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Joseph Andoni Massad (born 1963) is an Associate Professor of Modern Arab Politics and Intellectual History at Columbia University. Of Palestinian Arab descent, Massad was born in Jordan to Christian parents. He became the center of a controversy over anti-Zionism, antisemitism, and academic freedom in 2004 and 2005.

Colonial Effects

Massad has published extensively in both scholarly and general circulation periodicals, to widely mixed reviews. Reviews of his book, Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan tend to align according to the reviewer’s political beliefs. For example, according to Mary C. Wilson, of the Journal of Palestine Studies, “Massad offers a theoretically informed and highly interesting analysis of the construction of national identity in Jordan… is full of fascinating information and an analysis of the colonial and postcolonial state’s production of national identity that should invigorate the field.”

Published in 2001, the book is based on his PhD dissertation, which won the Middle East Studies Association Malcolm Kerr Dissertation Award in 1998. Colonial Effects was critically praised both by several senior academics in Middle East Studies, including Edward Said who described the book as “a work of genuine brilliance,” and by Nationalism scholars like Partha Chatterjee, Amr Sabet, and Stephen Howe, who called the book “among the most sophisticated and impressive products” of recent studies of nationalism. The book was extensively reviewed in academic journals and according to Betty Anderson, one of the book’s reviewers, it has become staple reading on syllabi of nationalism and Middle East politics university courses across the United States and Europe. The book makes a theoretical intervention in studies of anti-colonial nationalism by insisting that state institutions are central to the fashioning of national identity. Massad focuses on law, the military, and education as key to understanding nationalism and elaborates on the production not only of national identity but also of national culture including food, clothes, sports, accents, songs, and television serials. The book offers a detailed history of the Jordanian state from its inception in 1921 to 2000.

However, a review in the Middle East Quarterly, a publication of the Middle East Forum, states that “Massad has done a thorough job of mastering the source material, but his ideological bias runs deep and devalues the results." The reviewer, Jordan expert Asher Susser, claims that "Massad portrays Jordanians as the malleable creatures of others, non-participants in their own national enterprise who think only the thoughts Westerners imbed in their minds," adding that "Factual distortion and sheer invention would also seem perfectly permissible in Massad's account.” The book also received a negative review in Jordan's leading daily newspaper, Al-Ra'i, entitled "An Orientalist View of the Making of Jordanian Identity," by Jehad Al-Mheisen, a researcher at the Jordan Press Foundation in Amman. According to Al-Mheisen, Massad excessively focuses on the top-down role of the army and the law in forging a Jordanian identity, but overlooks the country's social structure, most importantly the tribes. Al-Mheisen argues that the integration of the bureaucracy with traditional social groups forms the core of Jordanian identity, which is durable, deep-rooted, and authentic, and no different in that way than other Arab countries, including Egypt. Calling the book more political than historical, Al-Mheisen asserts that it is marred by "numerous distortions" and inaccuracies, serving "Massad's a priori orientalist perspective." - In a favorable review, by John Chalcraft of the University of Edinburgh, criticized the Orientalist nature of Colonial Effects: "the mass of the population barely get a mention in Massad's account, the key subjects of which are the 'Great Men' of Jordanian history...there is an impression that one, white, male, colonial subject is privileged with potency, whereas the agency of others is effaced. For the colonizer, one theory of the subject, for the colonized, another."

The Persistence of the Palestinian Question: Essays on Zionism and the Palestinians

The Persistence of the Palestinian Question (2006), Massad's second book, analyzes Zionism and Palestinian nationalism from a variety of angles, including, race, gender, culture, ethnicity, colonialism, anti-Semitism, and nationalist ideology, to name the most prominent. His analysis of the discourse on terrorism in the introduction deals with the dynamics of power relations between Zionism and the Palestinians and traces the history of Zionist and Israeli violence which the British called “terrorism” in Palestine before 1948 and after, while his chapter on the persistence of the Palestinian question argues that the Palestinian and the Jewish questions are one and the same and that “Both questions can only be resolved by the negation of anti-Semitism, which still plagues much of Europe and America and which mobilizes Zionism’s own hatred of Jewish Jews and of the Palestinians.” The book has received praise from Israeli scholars Ilan Pappé and Ella Shohat as well as from Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi. Shohat praised the book as a “timely and engaging volume” that “makes an invaluable contribution to the ongoing debate over Zionism and Palestine.” Pappé saw the book as a “courageous intellectual exercise” and as “a thought provoking book that forces us to reverse our conventional images and perceptions about Palestine's history and future.”

