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| {{Infobox Military Structure | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| |name = '''Test Stand VII''' (]: ''Prüfstand VII'') | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| |partof = ] | |||
| '''Test Stand VII''' (''Prüfstand VII'' in ]) was the most important launch pad for testing ] rockets at ] during World War II. | |||
| |location = ] | |||
| |coordinates ={{coor dms|54|10|6|N|13|48|17|E|type:landmark_region:DE-MV}} | |||
| |image = ] | |||
| |caption = June 23, 1943 RAF reconnaisance photo of Test Stand VII | |||
| |type = ] | |||
| |code= | |||
| |built = 1938<ref>{{cite web|last=Janberg|first=Nicolas|url=http://en.structurae.de/structures/data/index.cfm?ID=s0012008|title=Montagehalle Prüfstrand VII|work=Structurae|accessdate=2008-01-28|publisher=en.structurae.de}}</ref> | |||
| |builder = ] | |||
| |materials = sand, concrete, brick, steel | |||
| |height = 10m hohe Bóschung<ref name=Klee/> | |||
| |used = ] | |||
| |demolished = 1961<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|url=http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=45850|title=Prüfstand VII|work=Peenemünde|accessdate=2008-01-28|publisher=SkyscraperPage.com}}</ref> | |||
| |condition = demolished | |||
| |ownership= | |||
| |open_to_public = | |||
| |controlledby= | |||
| |commanders = Engineers in Charge: Fritz Schwarz (1943),<ref name=Dornberger/><sup>127,141</sup> Hartmut Kuechen (through May 1944), followed by Dieter Huzel, then Dr. Kurt Debus.<ref name=Huzel/> | |||
| |battles=],] | |||
| |events=DERA rocket model club launches | |||
| |garrison=|current_commander=|occupants=}} | |||
| '''Test Stand VII''' (]: ''Prüfstand VII'', P-7) was the principal World War II ] testing facility at ] and was capable of static firing of rocket motors up to 200 tons thrust. Notable events at the site include the first successful V-2 launch on October 3, 1943, visits by German military leaders, and Allied reconnaissance overflights and bombing. | |||
| Test Stand VII was located at {{coor dms|54|10|6|N|13|48|17|E|type:landmark_region:DE-MV}}. It was surrounded by an elliptical earth wall, and was therefore nicknamed "arena". It also had a 32 metre high rocket assembly hall. Test Stand VII was larger than needed for launching the V-2 because it was designed for testing the larger ] ], though the war ended before any prototypes of the A9/A10 could be built. | |||
| Two distinguishing features of P-7 were the 670-yard-long<ref name=Irving> | |||
| Test Stand VII was used for testing V-2 rockets until the site had to be evacuated due to the Soviet advance in 1945, despite considerable damage from an air raid in August 1944, which were cleared until November 1944. Because the distance from Peenemünde to ], ], ], or the ] was farther than the maximum range of the A4 rocket, no launches toward hostile targets were made from it. | |||
| {{cite book |last=Irving|first=David|authorlink=David Irving|title=The Mare's Nest|year=1964|publisher=William Kimber and Co|location=London|pages=p20,48-50,56-58,65}}</ref> elliptical high-sloped sand wall and the wide concrete-lined trench (flame pit) with a large symmetrical water-cooled flame deflector of ]-steel pipes. The concrete ditch, nearly 25 feet wide with 3-foot concrete walls, sloped gradually away from each side of the flame deflector to a depth of 20 feet, rising again symmetrically toward the side of the arena. Beside the flame pit was a long underground room where 4-foot-diameter delivery pipes were housed to route cooling water at 120 gallons per second from three huge pumps in the pumphouse to the flame deflector in the pit.<ref name=Huzel> | |||
| At Test Stand VII there was also a TV system for tracking the rockets. This device was the world's first application of ]. | |||
| {{cite book |last=Huzel|first=Dieter K||title=Peenemünde to Canaveral||year=1962|publisher=Prentice Hall|location=Englewood Cliffs NJ|pages=p21,42-46,64-69,100,103,240|quote= }}</ref><ref name=Dornberger> | |||
| Between 1948 and 1961 Test Stand VII was dismantled by the ] occupation forces, along with most of the rest of the Peenemünde base. There are now only a few remains from the once large complex. | |||
| {{cite book |last=Dornberger|first=Walter|authorlink=Walter Dornberger|title=V2--Der Schuss ins Weltall|origyear=1952||year=1954 (US translation ''V-2'' Viking Press:New York)|publisher=Bechtle Verlag|location=Esslingan|language=German (translated by James Cleugh and Geoffrey Halliday) |isbn=0-553-12660-1 (1979 Bantam edition)|pages=p4,9-11,30,128-133,141}}</ref> | |||
