Misplaced Pages

Journalistic scandal: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 17:50, 23 August 2007 editEl Sandifer (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users19,528 edits This does seem like the most neutral version...← Previous edit Revision as of 20:43, 23 August 2007 edit undoFT2 (talk | contribs)Edit filter managers, Administrators55,546 edits →The information era: brevify own editNext edit →
(5 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{globalize/US}} {{Expand}}
{{Journalism}}
'''Journalism scandals''' are high-profile incidents or acts, whether intentional or accidental, that run contrary to the generally accepted ], or otherwise violate the 'ideal' mission of ]: to report news events and issues accurately and fairly. '''Journalism scandals''' are high-profile incidents or acts, whether intentional or accidental, that run contrary to the generally accepted ], or otherwise violate the 'ideal' mission of ]: to report news events and issues accurately and fairly.


==Journalistic scandal==
{{Journalism}}

As the investigative and reporting face of the media, ]s are usually required to follow various ]. These may be written and codified, or customary expectations. Typical standards include references to ], ], ], an appropriate balance between ] and ], financially motivated writing, and the means used to obtain information which may be legitimate or criminal.


Journalistic scandals are public ]s arising from incidents where in the eyes of some party, these standards were significantly breached. In most journalistic scandals, deliberate or accidental acts take place that run contrary to the generally accepted ], or otherwise violate the 'ideal' mission of ]: to report news events and issues accurately and fairly.
==Characteristics of a journalism scandal==

===Common characteristics===
Journalistic scandals include: ], ], and ] of information; activities that violate the law, or violate ethical rules; the altering or staging of an event being documented; or making substantial reporting or researching errors with the results leading to ]ous or defamatory statements. Journalistic scandals include: ], ], and ] of information; activities that violate the law, or violate ethical rules; the altering or staging of an event being documented; or making substantial reporting or researching errors with the results leading to ]ous or defamatory statements.


Line 12: Line 17:
However, in many of the cases listed below, investigations later found that long-established journalistic ] in the newsrooms failed. In some cases, senior editors fail to catch bias, libel, or fabrication inserted into a story by a reporter. In other cases, the checks and balances were omitted in the rush to get an important, 'breaking' news story to press (or on air). However, in many of the cases listed below, investigations later found that long-established journalistic ] in the newsrooms failed. In some cases, senior editors fail to catch bias, libel, or fabrication inserted into a story by a reporter. In other cases, the checks and balances were omitted in the rush to get an important, 'breaking' news story to press (or on air).


== Journalism scandals in the United States== ===Use of the term===
<!-- who uses it, and what purposes it has been used for -->
=== Walter Duranty, ''The New York Times'' (1930s) ===
], who covered the ] for '']'', won the ] in 1932 for a series of articles he wrote about ]'s effort to industrialize the nation. His stories not only uncritically backed ] ], but also denied that the ], which killed millions as a direct or indirect result of Stalinist planning, took place. Duranty also defended Stalin's infamous ].

Despite efforts by Ukrainian groups to get the prize revoked, the Pulitzer board declined to do so and both the Pulitzer board and ''The New York Times'' still list Duranty among its prize winners, albeit with a footnote that his work is disputed. ''The New York Times'' hired Mark Von Hagen, a professor of Russian history, to review Duranty's work. The review concluded Duranty's reports to be unbalanced and uncritical, and they often gave voice to Stalin's ].

=== Janet Cooke, ''Washington Post'' (1980-1981) ===
] was a reporter for the '']'' during the early ]. In ] her story, "Jimmy's World", about an 8-year old heroin addict, sparked a frenzied, but unsuccessful, two-week scouring of ] at the behest of then-Mayor ], in search of child addicts. The day after Cooke's article won a 1981 ] for journalism, her editors confronted her about discrepancies in her resume brought to their attention by ], where she once worked. Cooke falsely claimed that that she attended ]. Cooke confessed that "Jimmy" was a fabrication, resigned and the Post returned the prize.

=== "Waiting to Explode", ''Dateline NBC'' (1992) ===
In a November ] segment on its '']'' newsmagazine program called "Waiting to Explode", ] showed a startling video which depicted a ] truck exploding after a low-speed side collision with another car. However, it was later revealed that the explosion was actually caused by hidden remote-controlled incendiary devices. GM sued NBC and eventually won a settlement. NBC News President Michael Gardner wrote a lengthy correction that was read on Dateline, and he was forced to resign.

=== The ''Oregonian'''s coverage of the Packwood scandal (1992) ===
'']'' was criticized when in November ] the '']'' beat it to the story of ] charges against ] ] Sen. ]. The ''Oregonian'''s editors had long known about Packwood's behavior, because he had forced a kiss on one of their female reporters. The paper would miss an even bigger political scandal in 2004 (see entry below).

* '']''':

=== Bob Wisehart, ''Sacramento Bee'' (1994) ===
] television critic Bob Wisehart was fired in 1994 after his editors discovered that he plagiarized .
He was fired after his second offense - the newspaper earlier suspended him for five months after he plagiarized freely from the ] novel ] for a column about horror shows.
Wisehart wrote a piece for an alternative magazine blaming burnout and family problems for his transgressions.

=== Stephen Glass, ''The New Republic'' (1998) ===
] was a reporter and associate editor for '']'' magazine during the late ]. On May 8, ], '']'' presented ''The New Republic'' with evidence that Glass completely fabricated the story "Hack Heaven", a piece about a 15-year-old computer ] who breaks into a large company's computer system and is then offered a job by the company. Glass was fired, and an internal investigation determined that 27 of 41 articles he had written for the magazine contained fabricated material. His story was dramatized in the ] film, '']''.
* ]:

=== Patricia Smith, ''Boston Globe'' (1998) ===
Shortly after the Glass affair, award-winning columnist ] was asked to resign from the '']''. Smith, who was a ] finalist that year and won the ]' Distinguished Writing Award for column-writing, admitted to putting fictional people in four of her columns.<ref>http://www.cnn.com/US/9806/19/globe.columnist.resigns/</ref> The Globe later returned her ASNE award and withdrew her from consideration for the Pulitzer.