Other scholars situated the book’s contribution in relation to European history and to the work of Edward Said. For example, University of Pennsylvania political science professor Anne Norton praised the book in her review stating that “Massad's brilliant and scholarly work is profoundly illuminating not only for the history of Palestine and the discourses surrounding it, but for the history of Europe and the United States and, finally, as an account that raises compelling theoretical questions.”

Desiring Arabs

Massad's newest book, Desiring Arabs, is an intellectual history of the Arab world in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The book makes a number of interventions in a number of academic and theoretical fields. It extends Said’s study of Orientalism by analyzing the latter’s impact on Arab intellectual production; it links Orientalism to definitions and representations of sex and desire and in doing so provides a colonial archive to the sexual question that has hitherto been missing; it approaches the literary as the limits of imagining the future; and puts forth the question of translation as a central problematic in Euro-American studies of the other. Desiring Arabs has received critical praise from academics and journalists, including Talal Asad who described it as a "remarkable book, at once a fascinating history of ideas and a brilliantly analyzed case study of cultural imperialism.... is quite stunning."

Feminist scholar Joan Scott commented on Massad’s refusal of both the essentialized oppositions between Arab and Western civilization and the all-embracing universalism offered in the name of human rights. Instead, she wrote that Massad insists that representations of Arab sexuality must be understood historically, as the outcome of the encounter between Arab and Orientalist writers. She described the book as “an inspired and erudite intellectual history, complex, nuanced, critical, and deeply engaged." Other scholars saw the book as an “elaborate, relentless, and unabashed” critique of Arab intellectual production on the question of sex and desire. Anton Shammas, professor of Arabic Literature at the University of Michigan, praised it as “the most interesting and equally illuminating commentaries on modern Arab culture to be published in the past decade." Gayaytri Chakravorty Spivak, the major theorist of postcolonialism and University professor at Columbia University, placed Massad's work in relation to the work of Edward Said.

Controversial views

Massad is an outspoken critic of Israel's existence as a "Jewish state", arguing that it is inherently racist. He argues that Zionism is a form of anti-Semitism, an “anti-Semitic project of destroying Jewish cultures and languages in the diaspora.”

On April 17, 2002, Israel’s independence day, an anti-Israel rally was scheduled to compete with a pro-Israel celebration. According to the campus paper, the Columbia Spectator, Massad addressed the rally, proclaiming that Israel is "a Jewish supremacist and racist state," and that "every racist state should be threatened."

Massad claimed that he was misquoted by the campus newspaper, though in his rebuttal he persisted in referring to Israel as a racist state and and accussing Israeli Jews of supporting Jewish supremacy:

As for the political rally, which took place on Wednesday April 17, 2002, I was one of countless speakers. I spoke out and asserted the following: "Like white South Africans who felt threatened under apartheid and who only felt safe when they gave up their commitment to white supremacy, Israeli Jews will continue to feel threatened if they persist in supporting Jewish supremacy. Israeli Jews will only feel safe in a democratic Israeli state where all Jews and Arabs are treated equally. No state has the right to be a racist state." The Spectator misquoted me as saying that Israel is "a Jewish supremacist and racist state," and that "every racist state should be threatened." When I protested the misquotation, the Spectator journalist who wrote the story, Xan Nowakowski, apologized and informed me via E-mail that she did not even attend the rally and got the quotes from another reporter. She assured me that the newspaper would run a correction. After a back and forth for almost a week on E-mail, the Spectator ran the correction on April 24, 2002.

