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'''Jack French Kemp Jr.''' (born ], ]) is an ] ] and former professional ] player. He was the ] candidate for the ] in the ] as running mate for ] and was (along with Dole and eventual winner ]) one of the main Republican Party's ] candidates in the ]. Despite his longstanding opposition to ], Kemp is considered a ] because of his advocacy for ] and ]. He supports low taxes and ] economic policy. '''Jack French Kemp, Jr.''' (born ], ]) is an ] ] and former professional ] player. He was the ] candidate for the ] in the ] as running mate for ] and was (along with Dole and eventual winner ]) one of the main Republican Party's ] candidates in the ]. Despite his longstanding opposition to ], Kemp is considered a ] because of his advocacy for ] and ]. He supports low taxes and ] economic policy.


Kemp attended ], and after his time as a student-athlete, he played as a professional ] for 13 years. He played in the ] (NFL), ] (CFL) and ] (AFL). He co-founded the ], which he served as president for five terms, and he served as ] of both the ] and ]. He earned the American Football League ] award in 1965 after leading the Bills to their second consecutive AFL championship, and he holds most AFL career passing statistical records. He was in the AFL for all ten years of its existence, was named for the AFL All-star game seven times and played in five of the league's ten championship games. He is vice president of ]. Kemp is also a veteran of the ]. After time as a student-athlete at ], Kemp played as a professional ] for 13 years in the ] (NFL), ] (CFL) and ] (AFL). He co-founded the American Football League Players Association, which he served as president for five terms. He served as ] of both the ] and ] and earned the American Football League ] award in 1965 after leading the Bills to their second consecutive AFL championship. He was in the AFL for all ten years of its existence, was named to play in seven of the nine AFL All-star game times, played in five of the league's ten championship games, and holds most AFL career passing statistical records.


He served nine terms in the ] as a representative of ]. He was a proponent of both ] and ], and he is notable for the ] (known as the Kemp-Roth tax cut). After stepping away from his congressional position for a failed Presidential run, he joined ]'s ] as ]. He then traveled the speaker's circuit before becoming a Vice Presidential nominee. As a progressive conservative politician, Kemp served as the Republican Party spokesperson on minority and inner-city issues for most of his political career. He served nine terms in the ] as a representative of ]. As a proponent of both ] and ], he is notable for his role as both the molder of the Reagan agenda and the architect of the ] (known as the Kemp-Roth tax cut). After stepping away from his congressional position for a failed Presidential run, he joined ]'s ] as ]. He then traveled the speaker's circuit before becoming a Vice Presidential nominee. As a progressive conservative politician, Kemp served as the Republican Party spokesperson on minority and inner-city issues for most of his political career.


He has continued a career of public service since returning to public life. He has been active as a political advocate and commentator. He has served on corporate and ] boards, served in official capacities to promote American football and has been a political advocate for both the Republican Party and for veteran professional football players. Kemp has authored, co-authored, and edited several books. He has continued a career of public service since returning to public life. He has been active as a political advocate and commentator. He has served on corporate and ] boards, served in official capacities to promote American football and has been a political advocate for both the Republican Party and for veteran professional football players. Kemp is also a veteran of the ] who has authored, co-authored, and edited several books.


==Early life== ==Early life==
===Youth=== ===Youth===
Kemp is the third of four sons of a father who was a trucking company owner and a mother who was a ] as well as a ] teacher.<ref name=JBN/><ref name=IJKMR/> The trucking company was the result of the entrepreneurial success of a ] ].<ref name=MitNTWaHJFK>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEEDA1238F933A15751C1A96E948260&scp=113&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Man in the News; Theorist With a Heart; Jack French Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-15|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=May, Clifford D.}}</ref> His parents, Paul and Frances Kemp,<ref name=APfIJFK/> raised their sons in the ] district of Los Angeles,<ref name=JKTCUF/> which was a heavily ] section of ].<ref name=APfIJFK/> He was raised in the ] faith.<ref name=APfIJFK/> Kemp is the third of Paul and Frances Kemp's four sons.<ref name=IJKMR/><ref name=APfIJFK/> Paul Kemp turned his ] ] into a trucking company that grew from one to fourteen trucks.<ref name=MitNTWaHJFK>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEEDA1238F933A15751C1A96E948260&scp=113&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Man in the News; Theorist With a Heart; Jack French Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-15|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=May, Clifford D.}}</ref><ref name=JBN/> Frances Kemp was a well-educated ] as well as a ] teacher.<ref name=JBN/><ref name=IJKMR/> Jack grew up in the ] district of Los Angeles,<ref name=JKTCUF/> which was a heavily ] section of ],<ref name=APfIJFK/> but his tight-knit ] family practiced in the ].<ref name=APfIJFK/><ref name=IJKMR/> Although his mother attempted to influence him with the culture of piano lessons trips to the ], sports consumed Jack Kemp in his youth and he once chose the ] as the subject of a school essay on important inventions.<ref name=IJKMR/>


Kemp, who was born, raised and educated in {{city-state|Los Angeles|California}}, attended ]. Fairfax is known both for its historically high concentration of Jewish students and for producing celebrities. Over 95&nbsp;percent of Kemp's classmates were Jewish and he became a supporter of Jewish causes.<ref name=114CSaHDRDoLHC>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/2740.html|title=114th Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipient Doctor of Laws, Honoris Causa|accessdate=2008-04-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=USC News|author=Payton, Melissa}}</ref> Boasting an alumni of notable actors, athletes, and musicians, Fairfax is noted by celebrity-seeking guides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seeing-stars.com/schools/otherschools.shtml|title=The Ultimate Guide to Celebrities and Hollywood|work=seeing-stars.com}}</ref> The school is located on ] and its alumni include ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/moore/348031_moore19.html|title=Go 2 Guy: L.A. phenom to test Franklin|accessdate=2008-04-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=SeattlePI.com|author=Moore, Jim}}</ref><ref name=FF>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/kcet/senioryear/fairfax/facts.html|title=Fairfax Facts|accessdate=2008-04-01|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service}}</ref> Nonetheless, Kemp worked with his brothers at his father's trucking company in downtown Los Angeles where he learned to embrace diversity and hard work. In addition to developing his respect for hard work, Kemp's habit of rigorous reading showed in high school where he read history and philosophy books.<ref name=114CSaHDRDoLHC/> By the end of the century, Fairfax had become a majority ] high school.<ref name=FF/> Kemp, who was born, raised and educated in {{city-state|Los Angeles|California}}, attended ], which is known both for its historically high concentration of Jewish students and for producing celebrities. Although by the end of the century, Fairfax had become a majority ] high school,<ref name=FF/> over 95&nbsp;percent of Kemp's classmates were Jewish and he became a supporter of Jewish causes.<ref name=114CSaHDRDoLHC>{{cite web|url=http://www.usc.edu/uscnews/stories/2740.html|title=114th Commencement Speaker and Honorary Degree Recipient Doctor of Laws, Honoris Causa|accessdate=2008-04-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=USC News|author=Payton, Melissa}}</ref> Boasting an alumni of notable actors, athletes, and musicians, Fairfax is noted by celebrity-seeking guides.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seeing-stars.com/schools/otherschools.shtml|title=The Ultimate Guide to Celebrities and Hollywood|work=seeing-stars.com}}</ref> The school is located on ], and its alumni include ], ], ], ], ], ] and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://seattlepi.nwsource.com/moore/348031_moore19.html|title=Go 2 Guy: L.A. phenom to test Franklin|accessdate=2008-04-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=SeattlePI.com|author=Moore, Jim}}</ref><ref name=FF>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/kcet/senioryear/fairfax/facts.html|title=Fairfax Facts|accessdate=2008-04-01|publisher=Public Broadcasting Service}}</ref> Despite his proximity to the trappings of celebrity and entitlement, Kemp learned to embrace diversity and hard work during his experience working with his brothers at his father's trucking company in downtown Los Angeles. In addition to developing his respect for hard work, Kemp's habit of rigorous reading showed in high school where he read history and philosophy books.<ref name=114CSaHDRDoLHC/>


===College=== ===College===
After high school, he attended ], where he and close friend ] were members of the ] fraternity,<ref name=KSBAO>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/KEMP+SUCCESS+BEGAN+AT+OXY-a083966485|title=Kemp Success Began At Oxy|accessdate=2008-03-31|date=]|publisher=Farlex, Inc.|work=]|author=Martinez, Michael}}</ref> but Kemp declined to become involved in student government.<ref name=KSBAO/> Kemp also performed post-graduate study at ], ] and served in the military from 1958&ndash;1962.<ref name=APfIJFK/> Kemp, who earned a degree in ] from Occidental, took graduate economics classes at the two schools in an effort to improve himself.<ref name=KSBAO/> After high school, he attended ], where he and close friend ] were members of the ] fraternity,<ref name=KSBAO>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/KEMP+SUCCESS+BEGAN+AT+OXY-a083966485|title=Kemp Success Began At Oxy|accessdate=2008-03-31|date=]|publisher=Farlex, Inc.|work=]|author=Martinez, Michael}}</ref> but Kemp declined to become involved in student government.<ref name=KSBAO/> At Occidental, a founding member of the ] ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesciac.org/information/about/index|title=About the SCIAC|accessdate=2008-03-31|publisher=Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference}}</ref> Kemp was a record-setting ] hurler and played several positions on the football team: quarterback, ], ] and ].<ref name=KSBAO/> At Occidental, which posted 6&ndash;2 and 3&ndash;6 records in his years with him as the starting quarterback, Kemp was named a Little ]n one year and threw for over 1,100&nbsp;yards in a season.<ref name=KSBAO/> Kemp selected Occidental because its football team used professional ]s and plays, which would help him achieve his aspiration to become professional quarterback.<ref name=APfIJFK/> At {{height|ft=5|in=10|wiki=yes|abbr=mos}} and {{convert|175|lb|kg st|lk=on}}, he considered himself to be too small to play for the major ] ] programs (] and ]).<ref name=KSBAO/>


⚫ Kemp was very ] and quite tenacious on the field. In a game against ], his team trailed by a large margin before he led them to three scoring drives. After kicking an ] following the final scoring drive, he turned to his teammate and said, I guess we won. However, he could not see the ] and did not realize that they hadn't.<ref name=KSBAO/> Kemp was also self-motivated: he performed post-graduate study at ], ] and served in the military from 1958&ndash;1962.<ref name=APfIJFK/> Kemp, who earned a degree in ] from Occidental, took graduate economics classes at the two schools in an effort to improve himself.<ref name=KSBAO/>
Kemp was a record-setting ] hurler and played several positions on the football team: quarterback, ], ] and ].<ref name=KSBAO/> Kemp selected Occidental because its football team used professional ]s and plays, which would help him achieve his aspiration to become professional quarterback.<ref name=APfIJFK/> At {{height|ft=5|in=10|wiki=yes|abbr=mos}} and {{convert|175|lb|kg st|lk=on}}, he considered himself to be too small to play for the major ] ] programs (] and ]).<ref name=KSBAO/> At Occidental, Kemp's teams posted 6&ndash;2 and 3&ndash;6 records in his years with him as the starting quarterback.

⚫ Kemp was very ] and quite tenacious on the field. In a game against ], his team trailed by a large margin before he led them to three scoring drives. After kicking an ] following the final scoring drive, he turned to his teammate and said, I guess we won. However, he could not see the ] and did not realize that they hadn't.<ref name=KSBAO/> At Occidental, Kemp was named a Little ]n one year and threw for over 1,100&nbsp;yards in a season.<ref name=KSBAO/> Occidental was a founding member of the ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thesciac.org/information/about/index|title=About the SCIAC|accessdate=2008-03-31|publisher=Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference}}</ref> a ] athletic conference.


==Marriage and family== ==Marriage and family==
He married Joanne Main after she graduated from ] in 1958, a year after Kemp had, and became a ].<ref name=APfIJFK/> Joanne had grown up in {{city-state|Fillmore|California}} and attended ] in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/KEMP'S+WIFE+PREPARED+FOR+ROLE%2c+MOM+SAYS.(NEWS)-a083959339|title=Kemp's Wife Prepared For Role, Mom Says|accessdate=2008-03-31|date=]|publisher=Farlex, Inc.|work=]|author=Gonzalez, Virginia}}</ref> The wedding was presided by Kemp's Biblical Literature professor, Keith Beebe.<ref name=KSBAO/> Kemp married Joanne Main, his college sweetheart,<ref name=JBN/> after she graduated from ] in 1958, which was a year after Kemp graduated.<ref name=APfIJFK/> Joanne had grown up in {{city-state|Fillmore|California}} and attended ] in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/KEMP'S+WIFE+PREPARED+FOR+ROLE%2c+MOM+SAYS.(NEWS)-a083959339|title=Kemp's Wife Prepared For Role, Mom Says|accessdate=2008-03-31|date=]|publisher=Farlex, Inc.|work=]|author=Gonzalez, Virginia}}</ref> Kemp's Biblical Literature professor, Keith Beebe, presided over the wedding,<ref name=KSBAO/> but after the marriage, Kemp became a ].<ref name=APfIJFK/>


Kemp and Joanne, his college sweetheart,<ref name=JBN/> reside in {{city-state|Bethesda|Maryland}}.<ref name=JKTCUF/> The Kemps switched their official residence from {{city-state|Hamburg|New York}} to Bethesda in 1989.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E5D61631F930A2575BC0A960958260&scp=38&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Of Knishes, Soulfulness and Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-03|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Firestone, David}}</ref> The Kemps have two sons, both of whom played professional football as a quarterback. ] played in the NFL from 1981 to 1991,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/players/jeffkemp/profile?id=KEM184574|title=All-Time Players: Jeff Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-31|publisher=NFL Enterprises LLC.}}</ref> and ] played in the CFL from 1994 to 2002. They also have two daughters named Jennifer and Judith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/bio/kemp_bio.html|title=Biography Of Jack Kemp|accessdate=2008-02-24|publisher=MacNeil/Lehrer Productions|work=pbs.org}}</ref> Jeff, Jennifer and Judith are each two years apart and Jimmy is eight years younger than Judith.<ref name=IJKMR/> As of June 2006, the Kemps had 16&nbsp;grandchildren.<ref name=WIrtas>{{cite web|url=http://www.townhall.com/columnists/column.aspx?UrlTitle=what_i_really_think_about_soccer&ns=JackKemp&dt=06/19/2006&page=full&comments=true|title=What I really think about soccer|accessdate=2008-02-24|date=]|author=Kemp, Jack|publisher=Salem Web Network|work=Townhall.com}}</ref> Kemp's opposition to abortion is partially affected by his own wife's ].<ref name=IHOWJKatI>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2DB1E3EF932A2575BC0A960958260&scp=100&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= In His Own Words: Jack Kemp and the Issues|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> In 1989, the Kemps switched their official residence from {{city-state|Hamburg|New York}} to {{city-state|Bethesda|Maryland}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F06E5D61631F930A2575BC0A960958260&scp=38&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Of Knishes, Soulfulness and Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-03|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Firestone, David}}</ref> where they now reside.<ref name=JKTCUF/> Kemp and his wife, Joanne, have two sons, both of whom played professional football as a quarterback: ] played in the NFL from 1981 to 1991,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/players/jeffkemp/profile?id=KEM184574|title=All-Time Players: Jeff Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-31|publisher=NFL Enterprises LLC.}}</ref> and ] played in the CFL from 1994 to 2002. They also have two daughters named Jennifer and Judith.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/bio/kemp_bio.html|title=Biography Of Jack Kemp|accessdate=2008-02-24|publisher=MacNeil/Lehrer Productions|work=pbs.org}}</ref> Jeff, Jennifer and Judith are each two years apart and Jimmy is eight years younger than Judith.<ref name=IJKMR/> As of June 2006, the Kemps had 16&nbsp;grandchildren.<ref name=WIrtas>{{cite web|url=http://www.townhall.com/columnists/column.aspx?UrlTitle=what_i_really_think_about_soccer&ns=JackKemp&dt=06/19/2006&page=full&comments=true|title=What I really think about soccer|accessdate=2008-02-24|date=]|author=Kemp, Jack|publisher=Salem Web Network|work=Townhall.com}}</ref> Kemp's opposition to abortion is partially affected by his own wife's ].<ref name=IHOWJKatI>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2DB1E3EF932A2575BC0A960958260&scp=100&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= In His Own Words: Jack Kemp and the Issues|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref>


==Football career== ==Football career==
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Kemp began his professional football career in 1957 when he was selected by the ] in the 17th round of the ], but he was cut before the ] began.<ref name=LOTBB/><ref name=KSBAO/> Kemp spent one ] season with the ] and another being on the ] of the ] and ]. During his taxi squad tenure, he served as a third-string quarterback, who never got to play,<ref name=IJKMR/> on the ] New York Giants when they lost in ] of the 1958 ] to the ] at ] in the first NFL Playoff overtime game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03EEDD123FF934A15752C0A9679C8B63&scp=86&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= A Giant in '58|accessdate=2008-03-06|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Kemp, Jack}}</ref> Kemp spent a year serving as a ] in the ],<ref name=APfIJFK/> (as well as playing one game for the ] of the ], which made him ineligible for the NFL in 1959), and then Kemp signed as a ] with the ] of the ]. According to his older brother Tom, the family attempted to encourage him to get on with his life after he bounced around the NFL and his parents drove him from California to {{city-state|Calgary|Alberta}} only to see him get cut.<ref name=IJKMR/> Kemp had been cut by five professional teams.<ref name=KSBAO/> On ] and ] ] the AFL agreed to a "no tampering" policy with the NFL and CFL respectively to keep from stealing star players. Thus, players like Kemp with modest NFL experience were common AFL signees at the time.<ref>Gruver, p. 44.</ref> Kemp began his professional football career in 1957 when he was selected by the ] in the 17th round of the ], but he was cut before the ] began.<ref name=LOTBB/><ref name=KSBAO/> Kemp spent one ] season with the ] and another being on the ] of the ] and ]. During his taxi squad tenure, he served as a third-string quarterback, who never got to play,<ref name=IJKMR/> on the ] New York Giants when they lost in ] of the 1958 ] to the ] at ] in the first NFL Playoff overtime game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03EEDD123FF934A15752C0A9679C8B63&scp=86&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= A Giant in '58|accessdate=2008-03-06|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Kemp, Jack}}</ref>
After his experience with the NFL, Kemp spent a year serving as a ] in the ],<ref name=APfIJFK/> (as well as playing one game for the ] of the ], which made him ineligible for the NFL in 1959). Kemp had been cut by five professional teams (Lions, Steelers, Giants, 49ers and Stampeders).<ref name=KSBAO/> According to his older brother Tom, the family attempted to encourage him to get on with his life after he bounced around the NFL and his parents drove him from California to {{city-state|Calgary|Alberta}} only to see him get cut.<ref name=IJKMR/> On ] and ] ] the AFL agreed to a "no tampering" policy with the NFL and CFL respectively to keep from stealing star players. Thus, players like Kemp with modest NFL experience were common AFL signees at the time.<ref>Gruver, p. 44.</ref> Kemp signed as a ] with the ] of the ].


