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{{Infobox town TR
'''Başkale''' (]; '''Elbak''', ]; '''Albayrak''', and alternatively rendered as '''Bashkala''' or '''Pashgala''') is a town in south-eastern ] in ]. The town figured prominently in earlier centuries as the capital of the ] vilayet of ], (in ] ]), before the final dissolution of the empire in ]. The name means "head fortress" (head as in ''located at the head of the valley'') in ].
|name = Başkale
|photo =
|photo size =
|photo cap =
|logo =
|logo size =
|logo cap =
|map = Van districts.png
|map size = 250
|region = East Anatolia
|province = Van
|population = 55,563
|population_as_of = 2000
|population_ref = http://www.baskale.gov.tr
|pop_dens =
|area = 2,599
|elevation = 2,460
|postal_code = 65x xx
|licence = 65
|area_code = (0090)+ 432
|mayor = Ejder Yağızer ]
|website =
|governor = Ali ARSLANTAŞ
|gwebsite =
}}

'''Başkale''' (]; '''Elbak''', ]; '''Albayrak''',) is a town in south-eastern ] in ]. Başkale was called as '''Elbak''' and was the capital town of the Elbak ] of Hakkari] in ] of ].<ref> Kamusü’l Alam </ref>
After the constitution of republic of ] at 1923, name was changed as ''Başkale'' and district status was given as a part of ]

There is one municipality in district, in center town which is established 1937. Başkale town has neighbourhoouds as; Tepebaşı,Yeni mahalle.Camii-Kebir, Samandöken, Cevkan, Kale, Hafiziye, Tarım and Yakınyol.


==Geography== ==Geography==
Başkale is situated at the 20 km west of the Turkey-Iran state border. 138 km of state border is in Başkales' area.
Situated 2300 metres above sea level, in the valley of the ], the town stands on the eastern slope of high barren mountains on the eastern fringe of the south eastern ] range. Owing to the high elevation, the winter is extremely severe and the summer very brief.
Başkale is surrounded with state border at east and northeast, ] district of ] at south, ] and ] districts of ] at north, ] district of ] at west.
Başkale has majorly a mountainous area of 2599 km2. Agricultural area is only 355 km2 that ~15% of total area.


Başkale is situated 2460 metres above sea level, in the valley of the ], the town stands on the eastern slope of the south eastern ] range.

Başkale is surrounded by (Yiğit mount)/Haravil mount (3468 m) at east, Başkale mount/İspiriz mount ( 3668 m.) at west and Gökdağ mount (3604 m.) south east. Mor , Herevil, Mengene and Çekvan mounts are in the district areas.

Başkale has;Nebirnav, Kevçikan, Hanasor, Çekvan, Aşkitan (Ülya), Perihan, Meydan, Harinan, Terazın, Sülav, Medgezeren, Pistekan, Herevil-Şirez, Derevan, Derik, Bağarük, Düava and Mengen plateaus and,Zapsuyu and Karasu rivers in its area.

===Plant cover===
There is no forest in Başkale district. Trees( mainly poplar) can be seen only areas near settlements. There are pastures in flat areas and grasslands in some mountainous areas.

===Climate===
Owing to the high elevation, the winter is extremely severe and the summer very brief.

Summer temperature is about 17-25 C and winter temperature is min. –30 C. Average temperature is 5.8 C.

Average number of snowy days is 140 /per year.

===Transportation===
Başkale is not on railroad network. Nearest airport is in Van.
Başkale is on the state road between ] and ]. Transportation is supplied (between Başkale and Van) by intercity busses.
Road network is established between Başkale and villages(total 720 km). The road to Albayrak village is asphalt while others are stabilized earth roads
==History== ==History==
City firstly settled by ]ns as a border city. 1st century BCE. Armenian King ] took control of the area for a short period.Controlling of the area exchanged between ]ns and ]. At 3st century ] took control of area from]. After division of ], ] took control at 6st century . At 645 ]s took control of the area for a short period then ] was continue to controlling the area by ] lords. After ] at 1071, control passed to ]. After 1100, ] beylik (Sökmenoğulları) controlled the area. After a short period ] control, and ]s attack at 1245, region controlled by ], ], and ]. After ] at 1386 ], at the beginning of XVI.century ] took control. When the ] beated ] in ], Van and surrounding area was included in ]. After ], control passed to ] 2-3 times. During the period of ], at 1548, ] took final control of the area.
One of many events in the string of tensions which led to ] was a massacre of approximately 50 Gawarnai ] by Muslims on 30 October ] at Başkale in the local government centre. Armenians of Başkale were later deported and massacred by Turks and Kurds during the ].
Başkale was occupated by ] militias by the support of ] army at 02 December 1915 for a three years. During the socialist revolt, ] army was withdrawed back with the armenian militias and then at 22 April 1918 Turkish militias took control of the city.