Race also became a touchy point in Smith's firing, because while the ''Globe'' fired Smith, who is black, they only suspended columnist ] for his plagiarism. Columnist ] argued that Smith's race caused her editors give her the benefit of the doubt when she had been previously suspected of fabrications: "It was the worst sort of racism that kept us from confronting the fraud we long suspected. If we did ask, and she did tell, we might lose her, and where would we be then? Where would we find an honest black woman columnist who wrote with such power and grace?"
Her editors proved that some of Smith's sources were faked when they could not find some of the people that were discussed in her columns, such as ] "Janine Byrne"; since cosmetologists' jobs are state-licensed, the ''Globe'' did a search for the name in the state's registry. A similar problem was discovered in columns by ] columnist ], who resigned in 2005.

* ]:
* ]:
* ]:

=== Operation Tailwind, ''CNN NewsStand'' (1998) ===
On the June 7 edition of ''NewsStand'', CNN reported that the US used nerve gas in Laos to kill American defectors during the ]. It retracted this statement on July 2.
* ]:

=== Mike Barnicle, ''Boston Globe'' (1998) ===
] was a long-time journalist for the '']'' who was removed from his position at about the same time as colleague Patricia Smith. Barnicle was accused of violating several rules of reporting, but was removed from the Globe when it was discovered he fabricated quotes from parents of a sick child.

* ]:
* ]:

=== Michael Gallagher (1998) ===
], an ] with the '']'', co-authored an 18-page expose on Cincinnati-based ] and its business practices in Central America. Gallagher's stories relied on internal Chiquita voice mails he said were acquired from an inside source, but he had actually been illegally tapping into the company's ] system. The paper retracted the stories, ran a front-page apology for three days and paid the company in excess of $10 million in damages, and allegedly agreed not to write further investigative pieces on the mammoth fruit company. The co-author of the stories, ], was unaware of what Gallagher was doing. The paper's editor, ], was reassigned to ] headquarters following accusations that he did not adequately fact-check the stories because of his eagerness to win a ].
* ]:
*

=== Jay Forman, ''Slate'' (2001) ===
], a ] for online magazine '']'', wrote an article about "monkeyfishing", an underground ] that involved using fruit to fish for monkeys on an isolated ]. It was exposed as a hoax by the '']''.

], Foreman's editor at ''Slate'', later wrote: "When Forman turned in a first, flat draft about his Florida Keys adventure, I encouraged him through several rewrites to add more writerly detail to increase the piece's verisimilitude. Forman complied, inventing numerous twists to the tale The lesson I learned isn't to refrain from asking writers for detail but to be skeptical about details that sound too good or that you had to push too hard to get the writer to uncover or that are suspicious simply because any writer worth his salt would have put them in his first draft. All that said, it's almost impossible for an editor to beat a good liar every time out."<ref>Shafer, Jack, "" article in Schafer's "press box" column in ], ], ], accessed ], ]</ref>

*
*
* ''Wall Street Journal'', Friday, June 8, 2001
* (with further details about the hoax.) ''Wall Street Journal'', Friday, December 8, 2006

=== Bob Greene, ''Chicago Tribune'' (2002) ===
'']'' columnist ], who was considered one of the paper's stars, was forced to resign in September ] after he admitted that he had an ] 14 years earlier with a ] student who visited Greene for a school project. Greene subsequently used the visit as a subject for one of his columns. Greene often used his columns and books to crusade on behalf of children, most notably the ].

*

=== Christopher Newton, Associated Press (2002) ===
The ] fired ] bureau reporter Christopher Newton in September ] accusing him of fabricating at least 40 people and organizations since ]. Some of the nonexistent agencies quoted in his stories included "Education Alliance," the "Institute for Crime and Punishment in Chicago," "Voice for the Disabled," and "People for Civil Rights."
* ]: , Oct. 29, 2002.

=== ''Houston Chronicle'' Light Rail Controversy (2002) ===
In late 2002 the '']'' accidentally posted an internal executive memorandum to its website. The memo contained materials that appeared to outline a plan for intentionally slanted reporting that promoted a pending bond ] in the ] metropolitan region. The memorandum was widely circulated and criticized in other Houston print and electronic media outlets; however the paper quietly removed it from their website. When questioned about the memo, ''Chronicle'' editor Jeff Cohen replied that the memo was a "story pitch" and refused to apologize for it. Other than Cohen's remarks the paper made no comment. (see article on ]).

===], Fox News, 2002===

For four months in 2002, Fox News used 'military expert' ] who was supposed to be a retired Lieutenant Colonel in the Special Forces, won the Silver Star for bravery, served in Vietnam and was part the failed mission to rescue hostages in Iran in 1980. Cafasso assisted and shared tips with reporters, producers and on-air consultants at Fox. It was discovered that Cafasso had only served 44 days in Army Boot Camp and was discharged as a Private. After he left, Fox was criticized for using him as a 'Military Expert' without ever checking his record and credentials.

]


=== Brian Walski, ''The Los Angeles Times'' (2003) ===

'']'' fired photographer Brian Walski for digitally combining two photos taken during ]. Walski claimed he was just trying create a more compelling picture, but digital photo manipulation is believed to undermine the public's confidence in media. After Walski's picture ran on the Times' front page on ], ], editors at the ] (which like the ''Times'' is owned by the ]) noticed that several people in the photo appeared twice. Walski, who had been on the ''Times'' staff since 1998, was fired the following day.

*
*

===James Forlong, Sky News (2003)===
In April of ] the ] Network carried a report from ] aboard the ] nuclear ] ] purportedly showing a live firing of a cruise missile, at sea in the ], during the Iraq war. The report included scenes of the crew members giving instructions related to the launch of the missile and included a sequence in which a crew member pressed a large red button marked with the word "FIRE" and accompanied by a sequence of a missile breaking the surface of the water and launching into the air. The report was a fabrication, with the crew acting along for the benefit of the cameras. The ''Sky News'' team did not accompany the submarine when it left port and the scenes were actually recorded whilst the vessel was docked. The shot of the missile breaking the surface has been obtained from stock footage.

The faked report was revealed because a ] film crew did accompany the vessel to sea. The BBC crew filmed a real cruise missile launch for the BBC TV series ]. The BBC footage showed how, with modern computerised launching systems, a missile is not launched by pressing a red button but is actually launched with a left mouse click. The BBC passed the information onto '']'' newspaper who broke the story on ], ].