===Chargers era (1960–1962)=== ===Chargers era (1960–1962)===


In 1960, Kemp finished second to ] in the major ] statistics (attempts, completions, and yards) in the eight-team AFL.<ref name=AFL60PFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1960_AFL/leaders.htm|title=1960 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> He led the Los Angeles Chargers to a 10&ndash;4 record.<ref>Gruver, p. 55.</ref> Kemp led the AFL in yards per completion and times ]. He finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead.<ref name=AFL60PFR/> Kemp became, with Tripucka, one of the first 3,000-yard passers in the American Football League by surpassing 3000&nbsp;yards in the inaugural 14-game schedule 1960 season.<ref name=OHAFL/> Kemp led an offense that averaged 46&nbsp;points over its last four games and scored over 41&nbsp;points in five of their last nine games.<ref>Gruver, p. 56.</ref> In the AFL Championship game on ]], Kemp led the team to ]s on their first two possessions, but when the ] posted a ] in the second quarter for a 7&ndash;6 lead, the Chargers would never regain the lead.<ref>Gruver, pp. 58–59.</ref> In ], Kemp led the Los Angeles Chargers to a Western Division championship with a 10&ndash;4 record.<ref>Gruver, p. 55.</ref> Kemp finished second to ] in the major ] statistics (attempts, completions, and yards), led the AFL in yards per completion and times ], and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead in the eight-team AFL.<ref name=AFL60PFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1960_AFL/leaders.htm|title=1960 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> Kemp became, with Tripucka, one of the first 3,000-yard passers in the American Football League by surpassing 3000&nbsp;yards in the inaugural 14-game schedule 1960 season.<ref name=OHAFL/> Kemp led an offense that averaged 46&nbsp;points over its last four games and scored over 41&nbsp;points in five of their last nine games.<ref>Gruver, p. 56.</ref> In the ] on ]], Kemp led the team to ]s on their first two possessions, but when the ] posted a ] in the second quarter for a 7&ndash;6 lead, the Chargers would never regain the lead.<ref>Gruver, pp. 58–59.</ref>


⚫ In ], '']'' editor, ], started a movement to convince ] to move the Chargers from the ] to ] in {{city-state|San Diego|California}}.<ref>Gruver, p. 61.</ref> Kemp led the relocated San Diego Chargers to a 12&ndash;2 record and a repeat Western Division championship.<ref name=G71>Gruver, p. 71.</ref> Kemp again finished second in passing yards (this time to ]).<ref name=AFL61PFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1961_AFL/leaders.htm|title=1961 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> The team earned an ] rematch against the Oilers. However, this time the Chargers were unable to muster any scoring until a fourth quarter field goal in a 10&ndash;3 loss.<ref name=G71/><ref>Gruver, p. 266.</ref>
⚫ Kemp was in the ]s when his unit, the San Diego-based 977th Transportation Company, was activated for duty on ]] by President ] after the ] was erected in August of that year. A month before he was activated for duty, the right-handed Kemp injured his left shoulder while playing football. ]s found swelling and ]s in his left shoulder and described his voluntary ] at 80&nbsp;percent. The ] reviewed recommendation by Army doctors that Kemp be excused from service. Kemp underwent a second ] at an Army hospital in {{city-state|San Francisco|California}}. Kemp's 1961 Chargers roommate and ]r, ] was denied a deferment. Kemp went on to lead the Chargers to a division title that year, passing for 2,686&nbsp;yards and 15&nbsp;touchdowns. He cited lingering effects from a later knee injury as the reason he had to fly first class at Government expense as the Housing Secretary from 1989 to 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DE0DB1630F93BA2575BC0A960958260&scp=48&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Army Allowed Kemp to Skip Army Call-Up For an Injury|accessdate=2008-03-03|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Frantz, Douglas}}</ref>


⚫ Kemp was in the ]s when his unit, the San Diego-based 977th Transportation Company, was activated for duty on ]] by President ] after the ] was erected in August of that year. A month before he was activated for duty, the right-handed Kemp injured his left shoulder while playing football. ]s found swelling and ]s in his left shoulder and described his voluntary ] at 80&nbsp;percent. The ] reviewed recommendation by Army doctors that Kemp be excused from service. Kemp underwent a second ] at an Army hospital in {{city-state|San Francisco|California}}. Kemp's 1961 Chargers roommate and ]r, ] was denied a deferment. Kemp went on to lead the Chargers to a division title that year, passing for 2,686&nbsp;yards and 15&nbsp;touchdowns. He cited lingering effects from a later knee injury as the reason he had to fly first class at Government expense as the Housing Secretary from 1989 to 1992.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0DE0DB1630F93BA2575BC0A960958260&scp=48&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Army Allowed Kemp to Skip Army Call-Up For an Injury|accessdate=2008-03-03|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Frantz, Douglas}}</ref>
⚫ In 1961, '']'' editor, ], started a movement to convince ] to move the Chargers from the ] to ] in {{city-state|San Diego|California}}.<ref>Gruver, p. 61.</ref> Kemp led the relocated San Diego Chargers to a 12&ndash;2 record and a repeat Western Division championship.<ref name=G71>Gruver, p. 71.</ref> Kemp again finished second in passing yards (this time to ]).<ref name=AFL61PFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1961_AFL/leaders.htm|title=1961 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> The team earned a championship game rematch against the Oilers. However, this time the Chargers were unable to muster any scoring until a fourth quarter field goal in a 10&ndash;3 loss.<ref name=G71/><ref>Gruver, p. 266.</ref>


In 1962, the Chargers drafted ] and ].<ref>Gruver, p. 80.</ref> Kemp won two ] Western Division championships with the Los Angeles/], but in a rare blunder by Chargers' coach ], Kemp was put on waivers to try to "hide" him when he was unable to play due to a broken middle finger after two games for the Chargers in ].<ref>Gruver, pp. 82–83.</ref> In ], the Chargers drafted ] and ] in the ].<ref>Gruver, p. 80.</ref> Kemp won two American Football League Western Division championships with the Los Angeles/], but in a rare blunder by Chargers' coach ], Kemp was put on waivers to try to "hide" him when he was unable to play due to a broken middle finger after two games for the Chargers in ].<ref>Gruver, pp. 82–83.</ref>


===Lou Saban era (1962–1965)=== ===Lou Saban era (1962–1965)===
This ploy did not get by ] coach ], and Kemp was picked up by the Bills for the $100 waiver fee on ],<ref name=M94-86>Maiorana (1994), p. 86.</ref> one of the biggest bargains in Pro Football history.<ref name=LOTBB>{{cite book|title=Legends of the Buffalo Bills|author=Schultz, Randy|publisher=Sports Publishing LLC|date=2003}}</ref> The AFL commissioner, ], awarded Kemp to the Bills, who along with the ] and ] attempted to claim Kemp.<ref>Gruver, p. 83.</ref> The signing solved the Bills' quarterback problem according to ].<ref name=LOTBB/> According to ], Kemp was not so excited about coming to Buffalo: "Jack's a skier, and he wanted to go to Denver and play for the Broncos. He hated the thought of coming to Buffalo. He was in the pits when he joined the Bills in Houston. But he came to Buffalo and made some good stock investments, made millions and then got into politics."<ref name=TAFLAYBYH>{{cite book|title=The American Football League: A Year-by-Year History, 1960-1969|author=Gruver, Ed|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers|date=1997}}</ref> During his football career at Buffalo, he would become known for his love of reading a broad range of books including the likes of ], which led to chidings from Saban.<ref name=114CSaHDRDoLHC/> This ploy did not get by ] coach ], and the Bills picked up Kemp for the $100 waiver fee on ],<ref name=M94-86>Maiorana (1994), p. 86.</ref> one of the biggest bargains in Pro Football history.<ref name=LOTBB>{{cite book|title=Legends of the Buffalo Bills|author=Schultz, Randy|publisher=Sports Publishing LLC|date=2003}}</ref> The AFL commissioner, ], awarded Kemp to the Bills, who along with the ] and ] attempted to claim Kemp.<ref>Gruver, p. 83.</ref> The signing solved the Bills' quarterback problem according to ].<ref name=LOTBB/> According to ], Kemp was not so excited about coming to Buffalo: "Jack's a skier, and he wanted to go to Denver and play for the Broncos. He hated the thought of coming to Buffalo. He was in the pits when he joined the Bills in Houston. But he came to Buffalo and made some good stock investments, made millions and then got into politics."<ref name=TAFLAYBYH>{{cite book|title=The American Football League: A Year-by-Year History, 1960-1969|author=Gruver, Ed|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers|date=1997}}</ref> During his football career at Buffalo, he would become known for his love of reading a broad range of books including the likes of ], which led to chidings from Saban.<ref name=114CSaHDRDoLHC/>


] as AFL Champion Buffalo Bills]] ] as AFL Champion Buffalo Bills]]
Injuries, including a broken finger,<ref name=M94-86/> kept Kemp from performing for most of the season. It was during these injury that Kemp received a ] notice for service in the ] and received a draft ] because of a knee problem. The knee healed, and he had a successful career as a professional athlete. Kemp debuted for Buffalo on ] in a 10&ndash;6 win over the ]. Kemp directed the only touchdown drive.<ref name=M94-86/> He played only four games for Buffalo in ], but he still made the ] team.<ref name=M94-86/> The Bills won three of their last four games to finish 7&ndash;6&ndash;1.<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 93–94.</ref> On ], the Bills outbid the ] for ] quarterback ].<ref name=M94-86/> Injuries, including a broken finger,<ref name=M94-86/> kept Kemp from performing for most of the 1962 season. That season, Kemp received a ] notice for service in the ] and received a draft ] because of a knee problem. The injuries healed, and Kemp debuted for Buffalo on ]] by directing the only touchdown drive in a 10&ndash;6 win over the ].<ref name=M94-86/> He played only four games for Buffalo in ], but he still made the ] team.<ref name=M94-86/> The Bills won three of their last four games to finish 7&ndash;6&ndash;1.<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 93–94.</ref> On ], the Bills outbid the ] for ] quarterback ].<ref name=M94-86/>


In 1963, Kemp found himself in a battle for the quarterback position with Daryle Lamonica that would last four seasons until Lamonica left for the Oakland Raiders. Lamonica felt he "...&nbsp;learned a lot from Jack about quarterbacking. And I truly believe that we were a great one-two punch at the position for the Bills."<ref name=LOTBB/> An interesting event occurred when Lou Saban suspected ] of spying on the 0&ndash;3&ndash;1 Bills and made his team practice using false numbers. That week, the Bills went on to win their first game of the season over the Raiders.<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 96.</ref> In 1963, Kemp led the Bills from a slow start to a tie for the AFL Eastern Division lead with a 7&ndash;6&ndash;1 record.<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 104.</ref> Kemp again placed second in passing attempts, completions and yards. He also finished second to teammate ] in rushing touchdowns.<ref name=AFL63PFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1963_AFL/leaders.htm|title=1963 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> The Bills played the ] in a one-game playoff to determine the division title on ] ] at ] in {{city-state|Buffalo|New York}} in {{convert|10|°F|°C|sigfig=2|lk=on}} weather. While ]s removed the snow from the frozen field, fans threw ]s at the ]s. During the game the Bills replaced Kemp with rookie Lamonica after falling behind 16&ndash;0 in the third quarter.<ref>Gruver, p. 115.</ref> The Bills lost 26&ndash;8. After the game, Kemp said, "I remember telling coach Lou Saban as we walked off the field at War Memorial Stadium that those same fans who were booing us then would be cheering us next year. I really felt that we had the makings of a championship club and we were just a year away from winning it all."<ref name=LOTBB/> In ], Kemp found himself in a battle for the quarterback position with Daryle Lamonica that would last four seasons until Lamonica left for the Oakland Raiders. Lamonica felt he "...&nbsp;learned a lot from Jack about quarterbacking. And I truly believe that we were a great one-two punch at the position for the Bills."<ref name=LOTBB/> An interesting event occurred when Lou Saban suspected ] of spying on the 0&ndash;3&ndash;1 Bills and made his team practice using false numbers. That week, the Bills went on to win their first game of the season over the Raiders.<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 96.</ref> In 1963, Kemp led the Bills from a slow start to a tie for the AFL Eastern Division lead with a 7&ndash;6&ndash;1 record.<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 104.</ref> Kemp again placed second in passing attempts, completions and yards, and he also finished second to teammate ] in rushing touchdowns.<ref name=AFL63PFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1963_AFL/leaders.htm|title=1963 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> The Bills played the ] in an ] to determine the division title on ] ] at ] in {{city-state|Buffalo|New York}} in {{convert|10|°F|°C|sigfig=2|lk=on}} weather. While ]s removed the snow from the frozen field, fans threw ]s at the ]s. During the game, the Bills replaced Kemp with rookie Lamonica after falling behind 16&ndash;0 in the third quarter.<ref>Gruver, p. 115.</ref> The Bills lost 26&ndash;8. After the game, Kemp said, "I remember telling coach Lou Saban as we walked off the field at War Memorial Stadium that those same fans who were booing us then would be cheering us next year. I really felt that we had the makings of a championship club and we were just a year away from winning it all."<ref name=LOTBB/>


Kemp was said to be the "clubhouse lawyer" for the Bills, and he kept the peace. During the 1964 season, he managed personalities such as Gilchrist, who walked off the field when plays were not being called for him, and Saban, who Kemp kept from cutting Gilchrist the following week. The negotiated apology was an early sign of his political abilities.<ref name=LOTBB/> Kemp also managed the politics of the quarterback battle with Lamonica, who engineered four winning touchdown drives in the Bills' first seven games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876407,00.html|title=Any Time, Any Place|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> The 1964 team relied on a running game of {{convert|250|lb|kg st|lk=on|adj=on}} Cookie Gilchrist and {{convert|220|lb|kg st|adj=on}} ] as well as a defense that set records for rushing yards, rushing TD's and quarterback sacks. The team won its first nine games and went 12&ndash;2 for the regular season. The team won the Eastern division with a final game victory over the Patriots at ] on ]]. Kemp led the league in yards per attempt and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead, which was shared by Gilchrist and ].<ref name=AFL64PFR/> In the championship game, Kemp scored the final clinching touchdown with just over nine minutes left in the 20&ndash;7 victory.<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 116.</ref> Kemp was said to be the "clubhouse lawyer" for the Bills, and he kept the peace. During the ], he managed personalities such as Gilchrist, who walked off the field when plays were not being called for him, and Saban, who Kemp kept from cutting Gilchrist the following week. The negotiated apology was an early sign of his political abilities.<ref name=LOTBB/> Kemp also managed the politics of the quarterback battle with Lamonica, who engineered four winning touchdown drives in the Bills' first seven games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,876407,00.html|title=Any Time, Any Place|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> The 1964 team relied on a running game of {{convert|250|lb|kg st|lk=on|adj=on}} Cookie Gilchrist and {{convert|220|lb|kg st|adj=on}} ] as well as a defense that set records for rushing yards, rushing TD's and quarterback sacks. The team won its first nine games and went 12&ndash;2 for the regular season. The team won the Eastern division with a final game victory over the Patriots at ] on ]]. Kemp led the league in yards per attempt and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead, which was shared by Gilchrist and ].<ref name=AFL64PFR/> In the ], Kemp scored the final clinching touchdown with just over nine minutes left in the 20&ndash;7 victory.<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 116.</ref>


According to Lamonica, the 1965 team had a different emphasis: "We really changed our offensive game that year. In '64 we had depended a lot on Cookie Gilchrist and our running attack to carry us. That was our bread and butter that year. But that all changed in '65. The Bills had traded Gilchrist in the off season to the Denver Broncos. So we went to a pass-oriented game more that season than we ever had before. We not only went to our receivers, but we threw a lot to our ]s. And I really think it brought out the best in Jack that year. Jack was a great quarterback and leader."<ref name=LOTBB/> The Bills finished the ] 10&ndash;3&ndash;1.<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 125.</ref> Kemp finished the season second in the league in pass completions.<ref name=AFL65PFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1965_AFL/leaders.htm|title=1965 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> The 1965 AFL Championship game victory over his former team, the San Diego Chargers, was special for Kemp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834954,00.html|title=The Game Nobody Saw|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> According to Lamonica, the 1965 team had a different emphasis: "We really changed our offensive game that year. In '64 we had depended a lot on Cookie Gilchrist and our running attack to carry us. That was our bread and butter that year. But that all changed in '65. The Bills had traded Gilchrist in the off season to the Denver Broncos. So we went to a pass-oriented game more that season than we ever had before. We not only went to our receivers, but we threw a lot to our ]s. And I really think it brought out the best in Jack that year. Jack was a great quarterback and leader."<ref name=LOTBB/> The Bills finished the ] with a 10&ndash;3&ndash;1 record.<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 125.</ref> Kemp finished the season second in the league in pass completions.<ref name=AFL65PFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1965_AFL/leaders.htm|title=1965 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> Kemp felt the ] victory was special because it came against his former team, the San Diego Chargers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,834954,00.html|title=The Game Nobody Saw|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref>