==Demography and Population==
The population of Başkale is given as 14,114 in town and 55,563 total district (2000 census). Approximately ~80% of district population speaks different ] dialects. <ref> http://www.baskale.gov.tr District government office</ref>
Population structure shows an tribal construction, tribes and their percentage share of population is given in the table;
{| class="wikitable" width=200
! colspan=2 |'''Demograhy'''
|-
| align="left" | '''Tribe'''
| align="right" | '''Percantage'''
|-
| align="left" | Ertuşi
| align="right" | 40%
|-
| align="left" | Merziki
| align="right" | 30%
|-
| align="left" | Botan
| align="right" | 15%
|-
| align="left" | Pinyaniş
| align="right" | 15%
|}
{| class="wikitable" width=200
! colspan=4 |Population
|-
| align="left" | '''Years'''
| align="right" | '''Town'''
| align="right" | '''Villages'''
| align="right" | '''Total'''
|-
| align="left" | ]
| align="right" | 14,114
| align="right" | 41,449
| align="right" | 55,563
|-
| align="left" | ]
| align="right" | 15,070
| align="right" | 34,606
| align="right" | 49,676
|-
| align="left" | ]
| align="right" | 16,418
| align="right" | 39,179
| align="right" | 55,597
|-
| align="left" | ]
| align="right" | 10,615
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|-
| align="left" | ]
| align="right" | 9,770
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|-
| align="left" | ]
| align="right" | 8,558
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|-
| align="left" | ]
| align="right" | 6,018
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|-
| align="left" | ]
| align="right" | 4,007
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|-
| align="left" | ]
| align="right" | 2,383
| align="right" |
| align="right" |
|}
==Villages==
<br clear=all>
<center>
{| id="toc" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;"
! align="center" style="background:#ccccff" width="100%" |Villages of Başkale district,]|| ]]]
|-
| align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" colspan="3" |
''Açıkağıl'' |
''Akçalı'' |
''Albayrak'' |
''Aşağıküme'' |
''Aşalan'' |
''Atlılar'' |
''Aydemir'' |
''Azıklı'' |
''Barış'' |
''Başkale'' |
''Belencik'' |
''Beşocak'' |
''Bilgeç'' |
''Böğrüpek'' |
''Bölekli'' |
''Büklümdere'' |
''Çakırdoğan'' |
''Çaldıran'' |
''Dereiçi'' |
''Deringeçit'' |
''Ekecek'' |
''Erek'' |
''Erkonağı'' |
''Esenyamaç'' |
''Eşmepınar'' |
''Gedikbaşı'' |
''Gelenler'' |
''Güleçler'' |
''Güroluk'' |
''Güvendik'' |
''Ilıcak'' |
''Işıklı'' |
''Kaşkol'' |
''Kavurgalı'' |
''Keçilioba'' |
''Kızılca'' |
''Kocaköy'' |
''Koçdağı'' |
''Konuksayar'' |
''Kovalıpınar'' |
''Köprüağzı'' |
''Mahmutabat'' |
''Oğulveren'' |
''Ortayazı'' |
''Ortayol'' |
''Ömerdağı'' |
''Öncüler'' |
''Örencik'' |
''Örenkale'' |
''Özpınar'' |
''Saçan'' |
''Sallıdere'' |
''Savaşköy'' |
''Tahılköy'' |
''Tınazlı'' |
''Uğurlu'' |
''Yanal'' |
''Yavuzlar'' |
''Yolmaçayır'' |
''Yukarıdallı'' |
''Yukarıdarıca'' |
''Yukarıdikmen'' |
''Yurttepe''
|}
</center>
==Health services==
There is one hospital and 5 clinics at Başkale district, with a total; 21 doctors and 36 health officiers(midwife, nurse, health technician) in charge of health service in district.
*Başkale Hospital; in Başkale town
*Başkale center clinic; in Başkale town
*Albayrak village clinic; is in Albayrak village
*Çaldıran village clinic;is in Çaldıran village
*Eşmepınar village clinic; in Eşmepınar village
==Economy==

