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Genus: Senecio
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Division:	Magnoliophyta
Class:	Magnoliopsida
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Genus:	Senecio L.
Species:	S. vulgaris
Binomial name
Senecio vulgaris L.
Range of Senecio vulgaris
Synonyms
Senecio dunensis Dumort Senecio radiatus W.D.J.Koch

Senecio vulgaris or by the most often used common name Common groundsel a humble in appearance member of the Asteraceae family and Senecio genus is a tenacious deciduous annual who long ago decided not to stay at home. The discussion of Common groundsel dates back to the first century and more recently is the subject of much contradictory and reactionary information about where it came from, how it got there, is it really hurting the crops, how to get rid of it, is getting rid of it more dangerous than keeping it and how dangerous it is when ingested by this or that animal.

Description

Standing only between 4 in (10 cm) and 16 in (41 cm) tall, bright florets mostly hidden by the characteristic bract giving it the appearance of never opening flowers and with a life span of 5-6 weeks, the self fertilizing Senecio vulgaris lives humbly among and occasionally under the other weeds and is easy not to notice.

leaves and stems

Leaves of Senecio vulgaris grow directly from the stem, sessile or lacking their own stem (petiole), alternating in direction along the length of the plant, two rounded lobes at the base of the stem (auriculate) and sub-clasping above. Leaves are pinnately lobed and +2.4 in (6.1 cm) long and 1 in (2.5 cm) wide and get smaller as up the plant. Leaves are covered sparsely with soft, smooth, fine hairs. Lobes typically sharp to rounded saw-toothed.

The hollow succulent stems branch at the tops and from the base. Stems and leaves can both host the Cinerarea leaf rust.

flowers

Open clusters of 8 to 10 small cylinder shaped rayless yellow flower heads .25 in (6.4 mm) to 0.5 in (13 mm) with a highly conspicuous ring of black tipped bracts at the base of the inflorescence as is characteristic of many members of the genus Senecio.

seeds

The name for the genus Senecio is probably derived from Senex (an old man), in reference to its downy head of seeds; "the flower of this herb hath white hair and when the wind bloweth it away, then it appeareth like a bald-headed man" and like its family, flowers of Senecio vulgaris are succeeded by downy globed heads of seed. The seeds are achene, include a pappus and become sticky when wet. Laboratory tests have suggested maximum seed scattering distances of 2.1 yd (1.9 m) and 3.2 yd (2.9 m) at wind speeds of 6.8 mph (10.9 km/h) and 10.2 mph (16.4 km/h) respectively (affected by plant height) suggests that it was more than wind that spread these Groundsel seeds throughout the world.

The average weight of 1000 seeds is 0.21 g (0.007 oz) and experienced a 100% germination success before drying and storage and an 87% germination success after drying and 3 years of cool dry storage. In simple models for seed emergence prediction, soil thermal time did not predict the timing and extent of seedling emergence as well as hydrothermal time (warm rain).

roots

The root system, which stinks when dug up, consists of a shallow taproot. This plant spreads by reseeding itself.

Groundsel acts as a host for the fungus that causes black root rot in peas, alfalfa, soybeans, carrots, tomatoes, red clover, peanuts, cucurbits, cotton, citrus, chickpeas, and several ornamental flowering plants; a list of flowering plants which can host their own fungus as well.

Common names

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Food Source

The seeds of Common groundsel is a good green food for Canaries and Finches and it's available all year round.

The Common groundsel plant is used as food by some Lepidoptera species including the Flame Shoulder moth (Ochropleura plecta) and larvae of the Cinnabar moth (Tyria jacobaeae); not only do the larvae of the Cinnabar moth eat Common groundsel, but studies have shown via electrophysiological recordings that the larvae taste sensilla are sensitive to and prefer the pyrrolizidine alkaloids which all Senecio are known to contain.

Senecio vulgaris seed has been found in the droppings of sparrows, and seedlings have been raised from the excreta of various birds. Seed has also been found in cow manure.

Common groundsel is host to parasites from several fungus species. Groundsel Mildews of the order of Erysiphales, family Erysiphaceae, genus Golovinomyces, species Golovinomyces cichoracearum subspecies including both conidial anamorph and cleistothecium Golovinomyces cichoracearum var. fischeri. Rust fungus of the order Uredinales family Coleosporiaceae favoring both live stems and leaves are both uredium and subepidermal telium Coleosporium tussilaginis. Favoring only the leaves from the family Pucciniaceae are both telium and grouped aecium Puccinia lagenophorae and also Bremia lactucae and a downy mildew from the family Peronosporales species Peronosporaceae. Senecio also is a host for Thielaviopsis basicola or black root rot from the order of Microascales and family Incertae sedis.