Kemp was able to lead the Bills to a repeat league championship in 1965 without the 1964 AFL leader in ] attempts, yards and touchdowns, Gilchrist, (who had been traded to the ])<ref name=LOTBB/> and with the 1964&nbsp;yards per reception leader, ], only playing three games.<ref name=AFL64PFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1964_AFL/leaders.htm|title=1964 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/buf/1965.htm|title=1965 Buffalo Bills|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> This earned him a share of the ] awards that he split with former Charger teammate, ] ]. Kemp earned the ] award,<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 126.</ref> while Lowe won ] and ] awards. Kemp also earned the AFL Championship Game MVP.<ref>Gruver, p. 151.</ref> Kemp led the Bills to a repeat league championship in 1965 without the 1964 AFL leader in ] attempts, yards and touchdowns, Gilchrist, (who had been traded to the ])<ref name=LOTBB/> and with the 1964&nbsp;yards per reception leader, ], only playing three games.<ref name=AFL64PFR>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/1964_AFL/leaders.htm|title=1964 AFL Leaders and Leaderboards|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/teams/buf/1965.htm|title=1965 Buffalo Bills|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com |accessdate=2008-03-31}}</ref> This earned him a share of the ] awards that he split with former Charger teammate, ] ]. Kemp earned the ] award,<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 126.</ref> while Lowe won ] and ] awards. Kemp also earned the AFL Championship Game MVP.<ref>Gruver, p. 151.</ref>


===Joe Collier era (1966–1968)=== ===Joe Collier era (1966–1968)===


Lou Saban resigned to take the ]ing job for the ] team and ] ] was promoted to head coach for the ].<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 127.</ref> In 1966, the Kemp led the Bills to their third consecutive division title with a 9&ndash;4&ndash;1 record. However, in the AFL Championship Game on ]] the Bills lost to the ] 31&ndash;7.<ref>Maiorana (1994), pp. 136–37.</ref> The 1967 Bills endured a 4&ndash;10 ].<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 147.</ref> Kemp was named as an ] for the sixth consecutive year in ].<ref name=PFRJK>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KempJa00.htm|title=Jack Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-31|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com}}</ref> Lou Saban resigned to take the ]ing job for the ] team and ] ] was promoted to head coach for the ].<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 127.</ref> In 1966, the Kemp led the Bills to their third consecutive division title with a 9&ndash;4&ndash;1 record. However, in the ]] ], which was played for the right to play in ], the Bills lost to the ] 31&ndash;7.<ref>Maiorana (1994), pp. 136–37.</ref> Kemp was named as an ] for the sixth consecutive year in 1966.<ref name=PFRJK>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KempJa00.htm|title=Jack Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-31|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com}}</ref> The 1967 Bills endured a 4&ndash;10 ].<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 147.</ref> Kemp was not named to the All-star game for the first time in his AFL career (there was no 1960 All-star game).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/K/KempJa00.htm|title=Jack Kemp|accessdate=2008-04-08|publisher=Sports Reference, LLC|work=Pro-Football-Reference.com}}</ref>


The Bills suffered a bad loss to the ] on ]]. On ], head coach Joe Collier put the Bills through a 40-play scrimmage. During the scrimmage, ] fell on Jack Kemp's right knee and Kemp was suffered an injury which forced him to sit out the entire season.<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 148.</ref> The Bills went 1&ndash;12&ndash;1 without Kemp for the ].<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 157.</ref> The Bills suffered a bad pre-season loss to the ] on ]]. On ], head coach Joe Collier put the Bills through a 40-play scrimmage. During the scrimmage, ] fell on Jack Kemp's right knee and Kemp suffered an injury which forced him to sit out the entire season.<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 148.</ref> The Bills went 1&ndash;12&ndash;1 without Kemp for the ].<ref>Maiorana (1994), p. 157.</ref>


===John Rausch era (1969)=== ===John Rausch era (1969)===
The Bills drafted and signed ], and although Jack Kemp returned from a year of injury, they only compiled a 4&ndash;10 record during the ].<ref>Maiorana (1994), pp. 158–66.</ref> Kemp was named as an American Football League All-Star in ] for the seventh of the league's ten years.<ref name=PFRJK/> He advocated recognition of the league, and in its last year, 1969, lobbied ] to have AFL teams wear an ] to honor it. In 1969, Kemp had a four-year no-cut contract, but the ] of ] approached him about running for the ].<ref name=LOTBB/> After the AFL All-star game in 1970, Kemp returned home and talked to his wife before deciding to run for Congress.<ref>Maiorana (2000), p. 174.</ref> Kemp said "I had a four-year no-cut contract with the Bills at the time. ...&nbsp;I figured that if I lost I could always come back and play. But the fans had their say and I was elected to Congress."<ref name=LOTBB/> The Bills drafted and signed ], and although Jack Kemp returned from a year of injury, they only compiled a 4&ndash;10 record during the ].<ref>Maiorana (1994), pp. 158–66.</ref> Kemp was named as an American Football League All-Star in ] for the seventh of the league's ten years.<ref name=PFRJK/> He advocated recognition of the league, and in its last year, 1969, lobbied ] to have AFL teams wear an ] to honor it. In 1969, Kemp had a four-year no-cut contract, but the ] of ] approached him about running for the ].<ref name=LOTBB/> After the ]] AFL All-star game, Kemp returned home and talked to his wife before deciding to run for Congress.<ref>Maiorana (2000), p. 174.</ref> Kemp said "I had a four-year no-cut contract with the Bills at the time. ...&nbsp;I figured that if I lost I could always come back and play. But the fans had their say and I was elected to Congress."<ref name=LOTBB/>


===Career summary=== ===Career summary===
He led Buffalo to three straight Eastern Division titles including the 1964 and 1965 American Football League championships throwing to receivers Dubenion and ].<ref name=JKTCUF>{{cite web|url=http://www.packers.com/news/releases/2003/03/25/3/|title=Jack Kemp To Chair USA Football|accessdate=2008-02-23|publisher=Green Bay Packers, Inc. }}</ref> Kemp had the most career passes attempted, most completions and most yards gained passing in the history of the American Football League.<ref name=OHAFL>{{cite book|title=Official History American Football League - 1960-1969|publisher=]|editor=Rosenthal, Harold (compiled by the ])|year=1970|pages=68-69}}</ref> Kemp played in five of the ten AFL Championship games. He holds these same career passing attempts, yards and completion records for the AFL Championship Game and is listed second for many other championship game statistics including career and single game ].<ref name=OHAFL/> A '']'' ] selection at quarterback in ] and ], he was the only AFL quarterback to be listed as a starter all ten years. Kemp co-founded the American Football League Players Association with ] of the ], and was elected its president five times. His founding of and involvement in the player's union contributed to his frequent siding with the Democrats on labor issues later in his career.<ref name=114CSaHDRDoLHC/> He was one of only twenty players who were in the American Football League for its entire ten-year existence. He led Buffalo to three straight Eastern Division titles including the 1964 and 1965 American Football League championships throwing to receivers Dubenion and ].<ref name=JKTCUF>{{cite web|url=http://www.packers.com/news/releases/2003/03/25/3/|title=Jack Kemp To Chair USA Football|accessdate=2008-02-23|publisher=Green Bay Packers, Inc. }}</ref> Kemp had the most career passes attempted, most completions and most yards gained passing in the history of the American Football League.<ref name=OHAFL>{{cite book|title=Official History American Football League - 1960-1969|publisher=]|editor=Rosenthal, Harold (compiled by the ])|year=1970|pages=68-69}}</ref> Kemp played in five of the ten AFL Championship games. He holds these same career passing attempts, yards and completion records for the AFL Championship Game and is listed second for many other championship game statistics including career and single game ].<ref name=OHAFL/> A '']'' ] selection at quarterback in ] and ], he was the only AFL quarterback to be listed as a starter all ten years. Kemp co-founded the American Football League Players Association with ] of the ], and was elected its president five times. His founding of and involvement in the player's union contributed to his frequent siding with the ] on labor issues later in his career.<ref name=114CSaHDRDoLHC/> He was one of only twenty players who were in the American Football League for its entire ten-year existence.


Kemp twice led the AFL in yards per attempt and played all fourteen games in his final six AFL seasons (excluding 1968).<ref name=PFRJK/> However, despite his success and important AFL records, he is most prominently listed in the NFL record book for less flattering accomplishments, including his place as a former record holder for most ]s in a game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/history/randf/records/indiv/passing|title=Individual Records: Passing|accessdate=2008-02-23|publisher=NFL Enterprises LLC.|work=NFL Record & Fact Book}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/history/randf/records/indiv/fumbles|title=Individual Records: Fumbles|accessdate=2008-02-23|publisher=NFL Enterprises LLC.|work=NFL Record & Fact Book}}</ref> Despite Kemp's AFL records, ] and ] were selected as the first and second team quarterbacks for the All-time AFL team.<ref name=OHAFL/> His number 15 was retired by the Buffalo Bills in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923772,00.html|title=untitled|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Garcia, Guy D.}}</ref> Kemp twice led the AFL in yards per attempt and played all fourteen games in his final six AFL seasons (excluding 1968).<ref name=PFRJK/> However, despite his success and important AFL records, he is most prominently listed in the NFL record book for less flattering accomplishments, including his place as a former record holder for most ]s in a game.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/history/randf/records/indiv/passing|title=Individual Records: Passing|accessdate=2008-02-23|publisher=NFL Enterprises LLC.|work=NFL Record & Fact Book}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nfl.com/history/randf/records/indiv/fumbles|title=Individual Records: Fumbles|accessdate=2008-02-23|publisher=NFL Enterprises LLC.|work=NFL Record & Fact Book}}</ref> Despite Kemp's AFL records, ] and ] were selected as the first and second team quarterbacks for the All-time AFL team.<ref name=OHAFL/> His number 15 was retired by the Buffalo Bills in 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923772,00.html|title=untitled|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Garcia, Guy D.}}</ref>
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==Political career== ==Political career==
] ]
Kemp stated football prepared him for politics: {{cquote|Pro football gave me a good perspective. When I entered the political arena, I had already been booed, cheered, cut, sold, traded, and hung in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9502E4DC113EF932A2575BC0A960958260&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|title= A Quarterback Who Doesn't Like Warming the Bench|accessdate=2008-04-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Berkow, Ira}}</ref>}}Kemp's political career began long before his first electoral campaign in 1970. In 1960 and 1961, Kemp was an editorial assistant to ], then editor of the ].<ref name=114CSaHDRDoLHC/> Then Kemp became a volunteer in ]'s 1964 Presidential campaign and ]'s 1966 successful ] campaign. In the off-season in 1967, Mr. Kemp worked on Governor Reagan's staff in {{city-state|Sacramento|California}}. In 1969, he served as special assistant to the ] chairman.<ref name=APfIJFK/> Kemp is a voracious reader, and his foundation came from early readings of ]'s '']'', ] libertarian novels, such as '']'', and ]'s '']''.<ref name=CP/> Kemp's ability to work with blacks and his stands on racial equality also are traced back to the time that he played football with black teammates: Kemp said "I wasn't there with ] or ] or ]. But I am here now, and I am going to yell from the rooftops about what we need to do."<ref name=APfIJFK/> Kemp stated football prepared him for politics: {{cquote|Pro football gave me a good perspective. When I entered the political arena, I had already been booed, cheered, cut, sold, traded, and hung in ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9502E4DC113EF932A2575BC0A960958260&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss|title= A Quarterback Who Doesn't Like Warming the Bench|accessdate=2008-04-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Berkow, Ira}}</ref>}}Kemp's political career began long before his first electoral campaign in 1970. In 1960 and 1961, Kemp was an editorial assistant to future ] ], ], who was then editor of the ].<ref name=114CSaHDRDoLHC/> Subsequently, Kemp became a volunteer in ]'s ] and ]'s 1966 successful ] campaign. In the 1967 football off-season, Mr. Kemp worked on Governor Reagan's staff in {{city-state|Sacramento|California}}. In 1969, he served as special assistant to the ] chairman.<ref name=APfIJFK/> Kemp is a voracious reader, and his foundation came from early readings of ]'s '']'', ] libertarian novels, such as '']'', and ]'s '']''.<ref name=CP/> Kemp's ability to work with blacks and his stands on racial equality are traced back to the time that he played football with black teammates: Kemp said "I wasn't there with ] or ] or ]. But I am here now, and I am going to yell from the rooftops about what we need to do."<ref name=APfIJFK/>


===Congress (1971&ndash;1989)=== ===Congress (1971&ndash;1989)===
Kemp, who describes himself as a "bleeding-heart conservative",<ref name=JBN/> represented a part of the {{city-state|Buffalo|New York}} region known as the ] in the ] from 1971 to 1989. His district traditionally voted Democratic.<ref name=SfaPS/> Kemp had been drafted by {{city-state|Erie County|New York}} Republicans after incumbent congressman, ], decided to run for the ].<ref name=APfIJFK/> At the time of his political birth, the region he represented was in an economic malaise, and he was considered a ] throwback who ran on the basis of ], ], sports and defense.<ref name=MitNTWaHJFK/> Upon his election to the congress in a class of sixty-two freshman, he was one of six (along with ], ], ], ], and ]) written about by '']'' as among the more interesting newcomers. In the article he was described as a football fan like United States President ], who was advised by White House Adviser ], and by Kemp's former boss Herb Klein, who had now become Nixon's Director of Communications. The Nixon aides helped Kemp firm up his military support by encouraging Kemp to endorse the ] and to oppose criticism of Nixon's war policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904463-2,00.html|title=Newcomers in the House|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> Kemp, who describes himself as a "bleeding-heart conservative",<ref name=JBN/> represented a part of the {{city-state|Buffalo|New York}} region that is known as the ] and that traditionally voted Democratic in the ] from 1971 to 1989.<ref name=SfaPS/> The {{city-state|Erie County|New York}} Republicans had drafted Kemp after incumbent congressman, ], decided to run for the ].<ref name=APfIJFK/> At the time of his political birth, the region he represented was in an economic malaise, and he was considered a ] throwback who ran on the basis of ], ], sports and defense.<ref name=MitNTWaHJFK/> Upon his election to the congress in a class of sixty-two freshman, he was one of six (along with ], ], ], ], and ]) written about by '']'' as among the more interesting newcomers. In the article, he was described as a football fan like United States President ], who White House Adviser ], and former Kemp boss Herb Klein, who had now become Nixon's Director of Communications, advised. The Nixon aides helped Kemp firm up his military support by encouraging Kemp to endorse the ] and to oppose criticism of Nixon's war policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,904463-2,00.html|title=Newcomers in the House|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref>


During his career, he would at times sound like a liberal ].<ref name=MitNTWaHJFK/> He championed several ] and ] issues: ], ], ], ] and lower ]s on both work and investment.<ref name=JK/> Kemp was a long-time proponent of the ].<ref name=TN12StR>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,5606,00.html|title=The New 12 Steps to Recovery|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> Kemp also defended of the use ] forces in ], supported the ], spoke for ] legislation, opposed ], and was the first lawmaker to popularize the notion of enterprise zones.<ref name=APfIJFK/> At times, Kemp supported ],<ref name=TEC/><ref name=C2000/> and he has supported rights for ]s.<ref name=IFtC/> In addition, he was a strong proponent of ]s as a way to foster ]ship and ] and expand homeownership among ] tenants.<ref name=JK/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,7154,00.html|title=Babbitt: Think Small|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> Although he is liberal on many social issues, he is not on ].<ref name=IHOWJKatI/> His view on a war on poverty was quite different than ]'s for example, since Kemp believed in incentive-based systems instead of more traditional government social programs.<ref name=MitNTWaHJFK/> During his career, he would at times sound like a liberal ]:<ref name=MitNTWaHJFK/> he championed several ] and ] issues: ], ], ], ] and lower ]s on both work and investment.<ref name=JK/> Kemp was a long-time proponent of the ].<ref name=TN12StR>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,5606,00.html|title=The New 12 Steps to Recovery|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> At times, Kemp supported ],<ref name=TEC/><ref name=C2000/> and he has supported rights for ]s.<ref name=IFtC/> Kemp also defended of the use ] forces in ], supported the ], spoke for ] legislation, opposed ], and was the first lawmaker to popularize the notion of ]s,<ref name=APfIJFK/> which he supported as a way to foster ]ship and ] and expand homeownership among ] tenants.<ref name=JK/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,7154,00.html|title=Babbitt: Think Small|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> Although he is liberal on many social issues, he is not on ].<ref name=IHOWJKatI/> Kemp is described as the most proactive combatant in the war on poverty since ],<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> but Kemp's view on a war on poverty was quite different than earlier combatants such as ], for example, since Kemp believed in incentive-based systems instead of more traditional government social programs.<ref name=MitNTWaHJFK/>