Stockbreeding is dominant in the economy of Başkale district.
Smugling also is a widespread activity in border areas.
There is no industrial activities except small workshops. There was a ] production plant at Koçdağı village, but in 2001 was closed after some test production.
Distribution of the population accordin to their economical activity;
:*Stockbreeding; 80%
:*Agriculture; 10%
:*in different crafts; 8%
:*trade; 2%

===Agriculture===
{| class="wikitable" width=200
! colspan=3 |'''Agricultural production'''
|-
| align="left" | '''Product'''
| align="right" | '''Area (Ha)'''
| align="right" | '''Production (ton)'''
|-
| align="left" | Wheat
| align="right" | 9,400
| align="right" | 11,280
|-
| align="left" | Barley
| align="right" | 105
| align="right" | 126
|-
| align="left" | Trefoil
| align="right" | 6,400
| align="right" | 27
|}

===Stockbreeding===
{| class="wikitable" width=200
! colspan=2 |'''Stockbreeding (1999)<ref> http://www.baskale.gov.tr District government office</ref>'''
|-
| align="left" | '''Animal'''
| align="right" | '''Stock'''
|-
| align="left" | Cattle
| align="right" | 29,313
|-
| align="left" | Sheep
| align="right" | 347,734
|-
| align="left" |Goat
| align="right" | 6,760
|-
| align="left" | Horse
| align="right" | 417
|-
| align="left" | Mule
| align="right" | 417
|-
| align="left" | Donkey
| align="right" | 417
|-
| align="left" | Hen
| align="right" | 11,600
|-
| align="left" | Turkey
| align="right" | 4,816
|-
| align="left" | Duck
| align="right" | 1,820
|-
| align="left" | Goose
| align="right" | 1,914
|}
==Culture==

There is one local radio station '''Pınar FM''' in Başkale.
===Education===
In Başkale district; ratio of educated people to total population is; 65% (November 2006)<ref>http://baskale.meb.gov.tr/ Başkale National Education Directorate</ref>
. Due to the demographical and traditional conditions, in the past,; majority od womans and girls are not sended to schools. Educated people level among womans is dramatically low.

In Başkale district;(November 2006)<ref>http://baskale.meb.gov.tr/ Başkale National Education Directorate</ref>
:*total number of teachers ; 402
::*Total number of girls in schools; 5,384
::*Total number of boys in schools; 7,437
::*Total number of students in village schools; 8,424
::*Total number of students in town schools; 4,404
:*Number of total students; 12,828


===Sport===
Başkale has a football team named as ''Başkale Spor'' in amateur league.
''Vali Abdülkadir SARI Football Stadium'' was opened in 1999 which has 1,500 seats.
Başkale has also a gimnasium also finished at 1999.

===Cuisine===
] (a kind of cheese which include natural vegetables which differs with region) is a well known product of Başkale. ] of Başkale includes these local natural vegetables; Devin, Mendi, Spi pancar, Pinger, Çatır, Nane, Handekuk, Spilinge, Kaşım, Kurat, Sirik, Gunbizin, Sılkuke, Sinameki, Mendi, Sirmo.

Başkale has many local varieties like as; ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ]
===Tourism and places to see===
Başkale has two hotels with a total 51 beds. There are many restaurants which serve local dishes.