| Members of the rocket model club DERA from ] have launched several models of the A4-rocket from the area of test stand VII . | |||
| ] was chosen as the date because on that day in 1942, at 15:58 MEWT ] - 13:58 ], the first successful launch of an A4 rocket took place. This rocket was the first man-made device to reach ], at a height of 84.5 kilometres. For this reason the October 3, 1942 is said to be the "birthday of ]". | |||
| While the elliptical sand wall was for blocking high sea winds and blown sand, concrete structures were integrated into the wall and under the ground to protect equipment and personnel from rocket explosions and enemy bombing (but not the sand-filled dummy warhead, called "the elephant", that was normally used). A large gap in the wall allowed easy entry by vehicles (particularly railcars with propellants), and an open tunnel through the ellipse wall at the narrower southern end also allowed entry. Integrated into the ellipse wall next to the tunnel was a massive observation and measuring ] containing the control center. The control center had a double door with a bulletproof glass window from which an observer maintained telephone communication with the Telemetering Building at a remote location from P-7. A receiver in a lighthouse near ] provided telemetry from rockets with the Wolman System. For rockets that used radio control for V-2 engine cutoff, the ''Brenschluss'' equipment included a transmitter on the bank of the ] about 7.5 miles from P-7 and the Doppler radar, a motorized ] (the "rhinoceros), at Lubmin.<ref name=Huzel/><ref name=Dornberger/> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| * ] | |||
| The control room also had a row of four periscopes, switchboards, manometers, frequency gauges, voltmeters and ampmeters, green/red/white signal lamps, and switches at the propulsion console and guidance panel to dynamically display approximately 15 measurement points within the rocket, as well as a big "X-time" ] clock that display the time until launch, which was announced via loudspeakers as "X minus four minutes", etc. In addition to the control room, the blockhouse also contained offices, a conference room, a small dormitory with double bunks and an adjoining shower, a wash room, and a workshop. A long underground corridor led from the measurement blockhouse to a room in the concrete foundation by the flame pit, and multiple rows of measurement cables covered the walls of the tunnel. A different gradually rising tunnel led from the long flame pit room to the exterior of the arena nearthe pumphouse. Near the ''Pumpenhaus'' were high wooden towers to cool the water, and 25 foot high tanks for the recooling water were integrated into the ellipse wall.<ref name=Dornberger/><ref name=Huzel/> | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * {{structurae|id=s0012008|title=Montagehalle Prüfstrand VII}} | |||
| The prominent tower within the arena was a mobil test frame/crane (''Fahrbare Kranbuhne'')<ref name=Klee/> which could be moved over the flame pit to position the rocket nozzle 25 feet above the deflector, and which allowed an entire missile to be gimbaled in two directions up to five degrees from vertical. The tower included an elevator and a German-made Toledo scale for thrust measurements. Actual launches were from a steel table-like structure (firing stand, ''Brennstand'') across the railway from the flame pit on the test stand's large concrete foundation. Under the concrete foundation were the recorder room, a small shop, an office, compressed nitrogen storage cylinders, and catch tanks. The arena also included an engine cold-calibration pad for conducting flow test measurements by pumping water (instead of ]) and alcohol (which was recovered afterward) via the turbopump through the combustion chamber. Since the V-2 motor had no controller for the turbopump, cold-calibration allowed the determination of "freak cases" of equipment.<ref name=Huzel/><ref name=Dornberger/> | |||
| * http://www.urbin.de/on_tour/peene_2003/peene_19.htm | |||
| * http://www.peenemuende.de/site/flash/ort.html | |||
| Outside of the arena was the 150x185x100h foot ''Monlogehalle''<ref name=Klee> | |||
| * http://www.skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=45850 | |||
| * | |||
| {{cite book |last=Klee|first=Ernst|authorlink=|coauthors=Merk, Otto|title=The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde|year=1963, English translation 1965|publisher=Gerhard Stalling Verlag|location=Hamburg|pages=p29}}</ref> assembly and preparation hall/hanger, which had been designed to be able to handle a larger ] ] that was planned, but never built. The test stand had the world's first closed-circuit television system,{{Fact|date=January 2005}} and the roof of the hangar had camera stations for filming events. One heroic effort was described: | |||