Kemp was quickly identified as a leader of the future: as a second-term congressman in 1974 ''Time magazine'', presented its "Faces for the Future" and included the then 38&nbsp;year-old Kemp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981959,00.html|title=Where Are They Now?|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Collins, James}}</ref> By 1978, he was being mentioned as a contender to unseat United States President ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919701,00.html|title=Roses with a Touch of Ragweed|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Sidey, Hugh}}</ref> Kemp was considered a front runner for the vice presidency at the ],<ref name=APfIJFK/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923950,00.html|title=Where Did He Get Those Figures?|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> and received 43&nbsp;votes from conservatives who were opposed to ]. After being reelected for a sixth term in 1980, he was elected by his Republican peers to a party leadership position,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924598,00.html|title=Final Payments|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> and he served seven years as chairman of the House Republican Conference.<ref name=114CSaHDRDoLHC/> This promotion occurred immediately after Kemp and ] urged Reagan by memorandum to dedicate his first 100&nbsp;days to working with Congress an economic package.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924590,00.html|title=Eight for the Cabinet|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Church, George J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922279,00.html|title=Outlook '81: Recession|accessdate=2008-03-22|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Byron, Christopher}}</ref> By 1984, he was viewed as Reagan's heir apparent.<ref name=IJKMR>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEED81138F93BA15755C0A961948260&scp=109&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Is Jack Kemp Mr. Right?|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Dowd, Maureen}}</ref> He is as fondly remembered for his good hair and handsome looks as for his athletic prowess and political savvy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1704390,00.html|title=Can the Economy Save Mitt Romney?|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Duffy, Michael; Tumulty, Karen }}</ref> and he is described as having the charisma of the earlier J.F.K.<ref name=JBN>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984991,00.html|title=Jack Be Nimble|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Stengel, Richard}}</ref> Kemp is described as the most proactive combatant in the War on Poverty since ].<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> Kemp is known as an independent politician who often legislated outside the jurisdictions of the ]s upon which he served and often spoke in favor of ideals and principles over political platforms of his party.<ref name=APfIJFK>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DB1E3EF932A2575BC0A960958260&scp=29&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= A Passion for Ideas: Jack French Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Rosenbaum, David E.}}</ref> As a supply sider generally, he was not a proponent of ]s, but instead viewed growth as the solution.<ref name=APfIJFK/> ''Time magazine'' quickly identified second-term congressman Kemp as a leader of the future when it presented its 1974 "Faces for the Future" and included the then 38&nbsp;year-old Kemp.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981959,00.html|title=Where Are They Now?|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Collins, James}}</ref> As a younger congressman, one of his more notable magazine appearances was in the ]] issue of ].<ref name=KSBAO/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/Esquire-October-24-1978/dp/B000FVY334/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=miscellaneous&qid=1203881351&sr=8-14|title=Esquire October 24, 1978|accessdate=2008-02-24|publisher=Amazon.com, Inc.}}</ref> The article explained allegations of 1967 Sacramento office Reagan staffer ] activity that Kemp has been cleared of.<ref name=IJKMR/> By 1978, the press was mentioning him as a contender to unseat United States President ] in the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,919701,00.html|title=Roses with a Touch of Ragweed|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Sidey, Hugh}}</ref> Many considered Kemp a front runner for the vice presidency at the ],<ref name=APfIJFK/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,923950,00.html|title=Where Did He Get Those Figures?|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> and he received 43&nbsp;votes from conservatives who were opposed to ]. After being reelected for a sixth term in 1980, his Republican peers elected him to a party leadership position,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924598,00.html|title=Final Payments|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> and he served seven years as chairman of the House Republican Conference.<ref name=114CSaHDRDoLHC/> This promotion occurred immediately after Kemp and ] urged Reagan by memorandum to dedicate his first 100&nbsp;days to working with Congress an economic package.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924590,00.html|title=Eight for the Cabinet|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Church, George J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,922279,00.html|title=Outlook '81: Recession|accessdate=2008-03-22|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Byron, Christopher}}</ref> By 1984, many viewed Kemp as Reagan's heir apparent.<ref name=IJKMR>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEED81138F93BA15755C0A961948260&scp=109&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Is Jack Kemp Mr. Right?|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Dowd, Maureen}}</ref> He is as fondly remembered for his good hair and handsome looks as for his athletic prowess and political savvy,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/politics/article/0,8599,1704390,00.html|title=Can the Economy Save Mitt Romney?|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Duffy, Michael; Tumulty, Karen }}</ref> and he is described as having the charisma of the earlier J.F.K.<ref name=JBN>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984991,00.html|title=Jack Be Nimble|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Stengel, Richard}}</ref> Kemp is known as an independent politician who often legislated outside the jurisdictions of the ]s upon which he served and often spoke in favor of ideals and principles over political platforms of his party.<ref name=APfIJFK>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DB1E3EF932A2575BC0A960958260&scp=29&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= A Passion for Ideas: Jack French Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Rosenbaum, David E.}}</ref> As a supply sider generally, he was not a proponent of ]s, but instead viewed growth as the solution.<ref name=APfIJFK/>


{{double image|left|0871516.jpg|150|Kemp USS Buffalo .jpg|175|] at the commissioning of the ] with his wife Joanne and daughter Judith (])}} {{double image|left|0871516.jpg|150|Kemp USS Buffalo .jpg|175|] at the commissioning of the ] with his wife Joanne and daughter Judith (])}}
Kemp's original encounter with supply side economics came in 1976 when ], then an editorial writer for '']'', interviewed at Kemp's Congressional office. Mr. Kemp picked Wanniski's brain all day and night (all the way to Mr. Kemp's home in {{city-state|Bethesda|Maryland}}, at midnight) until Kemp had been completely converted to being a supply-side disciple of ] ] ].<ref name=APfIJFK/><ref name=CC/> Thereafter, Kemp began espousing supply side economics far and wide, and in 1978 he, along with ], proposed tax cutting legislation. Kemp was chiefly responsible for supply side economics' inclusion in President Reagan's economic plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/books/review/Lowenstein-t.html?scp=13&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Deep Voodoo|accessdate=2008-03-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Lowenstein, Roger}}</ref> Although large tax cuts in the early 1980s are attributed to Reagan, it was actually Kemp and Senator William Roth from Delaware, through their ] legislation, that initiated these cuts in 1981.<ref name=APfIJFK/> These tax cuts have been credited for the economic growth from 1983 to 1990,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/taxes/BG1086.cfm|title=The Historical Lessons of Lower Tax Rates|accessdate=2008-04-04|date=]|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|author=Mitchell, Daniel J.}}</ref> the then largest peacetime expansion of the United States GDP.<ref> Jack Kemp. ''An American Renaissance: A Strategy for the 1980's'', (1979).</ref><ref>Bartley, Robert L., ''The Seven Fat Years'' (1995).</ref> As a younger congressman, one of his more notable magazine appearances was in the ]] issue of ].<ref name=KSBAO/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.com/Esquire-October-24-1978/dp/B000FVY334/ref=sr_1_14?ie=UTF8&s=miscellaneous&qid=1203881351&sr=8-14|title=Esquire October 24, 1978|accessdate=2008-02-24|publisher=Amazon.com, Inc.}}</ref> The article explained allegations of 1967 Sacramento office Reagan staffer ] activity that Kemp has been cleared of.<ref name=IJKMR/> Kemp's original encounter with supply side economics came in 1976 when ], then an editorial writer for '']'', interviewed at Kemp's Congressional office. Mr. Kemp picked Wanniski's brain all day and night (all the way to Mr. Kemp's home in {{city-state|Bethesda|Maryland}}, at midnight) until Kemp had been completely converted to being a supply-side disciple of ] ] ].<ref name=APfIJFK/><ref name=CC/> Thereafter, Kemp began espousing supply side economics far and wide, and in 1978 he, along with ], proposed tax cutting legislation. Kemp was chiefly responsible for supply side economics' inclusion in President Reagan's economic plan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/23/books/review/Lowenstein-t.html?scp=13&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Deep Voodoo|accessdate=2008-03-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Lowenstein, Roger}}</ref> Although large tax cuts in the early 1980s are attributed to Reagan, Kemp and Senator William Roth from Delaware, through their ] legislation, actually initiated these cuts in 1981.<ref name=APfIJFK/> These tax cuts have been credited for the economic growth from 1983 to 1990,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heritage.org/research/taxes/BG1086.cfm|title=The Historical Lessons of Lower Tax Rates|accessdate=2008-04-04|date=]|publisher=The Heritage Foundation|author=Mitchell, Daniel J.}}</ref> the then largest peacetime expansion of the United States GDP.<ref> Jack Kemp. ''An American Renaissance: A Strategy for the 1980's'', (1979).</ref><ref>Bartley, Robert L., ''The Seven Fat Years'' (1995).</ref>


In the early 21st century, Kemp continued to be considered along with Reagan the politician most responsible for the implementation supply side tax cuts and along with ] the political figure most responsible for their continued place in the marketplace of political ideas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407E5D71E3EF933A25757C0A9679C8B63&scp=114&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Back in Business; Supply-Side Economists Regain Influence Under Bush|accessdate=2008-03-15|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Leonhardt, David}}</ref> Kemp was considered the leader of the progressive conservatives who adhere to the hard right on social issues, but avoid ] fiscal and trade policy.<ref name=DTF2>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,977006-2,00.html|title=Divided They Fall (page 2)|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Duffy, Michael}}</ref> In addition to Roth, he has had numerous political allies. At various times he collaborated with ] and ] on deregulation and tax cuts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998544,00.html|title=The Prickly Pragmatist|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Goldstein, Andrew}}</ref><ref name=APfIJFK/> collaborated with ] and ] on tax cuts and spending restraints,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/26/us/politics/26mccain.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt&oref=slogin|title=McCain’s Fiscal Mantra Becomes Less Is More|accessdate=2008-03-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Leonhardt, David}}</ref> legislated with and campaigned for ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E7D8113EF933A0575BC0A9609C8B63&scp=16&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Lieberman Gains G.O.P. Ally But Loses a Democratic One|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Medina, Jennifer}}</ref> and waged the war on poverty in the cabinet with ].<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> Another progressive conservative was ].<ref name=DTF2/> Even after retiring from congress and after serving in the Cabinet, Kemp remained close to Gingrich, Lott, ] and ].<ref name=JBN/> Kemp can also be credited as being a member of the Federal committee to promote ] as a ].<ref name=KBSoRAHfOG/> In fact, with his very progressive voting record he has several ] leaders such as ], ] and ] and ] Black ]s like ] and ] as supporters and friends.<ref name=JKFR/> ] was one of Kemp's Deputy Secretaries while serving in Bush's cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984995,00.html|title=Rising Republicans|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> At times he boasted of having Democratic friends such as ], ] and ].<ref name=MitNTWaHJFK/> During the Reagan Presidency, when Kemp was able to effect tax cutting, one of the leading proponents of tax-cutting in the ] was Democrat ], a former star athlete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,955349,00.html|title=Comparing Tax Wish Lists|accessdate=2008-03-20|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> Several American football players have followed Kemp to congress: ], ], and ]. In 1980, he considered opposing Republican ] for the United States Senate and was considered a potential Reagan running mate that year.<ref name=APfIJFK/> One of Kemp's early attempts at tax reform was an unsuccessful 1979 attempt to index tax brackets for ] fluctuations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920349,00.html|title=Budget Battle|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> However, the indexing idea became part of the Reagan economic package that he campaigned on in 1980 as did the tax cuts in the form of three consecutive ten-percent annual reductions.<ref name=CC>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952730,00.html|title=Conservative Conservatism|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Church, George J.}}</ref> Kemp co-sponsored a legislative attempt at enterprise zones in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948901,00.html|title=Free Enterprise Oases|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> In 1981, over the objection of ] Chairman ], Reagan's budget based on the Kemp-Roth tax reforms passed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954786,00.html|title=A Less Than Perfect "10-10-10"|accessdate=2008-03-22|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Isaacson, Walter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924746,00.html|title=Act II, Scene 1, Form 1040|accessdate=2008-03-22|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Wallis, Claudia}}</ref> One of Kemp's more trying times as a congressman came during 1982 when Reagan decided to reverse the tax-cuts and promote tax increases. The reversal was very controversial and stimulated rigorous opposition by Kemp. Nonetheless, the revised taxes passed.<ref name=TotR>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950722,00.html|title=Thunder on the Right|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Andersen, Kurt}}</ref><ref name=SoaR>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921247,00.html|title=Scoring on a Reverse|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Isaacson, Walter}}</ref> In 1983, Kemp expended effort voicing opposition to the policies of ] ] on multiple occasions. These debates included domestic monetary involvement and roles in funding the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954012,00.html|title=Paul Volcker Superstar|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Greenwald, John}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,955187,00.html|title=Short of Cash|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref>


In 1980, he considered opposing Republican ] for the United States Senate and was considered a potential Reagan running mate that year.<ref name=APfIJFK/> Kemp twice delivered speeches at the ]: He addressed the convention on ]] at the ] in {{city-state|Detroit|Michigan}} and on ]] at the ] in {{city-state|Dallas|Texas}}.<ref>Kemp, Jack, ''An American Idea: Ending Limits to Growth'', Goodrich, 1985</ref> During the 1984 Convention, With Trent Lott as Republican Party Platform Committee Chairman, Congressmen Kemp and Newt Gingrich claimed control of the party platform to the consternation of G.O.P. senators Bob Dole and ].<ref name=SfaPS>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951272,00.html|title=Struggling for a Party's Soul|accessdate=2008-03-19|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Thomas, Evan}}</ref> Kemp's official role was as the chairman of the platform subcommittee on foreign policy. However, the three planks that he proposed for the platform involved tax hikes, the gold standard and the role of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926802,00.html|title=Coronation in Prime Time|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Tifft, Susan}}</ref> The real influence as a ] was on the grammatical structure of the plank on tax hikes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926802,00.html|title=Rallying Round a Comma Cause|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926800,00.html|title=Party Time in Dallas|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Doemer, William}}</ref> By 1985, he was seen as a leading contender for the 1988 Presidential nomination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959618,00.html|title=Already Jockeying for Position|accessdate=2008-03-19|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Kelly, James}}</ref> He also delivered remarks on free enterprise zones at the ] in {{city-state|Houston|Texas}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEEDE133AF93AA2575BC0A964958260&scp=115&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= In Their Own Words; Excerpts From the Remarks By Housing Secretary Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-15|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> Despite efforts and considerations of expanding his political domain, Kemp never held a fundraiser outside of his suburban Western New York district until well into his eighth term in congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D11F93F5C0C708CDDA80994DD484D81&scp=105&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=The Region; Jack Kemp's War Chest Grows|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Scardino, Albert and Alan Finder}}</ref> Kemp twice delivered speeches at the ]: he addressed the convention on ]] at the ] in {{city-state|Detroit|Michigan}} and on ]] at the ] in {{city-state|Dallas|Texas}}.<ref>Kemp, Jack, ''An American Idea: Ending Limits to Growth'', Goodrich, 1985</ref> During the 1984 Convention, with ] as Republican Party Platform Committee Chairman, Congressmen Kemp and ] claimed control of the party platform to the consternation of G.O.P. senators Bob Dole and ].<ref name=SfaPS>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,951272,00.html|title=Struggling for a Party's Soul|accessdate=2008-03-19|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Thomas, Evan}}</ref> Kemp's official role was as the chairman of the platform subcommittee on foreign policy. However, the three planks that he proposed for the platform involved tax hikes, the gold standard and the role of the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926802,00.html|title=Coronation in Prime Time|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Tifft, Susan}}</ref> Despite Kemp's official role, his real influence as a ] was on the grammatical structure of the plank on tax hikes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926802,00.html|title=Rallying Round a Comma Cause|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,926800,00.html|title=Party Time in Dallas|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Doemer, William}}</ref> By 1985, people saw Kemp as a leading contender for the 1988 Presidential nomination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959618,00.html|title=Already Jockeying for Position|accessdate=2008-03-19|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Kelly, James}}</ref> He also delivered remarks on free enterprise zones at the ] in {{city-state|Houston|Texas}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CEEDE133AF93AA2575BC0A964958260&scp=115&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= In Their Own Words; Excerpts From the Remarks By Housing Secretary Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-15|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> Despite efforts and considerations of expanding his political domain, Kemp never held a fundraiser outside of his suburban Western New York district until well into his eighth term in congress.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10D11F93F5C0C708CDDA80994DD484D81&scp=105&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=The Region; Jack Kemp's War Chest Grows|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Scardino, Albert and Alan Finder}}</ref>


One of Kemp's early attempts at tax reform was an unsuccessful 1979 attempt to index tax brackets for ] fluctuations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,920349,00.html|title=Budget Battle|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> However, the indexing idea became part of the Reagan economic package that he campaigned on in 1980 as did the tax cuts in the form of three consecutive ten-percent annual reductions.<ref name=CC>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952730,00.html|title=Conservative Conservatism|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Church, George J.}}</ref> Kemp co-sponsored a legislative attempt at enterprise zones in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948901,00.html|title=Free Enterprise Oases|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> In 1981, over the objection of ] Chairman ], Reagan's budget based on the Kemp-Roth tax reforms passed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954786,00.html|title=A Less Than Perfect "10-10-10"|accessdate=2008-03-22|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Isaacson, Walter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,924746,00.html|title=Act II, Scene 1, Form 1040|accessdate=2008-03-22|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Wallis, Claudia}}</ref> One of Kemp's more trying times as a congressman came during 1982 when Reagan decided to reverse the tax-cuts and promote tax increases. The reversal was very controversial and stimulated rigorous opposition by Kemp. Nonetheless, the revised taxes passed.<ref name=TotR>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950722,00.html|title=Thunder on the Right|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Andersen, Kurt}}</ref><ref name=SoaR>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,921247,00.html|title=Scoring on a Reverse|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Isaacson, Walter}}</ref> In 1983, Kemp expended effort voicing opposition to the policies of ] ] on multiple occasions. These debates included domestic monetary involvement and roles in funding the ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,954012,00.html|title=Paul Volcker Superstar|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Greenwald, John}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,955187,00.html|title=Short of Cash|accessdate=2008-03-21|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> In the early 21st century, Kemp continued to be considered along with Reagan the politician most responsible for the implementation supply side tax cuts and along with ] the political figure most responsible for their continued place in the marketplace of political ideas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9407E5D71E3EF933A25757C0A9679C8B63&scp=114&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Back in Business; Supply-Side Economists Regain Influence Under Bush|accessdate=2008-03-15|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Leonhardt, David}}</ref> Kemp was considered the leader of the progressive conservatives who adhere to the hard right on social issues, but avoid ] fiscal and trade policy.<ref name=DTF2>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,977006-2,00.html|title=Divided They Fall (page 2)|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Duffy, Michael}}</ref> In addition to Roth, he has had numerous political allies. At various times he collaborated with Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott on deregulation and tax cuts,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998544,00.html|title=The Prickly Pragmatist|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Goldstein, Andrew}}</ref><ref name=APfIJFK/> collaborated with ] and ] on tax cuts and spending restraints,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/26/us/politics/26mccain.html?_r=1&scp=3&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt&oref=slogin|title=McCain’s Fiscal Mantra Becomes Less Is More|accessdate=2008-03-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Leonhardt, David}}</ref> legislated with and campaigned for ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9401E7D8113EF933A0575BC0A9609C8B63&scp=16&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Lieberman Gains G.O.P. Ally But Loses a Democratic One|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Medina, Jennifer}}</ref> and waged the war on poverty in the cabinet with ].<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> ] was another progressive conservative .<ref name=DTF2/> Even after retiring from congress and after serving in the Cabinet, Kemp remained close to Gingrich, Lott, ] and ].<ref name=JBN/> Kemp can also be credited as being a member of the Federal committee to promote ] as a ].<ref name=KBSoRAHfOG/> In fact, with his very progressive voting record he has several ] leaders such as ], ] and ] and ] Black ]s like ] and ] as supporters and friends.<ref name=JKFR/> At times he boasted of having Democratic friends such as ], ] and ].<ref name=MitNTWaHJFK/> ] was one of Kemp's Deputy Secretaries while serving in Bush's cabinet.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984995,00.html|title=Rising Republicans|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> During the Reagan Presidency, when Kemp was able to effect tax cutting, one of the leading proponents of tax-cutting in the ] was Democrat ], a former star athlete.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,955349,00.html|title=Comparing Tax Wish Lists|accessdate=2008-03-20|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> Several American football players have followed Kemp to congress: ], ], and ].