====Historical places====
==City features==
* Albayrak church
Başkale is best known historically for being a military station. Its now ruined fortress was once occupied by a Kurdish ] (chieftain){{Fact|date=June 2007}} and lies a short distance uphill from the township. The fortress is a good example of ] architecture.{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
* Yanal church
* Erek church
* Örenkale(Başkal) castle
* Örenkale(Başkal) Seljuk medrese and dome
* Başkale castle
* St. Bartholomeus church
* Soradir church
* Castle Mosque
* Hüsrev Paşa Medrese


====Natural places====
==People==
*Yavuzlar village fairy chimneys (locally called as "Vanadocia" referring to ]
The population of Başkale is estimated at 14,114 (2000 census), principally ]{{Fact|date=June 2007}}. The surrounding mountainous districts contain numerous tribes of Kurds and ].{{Fact|date=June 2007}}
*Çamlık (kolegom) hot springs and picnic area
*Akçalı village limestone and travertine formation like as ]
====Entombed saints====
*Dereiçi village; Adil Kabul
*Köprüağzı village; Hejde Kev
*Esenyamaç village ; Kepenereş and Şah Şıh
*Öncüler village; Kelasinci Hevat
*Yavuzlar village; Mollahıdır Firendi
*Zap basında; Mehmet Çavuş yatırı
*Başkale ; Seyyid İsmail Hokan yatırı
*Güroluk village ; Şah İsmail Kutbeddinin and Şeyh İsmail Hakkari
*Çaldıran village; Şeyh Sucu
*Öncüler village ; Uzun Şehid
*Ilıcak village ; Pir
*Örencik village; Arafat Arabi


== External links == == External links ==
*'''' *''''




==References==
<references/>
{{Anatolian Turkish Beyliks}}


{{1911}} {{1911}}


{{coor title dm|38|10|N|44|00|E|region:TR_type:city}} {{coor title dms|38|02|45.6|N|44|00|54|E|region:TR_type:city}}
{{Districts of Turkey|provname=Van|sortkey=Baskale}} {{Districts of Turkey|provname=Van|sortkey=Baskale}}
{{EAnatolia-geo-stub}} {{EAnatolia-geo-stub}}
]
] ]
] ]

Revision as of 17:16, 6 June 2007

Template:Infobox town TR

Başkale (Kurdish; Elbak, Armenian; Albayrak,) is a town in south-eastern Turkey in Van Province. Başkale was called as Elbak and was the capital town of the Elbak kaza of Hakkarisanjak in Vilayet of Van of Ottoman Empire. After the constitution of republic of Turkey at 1923, name was changed as Başkale and district status was given as a part of Van Province

There is one municipality in district, in center town which is established 1937. Başkale town has neighbourhoouds as; Tepebaşı,Yeni mahalle.Camii-Kebir, Samandöken, Cevkan, Kale, Hafiziye, Tarım and Yakınyol.

Geography

Başkale is situated at the 20 km west of the Turkey-Iran state border. 138 km of state border is in Başkales' area. Başkale is surrounded with state border at east and northeast, Yüksekova district of Hakkari Province at south, Saray and Özalp districts of Van Province at north, Gürpınar district of Van Province at west. Başkale has majorly a mountainous area of 2599 km2. Agricultural area is only 355 km2 that ~15% of total area.

Başkale is situated 2460 metres above sea level, in the valley of the Great Zab River, the town stands on the eastern slope of the south eastern Taurus Mountains range.

Başkale is surrounded by (Yiğit mount)/Haravil mount (3468 m) at east, Başkale mount/İspiriz mount ( 3668 m.) at west and Gökdağ mount (3604 m.) south east. Mor , Herevil, Mengene and Çekvan mounts are in the district areas.

Başkale has;Nebirnav, Kevçikan, Hanasor, Çekvan, Aşkitan (Ülya), Perihan, Meydan, Harinan, Terazın, Sülav, Medgezeren, Pistekan, Herevil-Şirez, Derevan, Derik, Bağarük, Düava and Mengen plateaus and,Zapsuyu and Karasu rivers in its area.

Plant cover

There is no forest in Başkale district. Trees( mainly poplar) can be seen only areas near settlements. There are pastures in flat areas and grasslands in some mountainous areas.

Climate

Owing to the high elevation, the winter is extremely severe and the summer very brief.

Summer temperature is about 17-25 C and winter temperature is min. –30 C. Average temperature is 5.8 C.

Average number of snowy days is 140 /per year.