Massad has argued that "U.S. imperialism" is ultimately behind Israeli actions. He has attacked the "Israel Lobby" thesis, saying, "the lobby is powerful in the United States because its major claims are about advancing US interests and its support for Israel are contextualised in its support for the overall US strategy in the Middle East. The pro-Israel lobby plays the same role that the China lobby played in the 1950s and the Cuba lobby still plays to this day. The fact that it is more powerful than any other foreign lobby on Capitol Hill testifies to the importance of Israel in US strategy and not to some fantastical power that the lobby commands independent of and extraneous to the US "national interest." The pro-Israel lobby could not sell its message and would not have any influence if Israel was a communist or anti-imperialist country or if Israel opposed US policy elsewhere in the world."

Massad has "questioned the genetic links between 19th century European Jews and the ancient Israelite kingdom" and denied that Jews "are the descendants of the ancient Hebrews,” Joseph Massad, . Diana and Paul Appelbaum argue that "existing genetic data lend no support whatsoever to these assertions", but deny also that genetic data can prove the converse: "Advocates who look to genetics for a decisive victory are certain to be disappointed."

Allegations of anti-Semitism

Massad has himself been accused of anti-Semitism by Unites States Congressman Anthony Weiner and Asaf Romirowsky, manager of Israel and Middle East affairs for the Jewish Federation of Greater Philadelphia; it is a charge he strenuously denies.

In a letter to Columbia University president Lee Bollinger, James Schreiber, a graduate of the university and member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, recalled a speech by Massad he had attended two and a half years earlier, which he characterized as an "anti-Semitic diatribe." Schreiber alleged, "Massad’s thesis in summary was that Jews -- Zionists -- viewed themselves as superior to other people and Arabs as less than human…" Massad replied, calling the account incorrect and "defamatory." He stated, "My principled stance against anti-Semitism and all kinds of racism is a matter of public record... Indeed I have condemned anti-Semitism in my Arabic and English writings, regardless of whether the person expressing it was pro-Israel or anti-Israel, an Arab, an American Christian, or an Israeli Jew." Massad has argued generally that these accusations are part of a concerted effort by political opponents to intimidate him and other pro-Palestinian scholars.

Charges by Massad of racism by others

Massad has criticized Arab intellectuals who "defend the racist and barbaric policies of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in the Arab world."

Massad also frequently accuses American culture of being deeply racist and hateful of women. He writes:

It is with this misogyny as background, that the US military understood well that American male sexual prowess, usually reserved for American women, should be put to military use in imperial conquests. In such a strategy, Iraqis are posited by American super-masculine fighter-bomber pilots as women and feminised men to be penetrated by the missiles and bombs ejected from American warplanes. By feminising the enemy as the object of penetration (real and imagined), American imperial military culture supermasculinises not only its own male soldiers, but also its female soldiers who can partake in the feminisation of Iraqi men.

Charging that racist US behavior in Iraq stems from underlying racism in American culture, Massad cites the 1997 Abner Louima case as a key example:

When confronted by lesser men on the American mainland, the behaviour of white uniformed American masculinity does not differ much. In August 1997, Haitian immigrant Abner Louima was arrested outside a nightclub in New York city and was later tortured by white New York policemen who shoved a broken broomstick up his rectum and into his mouth while beating him in a police station bathroom and hurling racial epithets at him (Louima underwent several surgeries as a result of the injuries he sustained). Such practices clearly demonstrate that white American male sexuality exhibits certain sadistic attributes in the presence of non-white men and women over whom white Americans (and Brits) have government-sanctioned racialised power.

Massad also stated that the infamous pictures from the Abu-Ghraib torture case "prove that the content of the word 'freedom' that American politicians and propagandists want to impose on the rest of the world is nothing more and nothing less than America's violent domination, racism, torture, sexual humiliation, and the rest of it."

Views on the definition of anti-Semitism

Critics have charged that Massad sidesteps charges of anti-Semitism by changing the very definition of the term. While historically the term "anti-Semitism" has referred to hatred demonstrated toward Judaism and Jewish people, Massad generally employs a different meaning.

In an article in Al-Ahram in 2004, Massad writes: "...the claims made by many nowadays that any manifestation of hatred against Jews in any geographic location on Earth and in any historical period is 'anti-Semitism' smacks of a gross misunderstanding of the European history of anti-Semitism."