Kemp has been an outspoken opponent of the other version of football, known in the United States as ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hprsite.squarespace.com/kemp-ten-years-later-062006/|title=Jack Kemp, Ten Years Later|accessdate=2008-03-27|date=]|publisher=Harvard Political Review|author=Prabhakar, Rahul}}</ref> In 1986 on the House floor during a debate concerning whether the United States should host the ], Kemp famously proclaimed "I think it is important for all those young out there — who someday hope to play real ], where you throw it and kick it and run with it and put it in your hands — a distinction should be made that football is democratic capitalism, whereas soccer is a European socialist sport."<ref name=JKiwsivd/><ref name=TCoS>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2103170/|title=The Capitalism of Soccer|accessdate=2008-03-27|date=]|author=Gross, Daniel|publisher=Washington Post.Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC|work=]}}</ref> Kemp has compared his speech to ] 1984 comedy routine on the differences between ] and American football and has written that his "tongue was firmly planted in cheek" when making the speech.<ref name=WIrtas/> Despite the jocular nature of the speech, it continues to garner negative backlash to this day.<ref name=TCoS/><ref name=JKiwsivd>{{cite web|url=http://www.shns.com/shns/g_index2.cfm?action=detail&pk=FAITH-FAITH-07-12-06|title=Jack Kemp is wrong; soccer is very democratic|accessdate=2008-03-27|date=]|publisher= Scripps Howard News Service |author=Waters, David}}</ref> However, he continues to insist that the main problem with soccer is "it doesn't have a quarterback".<ref name=WIrtas/> Kemp notes that about half of his grandchildren play or have played organized soccer and claims to have since 'changed' his position on soccer and even attended the ] with long time soccer fan ], although he wrote during the ] that soccer can be interesting to watch but it is still a "boring game".<ref name=WIrtas/> Kemp has been an outspoken opponent of the other version of football, known in the United States as ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hprsite.squarespace.com/kemp-ten-years-later-062006/|title=Jack Kemp, Ten Years Later|accessdate=2008-03-27|date=]|publisher=Harvard Political Review|author=Prabhakar, Rahul}}</ref> In 1986 on the House floor during a debate concerning whether the United States should host the ], Kemp famously proclaimed "I think it is important for all those young out there — who someday hope to play real ], where you throw it and kick it and run with it and put it in your hands — a distinction should be made that football is democratic capitalism, whereas soccer is a European socialist sport."<ref name=JKiwsivd/><ref name=TCoS>{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2103170/|title=The Capitalism of Soccer|accessdate=2008-03-27|date=]|author=Gross, Daniel|publisher=Washington Post.Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC|work=]}}</ref> Kemp has compared his speech to ] 1984 comedy routine on the differences between ] and American football and has written that his "tongue was firmly planted in cheek" when making the speech.<ref name=WIrtas/> Despite the jocular nature of the speech, it continues to garner negative backlash to this day.<ref name=TCoS/><ref name=JKiwsivd>{{cite web|url=http://www.shns.com/shns/g_index2.cfm?action=detail&pk=FAITH-FAITH-07-12-06|title=Jack Kemp is wrong; soccer is very democratic|accessdate=2008-03-27|date=]|publisher= Scripps Howard News Service |author=Waters, David}}</ref> However, he continues to insist that the main problem with soccer is "it doesn't have a quarterback".<ref name=WIrtas/> Kemp notes that about half of his grandchildren play or have played organized soccer and claims to have since 'changed' his position on soccer and even attended the ] with long time soccer fan ], although he wrote during the ] that soccer can be interesting to watch but it is still a "boring game".<ref name=WIrtas/>
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{{mainarticle|Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1988}} {{mainarticle|Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1988}}
] ]
In 1988, he surrendered his congressional seat to run for ].<ref name=APfIJFK/> It was an attempt to be the first person to move from the United States House of Representatives to the White House since ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963738,00.html|title=The High Jumper from St. Louis Missouri|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Demott, John S.}}</ref> When he formed his exploratory committee, he signed ], the political director of Ronald Reagan's 1984 re-election, as an advisor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1582843,00.html|title=American Notes|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> From the outset it was clear that Kemp had failed to position himself as the primary alternative to Vice President Bush.<ref name=CP>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963997,00.html|title=Campaign Portrait|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Stanley, Alessandra}}</ref> In fact, he was entirely unfamiliar to most of the Republican electorate at the beginning of his campaign.<ref name=I>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963270,00.html|title=Iranscam's|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> In addition, he was quickly perceived as a verbose speaker, who sometimes lost contact with his audience.<ref name=CP/> Although he was a successful man of ideas, his leadership ability was not clear to the general public,<ref name=CP/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963279,00.html|title=Rushing to An Early Kickoff|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Barrett, Laurence I.}}</ref> except for a select few cognoscenti.<ref name=I/> Although Kemp tried to appeal to the conservatives, his ] philosophies of tolerance and individual rights got in the way of social and religious values, and he committed to attending to minorities, women, ] workers and ].<ref name=CP/> In 1988, if Kemp had succeeded when he surrendered his congressional seat to run for ],<ref name=APfIJFK/> it would have made him the first person to move from the United States House of Representatives to the White House since ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963738,00.html|title=The High Jumper from St. Louis Missouri|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Demott, John S.}}</ref> When he formed his exploratory committee, he signed ], the political director of Ronald Reagan's 1984 re-election, as an advisor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1582843,00.html|title=American Notes|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> From the outset, Kemp clearly had failed to position himself as the primary alternative to Vice President Bush.<ref name=CP>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963997,00.html|title=Campaign Portrait|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Stanley, Alessandra}}</ref> Except for a select few cognoscenti,<ref name=I/> the general public did not recognize Kemp's leadership ability, although he was a successful man of ideas.<ref name=CP/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963279,00.html|title=Rushing to An Early Kickoff|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Barrett, Laurence I.}}</ref> In fact, most of the Republican electorate found themselves entirely unfamiliar with Kemp at the beginning of his campaign.<ref name=I>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963270,00.html|title=Iranscam's|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> In addition, he was quickly perceived as a verbose speaker, who sometimes lost contact with his audience.<ref name=CP/> Although Kemp tried to appeal to the conservatives, his ] philosophies of tolerance and individual rights got in the way of social and religious values, and he committed to attending to minorities, women, ] workers and ].<ref name=CP/>


At about the time of the ]/] scandal in May 1987 personal privacy became an issue because of a '']'' ] requesting things such as psychiatric records and access to ] files from all 14 presidential candidates. Candidates from each party expressed opinions on both sides of the issue and Kemp rejected the Times inquiry as "beneath the dignity of a presidential candidate".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964724,00.html|title=Full Disclosure, Semi-Outrage|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Zuckerman, Laurence}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964431,00.html|title=Sounds of the Righteous Brothers|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Barrett, Laurence I.}}</ref> His campaign was on an early positive course with many early key endorsements in New Hampshire, but Vice President Bush held the support of much of the Republican establishment in New York.<ref name=IJKMR/> Although he had an eclectic mix of supporters, his campaign was quickly in the red and began borrowing against anticipated Federal ]s.<ref name=IJKMR/> Kemp had used the expensive ] fundraising technique.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965008,00.html|title=But Mike's Raking In Money|accessdate=2008-03-16|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Barrett, Laurence I.}}</ref> To offset his socially moderate stances, he made clear his opposition to abortion, his support of the ] and his support for a stronger military than that favored by ] ].<ref name=IJKMR/><ref name=CP/> In attempt to position himself as the successor to Reagan, Kemp at one point called for Shultz's resignation based on Kemp's claims that Shultz neglected ] in ] and ] and of waffled on the Strategic Defense Initiative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963662,00.html|title=Tacking Further to the Right|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Barrett, Laurence I.}}</ref> Despite a platform covering the full range of political subjects, Kemp's primary campaign weapon was a fiscal policy based on tax cuts. As part of his fiscal policy he opposed a ] benefits freeze and endorsed a freeze on government spending.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966610,00.html|title=Yes, There Are Issues|accessdate=2008-03-11|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Shapiro, Walter}}</ref> To some, Kemp's supply-side stance was viewed as an attempt to ignore the ]. In the fall of 1987, it was clear to political pundits that Kemp needed to gain support from the far right on non-social issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965457,00.html|title=The Unreal Campaign|accessdate=2008-03-14|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Shapiro, Walter}}</ref> Among the issues Kemp made his opinion known on was that he was among the majority of Republican candidates in opposition to Reagan's ] agreement with the ]'s ] despite general Republican voter approval of the treaty. With aspirations of support from the right-wing voters, all candidates with low levels of poll support for the nomination took the same "sabre-rattling" stand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966229,00.html|title=An Offer They Can Refuse|accessdate=2008-03-14|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Griffith, Thomas}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965949,00.html|title=Yapping From The Right|accessdate=2008-03-14|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Shapiro, Walter}}</ref> By early 1988 it was clear that the moderates (Bush and Dole) were the front-runners and that Kemp would be battling with ] as the conservative alternative to the moderates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0D7173BF935A25751C0A96E948260&scp=112&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Three Candidates in 2 Parties Bracing for the Battle of Their Political Lives; Jack F. Kemp: The Congressman Has to Finish Third to Remain Credible|accessdate=2008-03-15|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=May, Clifford D.}}</ref> At about the time of the ]/] scandal in May 1987, personal privacy became an issue because of a '']'' ] requesting things such as psychiatric records and access to ] files from all 14 presidential candidates. Candidates from each party expressed opinions on both sides of the issue, and Kemp rejected the Times inquiry as "beneath the dignity of a presidential candidate".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964724,00.html|title=Full Disclosure, Semi-Outrage|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Zuckerman, Laurence}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964431,00.html|title=Sounds of the Righteous Brothers|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Barrett, Laurence I.}}</ref> His campaign was on an early positive course with many early key endorsements in New Hampshire, but Vice President Bush held the support of much of the Republican establishment in New York.<ref name=IJKMR/> Although he had an eclectic mix of supporters, Kemp's campaign began borrowing against anticipated Federal ]s because it was quickly in the red,<ref name=IJKMR/> which may have been due to the use of expensive ] fundraising technique.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965008,00.html|title=But Mike's Raking In Money|accessdate=2008-03-16|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Barrett, Laurence I.}}</ref> To offset his socially moderate stances, Kemp clarified his opposition to abortion, his support of the ] and his support for a stronger military than that favored by ] ].<ref name=IJKMR/><ref name=CP/> In attempt to position himself as the successor to Reagan, Kemp at one point called for Shultz's resignation based on Kemp's claims that Shultz had neglected ] in ] and ] and had waffled on the Strategic Defense Initiative.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,963662,00.html|title=Tacking Further to the Right|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Barrett, Laurence I.}}</ref> Despite a platform covering the full range of political subjects, Kemp's primary campaign weapon was a fiscal policy based on tax cuts. As part of his fiscal policy, he opposed a ] benefits freeze and endorsed a freeze on government spending.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966610,00.html|title=Yes, There Are Issues|accessdate=2008-03-11|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Shapiro, Walter}}</ref> Some viewed Kemp's supply-side stance as an attempt to ignore the national ]. In the fall of 1987, political pundits clearly saw that Kemp needed to gain support from the far right on non-social issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965457,00.html|title=The Unreal Campaign|accessdate=2008-03-14|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Shapiro, Walter}}</ref> Kemp was among the majority of Republican candidates in opposition to Reagan's ] agreement with the ]'s ] despite general Republican voter approval of the treaty. With aspirations of support from the right-wing voters, all candidates with low levels of poll support for the nomination took this same "sabre-rattling" stand.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966229,00.html|title=An Offer They Can Refuse|accessdate=2008-03-14|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Griffith, Thomas}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,965949,00.html|title=Yapping From The Right|accessdate=2008-03-14|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Shapiro, Walter}}</ref> By early 1988, the moderates (Bush and Dole) were clearly the front-runners and Kemp was battling with ] as the conservative alternative to the moderates.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE0D7173BF935A25751C0A96E948260&scp=112&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Three Candidates in 2 Parties Bracing for the Battle of Their Political Lives; Jack F. Kemp: The Congressman Has to Finish Third to Remain Credible|accessdate=2008-03-15|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=May, Clifford D.}}</ref>


He used a somewhat negative advertising campaign that seemed to have the intended initial effect of boosting him to serious contention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966574,00.html|title=Campaign Journal|accessdate=2008-03-11|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Stanley, Alessandra}}</ref> He ran unsuccessfully for the Republican Presidential nomination, and subsequently served as the ] from 1989 to 1993 under President ]. His 1988 campaign was based on the platform of supply-side economics and inner-city enterprise zones.<ref name=JBN/> In ''Bare Knuckles and Back Rooms: My Life in American Politics'' (ISBN 0553067311, Broadway, 1997) by Kemp campaign chairman, Ed Rollins, Rollins described Kemp as a candidate with foibles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE3D61338F930A3575AC0A960958260&scp=44&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Tries to Rein In His Words|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Bruni, Frank}}</ref> Kemp's campaign managers say he was unmanageable: He ignored timers on his speeches, refused to call contributors, and refused to practice for debates. A humbling ] ended his campaign.<ref name=JBN/> He won 39&nbsp;delegates, fewer than eventual nominee and President George H. W. Bush, ] and ].<ref name=APfIJFK/> After withdrawing from the race, he was still considered a contender for the Vice-President nomination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,968078,00.html|title=The Great G.O.P. Veepstakes Scoreboard|accessdate=2008-03-11|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Lamar, Jacob V.}}</ref> In 1994, Kemp's 1988 campaign reached a settlement with the ] by agreeing to pay $120,000 in ] for 1988 campaign election law violations for, among other things, excessive contributions, improper direct corporate donations, press overbilling, exceeded spending limits in ] and in ], and for failure to reimburse corporations for providing air transportation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901EEDB103DF931A15755C0A962958260&scp=103&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Kemp Agrees to Pay Campaign Penalties|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> He used a somewhat negative advertising campaign that seemed to have the intended initial effect of boosting him to serious contention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,966574,00.html|title=Campaign Journal|accessdate=2008-03-11|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Stanley, Alessandra}}</ref> His 1988 campaign was based on the platform of supply-side economics and inner-city enterprise zones.<ref name=JBN/> In ''Bare Knuckles and Back Rooms: My Life in American Politics'' (ISBN 0553067311, Broadway, 1997) by Kemp campaign chairman, Ed Rollins, Rollins described Kemp as a candidate with foibles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE3D61338F930A3575AC0A960958260&scp=44&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Tries to Rein In His Words|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Bruni, Frank}}</ref> Kemp's campaign managers say he was unmanageable: He ignored timers on his speeches, refused to call contributors, and refused to practice for debates. A humbling ] in which his 39&nbsp;delegate total was fewer than eventual nominee and President George H. W. Bush, ] and ] ended his campaign.<ref name=JBN/><ref name=APfIJFK/> After withdrawing from the race, he was still considered a contender for the Vice-President nomination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,968078,00.html|title=The Great G.O.P. Veepstakes Scoreboard|accessdate=2008-03-11|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Lamar, Jacob V.}}</ref> In 1994, Kemp's 1988 campaign reached a settlement with the ] by agreeing to pay $120,000 in ] for 1988 campaign election law violations for, among other things, excessive contributions, improper direct corporate donations, press overbilling, exceeded spending limits in ] and in ], and for failure to reimburse corporations for providing air transportation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901EEDB103DF931A15755C0A962958260&scp=103&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Kemp Agrees to Pay Campaign Penalties|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref>