Transportation

Başkale is not on railroad network. Nearest airport is in Van. Başkale is on the state road between Van and Hakkari. Transportation is supplied (between Başkale and Van) by intercity busses. Road network is established between Başkale and villages(total 720 km). The road to Albayrak village is asphalt while others are stabilized earth roads

History

City firstly settled by Parthians as a border city. 1st century BCE. Armenian King Tigranes took control of the area for a short period.Controlling of the area exchanged between Parthians and Roman Empire. At 3st century Sassanid Empire took control of area fromRoman Empire. After division of Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire took control at 6st century . At 645 Arabs took control of the area for a short period then Byzantine Empire was continue to controlling the area by Vaspurakan lords. After Battle of Malazgirt at 1071, control passed to Seljuk Empire. After 1100, Ahlatshah beylik (Sökmenoğulları) controlled the area. After a short period Ayyubids control, and Mongols attack at 1245, region controlled by Anatolian Seljuks, İlhanlılar, and Timur. After Timur at 1386 Karakoyunlular, at the beginning of XVI.century Safavids took control. When the Yavuz Sultan Selim beated Safavids in Battle of Çaldıran, Van and surrounding area was included in Ottoman Empire. After Battle of Çaldıran, control passed to Safavids 2-3 times. During the period of Kanuni Sultan Süleyman, at 1548, Ottoman Empire took final control of the area. Başkale was occupated by Armenian militias by the support of Russian army at 02 December 1915 for a three years. During the socialist revolt, Russian army was withdrawed back with the armenian militias and then at 22 April 1918 Turkish militias took control of the city.

Demography and Population

The population of Başkale is given as 14,114 in town and 55,563 total district (2000 census). Approximately ~80% of district population speaks different Kurdish dialects. Population structure shows an tribal construction, tribes and their percentage share of population is given in the table;

Demograhy
Tribe Percantage
Ertuşi 40%
Merziki 30%
Botan 15%
Pinyaniş 15%
Population
Years Town Villages Total
2000 14,114 41,449 55,563
1997 15,070 34,606 49,676
1990 16,418 39,179 55,597
1985 10,615
1980 9,770
1975 8,558
1970 6,018
1965 4,007
1960 2,383

Villages


Villages of Başkale district,Van Province Turkey

Açıkağıl | Akçalı | Albayrak | Aşağıküme | Aşalan | Atlılar | Aydemir | Azıklı | Barış | Başkale | Belencik | Beşocak | Bilgeç | Böğrüpek | Bölekli | Büklümdere | Çakırdoğan | Çaldıran | Dereiçi | Deringeçit | Ekecek | Erek | Erkonağı | Esenyamaç | Eşmepınar | Gedikbaşı | Gelenler | Güleçler | Güroluk | Güvendik | Ilıcak | Işıklı | Kaşkol | Kavurgalı | Keçilioba | Kızılca | Kocaköy | Koçdağı | Konuksayar | Kovalıpınar | Köprüağzı | Mahmutabat | Oğulveren | Ortayazı | Ortayol | Ömerdağı | Öncüler | Örencik | Örenkale | Özpınar | Saçan | Sallıdere | Savaşköy | Tahılköy | Tınazlı | Uğurlu | Yanal | Yavuzlar | Yolmaçayır | Yukarıdallı | Yukarıdarıca | Yukarıdikmen | Yurttepe

Health services

There is one hospital and 5 clinics at Başkale district, with a total; 21 doctors and 36 health officiers(midwife, nurse, health technician) in charge of health service in district.

  • Başkale Hospital; in Başkale town
  • Başkale center clinic; in Başkale town
  • Albayrak village clinic; is in Albayrak village
  • Çaldıran village clinic;is in Çaldıran village
  • Eşmepınar village clinic; in Eşmepınar village

Economy

Stockbreeding is dominant in the economy of Başkale district. Smugling also is a widespread activity in border areas. There is no industrial activities except small workshops. There was a Marble production plant at Koçdağı village, but in 2001 was closed after some test production. Distribution of the population accordin to their economical activity;

  • Stockbreeding; 80%
  • Agriculture; 10%
  • in different crafts; 8%
  • trade; 2%

Agriculture

Agricultural production
Product Area (Ha) Production (ton)
Wheat 9,400 11,280
Barley 105 126
Trefoil 6,400 27

Stockbreeding

Stockbreeding (1999)
Animal Stock
Cattle 29,313
Sheep 347,734
Goat 6,760
Horse 417
Mule 417
Donkey 417
Hen 11,600
Turkey 4,816
Duck 1,820
Goose 1,914

Culture

There is one local radio station Pınar FM in Başkale.