James Forlong was suspended from ''Sky News'' pending an investigation . In October of 2003, he was found dead by his wife after committing suicide by hanging. In December, ''Sky News'' was fined £50,000 by the ] for breaching accuracy regulations.
* ('']'' - December 16, 2003)

=== CNN coverage of Iraq and Eason Jordan (2003) ===
], news chief for ], admitted in the ] April 2003 that the network had been aware of ] ]'s human rights abuses since ]. But the network did not cover said atrocities so it could maintain access to Hussein and keep CNN's bureau in ] open. Jordan also defended the decision by saying that reporting on Hussein's crimes would have jeopardized CNN journalists and Iraqis working for them.

Jordan's revelation called journalistic ethics into question on the grounds of a news network intentionally soft-balling coverage of Hussein's ], thus by proxy acting as a spokesman. Also, critics pointed out that the information on Hussein's ] held back by CNN was a critical part of the ] over going to war to oust Hussein from power.

Jordan resigned from the network two years later over alleged remarks that U.S. troops intentionally target journalists (see entry below).
* ]: , April 11, 2003
* , reprinted at ] at the ]
*

=== Jayson Blair, ''The New York Times'' (2003) ===
In early May ], '']'' reporter ] resigned after being confronted with evidence of fabricating quotes and details in at least 36 articles. The incident, and the revelations about management that followed, shook the journalism community, given that many journalists regard the ''Times'' as the nation's most prestigious newspaper.

Scrutiny quickly fell on executive editor ], and to a lesser extent managing editor ], as testimony from Times watchers and employees disgruntled with Raines' ] management style showed the duo had fast-tracked Blair for promotion, despite warnings from other employees about Blair's erratic behavior and high error rate.

''Times''' Metro editor Jonathan Landman wrote in an e-mail to Raines that the paper "...need to stop Jayson from writing for the Times. Right now." ], in his best-selling book "Arrogance," said that by all accounts, Raines "...made ] look like ]." On June 5, 2003, Raines and Boyd resigned as a result of this scandal.

* ''New York Times'', May 11, 2003 (subscription required)

=== Rick Bragg, ''The New York Times'' (2003) ===
''The New York Times'' newsroom, already rubbed raw by the Jayson Blair scandal and the abrasive style of editor ], erupted in anger again when reporter Rick Bragg aggressivly defended his "drive-by" journalism practice of relying heavily on stringers and interns, with many reporters denouncing the practice and insisting that's not the way they do business.

Bragg's May 2003 comments to The Washington Post, dubbed "infuriating and absurd" by business reporter Alex Berenson, fueled a heated debate in the <i>Times</i> newsroom about the mechanics of reporting, proper attribution, the limits of drive-by journalism and the granting of credit to unseen subordinates, freelancers, and interns who contribute behind the scenes. The repercussions were felt far beyond Manhattan, as news executives around the country examined and in many cases tightened their policies.

Bragg's defense -- that it is common for ''Times'' correspondents to slip in and out of cities to "get the dateline" while relying on the work of stringers, researchers, interns and clerks -- sparked more passionate disagreement than the clear-cut fraud and plagiarism committed by Blair.

* by Howard Kurtz, ''The Washington Post'', Thursday, May 29, 2003; Page C01.

=== "Gropegate", ''The Los Angeles Times'' (2003) ===
''The Los Angeles Times'' drew fire for a last-minute story before the ] alleging that gubernatorial candidate ] groped scores of women during his movie career. While the story itself was not discredited, the newspaper's motives and timing were brought into question. The newspaper ran the story days before the recall even though it had prepared the story weeks beforehand.

As well, columnist ] pointed out that the ''Times'' did not do a story on allegations that former Governor ] had verbally and physically abused women in his office. Stewart had written about those allegations while working for the now-defunct '']''. The Schwarzenegger story was run with a number of anonymous sources (four of the six alleged victims were not named); however, in the case of the Davis allegations, the ''Times'' decided against running the Davis story because of its reliance on anonymous sources. Carroll stated that the ''Times'' lost over 10,000 subscribers due to the negative publicity surrounding this article.

*
*
*

=== Jack Kelley, ''USA Today'' (2004) ===
In early 2004, an anonymous letter to editors of '']'' triggered an internal investigation into the conduct of one of its star reporters, ]. Kelley resigned after ''USA Today'' found letters from Kelley to his friends on Kelley's office computer, asking them to pretend to be sources when editors verifying his stories called them. An internal investigation later found that Kelley had been fabricating stories or parts of stories since at least ], and that outside sources had been warning ''USA Today'' reporters about Kelley's conduct.

Furthermore, similar to the findings of the ] convened by ''The New York Times'' in the wake of the ] revelations, investigators found a "climate of fear" in the news section that discouraged co-workers, many of whom were suspicious of Kelley's work, to come forward. The investigation, also similar to the ''Times''' findings, concluded that editorial favoritism played a significant role, given that Kelley had 'star' status at the paper. Previous attempts to examine discrepancies failed, according to the investigation, because editors set out with the goal of exonerating Kelly. ''USA Today's'' top two editors resigned as a result of the Kelley scandal.
* ('']'' - 4/22/2004)

=== Stephen Dunphy, ''Seattle Times'' (2004)===
Stephen Dunphy was a 37-year veteran journalist and business reporter for the ]. A reader in 2004 told editors that seven paragraphs in a 1997 story by Dunphy on airport expansion in Asia were ] almost word for word from a 1996 special section of the Journal of Commerce.
The newspaper investigated because Dunphy had plagiarized several anecdotes from a book in 2000 without attribution, a transgression which Dunphy himself brought to his editors' attention. He resigned after the newspaper's investigative team found three more questionable stories.

=== ''The Oregonian'''s coverage of the Goldschmidt scandal (2004) ===
The integrity of ''The Oregonian'' took a blow after it was revealed that the paper failed to act on evidence that former ] ] ] committed statutory rape. '']'', a Portland ], ran a story that alleged that Goldschmidt engaged in sex acts with his 14-year-old ].

As with the ] scandal in ] (see above entry), ''The Oregonian'' had information which it failed to seriously investigate. ''The Oregonian'' was further criticized for its follow-up coverage, which called Goldschmidt's statutory rape an "affair." ''Willamette Week'' writer ] won the Pulitzer Prize for his coverage.