===Cabinet (1989&ndash;1993)=== ===Cabinet (1989&ndash;1993)===
As a bleeding-heart conservative, Kemp was a logical choice as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956576,00.html|title=A Clean Bill of Health|accessdate=2008-03-10|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Lamar, Jacob V.}}</ref> whose job would be to foster ] and ] methods to meet the demands of public housing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEEDD123CF932A15751C1A96E948260&scp=104&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= New Supply Side for Jack Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-10|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> However, the scandals of ] and the neglect of the president were obstacles from the start. He was unsuccessful at either of his major initiatives: enacting enterprise zones and promoting public housing tenant ownership.<ref name=KLaHSOoINA/> The goal of these two plans was to transition public housing into tenant owned residence and to lure both industry and business into inner cities with federal incentives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975501,00.html|title=The Political Interest|accessdate=2008-03-05|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Kramer, Michael}}</ref> Kemp was partly at fault for not achieving either of his primary goals because he did not get along with the rest of the ].<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> Although Kemp did not affect much policy as director of HUD, he did clean up its reputation,<ref name=KLaHSOoINA>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04E4D71430F933A1575BC0A960958260&scp=43&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Kemp's Legacy as Housing Secretary: One of Ideas, Not Accomplishments|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Holmes, Steven A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958199,00.html|title=Jack Be Nimble, Jack Be Quick|accessdate=2008-03-06|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Magnuson, Ed}}</ref> and he developed a plan to salvage the troubled ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,970380,00.html|title=Business Notes Mortgage Insurance|accessdate=2008-03-06|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> He halted corrupt programs and changed their procedures as well as developed an antidrug offensive,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957690,00.html|title=American Notes Housing|accessdate=2008-03-10|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref name=ETDD/> which enabled him to collaborate with Bill Bennett.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956800,00.html|title=Back in the Bully Pulpit|accessdate=2008-03-10|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Sidey, Hugh}}</ref> He was also a supporter of "Operation Clean Sweep" and similar movements to prohibit firearm possession in public housing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,973185,00.html|title=Firearms: Chicago's Uphill Battle|accessdate=2008-03-06|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Prudhomme, Alex}}</ref><ref name=ETDD>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957564,00.html|title=Evicting The Drug Dealers|accessdate=2008-03-10|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Prudhomme, Alex}}</ref> As a bleeding-heart conservative, Kemp was a logical choice for ] as the ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956576,00.html|title=A Clean Bill of Health|accessdate=2008-03-10|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Lamar, Jacob V.}}</ref> whose job would be to foster ] and ] methods to meet the demands of public housing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DEEDD123CF932A15751C1A96E948260&scp=104&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= New Supply Side for Jack Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-10|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> However, the scandals of ] and the neglect of the president were obstacles from the start, and Kemp was unsuccessful at either of his major initiatives: enacting enterprise zones and promoting public housing tenant ownership.<ref name=KLaHSOoINA/> The goal of these two plans was to transition public housing into tenant owned residence and to lure both industry and business into inner cities with federal incentives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975501,00.html|title=The Political Interest|accessdate=2008-03-05|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Kramer, Michael}}</ref> Kemp was partly at fault for not achieving either of his primary goals because he did not get along with the rest of the ].<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> Although Kemp did not affect much policy as director of HUD, he did clean up its reputation,<ref name=KLaHSOoINA>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04E4D71430F933A1575BC0A960958260&scp=43&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Kemp's Legacy as Housing Secretary: One of Ideas, Not Accomplishments|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Holmes, Steven A.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958199,00.html|title=Jack Be Nimble, Jack Be Quick|accessdate=2008-03-06|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Magnuson, Ed}}</ref> and he developed a plan to salvage the troubled ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,970380,00.html|title=Business Notes Mortgage Insurance|accessdate=2008-03-06|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> He halted corrupt programs and changed their procedures as well as developed an antidrug offensive,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957690,00.html|title=American Notes Housing|accessdate=2008-03-10|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref name=ETDD/> which enabled him to collaborate with Bill Bennett.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,956800,00.html|title=Back in the Bully Pulpit|accessdate=2008-03-10|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Sidey, Hugh}}</ref> He was also a supporter of "Operation Clean Sweep" and similar movements to prohibit firearm possession in public housing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,973185,00.html|title=Firearms: Chicago's Uphill Battle|accessdate=2008-03-06|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Prudhomme, Alex}}</ref><ref name=ETDD>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,957564,00.html|title=Evicting The Drug Dealers|accessdate=2008-03-10|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Prudhomme, Alex}}</ref>


Despite the fact that Kemp was able to push Bush to support a $4&nbsp;billion housing program that encouraged ] tenants to buy their own apartments, the ] Congress only allocated $361&nbsp;million toward the plan. In addition to roadblocks in Congress, Kemp was constantly at odds with Director of the ] (aka White House budget director), ] who opposed Kemp's proposed welfare reform to correct government offsets and his pet project HOPE (Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere), which was intended to sell public housing units to their tenants.<ref name=HJKLtWoP>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEFDC1E39F93BA15751C0A965958260&scp=30&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= How Jack Kemp Lost the War on Poverty|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Deparle, Jason}}</ref> HOPE was first proposed to ], the ] in June 1989 for the purpose of not only creating enterprise zones but also expanding subsidies for low-income renters, social services for the homeless and elderly, and enacting tax changes to help first-time home buyers.<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> Sununu shot it down at first and it was voted down by most of the cabinet, but Sununu at the urging of ] ] decided to encourage president Bush to sign on in August 1990 for Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force. However, Kemp's new project was overshadowed by the ] and the budget negotiations.<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> Darman found himself battling Kemp and his allies such as Newt Gingrich, ], and Vin Weber.<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> The budget left him with $256&nbsp;million for his plan, which Kemp was able to increase during some appropriations battles.<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> Soon after ] was appointed chief White House domestic policy advisor Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force was abolished.<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> President Bush generally avoided the issue of federal antipoverty programs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975516,00.html|title=Bleeding-Heart Conservatives|accessdate=2008-03-05|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Goodgame, Dan}}</ref> Bush instead used Kemp as a mouthpiece to deliver oratory on a conservative activist agenda that was given a low priority by the administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975550,00.html|title=Smoldering Embers, Scared Politicians|accessdate=2008-03-05|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> By the time of the ], Bush was a bit late in supporting enterprise zones, tenant ownership and welfare reform.<ref name=JBN/> Nonetheless, the riots made Kemp a focal point of the administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE4D8163CF934A35756C0A964958260&scp=95&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= After The Riots; As Los Angeles Smoke Lifts, Bush Can See Kemp Clearly|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Deparle, Jason}}</ref> However, ] had probably summarized the prospects of Kemp's success in advance best when he said in 1989 "Good ideas with money can do a whole lot. Good ideas without money aren't probably going to do a whole lot" and the decision not to fund Kemp's ideas was the issue here.<ref name=JKFR/> Despite the fact that Kemp was able to push Bush to support a $4&nbsp;billion housing program that encouraged ] tenants to buy their own apartments, the ] Congress only allocated $361&nbsp;million toward the plan. In addition to roadblocks in Congress, Kemp was constantly at odds with Director of the ] (aka White House budget director), ] who opposed Kemp's proposed welfare reform to correct government offsets and his pet project HOPE (Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere), which was intended to sell public housing units to their tenants.<ref name=HJKLtWoP>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEFDC1E39F93BA15751C0A965958260&scp=30&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= How Jack Kemp Lost the War on Poverty|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Deparle, Jason}}</ref> HOPE was first proposed to ], the ] in June 1989 for the purpose of not only creating enterprise zones, but also expanding subsidies for low-income renters, social services for the homeless and elderly, and enacting tax changes to help first-time home buyers.<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> Sununu shot it down at first and most of the cabinet voted it down, but Sununu, at the urging of ] ], decided to encourage president Bush to sign on in August 1990 for Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force. However, the ] and the budget negotiations overshadowed Kemp's new project.<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> Darman found himself battling Kemp and his allies such as Newt Gingrich, ], and Vin Weber.<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> The budget left him with $256&nbsp;million for his plan, which Kemp was able to increase during some appropriations battles.<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> Soon after ] was appointed chief White House domestic policy advisor, Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force was abolished.<ref name=HJKLtWoP/> President Bush generally avoided the issue of federal antipoverty programs,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975516,00.html|title=Bleeding-Heart Conservatives|accessdate=2008-03-05|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Goodgame, Dan}}</ref> and he instead used Kemp as a mouthpiece to deliver oratory on a conservative activist agenda that was given a low priority by the administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975550,00.html|title=Smoldering Embers, Scared Politicians|accessdate=2008-03-05|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> By the time of the ], Bush was a bit late in supporting enterprise zones, tenant ownership and welfare reform.<ref name=JBN/> Nonetheless, the riots made Kemp a focal point of the administration.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE4D8163CF934A35756C0A964958260&scp=95&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= After The Riots; As Los Angeles Smoke Lifts, Bush Can See Kemp Clearly|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Deparle, Jason}}</ref> However, ] had probably summarized the prospects of Kemp's success in advance best when he said in 1989 "Good ideas with money can do a whole lot. Good ideas without money aren't probably going to do a whole lot," and the issue here was the decision not to fund Kemp's ideas.<ref name=JKFR/>


Kemp was a bit of a surprise to stay as a member of the ] for the duration of his presidency,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,971572,00.html|title=Who's Next Out the Door?|accessdate=2008-03-06|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Ellis, David}}</ref> and he was described as one of the few Bush Administration members who would take any tough stands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958265,00.html|title=A Loose Cannon's Parting Shot|accessdate=2008-03-06|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Shannon, Elaine}}</ref> By most measures, his time as Housing Secretary was considered unsuccessful.<ref name=APfIJFK/> However, even though he could not get empowerment zones passed during his tenure, in 1994 $3.5&nbsp;billion was approved for them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2656,00.html|title=Clinton . . . $3.5 Billion for Empowerment Zones|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> In 1992, with ] mounting a formidable campaign, Kemp was again considered a Vice Presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975946,00.html|title=Spelling Out The Job Specs|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Shapiro, Walter}}</ref> Kemp was a bit of a surprise to stay as a member of the ] for the duration of his presidency,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,971572,00.html|title=Who's Next Out the Door?|accessdate=2008-03-06|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Ellis, David}}</ref> and he was described as one of the few Bush Administration members who would take any tough stands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,958265,00.html|title=A Loose Cannon's Parting Shot|accessdate=2008-03-06|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Shannon, Elaine}}</ref> By most measures, his time as Housing Secretary was considered unsuccessful.<ref name=APfIJFK/> However, even though he could not get empowerment zones passed during his tenure, in 1994 $3.5&nbsp;billion was approved for them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2656,00.html|title=Clinton . . . $3.5 Billion for Empowerment Zones|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> In 1992, with ] mounting a formidable campaign, Kemp was again considered a Vice Presidential candidate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,975946,00.html|title=Spelling Out The Job Specs|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Shapiro, Walter}}</ref>


===Post-HUD years (1993&ndash;1996)=== ===Post-HUD years (1993&ndash;1996)===
As a public speaker between his time as Housing Secretary and his time as a Vice Presidential nominee, Kemp gave public speeches for $35,000 apiece. By 1994, Kemp had embarked on 241&nbsp;fund-raising dinners to raise $35&nbsp;million for a 1996 Presidential run and to pay of his 1988 campaign debts.<ref name=JBN/> Kemp personally earned $6.9&nbsp;million in the three years after stepping down from his $189,000 job as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, mostly as a public speaker.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE2D6163BF935A3575AC0A960958260&scp=54&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Kemp Earned $6.9 Million, Mostly as Speaker, Since '92|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Fritsch, Jane}}</ref> He spoke mostly on behalf of local Republican candidates.<ref name=IFtC>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984990,00.html|title=In From the Cold|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Kramer, Michael}}</ref> In 1994, Kemp and William Bennett made waves by opposing California ballot ], a measure to bar illegal immigrants from obtaining public services, in direct opposition to ], one of its endorsers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981724,00.html|title=The Week October 16-22|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|Adams, Kathleen, et al.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981713,00.html|title=Public Eye Alienable Rights|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|Carlson, Margaret}}</ref> In January 1995, Kemp cited personal beliefs that were out of balance with the contemporary Republican political landscape as his reason for not entering the ]: Kemp opposed ]s, he always preferred tax cuts to anything resembling a ] and, unlike the most Republicans, favored federal incentives to combat urban poverty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2941,00.html|title=Kemp . . . Not Republican Enough|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982490,00.html|title=Eyes on the Prize|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|Kramer, Michael}}</ref> He also noted a distaste for the extreme levels of fundraising necessary for a Presidential campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDE163DF932A05752C0A963958260&scp=98&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Rejects Presidential Bid, Citing Dislike of Fund Raising|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Lewis, Neil A.}}</ref> In 1995, while the world awaited the campaign decision announcement by ], Kemp had positive thoughts on the prospect of such a campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983490,00.html|title=Can He Stay on the Pedestal?|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Birnbaum, Jeffrey H.}}</ref> As a public speaker between his time as Housing Secretary and his time as a Vice Presidential nominee, Kemp gave public speeches for $35,000 apiece. By 1994, Kemp had embarked on 241&nbsp;fund-raising dinners to raise $35&nbsp;million for a 1996 Presidential run and to pay of his 1988 campaign debts.<ref name=JBN/> Kemp personally earned $6.9&nbsp;million in the first three years after stepping down from his $189,000 job as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, and the primary source of this income was for public speaking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE2D6163BF935A3575AC0A960958260&scp=54&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Kemp Earned $6.9 Million, Mostly as Speaker, Since '92|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Fritsch, Jane}}</ref> He spoke mostly on behalf of local Republican candidates.<ref name=IFtC>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984990,00.html|title=In From the Cold|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Kramer, Michael}}</ref> In 1994, Kemp and William Bennett made waves by opposing California ballot ], a measure to bar illegal immigrants from obtaining public services, in direct opposition to ], one of its endorsers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981724,00.html|title=The Week October 16-22|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|Adams, Kathleen, et al.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981713,00.html|title=Public Eye Alienable Rights|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|Carlson, Margaret}}</ref> In January 1995, Kemp's stated reason for not entering the ] was that his personal beliefs were out of balance with the contemporary Republican political landscape: Kemp opposed ]s, he always preferred tax cuts to anything resembling a ] and, unlike the most Republicans, favored federal incentives to combat urban poverty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,2941,00.html|title=Kemp . . . Not Republican Enough|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,982490,00.html|title=Eyes on the Prize|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|Kramer, Michael}}</ref> He also noted a distaste for the extreme levels of fundraising necessary for a Presidential campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDE163DF932A05752C0A963958260&scp=98&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Rejects Presidential Bid, Citing Dislike of Fund Raising|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Lewis, Neil A.}}</ref> In 1995, while the world awaited the campaign decision announcement by ], Kemp had positive thoughts on the prospect of such a campaign.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983490,00.html|title=Can He Stay on the Pedestal?|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Birnbaum, Jeffrey H.}}</ref>


The flat tax was among the many issues Kemp championed.<ref name=TN12StR/> Kemp was eventually able to propose the flat tax formally after being appointed to head a tax reform commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,3492,00.html|title=Back in the Pocket|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,4786,00.html|title=Quayle in Dole Country|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref name=SotKC>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983936,00.html|title=Secrets of the Kemp Commission|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Birnbaum, Jeffrey H.}}</ref> Among the 1996 Republican Party candidates, both ] and ] proposed the flat tax.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,5591,00.html|title=Who's the Flattest of Them All?|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref name=SotKC/> During the campaign, Kemp's endorsement was highly coveted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B02E6DE1739F932A05752C0A960958260&scp=94&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Politics: The Endorsements;Hopefuls Go a-Courtin' And Kemp Is the Prize|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Berke, Richard L.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9402E4DD1739F932A35751C0A960958260&scp=108&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Politics;Kemp Keeps His Neutrality|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> Forbes tried to get Kemp to run in 1996, but Kemp declined and in fact endorsed Forbes just as Dole was closing in on the nomination and just after Dole gained the endorsements of former contenders ] and ].<ref name=JBN/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,5997,00.html|title=Kemp Backs Forbes|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> Some feel the primary reason for the endorsement was for no reason other than to keep the idea of the flat tax alive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE3DB1F39F934A35750C0A960958260&scp=97&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Politics: Endorsement;Kemp Supports Forbes in Bid to Salvage Flat-Tax Plan as an Issue in the Campaign|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Tollerson, Ernest}}</ref> Many thought Kemp had destroyed his own political future with the endorsement, and Kemp profusely apologized to the Dole campaign offices.<ref name=JBN/> Kemp championed many issues including the flat tax,<ref name=TN12StR/> which he formally proposed after he was appointed to head a tax reform commission.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,3492,00.html|title=Back in the Pocket|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,4786,00.html|title=Quayle in Dole Country|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref name=SotKC>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,983936,00.html|title=Secrets of the Kemp Commission|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Birnbaum, Jeffrey H.}}</ref> Among the 1996 Republican Party candidates, both ] and ] proposed the flat tax.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,5591,00.html|title=Who's the Flattest of Them All?|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref name=SotKC/> During the campaign, Kemp's endorsement was highly coveted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B02E6DE1739F932A05752C0A960958260&scp=94&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Politics: The Endorsements;Hopefuls Go a-Courtin' And Kemp Is the Prize|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Berke, Richard L.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9402E4DD1739F932A35751C0A960958260&scp=108&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Politics;Kemp Keeps His Neutrality|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> Forbes tried to get Kemp to run in 1996, but Kemp declined and in fact endorsed Forbes just as Dole was closing in on the nomination and just after Dole gained the endorsements of former contenders ] and ].<ref name=JBN/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,5997,00.html|title=Kemp Backs Forbes|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> Some feel the primary reason for the endorsement was to keep the idea of the flat tax alive.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE3DB1F39F934A35750C0A960958260&scp=97&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Politics: Endorsement;Kemp Supports Forbes in Bid to Salvage Flat-Tax Plan as an Issue in the Campaign|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Tollerson, Ernest}}</ref> Many thought Kemp had destroyed his own political future with the endorsement, and Kemp profusely apologized to the Dole campaign offices.<ref name=JBN/>


===Vice Presidential nomination (1996)=== ===Vice Presidential nomination (1996)===
] and Kemp on the cover of ] with an inset of ]]] ] and Kemp on the cover of ] with an inset of ]]]
{{mainarticle|United States presidential election, 1996}} {{mainarticle|United States presidential election, 1996}}
On ]],<ref name=KGELAS/> Kemp was chosen as the ]'s ] ] in 1996, running alongside former Senator ]. Kemp was seen as a means to attract conservative and libertarian-minded voters like those of tough nomination-challengers ] and ] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04E4D91331F936A2575BC0A960958260&scp=57&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=In New Role, Kemp Fights With His Past Over Ideology|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Ayers, B. Drummond, Jr.}}</ref> In 1996, ] declined the offer to be Dole's running mate, but suggested Kemp,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985111,00.html|title=The Chairman of Virtue|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Goodgame, Dan}}</ref> a man described as Dole's antagonist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984989,00.html|title=Punching Up The Ticket|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Lacayo, Richard and Michael Duffy}}</ref> Kemp was chosen over Connie Mack, ], and ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,7061,00.html|title=Gipper Junior On Deck?|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> Kemp had several former staffers in influential positions as senior advisors to Bob Dole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B00E6DD1E3EF932A2575BC0A960958260&scp=52&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Kemp Will See Familiar Faces in the Dole Camp|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Nagourney, Adam}}</ref> In addition, Kemp's tax-cutting fiscal policy track record was seen as the perfect fit for the ticket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E6DD1E3EF932A2575BC0A960958260&scp=72&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Fiscal Views Win Party's Heart|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Stevenson, Richard W.}}</ref> When Kemp became the running mate for Bob Dole in 1996, he appeared with Dole on the cover of the ] ] '']'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19960819,00.html|title=Bob Dole, Jack Kemp / Time Cover|accessdate=2008-02-24|date=]|publisher=]|work=Time Covers}}</ref> however the pair barely edged out the discovery of life on ] for the cover.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985008,00.html|title=To Our Readers|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Issacson, Walter}}</ref> On ]],<ref name=KGELAS/> the ] chose Kemp as it's 1996 ] ], running alongside former Senator ]. Kemp was seen as a means to attract conservative and libertarian-minded voters like those of tough nomination-challengers ] and ] .<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E04E4D91331F936A2575BC0A960958260&scp=57&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=In New Role, Kemp Fights With His Past Over Ideology|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Ayers, B. Drummond, Jr.}}</ref> In 1996, ] declined the offer to be Dole's running mate, but suggested Kemp,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985111,00.html|title=The Chairman of Virtue|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Goodgame, Dan}}</ref> a man described as Dole's antagonist.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,984989,00.html|title=Punching Up The Ticket|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Lacayo, Richard and Michael Duffy}}</ref> Kemp was chosen over Connie Mack, ], and ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,7061,00.html|title=Gipper Junior On Deck?|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> and it is assumed that this was partly due to the fact that Kemp had several former staffers in influential positions as senior advisors to Bob Dole.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B00E6DD1E3EF932A2575BC0A960958260&scp=52&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Kemp Will See Familiar Faces in the Dole Camp|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Nagourney, Adam}}</ref> In addition, Kemp's tax-cutting fiscal policy track record was seen as the perfect fit for the ticket.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F02E6DD1E3EF932A2575BC0A960958260&scp=72&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Fiscal Views Win Party's Heart|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Stevenson, Richard W.}}</ref> When Kemp became the running mate for Bob Dole in 1996, he appeared with Dole on the cover of the ] ] '']'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19960819,00.html|title=Bob Dole, Jack Kemp / Time Cover|accessdate=2008-02-24|date=]|publisher=]|work=Time Covers}}</ref> however the pair barely edged out the story of the discovery of life on ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985008,00.html|title=To Our Readers|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Issacson, Walter}}</ref> which was so close to being the cover story that it was inset on the cover.