| {{quotation|The heavy missile ... rose only 15 feet above the firing table. Then it stood still! It stood upright in the air, showing no desire to turn over or to revolve about its longitudinal axis. It was an unbelievable sight. At any moment the rocket would topple or fall back, crash and explode. ... But I still kept my binoculars on the rocket. ... There must have been an interruption in the output of the steam generator for the propellant-pump turbine. ... The film operator, '''Kühn''', had taken up position facing me on the wall of the test stand. He must have had good nerves. The rocket hung in the air just 100 yards away. Nothing daunted, ... He certainly knew from experience that the moment the projectile fell back he would be in mortal danger. He just went on cranking. ... Our exhaust vanes were doing a wonderful job. The rocket stood unsupported in the air, as straight as a ramrod. Only 4 seconds had passed, ... The rocket was bound to topple now. The tilt would now begin automatically. ... The rocket grew lighter owing to the steady fuel consumption. Almost imperceptibly, yard by yard, it began to climb. Its nose turned very gradually eastward. ... At a height of 30 to 40 feet it moved slowly, still practically upright, toward the cameraman. He went on cranking. I caught my breath. Just a little more tilt and the rocket would certainly capsize and explode ... Now it was over the wall. '''Kühn''' knelt down and pointed his camera almost straight upward. It was going to be some film! ... I knew what was bound to come. ... I saw him get up slowly, still cranking. His camera was now practically horizontal. Then he pointed it diagonally down from the high wall. Boom! ... Smoke, flames, fragments of sheet-metal, branches, and sand whirled through the air. The rocket had crashed ... 40 yards beyond the wall ... The cameraman was still cranking. ... I was filled with an immense pride. ... only with men like this, could we finish the job that lay before us.|] description<ref name=Dornberger/>|c1943|}} | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| On May 15, 1942 after photographing German destroyers berthed at the port of Keil, ] pilot Flight Lieutenant D. W. Stevenson photographed 'heavy construction work' near the Peenemünde aerodrome later in the month Constance Babington Smith decided "the scale was too small … then something unusual caught my eye … some extraordinary circular embankments … I then dismissed the whole thing from my mind." <ref name=Irving/><ref name=Ordway> | |||
| {{cite book |last=Ordway |first= Frederick I, III|authorlink= |coauthors=Sharpe, Mitchell R|title=The Rocket Team|series= Apogee Books Space Series 36|year= 1979|publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell|location=New York|pages=p114,295}}</ref> Then a year later on April 22, 1943, Bill White and Ron Prescott in RAF ] DZ473 were sent from ] to photograph damage from Allied bombing at the ] railyards: "On leaving Stettin, we left our cameras running all down the north coast of Germany, and when the film was developed, it was found to contain pictures of Peenemünde." The ] interpreters studied the elliptical earthworks (originally photographed in May 1942) and noticed an "object" 25 ft long projecting from what was thought to be a service building, although it had mysteriously disappeared on the next frame.<ref name=Bowman> | |||
| {{cite book |last=Bowman|first=Martin W.|authorlink=|coauthors= |editor= |others= | |||
| |title=Mosquito Photo-Reconnaissance Units of World War 2|origdate= |origyear=|origmonth= |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Gx85T-eYPdQC&pg=PA19&sig=U121jgQ9ZHqXpIbCc0tMUhygrUE|format= |accessdate= |accessyear=|accessmonth= |edition= |series=|date= | |||
| |year=|month= |publisher=|location=|language=|isbn=|oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=p16|chapter= |chapterurl= |quote=}}</ref> | |||