* ]:

=== The ''Boston Globe'''s Fake "GI Rape" Photographs (2004) ===
In May of ], the ''Boston Globe'' published photographs it alleged were of ] soldiers abusing and raping women in ]. Shortly thereafter, these photographs were stated to be commercially-produced pornography that were originally published on a web site named "Sex in War". At the time, other news sources had exposed the photographs as fake at least a week before the ] newspaper published them.

=== The ''ABC News'' election memo (2004) ===
A leaked memo dated October 8 from '']'' Political Director ] to news staff told them to hold President ] to a higher level of scrutiny than Democratic challenger ]. The memo reads in part, ''"... the current Bush attacks on Kerry involve distortions and taking things out of context in a way that goes beyond what Kerry has done.

''Kerry distorts, takes out of context, and mistakes all the time, but these are not central to his efforts to win."''
* '']'':
* '']'':

=== Carl Cameron, Fox News Channel (2004) ===

On ], ], ] political correspondent ] posted a news article on the network's website which apparently contained fabricated quotes attributed to Senator ], the Democratic candidate during the ]. The article -- titled "Trail Tales" -- falsely quoted Kerry as claiming to do ] and being a ]. Cameron also delivered a report on the ], ] edition of Fox News' '']'' covering the presidential debates, falsely claiming that Kerry received a "pre-debate manicure." Fox News later retracted the story, saying, "This was a stupid mistake and a lapse in judgment, and Carl regrets it.... It was a poor attempt at humor." Critics claimed that Cameron's article was a definitive example of Fox News' alleged ] bias. Fox News assured critics that Cameron was reprimanded, and the article was taken down from the channel's website.

*
*
*

=== CBS News and the "Killian Documents" (2004) ===
During the ], ] and ] were responsible for using what were probably ] documents during a September 8, 2004, '']'' report on ]'s ]-era service record.

Producer ] bore the brunt of the criticism. She was accused of ] for working on the story for five years and putting ], the source of the memos, in contact with ] challenger ]'s campaign. The panel investigation into what was called "]" and "]" accused Mapes of gross negligence for "crashing" the story six days after she received the copies of the memos and doing "virtually nothing" to establish a chain of custody. No original documents have been produced.

The aftermath of the independent investigation's report released on ], ] led to the firing of Mapes. She later wrote a book arguing that the memos were real. Yet paradoxically Mapes also advanced a conspiracy theory that White House advisor ] had planted the memos in order to deflect attention from Bush's service record during the Vietnam War. Three others, Josh Howard, executive producer of ''60 Minutes Wednesday''; his top deputy Mary Murphy; and senior vice president Betsy West, were asked to resign.

Rather stepped down as anchor of the '']'' on March 9, ], with about two years left on his contract. Although denied by Rather and CBS, many critics believe that his early retirement was a direct result of the scandal. Rather has since told reporters that even if the documents are fakes, he stands by the story.



===], Marketwatch.com (2005)===
The ] accused ], founding editor of Marketwatch.com, of profiting from trades of stocks mentioned in his investment newsletter. The SEC said that from March to December 2003, Calandra made over $400,000 through buying shares of 23 different small-cap stocks while writing favorable newsletter profiles recommending the stocks, and then selling the shares after the stocks rose after his columns were published. Calandra settled the charges in 2005, without admitting or denying the allegations, by paying $540,000 in civil penalties.

*

=== Eason Jordan, CNN (2005) ===
] news chief ] resigned in February 2005 following a controversy over comments he made January 27 at the ] annual meeting in ], ], accusing U.S. troops of targeting journalists. His comments were reported by blogger ], who attended the forum, as well as U.S. Democratic ] ] and ] ], who publicly requested Jordan to offer proof of the accusations. A videotape of the private conference was never released, and CNN never asked for one. However, Jordan had made similar accusations in 2004 at a ''News XChange'' conference in Portugal.

Jordan's resignation further established ], whose pressure helped force ''New York Times'' editor ] to resign and ] anchor ] to step down, as a powerful check on mainstream journalism. Unlike the ] and ] scandals, which the mainstream press relentlessly covered, the ] affair was widely ignored by the mainstream media until Jordan's resignation forced them to report it.
* ''Washington Post'', , by media writer ]


=== Fake American hostage, Associated Press (2005) ===
The ] moved a story on ] with a picture of what was claimed to be an ] ] held ] in ].<ref></ref> The story stated that the captors would kill the soldier in 72 hours unless Iraqi prisoners were freed. The military indicated they were 'looking into it' and found no soldiers were missing. Hours after the story was published, ] who had noticed that the 'hostage' depicted in the photo had his equipment and hand grenades, argued instead that the 'hostage' was a toy doll of an ] ] airman and found an exact match on-line. <!-- this is 'OR" and POV /// The hoax, which ran on the heels of ] at ], further sullied the media's reputation for poor fact-checking, because ] had not reported any soldiers missing at the time. --->
* MSNBC story:

=== Eric Slater, ''Los Angeles Times'' (2005) ===
'']'' fired veteran reporter ] in April ] after he wrote an inaccurate article about ] practices allegedly occurring at ]. Slater's article relied heavily on unnamed sources and quoted the university president by plagiarizing a quote from a local paper.
* ]: , April 18, 2005

=== Mitch Albom, ''Detroit Free Press'' (2005) ===
'']'' ("Freep") columnist ] wrote a column in April 3, 2005 about the April 2 ] ] game against ] and the ]. Albom's article stated that Michigan basketball alumni ] and ] were watching in the stands. Cleaves and Richardson had told Albom earlier that they would be attending, but they had a change of plans and did not attend the game.

"The Freep" disciplined Albom and four other employees, calling Albom's actions an unethical shortcut. Even though Albom's description of what Cleaves and Richardson were wearing was a case of fabrication, a first-time firing offense for many papers journalism operations, Albom was not fired, perhaps due to his 'star' status at the paper.

