo. "History and Techniques of Shindo Yoshinryu".
  • "Monthly Karate"(2012) magazine, published by Fukushodo Company. Japanese language. August Issue.
  • "Monthly Hiden"(1999) magazine. BAB Japan Co., Ltd.. Japanese language. November issue.
  • "Monthly Hiden"(1999) magazine. BAB Japan Co., Ltd.. Japanese language. December issue.

See also

References

  1. Threadgill, Tobin; Ohgami, Shingo (2019). Shindo Yoshin Ryu, History and Technique. New Willow Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-1-7334223-2-1.
  2. "Information On Karate Styles And History". British Institute of Karate. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  3. ^ ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.88.
  4. Shindō_Yōshin-ryū History/Mainline Branch paragraph, sentence 1
  5. Harrison, E.J. (2001). Pollock, Ben (ed.). "Jujutsu and Wado Ryu". Wado Journal. Vol. 1, no. 5. Coronation Press Ltd. p. 5.
  6. Mol, Serge (2001). Classical Fighting Arts of Japan. Kodansha International Ltd. p. 131. ISBN 4-7700-2619-6.
  7. Pollock, Ben (2020). Karate Wadoryu From Japan to the West. 978-1-716-51786-0. pp. Appendix 2. ISBN 978-1-716-51786-0.
  8. ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.80.
  9. ^ ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.86.
  10. ibid Ben Pollock, Apendix 2, p. 164
  11. ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.86.
  12. ibid Ben Pollock, Apendix 2, p. 164
  13. ^ ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.87.
  14. Pranin, Stanley; Ruiz, Marco; Maynard, David (11 June 2012). "Shindo Yoshin Ryu: Interview with Yukiyoshin Takamura". Aikido Journal. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  15. ibid Ben Pollock, pp. 1-3
  16. ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.87.
  17. ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.87.
  18. ibid. Threadgill, Tobin and Ohgami Shingo, p.89.
  19. ibid Ben Pollock, Appendix 3, page 5.
  20. "Three Year Kill". Monthly Karate (in Japanese). No. September. Fukushodo Company. 2001.
  21. Otsuka, Hironori (1997). Wado Ryu Karate. Masters Publication. p. 40. ISBN 0-920129-18-8.
  22. Otsuka, Kazutaka (2013). Kihon Kumite Wado Ryu (in French). Budo Editions. p. 44. ISBN 978-2-84617-298-1.
  23. Patterson, Cecil T. (1974). An Introduction to Wado-Ryu Karate. Ohara Publications, Inc. pp. 71 & 75. LCCN 74-82029.
  24. "Mastering the Mystery of Kicking From "2D" to "3D" Techniques". Secret Kick Monthly (in Japanese). Vol. 301, no. April. Mook Fukushodo. 1998.
  25. Ohgami, Shingo (2008). Karate Katas of Wado Ryu. Japanska Magasinet, Goteborg. p. 208. ISBN 91-9702-31-08.
  26. "Wado Roundhouse Kick". Monthly Karate (in Japanese). No. July. Fukushodo Company. 2012.

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