| ]' first photographic reconnaissance report on Peenemünde was circulated on April 29, 1943, which identifies that the lack of power-station activity (the Germans had installed electrostatic dust and smoke removers on the power station near Kolpin) indicates that "The circular and elliptical constructions are probably for the testing of explosives and projectiles. … In view of the above, it is clear that a heavy long-range rocket is not an immediate threat." Then on May 14, an "unusually high level of activity" was visible at "the Ellipse" on photos from two sorties on May 14, which was the date Gauleiter ], Reich Director of Manpower, was a distinguished visitor who viewed a launch.<ref name=Irving/> | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| In addition to not identifying the horizontal flames in the P-7 trenches during the April 22 test firing,<ref name=Irving/> British intelligence failed to identify objects on subsequent photographs of June 12 & June 23, 1943 as rockets until 1944. Nevertheless, British suspicions that Peenemünde was involved with secret weapons prompted RAF ] bombing in August 1943. The P-7 blockhouse roof was reinforced afterward, and in a 1944 US 8th Air Force raid, the blockhouse occupants suffered one injury when a periscope fell. | |||
| The last V-2 launch at Peenemünde was in February 1945, and on May 5, 1945, the Second White Russian Army under General ] captured the port of ] and the island of ]. Russian infantry under Major Anatole ] stormed Peenemünde and found it "75 per cent wreckage" (the research buildings and test stands had been demolished.)<ref name=Ley> | |||
| {{cite book |last=Ley|first=Willy|authorlink=Willy Ley||title=Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel|origdate=1944|year=1951 (revised edition 1958)|month= |publisher=The Viking Press|location=New York|pages=p243}}</ref> Vavilov had orders to destroy the remainder, and a former adjutant at Peenemünde, Oberstleutnant Richar Rumschöttel, and his wife were killed during the attack.<ref name=Ordway/> | |||
| The provides Test Stand VII information. | |||
| == References and Notes== | |||
| <references/> | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 22:22, 28 January 2008
| Test Stand VII (German: Prüfstand VII) | |
|---|---|
| Part of Nazi Germany | |
| Peenemünde | |
 June 23, 1943 RAF reconnaisance photo of Test Stand VII | |
| Coordinates | 54°10′6″N 13°48′17″E / 54.16833°N 13.80472°E / 54.16833; 13.80472 |
| Type | bunker |
| Height | 10m hohe Bóschung |
| Site information | |
| Open to the public | Peenemünde Historical and Technical Information Centre |
| Condition | demolished |
| Site history | |
| Built | 1938 |
| Built by | HVP |
| In use | World War II |
| Materials | sand, concrete, brick, steel |
| Demolished | 1961 |
| Battles/wars | Operation Crossbow,Operation Hydra |
| Events | DERA rocket model club launches |
| Garrison information | |
| Past commanders | Engineers in Charge: Fritz Schwarz (1943), Hartmut Kuechen (through May 1944), followed by Dieter Huzel, then Dr. Kurt Debus. |
Test Stand VII (German: Prüfstand VII, P-7) was the principal World War II V-2 rocket testing facility at Peenemünde and was capable of static firing of rocket motors up to 200 tons thrust. Notable events at the site include the first successful V-2 launch on October 3, 1943, visits by German military leaders, and Allied reconnaissance overflights and bombing.
Two distinguishing features of P-7 were the 670-yard-long elliptical high-sloped sand wall and the wide concrete-lined trench (flame pit) with a large symmetrical water-cooled flame deflector of molybdenum-steel pipes. The concrete ditch, nearly 25 feet wide with 3-foot concrete walls, sloped gradually away from each side of the flame deflector to a depth of 20 feet, rising again symmetrically toward the side of the arena. Beside the flame pit was a long underground room where 4-foot-diameter delivery pipes were housed to route cooling water at 120 gallons per second from three huge pumps in the pumphouse to the flame deflector in the pit.
While the elliptical sand wall was for blocking high sea winds and blown sand, concrete structures were integrated into the wall and under the ground to protect equipment and personnel from rocket explosions and enemy bombing (but not the sand-filled dummy warhead, called "the elephant", that was normally used). A large gap in the wall allowed easy entry by vehicles (particularly railcars with propellants), and an open tunnel through the ellipse wall at the narrower southern end also allowed entry. Integrated into the ellipse wall next to the tunnel was a massive observation and measuring blockhouse containing the control center. The control center had a double door with a bulletproof glass window from which an observer maintained telephone communication with the Telemetering Building at a remote location from P-7. A receiver in a lighthouse near Koserow provided telemetry from rockets with the Wolman System. For rockets that used radio control for V-2 engine cutoff, the Brenschluss equipment included a transmitter on the bank of the Peene about 7.5 miles from P-7 and the Doppler radar, a motorized Würzburg radar (the "rhinoceros), at Lubmin.