* ]:
* ]:

=== Barbara Stewart, ''Boston Globe'' (2005) ===
In the spring of ], the ''Boston Globe'' ran a story describing the events of a seal hunt near ] that took place on ], ]. The article described the specific number of boats involved in the hunt and graphically described the killing of seals and the protests that accompanied it. The reality is that weather had delayed the hunt, which had not even begun by ], the day the story had been filed, and was rescheduled to start, at the earliest, on ], three days after Ms. Stewart (who had worked for the ''New York Times'' for a decade previous) "described" the events of said hunt. As there was no hunt to describe, the story was obviously fabricated. As of yet, Ms. Stewart has not commented on filing this story describing events that never occurred.

*

*

=== Diana Griego Erwin, ''Sacramento Bee'' (2005) ===
'']'' columnist ] resigned in May ] shortly after her editors confronted her about several people in her columns whose existence could not be verified. An internal investigation concluded a month later could not find 30 people in 27 of her 171 columns since January ], and a random search of columns dating back to 1995 found 10 more phantom sources. Reporters developed a test for Erwin's columns, and certified it by checking names in 36 random pieces by three other columnists, all of which checked out.

Erwin's case shared several similarities to that of ''Boston Globe'' columnist ], who was fired in ] for fabricating sources. The ''Bee's'' final report said that many of Erwin's columns "fit a template: essays, often with a surprising ] twist, about a singular person who faces a challenge and surmounts it." Smith's columns often followed a similar template. Also, like the ''Globe'''s investigation into Smith, ''Bee'' reporters could not track down people in Erwin's stories whose vocations are state licensed, such as ]s and ]s.

Other ''Bee'' writers fired for ethics violations included ] critic ] for plagiarism, and sports writer ] for writing up a game he watched on television as if he had attended.
* ]:

=== Chris Cecil, ''Cartersville Daily News'' (2005) ===
], a 28-year-old associate managing editor at the Cartersville (Ga.) ''Daily Tribune News'', was fired in June ] after his superiors at the 8,000-circulation daily learned that he had plagiarized at least eight columns from syndicated ]-winning columnist ] since March of that year. A reader of the Cartersville paper tipped off Pitts, who wrote a scathing column critical of Cecil, especially because he plagiarized much of Pitts' column in which Pitts dealt with his mother's losing battle with ]. Of one Cecil column, almost plagiarized word-for-word, Pitts wrote, "You essentially took my name off and slapped yours on."
* ]:
*

=== ''The Daily Egyptian'''s fake orphan (2005) ===
For two years ''The Daily Egyptian'', the newspaper of ] at ], had run articles by a young girl named ], whose father, Sgt. Dan Kennings, was serving in the ] in ]. When Dan Kennings was reported killed in action, the ''Chicago Tribune'' discovered that the ''Egyptian'' had fallen for an elaborate ] by a student who convinced actors playing the family that they were filming a documentary. Jaimie Reynolds, the woman who perpetrated the hoax, claimed that former editor Michael Brenner was involved, which he denied.
* ]: , published Aug. 26, 2005]

=== Bush administration journalism scandals (2005) ===
:''Main article: ]''
The Bush White House paid public funds to ] media commentators by several ]s under ] officials to promote various policies of ] ]'s administration. Thousands of ]s were paid to at least three commentators to promote Bush administration policies. This included ], ], and ].{{Fact|date=February 2007}}

=== Jim Van Vliet, ''Sacramento Bee'' (2005) ===
Jim Van Vliet, a sports writer for the ], was fired when his editors learned that he covered a ] game by watching it on television, and wrote it as if he had attended. He also had used quotes made to other reporters the day before the game.
Van Vliet later said he did in fact attend the game.

=== Jeff Gannon, ''Talon News'' (2005)===
] was found to have gotten special access to the White House, working for a small partisan news website called Talon News. He attracted attention when he asked President Bush an infamously 'softball' question, leading journalists to look into his background and discover what some believed to be questionable levels of access for a journalist of his standing. Further scandal erupted when it was revealed that Gannon had maintained a presence on male escort sites.

*]

<I>See also:</I> ]

=== Nada Behziz, ''The Bakersfield Californian'' (2005) ===
Nada Behziz, a 25-year-old reporter in her first year as '']'''s health writer, was fired in October 2005 when editors discovered that her article about teenage smoking plagiarized a quotation from a 1995 '']'' story. An internal investigation turned up 29 pieces containing unattributed borrowings from other papers nationwide, along with seven stories featuring local doctors that could not be found on the state medical board or other databases. In one case, the ] denied the existence of a man Behziz described as a professor at the school. After Behziz's dismissal, her previous employer, '']'' of ], did its own probe and found that at least two of her pieces contained plagiarized material.
The Californian also discovered that she did not graduate from ] as Behziz stated on her resume. She also listed two college internships – one of which ended because of absenteeism and a discrepency in an article – as full-time staff positions.

===Tim Ryan, ''Honolulu Star-Bulletin'' (2006)===
Tim Ryan was a 21-year veteran writer with the '']''. Entertainment columnist Tim Ryan was fired on January 14, 2006, for plagiarizing a number of stories during his time at the ''Star-Bulletin''. In a statement on the paper's official website, editor Frank Bridgewater said, "The stories contained phrases or sentences that appeared elsewhere before being included, un-attributed, in stories that ran in the ''Star-Bulletin''. The stories did not include inaccurate information or any fabrications." () Similarities between Ryan's December 22 review of the ] documentary "Secrets of the Black Box: ]" were first noted on the . Although Bridgewater did not reference Misplaced Pages in his official statement, the article itself was corrected by the ''Star-Bulletin'' on December 24. The correction read: "A portion of a review of the television show "Secrets of the Black Box: Aloha Flight 243" was taken verbatim from the Web site reference.com. The material was originally published in the online encyclopedia wikipedia.com . The article, on Page D6 Thursday, failed to attribute the information to either source." A Misplaced Pages editor brought a complaint to the paper, eventually leading to Ryan's dismissal.

=== Hassan Fattah, ''New York Times''' Abu Ghraib photos (2006) ===
In March 2006, the ''New York Times'' ran a front-page interview by reporter Hassan M. Fattah with ], who claimed he was the man hooded and hooked up to wires in the now-infamous ] prison picture. The Internet magazine ] quickly questioned the man's claim, as did the U.S. military, and the ''Times'' soon discovered that the man was not really the person in the picture. Furthermore, the ''Times'' had run the actual man's name in its own pages several years earlier.