Senecio vulgaris flower heads or capitulum may contain larva of gall flies of the family Diptera and genus Tephritidae including Ensina sonchi, Sphenella marginata and Trupanea stellata.

The leaf is sometimes mined by larva of gall flies of the family Diptera and genus Tephritidae including Trypeta artemisiae, Trypeta immaculata, Trypeta zoe and larva from the flea beetle family Coleoptera species Chrysomelidae imago Longitarsus gracilis.

Distribution

Senecio vulgaris is a frost resistant deciduous annual plant which grows willingly in disturbed sites, waste places, roadsides, gardens, nurseries, orchards, vineyards, landscaped areas, agricultural lands, at altitudes up to 1,600 feet (490 m) and is, additionally, self-pollinating producing 1,700 seeds per plant with three generations per year. Seeds which are dispersed by wind and also which cling to clothing and animal fur, and as contaminates of commercially exchanged seeds; the relocation of this plant throughout the planet has been difficult if not impossible to contain.

There is conflicting information about the native status of Senecio vulgaris in various locations. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Natural Resources Conservation Service Plants Profile Database considers it to be native to all 50 of the United States of America, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the same USDA through the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) considers it to be native only to parts of Afro-Eurasia. The Integrated Taxonomic Information System Organization (ITIS), a partnership between many United States federal government departments and agencies states that the species has been introduced to the 50 United States, and the online journal Flora of North America calls it "probably introduced" to areas north of Mexico. Individual research groups claim it is not native to areas they oversee: Florida, Washington, Wisconsin, Saskatchewan, British Columbia, Missouri. The United States Geological Survey reports that Common Groundsel is exotic to all 50 states and all Canadian provinces with the exception of Georgia, Kentucky, Massachusetts, and Labrador.

Senecio vulgaris is considered to be native to Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Georgia, Republic of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of Ingushetia, Chechen Republic, Republic of Dagestan, Amur Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Kamchatka Oblast, Koryak Autonomous Okrug, Khabarovsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, Sakhalin Oblast, South Korea, North Korea, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russian Central Federal District, Russian Southern Federal District, Ukraine, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, the Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Slovenia, France and Portugal.

America

Canada: Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Northwest Territories and Nunavut (not collected North of the Hudson Bay), Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon.

Mexico: Aguascalientes, Baja California Norte, Chiapas, Coahuila, Distrito Federal, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Estado de México, Nuevo León, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz.

North America: United States of America, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon.

South Amercia: Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru.

Africa

Northern Africa: Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, and Egypt including Sinai.

Asia

Western Asia: Iran, Israel with the Palestinian Authority territories, Lebanon and Syria.

Caucasus: Georgia, Republic of Adygea, Karachay-Cherkess Republic, Kabardino-Balkaria Republic, Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, Republic of Ingushetia, Chechen Republic, and Republic of Dagestan.

Siberia: Buryat Republic, Tyva Republic, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Irkutsk Oblast and Chita Oblast, Kemerovo Oblast, Novosibirsk Oblast, Omsk Oblast, Tomsk Oblast, Tyumen Oblast Provinces, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, parts of Kurgan Oblast, Chelyabinsk Oblast and Sverdlovsk Oblast Provinces and the Altai Krai and Krasnoyarsk Krai, Ryazan Oblast, Republic of Mordovia, Chuvash Republic, Ulyanovsk Oblast, Kaluga Oblast, Tula Oblast, Lipetsk Oblast, Tambov Oblast, Penza Oblast, Bryansk Oblast, Kirov Oblast, Kursk Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Belgorod Oblast, Perm Oblast, Udmurt Republic, Republic of Bashkortostan, Republic of Tatarstan, Samara Oblast, Orenburg Oblast, Kaliningrad Oblast, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Republic of Karelia, Komi Republic, Murmansk Oblast, Vologda Oblast, Novgorod Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Saint Petersburg, Saratov Oblast, Volgograd Oblast, Astrakhan Oblast, Rostov Oblast and Republic of Kalmykia.

Soviet Far East: Amur Oblast, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Jewish Autonomous Oblast, Kamchatka Oblast, Koryak Autonomous Okrug, Khabarovsk Krai, Magadan Oblast, Primorsky Krai, Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, Sakhalin Oblast.

China: Inner Mongolia, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Hebei and Beijing.