The control room also had a row of four periscopes, switchboards, manometers, frequency gauges, voltmeters and ampmeters, green/red/white signal lamps, and switches at the propulsion console and guidance panel to dynamically display approximately 15 measurement points within the rocket, as well as a big "X-time" countdown clock that display the time until launch, which was announced via loudspeakers as "X minus four minutes", etc. In addition to the control room, the blockhouse also contained offices, a conference room, a small dormitory with double bunks and an adjoining shower, a wash room, and a workshop. A long underground corridor led from the measurement blockhouse to a room in the concrete foundation by the flame pit, and multiple rows of measurement cables covered the walls of the tunnel. A different gradually rising tunnel led from the long flame pit room to the exterior of the arena nearthe pumphouse. Near the Pumpenhaus were high wooden towers to cool the water, and 25 foot high tanks for the recooling water were integrated into the ellipse wall.
The prominent tower within the arena was a mobil test frame/crane (Fahrbare Kranbuhne) which could be moved over the flame pit to position the rocket nozzle 25 feet above the deflector, and which allowed an entire missile to be gimbaled in two directions up to five degrees from vertical. The tower included an elevator and a German-made Toledo scale for thrust measurements. Actual launches were from a steel table-like structure (firing stand, Brennstand) across the railway from the flame pit on the test stand's large concrete foundation. Under the concrete foundation were the recorder room, a small shop, an office, compressed nitrogen storage cylinders, and catch tanks. The arena also included an engine cold-calibration pad for conducting flow test measurements by pumping water (instead of Liquid oxygen) and alcohol (which was recovered afterward) via the turbopump through the combustion chamber. Since the V-2 motor had no controller for the turbopump, cold-calibration allowed the determination of "freak cases" of equipment.
Outside of the arena was the 150x185x100h foot Monlogehalle assembly and preparation hall/hanger, which had been designed to be able to handle a larger A9/A10 multi-stage rocket that was planned, but never built. The test stand had the world's first closed-circuit television system, and the roof of the hangar had camera stations for filming events. One heroic effort was described:
The heavy missile ... rose only 15 feet above the firing table. Then it stood still! It stood upright in the air, showing no desire to turn over or to revolve about its longitudinal axis. It was an unbelievable sight. At any moment the rocket would topple or fall back, crash and explode. ... But I still kept my binoculars on the rocket. ... There must have been an interruption in the output of the steam generator for the propellant-pump turbine. ... The film operator, Kühn, had taken up position facing me on the wall of the test stand. He must have had good nerves. The rocket hung in the air just 100 yards away. Nothing daunted, ... He certainly knew from experience that the moment the projectile fell back he would be in mortal danger. He just went on cranking. ... Our exhaust vanes were doing a wonderful job. The rocket stood unsupported in the air, as straight as a ramrod. Only 4 seconds had passed, ... The rocket was bound to topple now. The tilt would now begin automatically. ... The rocket grew lighter owing to the steady fuel consumption. Almost imperceptibly, yard by yard, it began to climb. Its nose turned very gradually eastward. ... At a height of 30 to 40 feet it moved slowly, still practically upright, toward the cameraman. He went on cranking. I caught my breath. Just a little more tilt and the rocket would certainly capsize and explode ... Now it was over the wall. Kühn knelt down and pointed his camera almost straight upward. It was going to be some film! ... I knew what was bound to come. ... I saw him get up slowly, still cranking. His camera was now practically horizontal. Then he pointed it diagonally down from the high wall. Boom! ... Smoke, flames, fragments of sheet-metal, branches, and sand whirled through the air. The rocket had crashed ... 40 yards beyond the wall ... The cameraman was still cranking. ... I was filled with an immense pride. ... only with men like this, could we finish the job that lay before us.