The ''Times'' admitted in the correction that it did not do enough to establish the man's identity. Days later, the ''Times'' retracted the profile of a Hurricane Katrina refugee living in a Bronx hotel and criticizing the government's handling of the crisis because she, too, was a fraud. She was arrested on fraud charges for allegedly attempting to get federal relief.
*
* ]:
* ]

=== Michael Hiltzik, ''The Los Angeles Times'' (2006) ===
], a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist for the ''Los Angeles Times'', lost his "Golden State" column and his ] in April, a week after ] ] Patrick Frey at Patterico's Pontifications discovered that Hiltzik had been posting comments at his blog and others under at least two alternate identities, an Internet practice called "sock puppeting." Hiltzik passed off his alter egos, "Mikekoshi" and "nofanofcablecos", as separate people who either praised Hiltzik and the ''Times'' or attacked his foes, which were typically conservative ideas or people, and included Patterico (a deputy ]), ], ] and others.

Hiltzik was suspended without pay and reassigned. Several years before winning the Pulitzer, Hiltzik was reassigned from the paper's ] bureau after he hacked into and read co-workers' ].
* ]: (April 20, 2006)
*

=== Paul Bradley, ''Richmond Times-Dispatch'' (2006) ===


{{sectstub}}
The '']'' fired 51-year-old writer Paul Bradley, on ] after he ] material in a story on President ]'s immigration speech. He made up a quote from a director at a center for day laborers, stole a description of people waiting for work from a '']'' article, and gave the story a ] making it appear as if he visited the area.


===Scandal creation===
The director of the center quoted in Bradley's story ] alerted his editors, who have promised to look into Bradley's other stories. Bradley apologized but said that "the punishment far exceeds the crime." Fabrication at most newspapers is a first-time firing offense.
In some sectors of the media, scandal is used deliberately, as a marketing tool, or a means to further a political or other goal.


{{sectstub}}
*


==The journalistic climate==
=== Philip Chien, ''Wired News'' (2006) ===


===Journalistic working methods and scandal===
'']'' pulled three news articles by ] writer Philip Chien in August 2006 after it could not verify the authenticity of a source he used in them, namely Robert Ash, an ] professor at ]. Ash had never spoken to Chien on any matter. Chien also admitted to fabricating ] accounts in an attempt to mislead editors.
<!-- Changes in journalism working methods which have perhaps led to these -->


{{sectstub}}
* ]:


==Impact and response==
=== Greg Mitchell, Editor & Publisher (2006) ===
] editor Greg Mitchell admitted in a May 2003 column following the ] scandal at ] that he fabricated sources for a story he wrote as a young reporter for the then ] Gazette.
Mitchell penned columns critical of bloggers accusing the media of staging and faking photographs and news stories during the ] (see ]) while admitting his own. Someone at the magazine subsequently changed Mitchell's column on-line to downplay Mitchell's admitted fabrications, adding that he was a 19-year-old intern at the time. Changing a story on-line without an editor's note alerting readers is widely regarded in ] as an ethical breach.
Mitchell was not a 19-year-old intern, but a 21-year-old professional reporter when he fabricated the sources, because the incident he covered – reducing the river's flow to repair the rock face – actually occurred in 1969, not 1967 as Mitchell's altered column stated.
* ]:
*
*


===The changing face of scandal over time===
===Adnan Hajj, Reuters (2006) ===
{{sectstub}}
] pulled 920 photographs of the ] from ] photographer ] in August 2006 after it was exposed that several high-profile photographs had been altered heavily in ]; see ]. The manipulations exaggerated the damage done by Israeli ].<ref>{{cite news|date=], ]| url=http://editorandpublisher.com/eandp/news/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002950988&imw=Y| title=Smoke and Mirrors: Reuters Dismisses Photog Over Doctored Beirut Picture| publisher=]|accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref>


===Impact of journalistic scandals on society===
Reuters "killed" the 'photograph' and admitted that the photographer had altered it, saying "photo editing software was improperly used on this image. A corrected version will immediately follow this advisory. We are sorry for any inconvenience."<ref name=ynet0806>{{cite web|date=], ]|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3286966,00.html|title="Reuters admits altering Beirut photo"|publisher=]|accessdate=2006-08-07}}</ref> Head of PR Moira Whittle said: "Reuters takes such matters extremely seriously as it is strictly against company editorial policy to alter pictures."<ref name=ynet0806/>


===Responses===
*


<!-- How scandals have impacted the media and the social landscape, and how journalism, media and governments have responded.-->
===Miami anti-Castro broadcasts (2006)===


;Journalistic responses
In September 2006, it came to light that ten Miami-area journalists were hired by the U.S. Office of Cuba Broadcasting to appear as guests on government-funded anti-Castro radio and television shows being sent into Cuba. (The shows cannot be broadcast in the United States due to anti-propaganda laws.) Three of the ten worked for '']'' and were fired. <ref> "Fla. Journalists Paid to Hasten Castro's Ouster", by Doualy Xaykaothao (NPR). ''All Things Considered'', 8 September, 2006. </ref>


;Media industry responses
===Jack Hitt and ''New York Times'' Abortion/Infanticide Article (2006)===
On April 9, 2006, the ''New York Times'' printed an article by ]<ref>, ''New York Times Magazine'', 9 April 2006</ref> claiming Carmen Climaco was jailed in ] for having an ]. On December 31, 2006, the New York Times published a correction by its ombudsmen where they explained that Ms Climaco had been convicted of murdering her child after birth. The author relied on an unpaid translator who had worked with an abortion rights group.<ref>, ''New York Times''</ref>


;Government responses
===Jacqueline Gonzalez, ''San Antonio Express News'' (2007)===
'']'' "Watchdog" ] Jacqueline Gonzalez resigned on January 2, 2007, after allegations of ]. The newspaper had discovered that three of Gonzalez' recent columns copied text from ] and other sources without attribution. Gonzalez' column advised readers how to tackle problems in their everyday lives.