Massad has also argued that Zionism is itself a form of anti-Semitism, an “anti-Semitic project of destroying Jewish cultures and languages in the diaspora.”

Accusations that Massad compares Israel to Nazi Germany

Massad has strenuously denied making any comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany, writing in 2004, during the controversy over a film by the pro-Israel group the David Project: "Moreover, the lie that the film propagates claiming that I would equate Israel with Nazi Germany is abhorrent. I have never made such a reprehensible equation."

Critics, however, have pointed to an article written by Massad that appeared in a 2000 issue of the Journal of Palestine Studies. In a very controversial passage, reprinted here in its entirety, Massad writes:

Palestinians and Arabs were not the only ones cast as Nazis. Israel was also accused — by Israelis as well as by Palestinians — of Nazi-style crimes. In the context of Israeli massacres of Palestinians in 1948, a number of Israeli ministers referred to the actions of Israeli soldiers as "Nazi actions," prompting Benny Marshak, the education officer of the Palmach, to ask them to stop using the term. Indeed, after the massacre at al-Dawayima, Agriculture Minister Aharon Zisling asserted in a cabinet meeting that he "couldn't sleep all night... Jews too have committed Nazi acts." Similar language was used after the Israeli army gunned down forty-seven Israeli Palestinian men, women, and children at Kafr Qasim in 1956. While most Israeli newspapers at the time played down the massacre, a rabbi rote that "we must demand of the entire nation a sense of shame and humiliation... that soon we will be like Nazias and the perpetrators of pogroms."

The Palestinians were soon to level the same accusation against the Israelis. Such accusations increased during the intifada. One of the communiqués issued by the Unified National Leadership of the Uprising defined the intifada as consisting of "the children and young men of the stones and Molotov cocktails, the thousands of women who miscarried as a result of poison gas and tear gas grenades, and those women whose sons and husbands were thrown in the Nazi prisons." The Israelis were always outraged by such accusations, even when the similarities were stark. When the board of Yad Vashem, for example, was asked to condemn the act of an Israeli army officer who instructed his soldiers to inscribe numbers on the arms of Palestinians, board chairman Gideon Hausner "squelched the initiative, ruling that it had no relevance to the Holocaust."

Contested historical claims about the Talmud

In an article in Al-Ahram, Massad writes:

In keeping with the Protestant Reformation's abduction of the Hebrew bible into its new religion and its positing of modern European Jews as direct descendants of the ancient Hebrews, post-Enlightenment haters of Jews began to identify Jews as "Semites" on account of their alleged ancestors having spoken Hebrew. In fact the ancient Hebrews spoke Aramaic, the language in which the Talmud was written, as well as parts of the bible.

Critics have disputed these claims. For example, the Babylonian Talmud, comprising both the Mishnah and the Gemara, contains large swaths of both Hebrew and Aramaic. The central portion is indeed Hebrew.

Furthermore, while Aramaic and Arabic were spoken for a long time by ancient Jews, critics point out that Hebrew, in various forms and at various historical stages, was also continuously used. Hebrew was used for the writing of religious texts, poetry, and so forth, as well as for speech. Even after the introduction of Aramaic, and its influence on Late Biblical Hebrew, Hebrew continued to develop, and today scholars use terms like Mishnaic/Rabbinic Hebrew and Medieval Hebrew.

Allegations of fraudulent quoting

In the beginning of 2002, Massad gave a speech on the Columbia University campus entitled "On Zionism and Jewish Supremacy." The lecture was based on an article of the same title written by Massad and published in the journal New Politics. The article itself included the following passage:

...more recently, in late September 2001, and during an acrimonious argument which erupted in a weekly Israeli cabinet meeting between Prime Ministe ] ] and his Foreign Minister ] ], the following interchange unfolded: Peres was warning Sharon that refusing to heed American requests for a ceasefire would endanger Israeli interests and "turn the U.S. against us." Sharon yelled at Peres in exasperation: "every time we do something you tell me the Americans will do this and will do that. I want to tell you something very clearly, don't worry about American pressure on Israel, we, the Jewish people control America and the Americans know it." This major ideological convergence between anti-Semites and Jewish supremacists in Israel is hardly surprising if one understood Zionism's project as nothing short of turning the Jew into the anti-Semite.