Education

In Başkale district; ratio of educated people to total population is; 65% (November 2006) . Due to the demographical and traditional conditions, in the past,; majority od womans and girls are not sended to schools. Educated people level among womans is dramatically low.

In Başkale district;(November 2006)

  • total number of teachers ; 402
  • Total number of girls in schools; 5,384
  • Total number of boys in schools; 7,437
  • Total number of students in village schools; 8,424
  • Total number of students in town schools; 4,404
  • Number of total students; 12,828


Sport

Başkale has a football team named as Başkale Spor in amateur league. Vali Abdülkadir SARI Football Stadium was opened in 1999 which has 1,500 seats. Başkale has also a gimnasium also finished at 1999.

Cuisine

Otlu peynir (a kind of cheese which include natural vegetables which differs with region) is a well known product of Başkale. Otlu peynir of Başkale includes these local natural vegetables; Devin, Mendi, Spi pancar, Pinger, Çatır, Nane, Handekuk, Spilinge, Kaşım, Kurat, Sirik, Gunbizin, Sılkuke, Sinameki, Mendi, Sirmo.

Başkale has many local varieties like as; Ayranaşı , Pancarlı Pilav, Keledoş, Keşkeş, Roasted Pancar, Pokin soup, Grara aki soup, Şoğra, Şeleke, Vireke, Tahinik

Tourism and places to see

Başkale has two hotels with a total 51 beds. There are many restaurants which serve local dishes.

Historical places

  • Albayrak church
  • Yanal church
  • Erek church
  • Örenkale(Başkal) castle
  • Örenkale(Başkal) Seljuk medrese and dome
  • Başkale castle
  • St. Bartholomeus church
  • Soradir church
  • Castle Mosque
  • Hüsrev Paşa Medrese

Natural places

  • Yavuzlar village fairy chimneys (locally called as "Vanadocia" referring to Cappadocia
  • Çamlık (kolegom) hot springs and picnic area
  • Akçalı village limestone and travertine formation like as Pamukkale

Entombed saints

  • Dereiçi village; Adil Kabul
  • Köprüağzı village; Hejde Kev
  • Esenyamaç village ; Kepenereş and Şah Şıh
  • Öncüler village; Kelasinci Hevat
  • Yavuzlar village; Mollahıdır Firendi
  • Zap basında; Mehmet Çavuş yatırı
  • Başkale ; Seyyid İsmail Hokan yatırı
  • Güroluk village ; Şah İsmail Kutbeddinin and Şeyh İsmail Hakkari
  • Çaldıran village; Şeyh Sucu
  • Öncüler village ; Uzun Şehid
  • Ilıcak village ; Pir
  • Örencik village; Arafat Arabi