Eastern Asia: South Korea, North Korea, Hokkaidō, Honshū, Shikoku, Kyūshū, Okinawa Island.

Europe

Azerbaijan, Samos Island, Ikaria, Chios, Lesbos, Dodecanese, Albania, Austria, Liechtenstein, Azores, Belgium, Luxemburg, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Balearic Islands, United Kingdom, Bulgaria, Belarus, Canary Islands, Montenegro, Corsica, Crete and Karpathos island groups, Czech Republic, Croatia, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Faeroe Islands, Finland, France with Channel Islands, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland with Northern Ireland, Switzerland, Netherlands, Spain with Gibraltar and Andorra, Iceland, Italy with San Marino and Vatican City, Latvia, Lithuania, Portugal, Morocco with Spanish Territories, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldavia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sardinia, Sicily with Malta, Slovakia, Slovenia, Serbia, Sweden, Ukraine, Asiatic Turkey and Turkey-in-Europe.

Oceania

Australia: Jarrah Forest, Swan Coastal Plain, Warren, New Zealand.

Range Maps for Continents

Reputation for being noxious and toxic

Senecio vulgaris has found a place for itself on the lists of noxious weeds being both non-indigenous to most if not all of the Americas and having a reputation for being hepatotoxic to livestock and to humans.

Toxic versus medicinal

Human

As a plant which is reported to be both poisonous for human ingestion and also medicinal; much of the contradiction can be found by closely reviewing the words that are used and the dose (amount) of the poisonous substance which is ingested to prove either claim. All species of the genus Senecio contain pyrrolizidine alkaloids (e.g., senecionine) a substance that when a human has chronic exposure can cause irreversible liver damage.

Common groundsel as a medicinal herb does not seem to be recommended very often since 1931 when it was recommended as a diaphoretic, an antiscorbutic, a purgative, a diuretic and an anthelmintic which was a demotion as it was previously suggested for the expelling of gravel of the kidneys and reins by Pedanius Dioscorides in the 70s-90s, for use as poultices by John Gerard in the late 1500s and as a cure for epilepsy by Nicholas Culpeper in the 1600s. More current information is contradictory about the dangers of the ingestion of Groundsel. A heavily referenced paper from 1989 suggests that the response is immediate and gives pre-ambulatory care recommendations. A Canadian poisonous plants information database references a paper from 1990 in presenting this prenatal warning: "In a case of prenatal exposure, a mother ingested tea containing an estimated 0.343 mg of senecionine, resulting in fatal veno-occlusive disease in a newborn infant." Information about the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, the substance present in Senecio vulgaris is much less contradictory and all warn of accumulation of the alkaloid because it is a secondary metabolite, like ethyl alcohol and one mention that perhaps it is distilled water which is harmful to laboratory animals and to human beings since every thing that drinks it inevitably dies.

Livestock

Linnaeus is cited to have claimed that "goats and swine eat this common plant freely, cows being not partial to it and horses and sheep declining to touch it, but not only are caged birds fond of it (the seeds), but its leaves and seeds afford food for many of our wild species (rabbits were given as an example)." More recent studies claim that the lethal amount that cattle or horses need to consume is 7% of their body weight (example: 50 lb (23 kg) would need to be consumed by a 700 lb (318 kg) cow). Lesser amounts cause the liver to loose function but is not apparent until the animal is stressed (by new feed or location, pregnancy, a different toxin, etc). Sheep and goats have rumen bacteria that detoxify the alkaloids and are able to consume twice their body weight of this and other species of genus Senecio. The alkaloids responsible are not destroyed by drying or by fermentation in silage.

Introduced versus invasive

Introduced species become invasive when they compete with natives or with crops. Senecio vulgaris is not known to be a strong competitor but it has been known to reduce mint production. There is evidence that it is not a strong invasive and sometimes protective of critically endangered native plants.

Control

The approximately 22 mm (0.87 in) long pappus seeds of Senecio vulgaris, each plant capable of producing 25,000 or more seeds (1,700 seeds per plant are more likely) with three generations of the plant per year; seeds which are widely disperesed by the wind, have been identified as a contaminant of cereal and vegetable seeds,

Cultivation

Cultivation with the hand or tiller is a recommended method of controling Senecio vulgaris from growing in gardens and planting fields; cultivate to a depth of 2 in (51 mm). The plant does prefer to take root in disturbed soils, so cultivation rids new plants but also buries and stirs up new seeds so the cultivation needs to be repeated at 14-day intervals. Seeds can still mature even when the plant has been killed; seed from plants cut in flower had germination levels of 35%. Groundsel seed numbers increased in soil during a 2-year set-aside left fallow but not when there was a sown grass cover. The weed cannot exploit grazed, trampled or mown sites.

