Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 04:39, 18 February 2008

Battle of Brest
Part of World War II
The eastern front at the time of the Battle of Brest. (click to enlarge)
Date June 22, 1941 – June 30, 1941 Location Brest, Soviet Union Result German victory
Belligerents
Germany	Soviet Union
Commanders and leaders
Fritz Schlieper	various, notably Ivan Zubachyov and Yefim Fomin (June 23-30)
Strength
over 17,000-20,000	3,000-7,000-8,000
Casualties and losses
414 dead	400 captured

The Battle of Brest or Siege of Brest took place 22 June—30 June 1941. It was one of the first battles of Operation Barbarossa. The Brest Fortress, defended by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht, held out longer than expected, and became a symbol of Soviet resistance during the Great Patriotic War, along with Moscow, Leningrad and Stalingrad. In 1965 the fortress received the title of Hero Fortress for the 1941 defense.

Background

The area around the nineteenth century Brest Fortress was the site of the 1939 Battle of Brześć Litewski, when German forces captured it from Poland during the Polish September Campaign. However, according to the terms of the 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact the territory around Brest was assigned to the Soviet Union. Thus, in the summer of 1941, the Germans had to capture the fortress yet again - this time from the Soviets.

The Germans planned to seize Brest and the Brest Fortress which was located in the path of Army Group Centre during the first hours of Operation Barbarossa. The fortress and city controlled the crossings over the Bug River, as well as the Warsaw–Moscow railway and highway.

Opposing forces

The 3,500-strong defendending force comprised regular soldiers, border guards and NKVD units. Soviet soldiers belonged to the elements of the 6th (under Colonel Mikhail Popsuy-Shapko) and 42nd Rifle Divisions (under General I. S. Lazarenko), the 17th Frontier Guards Detachment of the NKVD Border Troops and various smaller units (including the garrison hospital and a medical unit) inside the fortress (up to a total of 7 to 8 thousand people.) There were also 300 families of servicemen inside as well.

They faced the 45th Infantry Division (Austrian) (about 17,000 strong) as well as elements of the 31st, 34th Infantry Divisions and 2nd Panzer Group under Heinz Guderian (in total, about 20,000 people). The initial plan gave 12 hours for securing the area.

The siege

The fortress had no warning when the Axis invaded on 22 June 1941, and became the site of the first major fighting between Soviet forces and the Wermacht which surrounded the fortress. From the first minutes of the invasion, Brest and Brest Fortress were bombed and shelled by the German Wehrmacht. The initial bombardment took the unprepared fortress by surprise, inflicting heavy material and personnel casualties. Fierce battles were fought at the border, in the town of Brest and in the fortress itself. The first German assault on the fortress took place half an hour after the bombardment started; the surprised Soviet defenders were unable to form a solid front and instead defended isolated strongpoints–the most important of which was the fortress itself. Some managed to escape the fortress; most were trapped inside by the encircling German forces. Despite their surprise, the subsequent attempt by the Germans to quickly take the fortress with infantry stalled, and the Germans started a lengthy siege.

The commander of the 45th Infantry Division, General Fritz Schlieper, wrote in his reports: "It was impossible to advance here with only infantry at our disposal because the highly-organised rifle and machine-gun fire from the deep gun emplacements and horse-shoe-shaped yard cut down anyone who approached. There was only one solution - to force the Russians to capitulate through hunger and thirst. We were ready to use any means available to exhaust them... Our offers to give themselves up were unsuccessful..."

Although they were initially surprised by the attack and heavily outnumbered, short of supplies and cut off from the outside world, the defenders fought and counter-attacked much harder and longer than the Germans expected. The Germans deployed tanks, tear gas and flame throwers but could not break Soviet resistance. The civilians inside the fortress looked after the wounded, reloaded the machine-gun discs and belts with cartridges and even took up rifles to help defend the fortress. Children brought ammunition and food supplies from half destroyed supply depots, searched for and brought weapons and watched enemy movements.

Schlieper, in another report, wrote that "the 81st Combat Engineers' Battalion was given the task of blowing up this building on the Central Island ... in order to put an end to the Russian troops' flanking fire at the North Island. Explosives were lowered from the roof of the building towards the windows, then the fuses were lit. When they exploded, we could hear the Russian soldiers screaming and groaning, but they continued to fight." Rudolph Gschopf writes: "We only gradually managed to take one defensive position after another as a result of stubborn fighting. The garrison of the so-called "Officers' Corps" on the Central Island only ceased to exist with the building itself ... The resistance continued until the walls of the building were destroyed and razed to the ground by more powerful explosions".

On June 24, with Germans having taken parts of the fortress, the remaining Soviet troops were able to link up and coordinate their actions under the command of Major Ivan Zubachov; his second in command was political commissar Efin Moiseevich Fomin. On June 26 the Soviet forces tried to break out from the siege but were unsuccessful and sustained heavy casualties. On June 27, after a week of assault, the Germans began to use 540 millimeter artillery which fired 1.25 tonne shells and 600-millimeter guns which fired concrete-piercing shells weighing over 2 tonnes. On June 29-June 30 Germans launched a major assault, which penetrated deep into the fortress and resulted in the capture of both Zubachov and Fomin. Zubachov was sent to a concentration camp in line with the Nazi policy of extermination of Soviet prisoners of war and would die there; Fomin was executed on spot for being a commissar and a Jew).

After several weeks of fierce combat the Germans had captured most of the fortress. On July 8, the commanding officer of the 45th Division, which was laying siege to the fortress, reported to general headquarters that the fortress had fallen. This was not entirely correct, however. Even after the fortress was officially taken, a few surviving defenders continued to hide in the basements and harassed the Germans for several weeks. The resistance still continued in isolated pockets, primarily underground in the old dungeons, in the Citadel and the Kobrin Fortification. From late June until the very end of July rifle fire and short bursts of machine-gun fire continued to ring out from basements and half-destroyed dungeons with small groups and individual soldiers inside. The actual front had by then already moved about 300 miles east. During the last days, the remaining defenders made inscriptions on the walls. They said: "We'll die but we'll not leave the fortress". "I'm dying but I won't surrender. Farewell, Motherland. 20.VII.41." Major Pyotr Gavrilov, one of the best known defenders of Brest (later decorated for it as Hero of the Soviet Union) was captured only on July 23. There were reports that isolated defenders were weeded out by Germans as late as in August. To eliminate last pockets of resistance German High Command had given orders that the fortress cellars be flooded with water from the Bug River.

Hero Fortress

The Brest Fortress did not occupy an important place in Soviet historiography and propaganda until after the death of Stalin. Under Stalin, the Soviet prisoners of war had been branded traitors to the motherland (for having surrendered). Major Gavrilov, the later acclaimed for his heroism at Brest, spent more time in a Gulag than in the German POW camp, before being rehabilitated and accorded the highest military decoration, the Hero of the Soviet Union. Upon his release he was restored in the military rank but not in the party and assigned to the Russian Far East to supervise the internment camp for Japanese POWs.

In the post-Stalin era both the fortress and her defenders were rehabilitated. The book "Brestskaia krepost" that broke the story of the fortress defense in the USSR was published in 1957 by Sergey Smirnov; and the fortress was awarded the title Hero Fortress on 8 May, 1965 (the twentieth anniversary of the German surrender), while Gavrilov was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union. The Museum of the Defence of the Brest Fortress was opened in 1956, while the Memorial Heroic Brest Fortress Complex was opened in 1971. Soviet propaganda built on the real examples of individual hold-outs, like Gavrilov, and had created a myth that an organized group of defenders defended the fortress for about a month, containing the German advance (for example, Great Soviet Encyclopedia claimed that "For almost a month the heroes of the Brest Fortress contained the attack of the whole German division"). That exaggeration persists to the modern time in some sources; for example, a 2006 article by Russian government official outlet, Voice of Russia, stated that "Even after a month of fighting, the Brest fortress held out, engaging a significant part of the enemy’s forces and wearing them out.". In fact, while there were indeed isolated pockets of resistance in the fortress for many weeks, organized defense ceased after most of the fortress was taken by June 30 - so in about a week - and the German front had kept moving on.

Notes

a While organized resistance ceased by June 30, smaller pockets of resistance in the fortress undergrounds lasted for weeks. Soviet propaganda created a story about organized defense lasting for a month. See article for for details.

b Pleshakov notes (p. 242): "With the exception of Gavrilov , all the commanders of the troops were self-appointed. On the morning of June 22, rank ceased to matter, and whoever was able to issue a sane order and persuade others to carry it out was acknowledged as a leader."

c Pleshakov notes (p. 242): "It is unclear to this day how many people remained inside the fortress on the morning of June 22, but it was probably about three and a half thousand". Hence the number of 7,000-8,000 probably refers to the entire garrison, before parts made it outside the fortress and were either defeated or forced to retreat outside Brest.

References

General:

• The defence of the Brest Fortress

Inline:

1. ^ Constantine Pleshakov, Stalin's Folly: The Tragic First Ten Days of World War II on the Eastern Front, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2005, ISBN 0618367012, Google Print, p.243 Cite error: The named reference "Ple243" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
2. ^ Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953 , ISBN 0300112041, Yale University Press, 2006, Google Print, p.87
3. ^ Robert Kirchubel, Operation Barbarossa 1941 (3): Army Group Center, Osprey Publishing, 2007, ISBN 1846031079, Google Print, p.44
4. ^ Evan Mawdsley, "Thunder in the East. The Nazi-Soviet War, 1941-1945", Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 9780340613924, p. 63
5. М.И. Глязер, Г.И. Олехнович, Т.М. Ходцева, Л.В. Киселёва, "Героическая оборона. Сборник воспоминаний об обороне Брестской крепости в июне - июле 1941 г.", Государственное издательство БССР, Редакция социально-экономической литературы, Минск, 1963, LCCN 68-0, Предисловие
6. ^ The defence of the Brest Fortress
7. Constantine Pleshakov, Stalin's Folly: The Tragic First Ten Days of World War II on the Eastern Front, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2005, ISBN 0618367012, Google Print, p.108
8. ^ Constantine Pleshakov, Stalin's Folly: The Tragic First Ten Days of World War II on the Eastern Front, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2005, ISBN 0618367012, Google Print, p.245
9. Henry Sakaida, Heroes of the Soviet Union 1941-45, Osprey Publishing, 2004, ISBN 1841767697, Google Print, p.48
10. ^ Albert Axell, Russia's Heroes, 1941-45, Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2002, ISBN 078671011X, Google Print, p.39-40
11. Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago, 1918-1956, Westview Press, 1992, ISBN 0813332915, Google Print, p.537
12. Rosemary H. T. O'Kane, Paths to Democracy: Revolution and Totalitarianism, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0415314739, Google Print, p.164
13. Rolf-Dieter Müller, Gerd R. Ueberschär, Hitler's War in the East, 1941-1945: A Critical Assessment, Berghahn Books, 2002, ISBN 1571812938, Google Print, p.239
14. Norman Davies, Europe: A History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0198201710, Google Print, p.1059
15. Adam Hochschild, The Unquiet Ghost: Russians Remember Stalin, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2003, ISBN 0618257470, Google Print, p.xi
16. Francois Furet, The Passing of an Illusion: The Idea of Communism in the Twentieth Century, University of Chicago Press, 1999, ISBN 0226273407, Google Print, p.373
17. Michael Parrish, The Lesser Terror: Soviet State Security, 1939-1953, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1996, ISBN 0275951138 Google Print, p.134
18. ^ Smirnov, S. S, Brestkaia Krepost, 1957, LCCN 58-0
19. Constantine Pleshakov, Stalin's Folly: The Tragic First Ten Days of World War II on the Eastern Front, Houghton Mifflin Books, 2005, ISBN 0618367012, Google Print, p.275
20. Tatyana Shvetsova, HOLY WAR, Voice of Russia, 16.03.2006

Further reading

• Moschansky, I. & V. Parshin, THE TRAGEDY OF BREST 1941, Military Chronicle 2007 Paperback (Russian text but English summary and captions)

External links

• Soviet Citadel of Brest-Litovsk is Captured (Jun 1941), Combat footage. German Wartime Newsreel (Die Deutsche Wochenschau Nr.565)
• Template:Ru icon Подвиг героев бессмертен
• Template:Ru icon Брестская крепость
• Template:Ru icon

• Battles and operations of the Eastern Front of World War II
• Conflicts in 1941
• History of Belarus