— Walter Dornberger description, c1943
On May 15, 1942 after photographing German destroyers berthed at the port of Keil, Spitfire pilot Flight Lieutenant D. W. Stevenson photographed 'heavy construction work' near the Peenemünde aerodrome later in the month Constance Babington Smith decided "the scale was too small … then something unusual caught my eye … some extraordinary circular embankments … I then dismissed the whole thing from my mind." Then a year later on April 22, 1943, Bill White and Ron Prescott in RAF de Havilland Mosquito DZ473 were sent from Leuchars to photograph damage from Allied bombing at the Stettin railyards: "On leaving Stettin, we left our cameras running all down the north coast of Germany, and when the film was developed, it was found to contain pictures of Peenemünde." The Medmenham interpreters studied the elliptical earthworks (originally photographed in May 1942) and noticed an "object" 25 ft long projecting from what was thought to be a service building, although it had mysteriously disappeared on the next frame.
Duncan Sandys' first photographic reconnaissance report on Peenemünde was circulated on April 29, 1943, which identifies that the lack of power-station activity (the Germans had installed electrostatic dust and smoke removers on the power station near Kolpin) indicates that "The circular and elliptical constructions are probably for the testing of explosives and projectiles. … In view of the above, it is clear that a heavy long-range rocket is not an immediate threat." Then on May 14, an "unusually high level of activity" was visible at "the Ellipse" on photos from two sorties on May 14, which was the date Gauleiter Fritz Sauckel, Reich Director of Manpower, was a distinguished visitor who viewed a launch.
In addition to not identifying the horizontal flames in the P-7 trenches during the April 22 test firing, British intelligence failed to identify objects on subsequent photographs of June 12 & June 23, 1943 as rockets until 1944. Nevertheless, British suspicions that Peenemünde was involved with secret weapons prompted RAF Operation Hydra bombing in August 1943. The P-7 blockhouse roof was reinforced afterward, and in a 1944 US 8th Air Force raid, the blockhouse occupants suffered one injury when a periscope fell.
The last V-2 launch at Peenemünde was in February 1945, and on May 5, 1945, the Second White Russian Army under General Konstantin Rokossovsky captured the port of Swinemünde and the island of Usedom. Russian infantry under Major Anatole Vavilov stormed Peenemünde and found it "75 per cent wreckage" (the research buildings and test stands had been demolished.) Vavilov had orders to destroy the remainder, and a former adjutant at Peenemünde, Oberstleutnant Richar Rumschöttel, and his wife were killed during the attack.
The Peenemünde Historical and Technical Information Centre provides Test Stand VII information.
References and Notes
- ^
Klee, Ernst (1963, English translation 1965). The Birth of the Missile:The Secrets of Peenemünde. Hamburg: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. pp. p29.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Check date values in:|year=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Janberg, Nicolas. "Montagehalle Prüfstrand VII". Structurae. en.structurae.de. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
- "Prüfstand VII". Peenemünde. SkyscraperPage.com. Retrieved 2008-01-28.
- ^
Dornberger, Walter (1954 (US translation V-2 Viking Press:New York)) . V2--Der Schuss ins Weltall (in German (translated by James Cleugh and Geoffrey Halliday)). Esslingan: Bechtle Verlag. pp. p4, 9–11, 30, 128–133, 141. ISBN 0-553-12660-1 (1979 Bantam edition).
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) CS1 maint: year (link) - ^
Huzel, Dieter K (1962). Peenemünde to Canaveral. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice Hall. pp. p21, 42–46, 64–69, 100, 103, 240.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|1=and|2=(help) - ^
Irving, David (1964). The Mare's Nest. London: William Kimber and Co. pp. p20, 48–50, 56–58, 65.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help) - ^
Ordway, Frederick I, III (1979). The Rocket Team. Apogee Books Space Series 36. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. pp. p114, 295.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) -
Bowman, Martin W. Mosquito Photo-Reconnaissance Units of World War 2. pp. p16.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|accessyear=,|origmonth=,|accessmonth=,|month=,|chapterurl=,|origdate=, and|coauthors=(help) -
Ley, Willy (1951 (revised edition 1958)). Rockets, Missiles and Space Travel. New York: The Viking Press. pp. p243.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help); Check date values in:|year=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|1=and|month=(help); Unknown parameter|origdate=ignored (|orig-date=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: year (link)