The two politicians had a storied history stemming from alternative perspectives and objectives. Dole was a longstanding conservative deficit-hawk who had even voted against ]'s tax cuts, while Kemp was an outspoken supply sider. In the early 1980s, according to ], Kemp convinced Reagan to make a 30&nbsp;percent across-the-board tax cut one of the central features of his ]. Once Reagan was elected, Dole was the ] Chairman who Kemp claims resisted the plan every step of the way. Dole concedes he expressed reservations about the 1981 plan. The big confrontation came after the tax plan was approved and after Dole subsequently proposed tax increases (that he referred to as reforms). Kemp was vocal in his opposition to the reforms and even penned a '']'' ] piece, which enraged Dole. Dole convinced Reagan to sign on to the reforms causing Kemp to summon allies to meetings to stop the act which eventually passed in 1982.<ref name=DiCKBABPRiD/> At the 1984 Republican National Convention, Kemp along with allies such as Gingrich and Lott added a plank to the party platform that put President Reagan on record as ruling out tax increases, which Gingrich called "Dole-proofing" the party platform. The plank passed over Dole's opposition. Then, in 1985, Dole proposed an austere budget that barely passed in the senate with ] patient ] casting the tieing vote and Vice President ] casting the deciding vote. In meetings with the President that excluded Dole, Kemp reworked the budget to exclude crucial ] cutbacks. This is said to have been Dole's most crushing political defeat and to have contributed to the Republican loss of control of the Senate. During the 1988 Presidential election, the two antagonized each other. Their opposition became less relevant after Bush won and Kemp left Congress for the Cabinet. The two did not really cross paths again until 1996 when Kemp endorsed Dole's opponent Forbes on the eve of the New York Primary in March.<ref name=DiCKBABPRiD>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE4DE103CF93AA1575AC0A960958260&scp=36&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Dole, in Choosing Kemp, Buried A Bitter Past Rooted in Doctrine|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Kolbert, Elizabeth}}</ref> The two politicians had a storied history stemming from alternative perspectives and objectives. Dole was a longstanding conservative deficit-hawk who had even voted against ]'s tax cuts, while Kemp was an outspoken supply sider. In the early 1980s, according to ], Kemp convinced Reagan to make a 30&nbsp;percent across-the-board tax cut one of the central features of his ]. Once Reagan was elected, Dole was the ] Chairman who Kemp claims resisted the plan every step of the way. Dole concedes he expressed reservations about the 1981 plan. The big confrontation came after the tax plan was approved and after Dole subsequently proposed tax increases (that he referred to as reforms). Kemp was vocal in his opposition to the reforms and even penned a '']'' ] piece, which enraged Dole. Dole convinced Reagan to sign on to the reforms causing Kemp to summon allies to meetings to stop the act, which eventually passed in 1982.<ref name=DiCKBABPRiD/> At the 1984 Republican National Convention, Kemp, along with allies such as Gingrich and Lott, added a plank to the party platform that put President Reagan on record as ruling out tax increases. Gingrich called this action "Dole-proofing" the party platform, and the plank passed over Dole's opposition. Then, in 1985, Dole proposed an austere budget that barely passed in the senate with ] patient ] casting the tieing vote and Vice President ] casting the deciding vote. In meetings with the President that excluded Dole, Kemp reworked the budget to exclude crucial ] cutbacks. This is said to have been Dole's most crushing political defeat and to have contributed to the Republican loss of control of the Senate. During the 1988 Presidential election, the two antagonized each other. Their opposition became less relevant after Bush won and Kemp left Congress for the Cabinet. The two did not really cross paths again until 1996 when Kemp endorsed Dole's opponent Forbes on the eve of the New York Primary in March.<ref name=DiCKBABPRiD>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940CE4DE103CF93AA1575AC0A960958260&scp=36&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Dole, in Choosing Kemp, Buried A Bitter Past Rooted in Doctrine|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Kolbert, Elizabeth}}</ref>


Dole despised Kemp's economic theories,<ref name=TEC>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985559,00.html|title=The Endless Campaign|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Trillin, Calvin}}</ref> but felt Kemp-like tax cuts offered his best chance at electoral success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985017,00.html|title=A Spoonful of Sugar Helps the Medicine Go Down|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Gibbs, Nancy and Michael Duffy}}</ref> During the campaign Kemp and ] advocated for a stronger stand on tax cutting than Dole used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985542,00.html|title=The Next Act|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Lacayo, Richard}}</ref> For his part, Kemp had to make concessions as well: He had to back expelling the children of illegal immigrants from ]s despite his longstanding opposition to ] as well as mute his opposition to abolish affirmative-action programs in California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E1DF1231F936A2575BC0A960958260&scp=31&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= The Jack Kemp Reverse|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref><ref name=KGELAS>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980CE5DB1E31F935A2575BC0A960958260&scp=47&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Gives Early Look At Strategy|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Nagourney, Adam}}</ref> However, Kemp was able to use the nomination to promote his opposition to Clinton's partial birth abortion ban veto.<ref name=KACAV/> From the outset of their campaign, Dole-Kemp trailed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,7103,00.html|title=On The Road Again|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> and they faced skeptics even from within the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,7220,00.html|title=Dole Tries To Pep Up Terrified Troops|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> However, in general, the opinion was that Kemp was helpful to the ticket's chances of catching ].<ref name=KBSoRAHfOG>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE6DB1F3EF931A2575BC0A960958260&scp=34&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Brings Sense of Relief And Hope for Ohio's G.O.P.|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Winerip, Michael}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985101,00.html|title=Dole, Kemp and the G.O.P.|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,7076,00.html|title=The Odd Couple|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> When Dole declined an invitation to speak ], he had suggested Kemp as a substitute even before Kemp had been named as the Vice Presidential nominee because Kemp was the highest-profile progressive Republican.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,6884,00.html|title=How about Never?|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> After receiving the nomination, Kemp became the ticket’s spokesman for minorities and the inner-city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0D81E39F93AA1575BC0A960958260&scp=46&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Stumps For the Votes Of Minorities|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Bruni, Frank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06EED7143BF934A3575AC0A960958260&scp=60&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Courts Harlem Voters With Open Arms, Little Hope|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Gray, Jerry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E7DE1138F937A3575AC0A960958260&scp=59&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= In Inner-City Chicago, Kemp Makes Pitch for Black Votes|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Gray, Jerry}}</ref> Due to agreement on the self-help policy that ] has endorsed in many fora including the ], Kemp in a sense aligned himself with Farrakhan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E4DA1631F936A25753C1A960958260&scp=1&sq=Kemp+Farrakhan+fandango&st=nyt|title= Kemp and Farrakhan|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Rosenthal, A. M.}}</ref><ref name=KLUSBN>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E3DE1E3BF932A2575AC0A960958260&scp=76&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Lines Up Solidly Behind Netanyahu|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Gray, Jerry}}</ref> However, Farrakhan is perceived as being ],<ref name=KLUSBN/> and Kemp is considered an ally of Republican Jews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/4287/edition_id/77/format/html/displaystory.html|title=Can GOP ticket overcome rightist platform? Kemp seen as ally on Jewish causes|accessdate=2008-04-01|date=]|publisher=San Francisco Jewish Community Publications Inc.,|author=Dorf, Matthew|work=J. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California}}</ref> This issue necessitated some political sidestepping.<ref name=KLUSBN/> As the nominee, Kemp at times overshadowed Dole.<ref name=KACAV>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406E0DF1430F93AA2575BC0A960958260&scp=42&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Attacks Clinton's Abortion Veto|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Nagourney, Adam}}</ref> In fact, more than once, Kemp was described as if he was the Presidential nominee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E6DB1031F93BA25753C1A960958260&scp=69&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Gore, Kemp and No Politics for Dinner|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Firestone, David}}</ref><ref name=KACAV/> During the campaign, Kemp expressed the opinion that the Republican party leaders did not stand behind the ticket wholeheartedly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807E0DE1F30F935A15753C1A960958260&scp=85&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Hits Back at Republicans Who Despair|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Gray, Jerry}}</ref> Dole despised Kemp's economic theories,<ref name=TEC>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985559,00.html|title=The Endless Campaign|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Trillin, Calvin}}</ref> but he felt Kemp-like tax cuts offered his best chance at electoral success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985017,00.html|title=A Spoonful of Sugar Helps the Medicine Go Down|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Gibbs, Nancy and Michael Duffy}}</ref> For his part, Kemp had to make concessions as well: he had to back expelling the children of illegal immigrants from ]s despite his longstanding opposition to ] as well as mute his opposition to abolishing affirmative-action programs in California.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B06E1DF1231F936A2575BC0A960958260&scp=31&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= The Jack Kemp Reverse|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref><ref name=KGELAS>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=980CE5DB1E31F935A2575BC0A960958260&scp=47&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Gives Early Look At Strategy|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Nagourney, Adam}}</ref> However, Kemp was able to use the nomination to promote his opposition to Clinton's partial birth abortion ban veto.<ref name=KACAV/> From the outset of their campaign, Dole-Kemp trailed,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,7103,00.html|title=On The Road Again|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> and they faced skeptics even from within the party.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,7220,00.html|title=Dole Tries To Pep Up Terrified Troops|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> During the campaign, Kemp and ] advocated for a stronger stand on tax cutting than Dole used.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985542,00.html|title=The Next Act|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Lacayo, Richard}}</ref> However, in general, the opinion was that Kemp was helpful to the ticket's chances of catching ].<ref name=KBSoRAHfOG>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0DE6DB1F3EF931A2575BC0A960958260&scp=34&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Brings Sense of Relief And Hope for Ohio's G.O.P.|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Winerip, Michael}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985101,00.html|title=Dole, Kemp and the G.O.P.|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,7076,00.html|title=The Odd Couple|accessdate=2008-03-02|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> When Dole declined an invitation to speak ], he had suggested Kemp as a substitute even before Kemp had been named as the Vice Presidential nominee because Kemp was the highest-profile progressive Republican.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,6884,00.html|title=How about Never?|accessdate=2008-03-04|publisher=]|work=]|date=]}}</ref> After receiving the nomination, Kemp became the ticket’s spokesman for minorities and the inner-city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE0D81E39F93AA1575BC0A960958260&scp=46&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Stumps For the Votes Of Minorities|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Bruni, Frank}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D06EED7143BF934A3575AC0A960958260&scp=60&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Courts Harlem Voters With Open Arms, Little Hope|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Gray, Jerry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9A07E7DE1138F937A3575AC0A960958260&scp=59&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= In Inner-City Chicago, Kemp Makes Pitch for Black Votes|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Gray, Jerry}}</ref> Due to agreement on the self-help policy that ] has endorsed in many fora including the ], Kemp in a sense aligned himself with Farrakhan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9906E4DA1631F936A25753C1A960958260&scp=1&sq=Kemp+Farrakhan+fandango&st=nyt|title= Kemp and Farrakhan|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Rosenthal, A. M.}}</ref><ref name=KLUSBN>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E3DE1E3BF932A2575AC0A960958260&scp=76&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Lines Up Solidly Behind Netanyahu|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Gray, Jerry}}</ref> However, Farrakhan is perceived as being ],<ref name=KLUSBN/> and Kemp is considered an ally of Republican Jews.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishsf.com/content/2-0-/module/displaystory/story_id/4287/edition_id/77/format/html/displaystory.html|title=Can GOP ticket overcome rightist platform? Kemp seen as ally on Jewish causes|accessdate=2008-04-01|date=]|publisher=San Francisco Jewish Community Publications Inc.,|author=Dorf, Matthew|work=J. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California}}</ref> This issue necessitated some political sidestepping.<ref name=KLUSBN/> As the nominee, Kemp at times overshadowed Dole.<ref name=KACAV>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9406E0DF1430F93AA2575BC0A960958260&scp=42&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Attacks Clinton's Abortion Veto|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Nagourney, Adam}}</ref> In fact, more than once, Kemp was described as if he was the Presidential nominee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C04E6DB1031F93BA25753C1A960958260&scp=69&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Gore, Kemp and No Politics for Dinner|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Firestone, David}}</ref><ref name=KACAV/> During the campaign, Kemp expressed the opinion that the Republican party leaders did not stand behind the ticket wholeheartedly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807E0DE1F30F935A15753C1A960958260&scp=85&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Kemp Hits Back at Republicans Who Despair|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Gray, Jerry}}</ref>


] ]
Gore and Kemp were long-time friends unlike Gore and his previous Vice-Presidential opponent ]. Thus, as debaters they did not attempt personal attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9905E3DD143EF93AA35753C1A960958260&scp=50&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Gore and Kemp Practice Jabs for Tonight's Encounter|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Gray, Jerry}}</ref> In the final ] ] Vice Presidential Debate against ] when the Dole-Kemp ticket was already trailing badly in the national polls, Kemp was said to have been soundly beaten.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985370,00.html|title=A Case of Mud Lust|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Carlson, Margaret}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985331,00.html|title=From Savior to Scapegoat|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Goodgame, Dan}}</ref> The debate ranged broadly in topics from the usual topics such as abortion, foreign policy to a discourse on an incident preceding the then-current ] playoffs, in which ], the ]' ], cursed and spat on an ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E5DF123EF933A25753C1A960958260&scp=35&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Economy Dominates Kemp-Gore Debate|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Clines, Francis X.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E4D9133EF933A25753C1A960958260&scp=27&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Excerpts From Debate Between Vice President Gore and Jack Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> One of the more interesting topics for the critics was the discussion of the policy on Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E6D8133EF932A25753C1A960958260&scp=68&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Both Kemp and Gore Erred in Debate Over Policy on Mexico|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=DePalma, Anthony}}</ref> The Gore victory was not a surprise since Kemp had been outmatched by Gore in previous encounters,<ref name=C2000>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985175,00.html|title=Campaign 2000|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Kramer, Michael}}</ref> and Gore has a reputation as an experienced and vaunted debator.<Ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9400E0DA1331F934A1575BC0A9669C8B63&scp=118&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= The Nation; Surprise! Debates May Matter. And Help Bush|accessdate=2008-03-15|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Berke, Richard L.}}</ref> Gore and Kemp were long-time friends unlike Gore and his previous Vice-Presidential opponent ]. Thus, as debaters they did not attempt personal attacks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9905E3DD143EF93AA35753C1A960958260&scp=50&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Gore and Kemp Practice Jabs for Tonight's Encounter|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Gray, Jerry}}</ref> In the final ] ] Vice Presidential Debate against ] (when the Dole-Kemp ticket was already trailing badly in the national polls), Kemp was said to have been soundly beaten.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985370,00.html|title=A Case of Mud Lust|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Carlson, Margaret}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985331,00.html|title=From Savior to Scapegoat|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Goodgame, Dan}}</ref> The debate ranged broadly in topics from the usual topics such as abortion, foreign policy to a discourse on an incident preceding the then-current ] playoffs, in which ], the ]' ], cursed and spat on an ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C00E5DF123EF933A25753C1A960958260&scp=35&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Economy Dominates Kemp-Gore Debate|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Clines, Francis X.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9806E4D9133EF933A25753C1A960958260&scp=27&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Excerpts From Debate Between Vice President Gore and Jack Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]}}</ref> The discussion of the policy on Mexico was one of the more interesting topics for critical review.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D05E6D8133EF932A25753C1A960958260&scp=68&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Both Kemp and Gore Erred in Debate Over Policy on Mexico|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=DePalma, Anthony}}</ref> The Gore victory was not a surprise since Kemp had been outmatched by Gore in previous encounters,<ref name=C2000>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985175,00.html|title=Campaign 2000|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Kramer, Michael}}</ref> and Gore has a reputation as an experienced and vaunted debator.<Ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9400E0DA1331F934A1575BC0A9669C8B63&scp=118&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= The Nation; Surprise! Debates May Matter. And Help Bush|accessdate=2008-03-15|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Berke, Richard L.}}</ref>