The Sharon quotation turned out to be fraudulent, and Massad quietly removed the quotation in a later version of the article that was published in another journal. Critics have charged that because of the inflammatory nature of the quotation, which directly charges the Jewish state's leaders with claiming that Jews control United States policy in keeping with a long tradition of supposed international Jewish conspiracies to control powerful governments--this error was hardly minor and innocent, and deserved a more open retraction.

As Armin Rosen writes in the campus newspaper:

With this in mind, his "magnum opus" is a 2002 article for New Politics entitled "On Zionism and Jewish Supremacy," itself a study in how an important examination of a provocative and difficult question—in this case, whether the Zionist project is inherently racist—can degenerate into an intolerant and wildly anti-academic rant.

In the article, Massad notes the "ideological convergence between anti-Semites and Jewish supremacists." He bases a claim that "Zionism's project is nothing short of turning the Jew into the anti-Semite" on an Israeli newspaper article in which a Washington, D.C. rabbi states, "The U.S. no longer has a government of , but an administration in which the Jews are full partners in the decision-making at all levels." To a reasonable reader, this is an innocuous and even factual statement. To Massad, it helps prove that "Jewish supremacists" promote a worldview whereby "Jews will be supremacists over the native Palestinians who they conquered and must continue to conquer; they are also said to be supreme on a global scale."

The logic is tough to follow but inflammatory nonetheless: Massad is accusing "Jewish Supremacists" (basically, every Zionist Jew, regardless of nationality) of endangering the greater Jewish community through wanting their people to be "supreme on a global scale." Basically, Massad argues that Zionists generate anti-Semitism through confirming to an anti-Semitic stereotype. But it's a stereotype that Massad finds valid—to him, a goodly percentage of Jews really are living, breathing anti-Semitic caricatures.

Alleged classroom intimidation

In 2004, the David Project produced a film, "Columbia Unbecoming," interviewing students who claimed that Massad and other profesors had intimidated or abused them for their pro-Israel views. This eventually sparked a university investigation by an ad hoc committee.

The committee itself was the target of much criticism for its perceived compositional imbalance. Of the five members on the committee, two had signed an Israel divestment petition, another was Prof. Massad's former thesis advisor, and another was on public record comparing Israel to a Nazi state. Critics asked why the university had not selected members who had no connection to the controversy in order to avoid even the taint of a conflict of interest.

The Ad Hoc Grievance Committee, which concluded its work in April, 2005, dismissed most of the allegations, but did find credible elements of one allegation that Massad had reprimanded a student inappropriately. The committee noted that "there can be little doubt of Professor Massad's dedication to, and respectful attitude towards, his students whatever their confessional or ethnic background or their political outlook," and that "we have no reason to believe that Professor Massad intended to expel from the classroom," but stated, quoting the university handbook, that "angry criticism directed at a student in class because she disagrees, or appears to disagree, with a faculty member on a matter of substance is not consistent with the obligation to 'show respect for the rights of others to hold opinions differing from their own,' to 'exercise responsible self-discipline, and to 'demonstrate appropriate restraint.'"

Massad continues to deny the allegation, in which the student specifically alleged that after raising her hand and asking a question, Massad had yelled, "If you're going to deny the atrocities being committed against Palestinians, then you can get out of my classroom!" Two other students who claimed to be present on the day have supported the allegation, but others have stated that the incident never happened. One teaching assistant present at the time stated publicly on WNYC (New York City's public radio station) in April 2005 that Massad did not angrily criticize the student in question, and 20 students signed a letter in response to the committee's report stating that they were present in class on the day of the alleged incident, and that the incident had never happened.