;Societal responses of individuals
*
*


{{sectstub}}
===Maria Bartiromo, CNBC (2007)===


==The impact of the individual as reporter==
], a popular host on the business news channel ], came under fire for alleged unethical journalistic practices concerning her relationship with the ] company ]. '']'' reported on ], ] that the head of ]'s wealth management unit, ], was forced to resign in part because of spending company money on functions involving Bartiromo. Thomson was advised by Citigroup executives to reduce his contact with Bartiromo after the two were seen together around New York City, the Journal reported. But he spent $5 million to sponsor a ] program co-hosted by Bartiromo, and the two flew back together from a business function in Asia on Citigroup's corporate jet. Bartiromo is no longer hosting the Sundance program, but it is rumored that she has flown on Thomson's jet several times, vacationed with him at his private Montana ski lodge, as well as dined with him behind the back of Citigroup's board. Thomson, after gifting $500,000 to the Wharton in 2004, also had Bartiromo added to the advisory board for a special commission. She and Thomson were then suspiciously co-hosts of a later leadership conference at Wharton in 2005. Speculation continues to run rampant through Wall Street as to the nature of her and Thomson's relationship, but it is possible that her marriage has grown sour over her husband's recent financial hardship and business failure.
It wasn't the first time journalists had raised questions about Bartiromo's ties with Citigroup. In 2003, Bartiromo interviewed Citigroup's CEO, Sanford I. Weill, and stammered that she owned 1,000 shares of Citigroup stock. A number of journalism boards consider it unethical for reporters to own shares in the companies on which they report.


===The information era===
=== ], ] (2007) ===
Historically, news was for the most part in the hands of ]s, who sourced, edited, managed and distributed journalistic writings. In the last years of the ] and the start of the ], this model came under challenge from ]-mediated reporting and journalism. Commonly called ], this was the use of the Internet for social interaction, including ]ging - the keeping of web journals, first in text and later in ] formats with images and video. Blog uses included advocacy, journalistic and investigative work as well as personal diarizing, and harnessed the ability of the internet to make information instantly available to millions around the world, with low barriers to distribution and reception.


One of the earliest major impacts of blogging was felt in 2002, when comments suggestive of ] by ] ] were reported and reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers. (See ]'s '']''.) Though Lott's comments were made at a public event attended by the media, no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story, with Lott eventually forced to step down as majority leader.
Photographer and 1998 ] finalist Allan Detrich resigned his post as staff photographer for the ] on April 7th, 2007, following an admission that a submission he had made, covering the ] baseball team praying for five of their teammates who had died in a road accident, had been ]. A pair of legs belonging to a fellow photographer had been "cloned" out of the image, something Detrich never denied but insisted was submitted in error from his personal image collection. The ] manipulation was first discovered when photographers from rival papers realized some near-identical shots taken the same scene from a very similar angle all contained the legs. The controversy was first reported on April 7th by the ]'s News Photographer magazine.<ref>http://www.nppa.org/news_and_events/news/2007/04/toledo02.html</ref>


Since 2002, blogs have gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and ] ] stories. The ] saw bloggers taking measured and passionate points of view that go beyond the traditional ] divide of the ]. Blogging by established politicians and political candidates, to express opinions on war and other issues, cemented blogs' role as a news source. (See ] and ].) Meanwhile, an increasing number of experts blogged, making blogs a source of in-depth analysis. (See Daniel Drezner and ].) Blogs were also created by soldiers serving in the Iraq war. Such "]s" often offered different or contradictory viewpoints from those of official news sources. It also gave obscure news sources a way to reach the public.
The Blade were quick to withdraw all of Detrich's recent work from their image archives, amounting to 947 photographs, 79 of which were discovered to have been visibly altered, including the addition of major, context-changing elements. Twenty-seven altered photographs were reported to have been published by the newspaper since January 2007.<ref>http://www.pdnonline.com/pdn/newswire/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1003571795</ref> The New York branch of the ] also took the precaution of removing all of Detrich's work from their archives, pending further investigation. The photographer was quoted as saying, "I realize now, that this might be the end to my newspaper career, I am so sorry this incident happened plain and simple."


===Impact of the information era and citizen-reporters on journalistic scandal===
The Blade published an apology to its readership on April 15th.<ref>http://toledoblade.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070415/NEWS08/704150316&SearchID=73278129833947</ref>


<!-- The impact of the "individual as reporter" generation (bloggers etc) and the impact of blogs and Web 2.0 etc on journalism scandals.-->
=== "Katie Couric's Notebook," CBSNews.com (2007) ===


{{sectstub}}
One of "]'s Notebook" columns on the ] website, a piece about the declining use of libraries, was found to have closely resembled an article by '']'' author ], "Of the Places You'll Go, Is the Library Still One of Them?", leading to accusations of ].<ref name="Roberts-2007-04-10"/> It was revealed that Couric, the current anchor of the '']'', does not generally write these columns, although they often include first-person recounting of supposed events. On ], ], ] admitted that "much of the material in the Notebook came from Zaslow, and we should have acknowledged that at the top of the piece";<ref name="Roberts-2007-04-10"/> the unidentified producer who provided the material had been fired. The article has since been removed.<ref name="Roberts-2007-04-10">{{cite news
| first = Johnnie L.
| last = Roberts
| url = http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18046837/site/newsweek/
| title = Couric's Contretemps
| publisher = Newsweek/MSNBC.com
| date = ], ]
| accessdate = 2007-04-13
}}</ref>


== National perspectives and overview by country==
===Obama's Schooling, Insight Magazine (2007)===


===United Kingdom===
In January of 2007, ''Insight Magazine'' published an article reporting that "researchers connected to Clinton]]" had discovered that rival candidate ] was educated in a ] ] school during his youth in ].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.insightmag.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=5D3B38F8A2584DB5A77BA05660C6045C&nm=Free+Access&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=B85E731B7602454BBFE7451111C6C4EC | title=Hillary's team has questions about Obama's Muslim background | publisher=Insight | date=Jan. 16-22, 2007 | first= | last= | accessdate = 2007-01-26}}</ref>.
{{sectstub}}


===United States===
These claims were repeated in the ] ]. When the claims turned out to be false, Fox News acknowledged that the story violated their basic rule of knowing "what you are talking about." ], vice president for news at Fox, also included this in his daily editorial note on January 23: "For the record: seeing an item on a website does not mean it is right. Nor does it mean it is ready for air on FNC. The urgent queue is our way of communicating information that is air-worthy. Please adhere to this."<ref> {{cite news | url=http://blog.washingtonpost.com/sleuth/2007/01/obama.html | title=Obama's Grudge Factor | publisher=Washington Post | date=30 January 2007 | first=Mary Ann | last=Akers | accessdate = 2007-02-02}}</ref>.
{{main|Purported United States journalism scandals}}
{{sectstub}}