External links


References

  1. Kamusü’l Alam
  2. http://www.baskale.gov.tr District government office
  3. http://www.baskale.gov.tr District government office
  4. http://baskale.meb.gov.tr/ Başkale National Education Directorate
  5. http://baskale.meb.gov.tr/ Başkale National Education Directorate
Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Ancestor
Qutalmish
Founder
Suleyman I
Capital
İznik, then Konya
Important centers and extension
Dynasty
Chronology
Wars and major battles
Culture
Arts
Writers and scholars
Other notable people
Anatolian beyliks
Tzachas (1081 - 1092)
Founder
Tzachas
Capital
İzmir
Important centers and extension:
Shah-Armens (1100–1207)
Founder
Sökmen el Kutbi
Capital
Ahlat
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Important works:
Artuqids (1102 - )
Ancestors
Eksük and his son Artuk, from Döğer Oghuz Türkmen clan
Founder
Muinüddin Sökmen Bey
Capitals
Three branches in Hasankeyf, Mardin and Harput
Important centers and extension:
Hasankeyf Dynasty or Sökmenli Dynasty:
Mardin Dynasty or Ilgazi Dynasty:
Harput Dynasty:
Danishmends (1071–1178)
Founder
Danishmend Gazi
Capitals
Sivas
Niksar
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Mengujekids (1071–1277)
Founder
Mengücek Bey
Capitals
Erzincan, later also Divriği
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Mengücek Bey (1071–1118)
Mengücekli Ishak Bey (1118–1120)
1120–1142
Temporarily incorporated into the Beylik of Danishmends
Erzincan and Kemah Branch
Mengücekli Davud Shah (1142- ?)
1228
Incorporation into the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Divriği Branch
Mengücekli Süleyman Shah (1142- ?)
1277
Beylik destroyed by Abaka
Saltukids (1072–1202)
Founder
Saltuk Bey
Capital
Erzurum
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Aydinids (1307–1425)
Founder
Aydınoğlu Mehmed Bey
Capitals
Birgi, later Ayasluğ
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Events
1390
First period of incorporation (by marriage) into the Ottoman Empire under Bayezid I the Thunderbolt
1402–1414
Second period of Beylik reconstituted by Tamerlane to Aydınoğlu Musa Bey (1402–1403)
Aydınoğlu Umur Bey (1403–1405)
İzmiroğlu Cüneyd Bey (1405–1425 with intervals)
1425
Second and last incorporation (by conquest) into the Ottoman realm under Murad II
Candaroğulları (~1300–1461)
Founder
Şemseddin Yaman Candar, commander descended from Kayı branch of Oghuz Turks in the imperial army of Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital
Kastamonu
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Sinop Dynasty or Isfendiyarid Dynasty :
Chobanids (1227–1309)
Founder
Hüsamettin Çoban Bey, commander from Kayı Oghuz clan of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital
Kastamonu
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Dulkadirids (1348- ~1525)
Ancestor
Hasan Dulkadir
Founder
Zeyneddin Karaca Bey
Capital
Elbistan
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Eretnids (1328–1381)
Founder
Eretna Bey, brother-in-law of the Ilkhanid governor for Anatolia, Timurtash
Capital
Sivas, later Kayseri
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Eshrefids (1288–1326)
Founder
Seyfeddin Süleyman Bey, regent to the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital
Beyşehir
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Germiyanids (1300–1429)
Ancestor
Kerimüddin Alişir
Founder
Germiyanlı Yakub Bey the First
Capital
Kütahya
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Hamidids (~1280–1374)
Ancestors
Hamid and his son Ilyas Bey, frontier rulers under Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Founder
Hamidoğlu Feleküddin Dündar Bey
Capital
Isparta
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Karamanids (~1250–1487)
Ancestor
Nure Sûfi from Afshar Oghuz clan
Founder
Kerimeddin Karaman Bey
Capitals
successively Ereğli
Ermenek
Larende (Karaman)
Konya
Mut
Dynasty:
Karasids (1303–1360)
Ancestor
Melik Danişmend Gazi
Founder
Karesi Bey
Capital
Balıkesir
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Ladik (~1300–1368)
Ancestor
Germiyanlı Ali Bey
Founder
Inanç Bey
Capital
Denizli
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Menteshe (~1261–1424)
Founder
Menteshe Bey
Capitals
Beçin castle and nearby Milas, later also Balat
Important centers and extension
Dynasty:
Pervâneoğlu (1261–1322)
Ancestor
Mühezzibeddin Ali Kâşî (vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum)
Founder
Süleyman Pervâne
Capital
Sinop
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Ramadanids (1352–1516)
Founder
Ramazan Bey from Yüreğir Oghuz clan
Capitals
Adana
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:
Sahib Ataids (1275–1341)
Founder
Sahib Ata Fahreddin Ali, vizier of the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Capital
Afyonkarahisar
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty
Sarukhanids (1302–1410)
Founder
Saruhan Bey
Capital
Manisa
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty
Teke (1301–1423)
Ancestors
Hamidoğlu dynasty
Founder
Tekeoğlu Yunus Bey
Capitals
Antalya
Korkuteli
Important centers and extension:
Dynasty:

Public Domain This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)

38°02′45.6″N 44°00′54″E / 38.046000°N 44.01500°E / 38.046000; 44.01500

Başkale in Van Province of Turkey
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