Massad's defenders see the campaign waged by students and others around these criticisms as a politically motivated attack on academic freedom. An informal ad-hoc committee of Arab and Jewish students at Columbia was formed to defend Massad from the allegations which were subject to the investigating committee, with a website at censoringthought.org. In addition, at least two petitions were created in support of the embattled professor, one by a Jewish student at Columbia University's School of International and Public Affairs, and the other at jerusalemsites.org. The New York Civil Liberties Union issued a statement of support for Massad, saying that for his critics, "the line between ideological content and conduct seems to blur significantly and one is left with the distinct impression that these accusations are really about the content of academic lectures and writings. Thus, in the end, the attempt by some outside the academy to transform these accusations into a demand for the termination of a scholar or other sanctions reduces to a direct attack upon principles of academic freedom."

The students who had alleged this and other incidents of intimidation and their backers have not retracted their charges, however, instead criticizing Columbia for "whitewashing" copious evidence of anti-Semitism and intimidation of students by Massad and other members of the Middle Eastern Languages and Cultures department, an assessment with which Nat Hentoff of the Village voice concurred .

Works

Books, and articles and book reviews published in scholarly journals. Numerous non-scholarly articles are not included.

Books

• Massad, Joseph A. (October 15, 2001). Colonial effects: the making of national identity in Jordan. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-12322-1 LCCN 20-1 – 0. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Massad, Joseph A. (2006). The Persistence of the Palestinian Question: Essays on Zionism and the Palestinians. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-77010-6. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Massad, Joseph A. (June 15, 2007). Desiring Arabs. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

Articles

• "Affiliating with Edward Said," forthcoming in Emancipation and Representation: On the Intellectual Meditations of Edward Said, Hakim Rustom and Adel Iskander, eds., (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007).
• "Beginning with Edward Said," in Belonging, The Catalog for the 7th International Biennial of Sharjah, curated by Jack Persekian and edited by Kamal Boullata, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, 2005. (Invited)
• "The Weapon of Culture: Cinema in the Palestinian Liberation Struggle," forthcoming in Hamid Dabashi, editor, Palestinian Cinema, (London: Verso, 2006).
• "The Persistence of the Palestinian Question," Cultural Critique, No. 59, Winter, 2005.
• "Liberating Songs: Palestine Put to Music," in Ted Swedenberg and Rebecca Stein, Popular Palestines: Cultures, Communities, and Transnational Circuits (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005).
• "The Intellectual Life of Edward Said," Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 131, Spring 2004, (pp. 7-22), (Invited).
• "The Ends of Zionism: Racism and the Palestinian Struggle," Interventions, Volume 5, Number 3, 2003, (pp. 440-451).
• "The Binational State and the Reunification of the Palestinian People," Global Dialogue, Volume 4, Number 3, Summer 2002.
• "History on the Line: Joseph Massad and Benny Morris Discuss the Middle East," Debate with Israeli historian Benny Morris, History Workshop Journal, Spring 2002, (pp. 205-216).
• "Re-Orienting Desire: The Gay International and the Arab World" Public Culture, Spring, 2002, (pp. 361-385).
• "On Zionism and Jewish Supremacy," New Politics, Winter 2002, (pp. 89-101).
• "Return of Permanent Exile," in Naseer Aruri, ed., Palestinian Refugees and the Right of Return, (London: Pluto Press, 2001). This is a republication of "Return or Permanent Exile: Palestinian Refugees and the Ends of Oslo," Critique, No. 14, Spring 1999, (pp. 5-23).
• "Jordan’s Bedouins and the Military Basis of National Identity," in Cairo Papers, Essays on the Social History of the Middle East, edited and published by the American University in Cairo, Cairo, Summer 2001, (pp. 113-133).
• "Palestinians and Jewish History: Recognition or Submission?" Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 117, Fall 2000, (pp. 52-67).
• "The 'Post-Colonial' Colony, Time, Space and Bodies in Palestine/Israel," in The Pre-Occupation of Post-Colonial Studies, edited by Fawzia Afzal-Khan and Kalpana Seshadri-Crooks, Duke University Press, 2000.
• "The Politics of Desire in the Writings of Ahdaf Soueif," Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 112, Summer 1999, (pp. 74-90).
• "Return or Permanent Exile: Palestinian Refugees and the Ends of Oslo," Critique, No. 14, Spring 1999, (pp. 5-23).
• "Art and Politics in the Cinema of Youssef Chahine," Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 110, Winter 1999, (pp. 77-93).
• "Political Realists or Comprador Intelligentsia: Palestinian Intellectuals and the National Struggle," Critique, Fall, 1997 (pp. 23-35).
• "Zionism’s Internal Others: Israel and the Oriental Jews," Journal of Palestine Studies, Summer, 1996, No. 100, (pp. 53-68)
• "Conceiving the Masculine: Gender and Palestinian Nationalism," Middle East Journal, Summer 1995, Vol. 49, No. 3, (pp. 467-483).
• "Repentant Terrorists, or Settler-Colonialism Revisited: The PLO-Israeli Agreement in Perspective," Found Object, Spring 1994, No. 3, (pp. 81-90), (Invited)
• "Palestinians and the Limits of Racialized Discourse," Social Text, Spring 1993, No. 34, (pp. 94-114).
• "Chansons de la liberation: La Palestine mise en musique," in Revue d'études palestiniennes, No. 87, 2003.
• "Al-Dawlah al-Thuna'iyyat al-Qawmiyyah wa I'adat Tawhid al-Sha'b al-Filastini," in Al-Adab, Nos. 7-8, July-August, 2002, 42-48.
• "'An al-Suhyuniyyah wa Naz'at al-Tafawwuq al-'Irqi al-Yahudi: min ajl 'amaliyyat salam haqiqiyyah," in Al-Adab, Nos.5-6, May-June 2002. 19-30.
• "Al-Filastiniyyun wa al-Mihraqah al-Yahudiyyah," published in Al-Muntada, Vol 16, No, 8, August 2001.
• "Sasah Waqi'iyyun Am Muthaqqafun Kumbraduriyyun, Al-Muthaqaffun Al-Filastiniyyun wa Al-Sira' Al-Watani," in Kan'an, Jerusalem, no. 85, April 1997.
• Al-Usuliyyah al-Yahudiyyah fi Isra'il, Muraja'at Kitab, Kan'an, Al-Taybah (Israel), No. 106, Summer 2001, pp. 36-41.

Book reviews

• "Deconstructing Holocaust Consciousness," a Review Essay of The Holocaust in American Life by Peter Novick and The Holocaust Industry, Reflections on the Exploitation of Jewish Suffering by Norman Finkelstein and Mark Chmiel’s Elie Wiesel and the Politics of Moral Leadership, Journal of Palestine Studies, Autumn, 2002, (pp. 78-89)
• Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel by Israel Shahak and Norton Mezvinsky, (London: Pluto Press, 1999), Electronic Journal of Middle East Studies, MIT, no.1, 2001.
• Jordanians, Palestinians and the Hashemite Kingdom in the Middle East Peace Process by Adnan Abu-Odeh, Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1999, Journal of Palestine Studies, Winter 2000, No, 118.
• Palestinian Identity , The Construction of Modern National Consciousness, by Rashid Khalidi, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Summer 2000.
• The Modern History of Jordan, by Kamal Salibi, New York: I.B. Tauris, 1998, Middle East Studies Bulletin, Summer 2000.
• Jordan and the Palestine Question, The Role of Islamic and Left Forces in Foreign Policy-Making, by Sami Al-Khazendar, London: Ithaca Press, 1997, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 113, Fall, 1999.
• Political Islam and the New World Disorder, by Bassam Tibi, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998, Middle East Journal, Volume 53, Number 3, Summer 1999.
• The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry, by Joel Beinin, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 111, Spring, 1999.
• The Dream Palace of the Arabs, A Generation’s Odyssey, by Fouad Ajami, New York: Pantheon Books, 1998, Al-Ahram Weekly, April 30-May 6 1998.
• Nationalism and the Genealogical Imagination, Oral History and Textual Authority in Tribal Jordan, by Andrew Shryock, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 105, Fall, 1997.
• Islam and Romantic Orientalism: Literary Encounters with the Orient, by Mohammed Sharafuddin, London: I.B. Tauris, 1996, Middle East Journal, Vol. 51, No. 4, Autumn 1997.
• Image of the Prophet Muhammad in the West: A Study of Muir, Margoliouth and Watt, by Jabal Muhammad Buaben, Leicester, UK: The Islamic Foundation, 1996, Middle East Journal, Vol. 51, No. 4, Autumn 1997.
• Islam and the Myth of Confrontation, Religion and Politics in the Middle East, by Fred Halliday, London: I.B. Tauris, 1996, Journal of Palestine Studies, No. 102, Winter 1997.
• Israel’s Secret Wars, A History of Israel’s Intelligence Services by Ian Black and Benny Morris, New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1992, Middle East Insight, April, 1992.
• Republic of Fear, The Politics of Modern Iraq, by Samir al-Khalil, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990, Against The Current, January 1991.