The story was debunked by CNN who found he had been at a Muslim school, but it was not a madrassa. The Clinton campaign also denied being the source for the article.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2007/POLITICS/01/22/obama.madrassa/ CNN debunks false report about Obama</ref>


== See also == == See also ==

Revision as of 20:43, 23 August 2007

Journalism
Roles
Profession
  • News
  • Writing style (Five Ws)
  • Ethics and standards (code of ethics)
  • Culture
  • Objectivity
  • News values
  • Attribution
  • Defamation
  • Sensationalism
  • Editorial independence
  • Journalism school
    • Areas
  • Arts
  • Business
  • Data
  • Entertainment
  • Environment
  • Fashion
  • Local
  • Medicine
  • Music
  • Politics
  • Science
  • Sports
  • Technology
  • Traffic
  • Video games
  • War
  • Weather
  • World
    • Genres
  • Adversarial
  • Advocacy (Interventionism)
  • Analytic
  • Blogging
  • Broadcast
  • Churnalism
  • Citizen
  • Civic
  • Collaborative
  • Comics-based
  • Community
  • Data
  • Database
  • Digital/Online
  • Explanatory
  • Fact-checking
  • Gonzo
  • Human-interest
  • Immersion
  • Interpretive
  • Investigative
  • Multimedia
  • Narrative
  • New Journalism
  • Non-profit
  • Opinion
  • Peace
  • Photojournalism
  • Press release
  • Sensor
  • Tabloid
  • Underground
  • Video
  • Visual
  • Watchdog
    • Social impact
  • Fake news
  • Fourth Estate
  • Fifth Estate
  • Freedom of the press
  • Infotainment
  • Horse race journalism
  • Media bias (False balance)
  • News desert
  • Pink-slime journalism
  • Public relations
  • Propaganda model
  • Yellow journalism
    • News media
  • Newspapers (Newspaper of record)
  • Magazines
  • TV and radio
  • Internet
  • News agencies
  • Alternative media
    • List of journalism articles – Outline

    Journalism scandals are high-profile incidents or acts, whether intentional or accidental, that run contrary to the generally accepted ethics and standards of journalism, or otherwise violate the 'ideal' mission of journalism: to report news events and issues accurately and fairly.

    Journalistic scandal

    As the investigative and reporting face of the media, journalists are usually required to follow various journalistic standards. These may be written and codified, or customary expectations. Typical standards include references to honesty, journalistic bias, responsibility, an appropriate balance between privacy and public interest, financially motivated writing, and the means used to obtain information which may be legitimate or criminal.

    Journalistic scandals are public scandals arising from incidents where in the eyes of some party, these standards were significantly breached. In most journalistic scandals, deliberate or accidental acts take place that run contrary to the generally accepted ethics and standards of journalism, or otherwise violate the 'ideal' mission of journalism: to report news events and issues accurately and fairly.

    Common characteristics

    Journalistic scandals include: plagiarism, fabrication, and omission of information; activities that violate the law, or violate ethical rules; the altering or staging of an event being documented; or making substantial reporting or researching errors with the results leading to libelous or defamatory statements.

    All journalistic scandals have the common factor that they call into question the integrity and truthfulness of journalism. These scandals shift public focus and scrutiny onto the media itself. Because credibility is journalism's main currency, many news agencies and mass media outlets have strict codes of conduct and enforce them, and use several layers of editorial oversight to catch problems before stories are distributed.

    However, in many of the cases listed below, investigations later found that long-established journalistic checks and balances in the newsrooms failed. In some cases, senior editors fail to catch bias, libel, or fabrication inserted into a story by a reporter. In other cases, the checks and balances were omitted in the rush to get an important, 'breaking' news story to press (or on air).

    Use of the term

    This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.

    Scandal creation

    In some sectors of the media, scandal is used deliberately, as a marketing tool, or a means to further a political or other goal.

    This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.

    The journalistic climate

    Journalistic working methods and scandal

    This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.

    Impact and response

    The changing face of scandal over time

    This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.

    Impact of journalistic scandals on society

    Responses

    Journalistic responses
    Media industry responses
    Government responses
    Societal responses of individuals
    This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.

    The impact of the individual as reporter

    The information era

    Historically, news was for the most part in the hands of media corporations, who sourced, edited, managed and distributed journalistic writings. In the last years of the 20th Century and the start of the 21st century, this model came under challenge from Internet-mediated reporting and journalism. Commonly called Web 2.0, this was the use of the Internet for social interaction, including blogging - the keeping of web journals, first in text and later in multimedia formats with images and video. Blog uses included advocacy, journalistic and investigative work as well as personal diarizing, and harnessed the ability of the internet to make information instantly available to millions around the world, with low barriers to distribution and reception.

    One of the earliest major impacts of blogging was felt in 2002, when comments suggestive of racial segregation by U.S. Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott were reported and reinforced by documents and recorded interviews dug up by bloggers. (See Josh Marshall's Talking Points Memo.) Though Lott's comments were made at a public event attended by the media, no major media organizations reported on his controversial comments until after blogs broke the story, with Lott eventually forced to step down as majority leader.

    Since 2002, blogs have gained increasing notice and coverage for their role in breaking, shaping, and spinning news stories. The Iraq war saw bloggers taking measured and passionate points of view that go beyond the traditional left-right divide of the political spectrum. Blogging by established politicians and political candidates, to express opinions on war and other issues, cemented blogs' role as a news source. (See Howard Dean and Wesley Clark.) Meanwhile, an increasing number of experts blogged, making blogs a source of in-depth analysis. (See Daniel Drezner and J. Bradford DeLong.) Blogs were also created by soldiers serving in the Iraq war. Such "warblogs" often offered different or contradictory viewpoints from those of official news sources. It also gave obscure news sources a way to reach the public.

    Impact of the information era and citizen-reporters on journalistic scandal

    This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.

    National perspectives and overview by country

    United Kingdom

    This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.

    United States

    Main article: Purported United States journalism scandals
    This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it.


    See also

    Notes

    External links

    Categories: