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Pro-ana refers to the promotion or support of anorexia nervosa as a lifestyle choice rather than an eating disorder. It is often referred to simply as "ana" and is sometimes affectionately personified by anorexics as a girl named Ana.

Pro-ana is a loosely descriptive term rather than an organized social movement, and as such encompasses a wide range of views. Many pro-ana organizations state that they do not promote anorexia and acknowledge that anorexia is a real medical disorder, and that they exist mainly to give anorexics a place to turn to discuss their illness in a non-judgmental environment: some promote recovery while still supporting those who choose to defer or refuse medical or psychological treatment. Others go further, disputing the prevailing psychological and medical consensus that treats anorexia nervosa as a mental illness rather than a "lifestyle choice" that should be respected by doctors and family.

Online groups

Most pro-ana material is disseminated over the Internet, through tight-knit support groups centred around web forums and, more recently, social networking sites such as Xanga, LiveJournal, Facebook and Myspace. These sites typically have an overwhelmingly female readership and are frequently the only means of support available to socially-isolated anorexics. Their readership includes a significant number of those already diagnosed with eating disorders: 2006 survey of eating disorder patients at Stanford Medical School found that 35.5% had visited pro-ana/pro-mia web sites; of those, 96.0% learned new weight loss or purging methods from such sites.

Members of these support groups often:

• Compete with each other at losing weight, or fast together in displays of solidarity
• Commiserate with one another after breaking fast or binging
• Advise on how to best induce vomiting and use laxatives
• Give tips on hiding weight loss from parents and doctors

As an encouragement to further lose weight, members often exchange "thinspiration" (or "thinspo"): image or video montages of slim women, often celebrities, who may be anything from naturally slim to emaciated with visibly-protruding bones. Conversely, "reverse thinspiration" may be photographs of fatty food, overweight or obese people intended to induce disgust and motivate further weight loss. Pro-ana blogs often post thinspirational entries, and many pro-ana forums have threads dedicated to sharing thinspiration. Thinspiration can also take the form of inspirational mantras, quotes or selections of lyrics from poetry or popular music.

Promotional Websites

There are also independent "thinspirational" promotional websites that have surfaced the internet over the past decade. Domains such as these are specifically created to promote eating disorders (though sometimes are disguised as "anti-ana" and "anti-mia" with disclaimers written in the main pages) and often include the following:

• promotional membership offers
• gossip about thin celebrities followed by pictures of them at different weights in their life
• links to websites of various diets and weight control products such as "Hoodia Lollipops"
• starvation tips
• products that are sold to promote anorexia and bulimia, such as a "pro thinspo piggy bank" (every time a person wants to eat, they put their money in the piggy bank as a reminder to diet)
• links to music, lyrics and musicians that relate to body image and encourage weight loss
• poetry and stories related to anorexia and bulimia
• pictures of not only celebrities, but men and women from different countries that suffer from eating disorders
• pictures of food and obesity to discourage people from eating

Such websites are not affiliated with online groups such as Xanga, LiveJournal, Facebook and Myspace.

Criticism and controversy

From the medical profession

Pro-ana has attracted teenage girls who believe that inducing eating disorders will cause them to lose weight more effectively. Some medical professionals and anorexia sufferers take affront to this as they believe it glamorizes a serious illness. Health care professionals and medical associations have taken generally negative views of pro-ana groups and the information they disseminate.

b-eat (the Eating Disorders Association of the UK) has stated that "anorexia and bulimia are dangerous activities and people can be encouraged to copy them," but acknowledged "that the main reason people access these sites is to find support, understanding and acceptance. We don't call for the sites to be banned, but rather for everyone else to consider how they can also provide that understanding and acceptance so that these sites don't become the only refuge for someone."

NEDA (The National Eating Disorders Association) "actively speaks out against pro-anorexia and pro-bulimia websites. These sites provide no useful information on treatment but instead encourage and falsely support those who, sadly, are ill but do not seek help."

The Academy for Eating Disorders takes the position that "websites that glorify anorexia as a lifestyle choice play directly to the psychology of its victims", expressing concern that sites dedicated to the promotion of anorexia as a desirable "lifestyle choice" "provide support and encouragement to engage in health threatening behaviors, and neglect the serious consequences of starvation."

ANAD (The National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders) states that "pro-ana and pro-mia web sites and communities create the opportunity to compare to more and more dangerous methods of weight loss, and increase the drive and interest, and increase the severity and frequency of eating disorder behaviors."

In the media

In October 2001, the Oprah Winfrey Show hosted a special on anorexia; the pro-ana movement was discussed briefly by the guest panel, who expressed alarm at the appearance of pro-ana websites and recommended the use of filtering software to bar access to them.

From Internet service providers

In July 2001, Yahoo—after receiving a letter of complaint from ANAD—began removing pro-ana sites from its Yahoo Clubs (now Yahoo Groups) service, stating that such sites endorsing self-harm were violations of its terms of service agreement.

LiveJournal has not made a position statement regarding pro-ana. In August 2007, however, a staff member declined to respond to an abuse report filed against a pro-ana community hosted on its network, stating that: "Suspending pro-anorexia communities will not make anyone suffering from the disorder become healthy again. Allowing them to exist, however, has several benefits. It reassures those who join them that they are not alone in the way they feel about their bodies. It increases the chance that the friends and loved ones of the individuals in the community will discover their disorders and assist them in seeking professional help."

In November 2007, Microsoft shut down four pro-ana sites on the Spanish-language version of its Spaces social networking service at the behest of IQUA, the Internet regulatory body for Catalonia. A Microsoft spokesperson stated that such sites "infringe all the rules on content created by users and visible on our sites".

Facebook has stated that it will not close pro-ana groups on its service; when pressed for comment by the BBC in February 2008, a spokesperson said that "many Facebook groups relate to controversial topics; this alone is not a reason to disable a group." Similarly, MySpace has opted not ban pro-ana material and has stated that "it's often very tricky to distinguish between support groups for users who are suffering from eating disorders and groups that might be termed as "pro" anorexia or bulimia. Rather than censor these groups, we are working to create partnerships with organisations like b-eat." MySpace instead cycles b-eat banner advertisements through pro-ana members' profiles.

See Also

• Pro-Mia

References

1. ^ Udovitch, Mim (2002-09-08). "A Secret Society of the Starving". New York Times. Retrieved 2007-11-04..
2. Williams, Alex (2006-04-02). ""Before Spring Break, the Anorexic Challenge"". New York Times. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |lastaccess= ignored (help).
3. ^ Head, Jacqueline (2007-09-08). "Seeking "thinspiration"". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-11-06..
4. Morris, Bonnie Rothman (2002-06-23). "A Disturbing Growth Industry: Web Sites That Espouse Anorexia". New York Times.
5. Wilson; Peebles, Rebecka (December 2006). "Surfing for thinness: A pilot study of pro-eating disorder web site usage in adolescents with eating disorders". Pediatrics. 118 (6): 1635–43. Retrieved 2007-11-06..
6. Slater, Marjorie (April 2006), "Craving Community: The Phenomenon of Pro-Anorexia Sites", AngeLingo, 4 (2), USC College of Letters Arts and Sciences.
7. Dolan, Diedre (2003-02-02). "Learning to Love Anorexia? Pro-Ana Web Sites Flourish". New York Observer. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
8. Mathis, Charlotte Grayson. "Pro-Anorexia Web Sites: The Thin Web Line". WebMD. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
9. ^ "Pro-anorexia site clampdown urged". BBC News. 2008-02-24. Retrieved 2008-02-25..
10. "Pro Ana and Social Networking Websites". b-eat (Eating Disorders Association, United Kingdom). 2007-11-29. Retrieved 2007-11-30..
11. "Position Paper: Pro-Anorexia and Pro-Bulimia Websites". National Eating Disorders Assocation. Retrieved 2007-11-06..
12. "Position Statement on Pro-Anorexia Web Sites". Academy for Eating Disorders. Retrieved 2007-11-06.
13. "Pro-ana and pro-mia sites". National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders. Retrieved 2007-11-11..
14. "Archives: Girls Who Don't Eat". The Oprah Winfrey Show. 2001-10-04. Retrieved 2007-11-11..
15. Reaves, Jessica (2001-07-31). "Anorexia Goes High Tech". Time Magazine. Retrieved 2007-11-11..
16. LiveJournal user thevelvetsun (2007-09-07). "LiveJournal forum thread". Retrieved 2007-11-11. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help); External link in |author= (help).
17. "Nueva ofensiva contra páginas pro anorexia y bulimia" (in Spanish). La Agencia de Calidad de Internet (IQUA). 2007-11-21. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
18. Catan, Thomas (2007-11-22). "Online anorexia sites shut down amid claims they glorify starvation". Times Online. Retrieved 2007-11-30..

• Eating disorders
• Culture-specific syndromes