Biological

The pathogen rust fungus or Puccinia lagenophorae and the Cinnabar moth Tyria jacobaeae have both been used and studied in an attempt to control infestation of Senecio vulgaris. One study showed that rust fungus infected Senecio vulgaris survived and actually used more of the available soil nutrients. The cinnabar moth eats groundsel between the months of June and August, but the seeds germinate and the plant grows as soon as the ground is warm enough (and after a warm rain), making this an insufficient control almost everywhere groundsel can be found.

Chemical

Herbicides designed to control broadleaf plants are affective for controlling Senecio vulgaris in cereals and forage grasses but also will "control" broadleaf crops, such as mint, forage legumes, strawberries, carrots and all other non-grass crops. There is also evidence that the plant develops an immunity to the chemical control.

Other

Groundsel seedlings with 2-6 leaves are tolerant of flame weeding but the seeds are susceptible to soil solarization.

Subspecies which are synonyms

• Senecio vulgaris subsp. denticulatus (O.F. Muell.) P.D. Sell
• Senecio vulgaris var. dubius (Ledeb.) Franch., 1883
• Senecio vulgaris var. dubius Trautv., 1866
• Senecio vulgaris var. hibernicus Syme
• Senecio vulgaris var. vulgaris

References

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56. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2002-06-19). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Critical Habitat Designation for Sidalcea keckii (Keck's checkermallow)" (HTML). Federal Register Online via GPO Access. United States Department of the Interior. pp. RIN 1018-AG93, Page 41669-41683. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
57. Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, Ohio State University. "Senecio vulgaris" (HTML). Seed ID Workshop. Ohio State University Cooperative extension service. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
58. "Seed Exchange" (HTML). A PUBLIC ACCESS SEED BANK - ESTABLISHED 1911. J. L. Hudson, Seedsman. 2008-01-31. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
59. J. FRANTZEN and P.E. HATCHER (2004-11-24). "A fresh view on the control of the annual plant Senecio vulgaris" (HTML). Integrated Pest Management Reviews. Springer Netherlands. doi:10.1023/A:1018436614685. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
60. N. D. PAUL and P. G. AYRES (1987-11-09). "Nutrient Relations of Groundsel (Senecio vulgaris) Infected by Rust (Puccinia lagenophorae) at a Range of Nutrient Concentrations II. Uptake of N, P and K and Shoot-Root Interactions" (HTML). Annals of Botany Company. pp. 61: 499-506, 1988. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
61. Leslie Huffman- Weed Management Specialist (Horticultural Crops)/OMAFRA. "Reducing Common Groundsel in Strawberry Fields" (HTML). Government of Ontario, Canada. Retrieved 2008-02-03.
62. EWRS Working Group "Weed Management Systems in Vegetables", University of Perugia. carrots.htm "Weeds and weed management in carrots - a review" (HTML). 11th EWRS (European Weed Research Society) Symposium 1999, Basel. Facoltà di Agraria - Università degli Studi di Perugia. Retrieved 2008-02-03. {{cite web}}: Check |url= value (help)
63. William B. McCloskey and Jodie S. Holt (1990). "Triazine Resistance in Senecio vulgaris Parental and Nearly Isonuclear Backcrossed Biotypes Is Correlated with Reduced Productivity" (HTML). Plant Physiology (journal). American Society of Plant Biologists. pp. Vol. 92(4): pp. 954–962. Retrieved 2008-02-01. Isonuclear triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant Senecio vulgaris L. biotypes were developed by making reciprocal crosses between susceptible and resistant biotypes.... {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
64. Michel Havaux, Society for Experimental Biology, 2005 (1989). "Comparison of Atrazine-Resistant and -Susceptible Biotypes of Senecio vulgaris L.: Effects of High and Low Temperatures on the in vivo Photosynthetic Electron Transfer in Intact Leaves" (HTML). Journal of Experimental Botany. Oxford University Press. pp. Volume 40, Number 8, Pp. 849-854. Retrieved 2008-02-01. The effects of temperature on the yield of in vivo modulated chlorophyll fluorescence were measured in intact leaves of atrazineresistant and -susceptible biotypes of the weed Senecio vulgaris L. ....{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
65. Missouri Botanical Garden. "TROPICOS Web display Senecio vulgaris L." (HTML). Nomenclatural and Specimen Data Base. Missouri State Library. Retrieved 2008-02-01.