References

2. Betty Anderson. “The Duality of National Identity in the Middle East: A Critical Review” .
3. {{cite journal - | last = Susser - | first = Asher - | year = 2003 - | month = Summer - | title = Brief Reviews: Colonial Effects: The Making of National Identity in Jordan - | journal = Middle East Quarterly - | volume = X - | issue = 3 - | pages = - | doi = - | id = - | url = http://www.meforum.org/article/561 - | format = - | accessdate = 2006-08-23 - }} -
5. Ella Shohat review of The Persistence of the Palestinian Question at Amazon.com
11. ^ Massad, Joseph (2003). "The legacy of Jean-Paul Sartre". Al-Ahram Weekly. Retrieved 2006-09-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
12. Nowakowski, Xan (18). "Students Organize Sit-In To Support Palestinians". Columbia Spectator. Retrieved 2007-12-22. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= and |year= / |date= mismatch (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
13. "Joseph Massad's MEALAC Web Page". Retrieved 2007-12-25.
14. Massad, Joseph (March 26, 2006). "Blaming the Israel Lobby". www.counterpunch.org. Retrieved 2006-09-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
15. http://www.bwog.net/publicate/index.php?page=post&article_id=3115
16. (quoted in Andrew Whitehead, “History on the Line, ‘No Common Ground’: Joseph Massad and Benny Morris Discuss the Middle East,” History Workshop Journal 53:1 (2002), pp. 214-215)
17. Diana Muir Appelbaum and Paul S. Appelbaum. "The Gene Wars," Azure, Winter 5767 / 2007, No. 27 http://www.azure.org.il/magazine/magazine.asp?id=347
18. "Rep. Weiner Asks Columbia to Fire Anti-Israel Prof". New York Sun. October 22, 2004. Retrieved 2007-12-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
19. "A New Anti-Semitism Takes Root on Campus". Jewish Exponent. September 13, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
20. Schreiber, James (February 11, 2005). "Alumni contributors react to 'Columbia Unbecoming'". www.solomonia.com. Retrieved 2006-09-20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
21. ^ "Joseph Massad". Columbia University. Retrieved 2006-09-20.
22. Massad, Joseph (1998). "Not so secret gardens". Al-Ahram Weekly. Retrieved 2007-12-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
23. ^ Massad, Joseph (2004). "Imperial mementos". Al-Ahram Weekly. Retrieved 2007-12-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
24. ^ Massad, Joseph (2004). "Semites and anti-Semites, that is the question". Al-Ahram Weekly. Retrieved 2007-12-22. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
25. Massad, Joseph (2004). "Intimidating Columbia University". Al-Ahram Weekly. Retrieved 2007-12-27. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
26. Massad, Joseph (2000). "Palestinian and Jewish History: Recognition or Submission?". Journal of Palestine Studies. XXX (1): 52-67. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
27. "Judaic Treasures of the Library of Congress: The Talmud".
28. Angel Sáenz-Badillos (1993). A History of the Hebrew Language. Tr. John Elwolde. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
29. Massad, Joseph (2002). "On Zionism and Jewish Supremacy". New Politics. VIII (4): 89. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
30. "Exposing False Zionist Quotes". October 1, 2004. Retrieved 2007-12-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
31. "No Tenure for Massad". Columbia Spectator. October 12, 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-25. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
32. http://www.nyclu.org/bollinger_ltr_122004.html
33. http://www.villagevoice.com/news/0515,hentoff,62885,6.html
34. http://www.nysun.com/article/4117
35. http://www.jcpa.org/phas/phas-liben-05.htm)

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