External links

Data related to Senecio vulgaris at Wikispecies Media related to Senecio vulgaris at Wikimedia Commons Senecio vulgaris at Wikibooks

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• UNEP-WCMC Search. "UNEP-WCMC Species Database search results Senecio vulgaris L." (HTML). World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) Search. United Nations Environment Programme. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
• Department of Pathology, Physiology and Weed Service. "Common Groundsel: Senecio vulgaris" (HTML). Virginia Tech Weed Identification Guide. Virginia Tech College of Agriculture & Life Sciences Department of Pathology, Physiology and Weed Service. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
• Copyright © by the Regents of the University of California (1993). "UC/JEPS: Jepson Manual treatment for SENECIO vulgaris" (HTML). TREATMENT FROM THE JEPSON MANUAL. Regents of the University of California and University and Jepson Herbaria (UC/JEPS). Retrieved 2008-02-01.
• University of California, Integrated Pest Management. "Identification: Weed Photo Gallery: Common groundsel" (HTML). How to Manage Pests. Statewide IPM Program, Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of California. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
• University of Tennessee Herbarium - TENN. "Results for Senecio vulgaris" (HTML). TENN Vascular Plants - Database. University of Tennessee at Martin. Retrieved 2008-02-01.

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• NatureServe (2007-10-06). "Comprehensive Report Species - Senecio vulgaris - L" (HTML). An Online Encyclopedia of Life. The Nature Conservancy. Retrieved 2008-02-01.
• Calflora. "Senecio vulgaris" (HTML). Information on California plants for education, research and conservation. The Calflora Database. Retrieved 2008-01-27. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
• Henry Walloon (Tuesday, June 5, 2007). "Groundsel Senecio vulgaris" (HTML). Life On An Oxfordshire Lawn. Retrieved 2008-01-29. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
• Stephen Mifsud. "Groundsel". Retrieved 2008-02-01.
• Robert W. Freckmann Herbarium. "Plant details page Senecio vulgaris L." (HTML). University of Wisconsin-Stevens Point. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
• Wisconsin State Herbarium. "Senecio vulgaris L." (HTML). WI Vascular Plants. Wisflora: WISCONSIN BOTANICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM. Retrieved 2008-02-05.
• Starr (2002-11-01). "Senecio vulgaris Common groundsel (Asterceae)" (HTML). Plants of Hawaii. Retrieved 2008-02-07.
• Dr. Alan J. Silverside (2001). "Erysiphe cichoracearum DC. var. cichoracearum" (HTML). BIODIVERSITY REFERENCE. Biological Sciences, University of Paisley. Retrieved 2008-02-08. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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Further reading

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• "The anthers of Senecio vulgaris (Asteraceae): saltatory evolution caught in the act" (HTML). Plant Systematics and Evolution, (Vol. 240) (No. 1/4) 1-10. Springer-Verlag Wien. 2003. pp. 1–10. Retrieved 2008-01-29. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
• California Native Plant Link Exchange. "Plants that Grow with Senecio vulgaris" (HTML). Retrieved 2008-02-05.
• David Fenwick (2008-01-01). "Rusts (Basidiomycota)" (HTML). A PHOTO FUNGI OF THE DEVON AND CORNWALL PENINSULA. The African Garden, 96 Wasdale Gardens, Estover, Plymouth, England, UK. Retrieved 2008-02-06. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
• L.E. Carroll, I.M. White, A. Freidberg, A.L. Norrbom, M.J. Dallwitz, and F.C. Thompson (2005-07-15). "Ensina sonchi (Linnaeus)" (HTML). Pest Fruit Flies of the World. DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy. Retrieved 2008-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• J.K. Lindsey. "Sphenella marginata (Fallén 1814) (Family Tephritidae)" (HTML). Ecology of Commanster. Jim Lindsey. Retrieved 2008-02-08. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
• L.E. Carroll, I.M. White, A. Freidberg, A.L. Norrbom, M.J. Dallwitz, and F.C. Thompson (2005-07-15). "Trupanea stellata (Fuesslin)" (HTML). Pest Fruit Flies of the World. DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy. Retrieved 2008-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
• L.E. Carroll, I.M. White, A. Freidberg, A.L. Norrbom, M.J. Dallwitz, and F.C. Thompson (2005-07-15). "Trypeta artemisiae (Fabricius)" (HTML). Pest Fruit Flies of the World. DELTA – DEscription Language for TAxonomy. Retrieved 2008-02-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

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