==Post-political life== ==Post-political life==
], ], and ] (c. May 2004)]] ], ], and ] (c. May 2004)]]
His legacy includes the ] of the 1980s, also known as the first of the two "] tax cuts". These served as the foundation of supply side economics known as ]. Many Republicans have endorsed this ] view that the key to cutting the ] is making the ] grow, which is best done by cutting taxes. Although George H. W. Bush referred to this philosophy as ], even ] and his ], ], are a believers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E6D7163EF93BA25756C0A9659C8B63&scp=123&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Economic View; Name That Tune About Tax Cuts|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Rosenbaum, David E.}}</ref> In 1993, Kemp co-founded (with ] and ] and with the financial backing of ])<ref name=JK>{{cite web|url=http://www.kemppartners.com/principals-jk1.htm|title=Jack Kemp|accessdate=2008-02-24|publisher=kemppartners.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B04E3D91538F932A3575AC0A960958260&scp=77&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Influential Group Brought Into Campaign by Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Frantz, Douglas}}</ref> the ] ] ], which later merged with ] to form ]. He resigned as Co-Chairman of Freedom Works in March 2005 after he was questioned by the FBI about his ties to ], a Northern Virginia oil trader implicated in the ] who pled guilty to four criminal charges stemming from the scandal, including illegally acting as an unregistered lobbyist of the Iraqi government of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/49706|title=Oil-For-Food: How Much Did Boutros-Ghali Hear?|accessdate=2008-02-24|publisher=Newsweek, Inc.|date=]|author=Hesnball, Mark; Isikoff, Michael }}</ref> Testimony about Kemp became prominent in the trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/20/world/middleeast/20wyatt.html?scp=12&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Of Many Characters Mentioned at Oil-for-Food Trial, the Most Prominent Is Dead|accessdate=2008-03-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Feuer, Alan}}</ref> Kemp was also tied to James Cosentino by ] ] ] just weeks before the 1996 election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985247,00.html|title=Singing Another Tune|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Novak, Viveca}}</ref> His legacy includes the ] of the 1980s, also known as the first of the two "] tax cuts". These served as the foundation of supply side economics known as ]. Many Republicans have endorsed this ] view that the key to cutting the ] is making the ] grow, which is best done by cutting taxes. Although George H. W. Bush referred to this philosophy as ], even ] and his ], ], are a believers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E6D7163EF93BA25756C0A9659C8B63&scp=123&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Economic View; Name That Tune About Tax Cuts|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Rosenbaum, David E.}}</ref> In 1993, Kemp co-founded (with ] and ] and with the financial backing of ])<ref name=JK>{{cite web|url=http://www.kemppartners.com/principals-jk1.htm|title=Jack Kemp|accessdate=2008-02-24|publisher=kemppartners.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B04E3D91538F932A3575AC0A960958260&scp=77&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Influential Group Brought Into Campaign by Kemp|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Frantz, Douglas}}</ref> the ] ] ], which later merged with ] to form ]. He resigned as Co-Chairman of Freedom Works in March 2005 after he was questioned by the FBI about his ties to ], a Northern Virginia oil trader implicated in the ] who pled guilty to four criminal charges stemming from the scandal, including illegally acting as an unregistered lobbyist of the Iraqi government of ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/49706|title=Oil-For-Food: How Much Did Boutros-Ghali Hear?|accessdate=2008-02-24|publisher=Newsweek, Inc.|date=]|author=Hesnball, Mark; Isikoff, Michael }}</ref> Testimony about Kemp became prominent in the trial.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/20/world/middleeast/20wyatt.html?scp=12&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Of Many Characters Mentioned at Oil-for-Food Trial, the Most Prominent Is Dead|accessdate=2008-03-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Feuer, Alan}}</ref> Also, ] ] ] tied Kemp to James Cosentino just weeks before the 1996 election.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,985247,00.html|title=Singing Another Tune|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Novak, Viveca}}</ref>


By 1996, Kemp had been named a ] of six ]s after leaving the government in 1993. He had been a director for ], ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E6DC1F31F93BA2575BC0A960958260&scp=110&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Jack Kemp: A Director With No Shares|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Norris, Floyd}}</ref> Kemp has served on the board of ] ({{nasdaq|ORCL}}), which is owned by friend ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986314,00.html|title=The Prince of San Mateo|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Ramo, Joshua Cooper; Jackson, David S.}}</ref> since 1996 and was named to the board of ] ({{nyse|SIX}}) in December 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buffalo.bizjournals.com/buffalo/stories/2005/12/12/daily23.html|title=Six Flags no longer for sale; Kemp a director|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=American City Business Journals, Inc.|work=Buffalo BusinessFirst}}</ref> He has also been a director for Hawk Corporation, ] ({{nyse|IDT}}), CNL Hotels and Resorts, Inc. and ], Inc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_Dec_14/ai_n15934840|title=Six Flags Ends Sale Process; Appoints Mark Shapiro CEO; Jack Kemp, Harvey Weinstein and Michael Kassan Join Board|accessdate=2008-02-24|publisher=CNET Networks, Inc.|work=Business Wire|date=]}}</ref> At IDT, Kemp opted not to stand for re-election in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E5D9103FF936A35752C1A9609C8B63&scp=18&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Openers: Suits; Culling the Board|accessdate=2008-03-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Siklos, Richard}}</ref> He also serves on the ] Board of Directors.<ref name=TB/> Kemp is the founder and chairman of Kemp Partners, a strategic consulting firm helping clients achieve both business and public policy goals. By 1996, Kemp had been named a ] of six ]s after leaving the government in 1993. He had been a director for ], ].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9901E6DC1F31F93BA2575BC0A960958260&scp=110&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Jack Kemp: A Director With No Shares|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Norris, Floyd}}</ref> Kemp has served on the board of ] ({{nasdaq|ORCL}}), which is owned by friend ],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,986314,00.html|title=The Prince of San Mateo|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Ramo, Joshua Cooper; Jackson, David S.}}</ref> since 1996 and was named to the board of ] ({{nyse|SIX}}) in December 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://buffalo.bizjournals.com/buffalo/stories/2005/12/12/daily23.html|title=Six Flags no longer for sale; Kemp a director|accessdate=2008-03-04|date=]|publisher=American City Business Journals, Inc.|work=Buffalo BusinessFirst}}</ref> He has also been a director for Hawk Corporation, ] ({{nyse|IDT}}), CNL Hotels and Resorts, Inc. and ], Inc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0EIN/is_2005_Dec_14/ai_n15934840|title=Six Flags Ends Sale Process; Appoints Mark Shapiro CEO; Jack Kemp, Harvey Weinstein and Michael Kassan Join Board|accessdate=2008-02-24|publisher=CNET Networks, Inc.|work=Business Wire|date=]}}</ref> At IDT, Kemp opted not to stand for re-election in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E5D9103FF936A35752C1A9609C8B63&scp=18&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Openers: Suits; Culling the Board|accessdate=2008-03-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Siklos, Richard}}</ref> He also serves on the ] Board of Directors.<ref name=TB/> Kemp is the founder and chairman of Kemp Partners, a strategic consulting firm helping clients achieve both business and public policy goals.
Line 220: Line 220:
Although mentioned as a possible 2000 presidential candidate, Kemp did not run, instead endorsing eventual winner ]. Kemp has continued his political advocacy for reform of taxation, Social Security and education.<ref name=JKTCUF/> In addition to his fiscal and economic policies, Kemp advocated against ] at the same time that congress was considering a bill banning ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,7777,00.html|title=Round Two|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Provost, Taran}}</ref> He also advocates for retired NFL veterans on issues such as cardiovascular screening, ], disability benefits, and the recently approved ] program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/sports/football/11joints.html?scp=10&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Rehab Plan Announced for N.F.L.’s Ex-Players|accessdate=2008-03-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Litsky, Frank}}</ref> Furthermore, he advocates for reforming immigration laws.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE7DB113BF935A25756C0A9669C8B63&scp=106&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Coalition Urges Easing of Immigration Laws|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Greenhouse, Steven}}</ref> Although mentioned as a possible 2000 presidential candidate, Kemp did not run, instead endorsing eventual winner ]. Kemp has continued his political advocacy for reform of taxation, Social Security and education.<ref name=JKTCUF/> In addition to his fiscal and economic policies, Kemp advocated against ] at the same time that congress was considering a bill banning ]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,7777,00.html|title=Round Two|accessdate=2008-03-01|publisher=]|work=]|date=]|author=Provost, Taran}}</ref> He also advocates for retired NFL veterans on issues such as cardiovascular screening, ], disability benefits, and the recently approved ] program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/sports/football/11joints.html?scp=10&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Rehab Plan Announced for N.F.L.’s Ex-Players|accessdate=2008-03-01|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Litsky, Frank}}</ref> Furthermore, he advocates for reforming immigration laws.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0CE7DB113BF935A25756C0A9669C8B63&scp=106&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Coalition Urges Easing of Immigration Laws|accessdate=2008-03-08|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Greenhouse, Steven}}</ref>


On ]], Kemp was selected as Chairman of the ] of USA Football, a national advocacy group for amateur football created by the ] and the ]. The organization supports ], ], ], ], ], ] and the ].<ref name=JKTCUF/> In addition to corporate ], Kemp has served on several advisory boards. He serves on the ] Advisory Board, and on the Toyota Diversity Advisory Board as well as the ] Board of Trustees, which he has served since 1993.<ref name=TB>{{cite web|url=http://www.howard.edu/secretary/BOTBios.htm|title= Trustees' Biographies|accessdate=2008-04-03|publisher=Howard University}}</ref> On ]], Kemp was selected as Chairman of the ] of USA Football, a national advocacy group for amateur football created by the ] and the ]. The organization supports ], ], ], ], ], ] and the ].<ref name=JKTCUF/> He is also vice president of ].


] on ]]] ] on ]]]
Kemp was among the prominent business and political leaders who pledged to raise money for the defense of ] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07EEDC1E3EF93AA25752C1A9639C8B63&scp=39&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Top Names Aid Fund for Libby|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Lichtblau, Eric}}</ref> In 2006, Kemp, along with another unsuccessful vice-presidential candidate, ], co-chaired the ] task force on Russia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/47378|title=Candidates: Crisscrossing Paths|accessdate=2008-03-18|date=]|author=Darman, Jonathan|work=]}}</ref> producing a document called "Russia’s Wrong Direction: What the United States Can and Should Do".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Russia_TaskForce.pdf|format=PDF| title=Russia’s Wrong Direction: What The United States Can And Should Do|accessdate=2008-03-03|date=2006|publisher=]|author=Edwards, John; Kemp, Jack }}</ref> Kemp was among the prominent business and political leaders who pledged to raise money for the defense of ] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B07EEDC1E3EF93AA25752C1A9639C8B63&scp=39&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title= Top Names Aid Fund for Libby|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Lichtblau, Eric}}</ref> In 2006, Kemp, along with another unsuccessful vice-presidential candidate, ], co-chaired the ] task force on Russia,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsweek.com/id/47378|title=Candidates: Crisscrossing Paths|accessdate=2008-03-18|date=]|author=Darman, Jonathan|work=]}}</ref> producing a document called "Russia’s Wrong Direction: What the United States Can and Should Do".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cfr.org/content/publications/attachments/Russia_TaskForce.pdf|format=PDF| title=Russia’s Wrong Direction: What The United States Can And Should Do|accessdate=2008-03-03|date=2006|publisher=]|author=Edwards, John; Kemp, Jack }}</ref>

In addition to corporate ], Kemp has served on several advisory boards. He serves on the ] Advisory Board, and on the Toyota Diversity Advisory Board as well as the ] Board of Trustees, which he has served since 1993.<ref name=TB>{{cite web|url=http://www.howard.edu/secretary/BOTBios.htm|title= Trustees' Biographies|accessdate=2008-04-03|publisher=Howard University}}</ref>


As of May 2007, Kemp sat on the board of the Yellowstone Mountain Club, which is located in {{city-state|Big Sky|Montana}} on {{convert|13600|acre|sqmi sqkm|1|lk=on|abbr=on}} in the Madison Range north of ] with 60&nbsp;]s. The Club is a private ] and ] where people have come from around the world to build vacation homes. ] and ] are members, and ] has accused founder, Timothy Blixseth, of borrowing hundreds of millions of dollars from the club without ]. Membership, once approved, is $300,000 plus $16,000 annual dues for all members who own their land and homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/05/11/realestate/greathomes/11yellowstone.html?scp=26&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=A Ski Community Where There’s No Such Thing as Too Much|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Robbins, Jim}}</ref> Blixseth, a close friend of Kemps, describes the club as resort with the a "wow factor" to even the extremely wealthy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/magazine/305vacation.1.html?scp=128&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Club Med for the Multimillionaire Set|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Dominus, Susan}}</ref> As of May 2007, Kemp sat on the board of the Yellowstone Mountain Club, which is located in {{city-state|Big Sky|Montana}} on {{convert|13600|acre|sqmi sqkm|1|lk=on|abbr=on}} in the Madison Range north of ] with 60&nbsp;]s. The Club is a private ] and ] where people have come from around the world to build vacation homes. ] and ] are members, and ] has accused founder, Timothy Blixseth, of borrowing hundreds of millions of dollars from the club without ]. Membership, once approved, is $300,000 plus $16,000 annual dues for all members who own their land and homes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2007/05/11/realestate/greathomes/11yellowstone.html?scp=26&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=A Ski Community Where There’s No Such Thing as Too Much|accessdate=2008-03-02|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Robbins, Jim}}</ref> Blixseth, a close friend of Kemps, describes the club as resort with the a "wow factor" to even the extremely wealthy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2006/03/05/magazine/305vacation.1.html?scp=128&sq=Jack+Kemp&st=nyt|title=Club Med for the Multimillionaire Set|accessdate=2008-03-17|date=]|publisher=]|work=]|author=Dominus, Susan}}</ref>

Revision as of 02:49, 9 April 2008

Jack Kemp Jr.
File:Jack Kemp.jpg
1996 Republican Vice Presidential nominee
In office
August 16, 1996 – November 5, 1996
Running mateBob Dole
OpponentBill Clinton/Al Gore
Preceded byDan Quayle
Succeeded byDick Cheney
9
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Article policies
United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
In office
February 13, 1989 – January 19, 1993
PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush
Preceded bySamuel Pierce
Succeeded byHenry Cisneros
Congressman New York's 31st congressional district
In office
1983–1989
Preceded byDonald J. Mitchell
Succeeded byBill Paxon
Congressman New York's 38th congressional district
In office
1973–1983
Preceded byJames F. Hastings
Succeeded byDistrict 38 eliminated
Congressman New York's 39th congressional district
In office
1971–1973
Preceded byRichard D. McCarthy
Succeeded byJames F. Hastings
Personal details
Born (1935-07-13) July 13, 1935 (age 89)
Template:City-state
Political partyRepublican
SpouseJoanne Kemp
ChildrenJeff, Jimmy, Jennifer and Judith
Alma materOccidental College
ProfessionProfessional American football player; Politician
Websitehttp://www.kemppartners.com/principals-jk1.htm

Jack French Kemp, Jr. (born July 13, 1935) is an American politician and former professional American football player. He was the Republican candidate for the vice presidency in the 1996 presidential election as running mate for Bob Dole and was (along with Dole and eventual winner George H. W. Bush) one of the main Republican Party's United States President candidates in the 1988 presidential election. Despite his longstanding opposition to abortion, Kemp is considered a social moderate because of his advocacy for minorities and immigration reform. He supports low taxes and free market economic policy.

After time as a student-athlete at Occidental College, Kemp played as a professional quarterback for 13 years in the National Football League (NFL), Canadian Football League (CFL) and American Football League (AFL). He co-founded the American Football League Players Association, which he served as president for five terms. He served as captain of both the San Diego Chargers and Buffalo Bills and earned the American Football League MVP award in 1965 after leading the Bills to their second consecutive AFL championship. He was in the AFL for all ten years of its existence, was named to play in seven of the nine AFL All-star game times, played in five of the league's ten championship games, and holds most AFL career passing statistical records.

He served nine terms in the United States House of Representatives as a representative of Western New York. As a proponent of both Chicago school and supply-side economics, he is notable for his role as both the molder of the Reagan agenda and the architect of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 (known as the Kemp-Roth tax cut). After stepping away from his congressional position for a failed Presidential run, he joined George H. W. Bush's Cabinet as United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. He then traveled the speaker's circuit before becoming a Vice Presidential nominee. As a progressive conservative politician, Kemp served as the Republican Party spokesperson on minority and inner-city issues for most of his political career.

He has continued a career of public service since returning to public life. He has been active as a political advocate and commentator. He has served on corporate and non-profit organization boards, served in official capacities to promote American football and has been a political advocate for both the Republican Party and for veteran professional football players. Kemp is also a veteran of the United States Army who has authored, co-authored, and edited several books.

Early life

Youth

Kemp is the third of Paul and Frances Kemp's four sons. Paul Kemp turned his motorcycle messenger service into a trucking company that grew from one to fourteen trucks. Frances Kemp was a well-educated social worker as well as a Spanish teacher. Jack grew up in the Wilshire district of Los Angeles, which was a heavily Jewish section of West Los Angeles, but his tight-knit middle class family practiced in the Church of Christ, Scientist. Although his mother attempted to influence him with the culture of piano lessons trips to the Hollywood Bowl, sports consumed Jack Kemp in his youth and he once chose the forward pass as the subject of a school essay on important inventions.

Kemp, who was born, raised and educated in Template:City-state, attended Fairfax High School, which is known both for its historically high concentration of Jewish students and for producing celebrities. Although by the end of the century, Fairfax had become a majority Hispanic high school, over 95 percent of Kemp's classmates were Jewish and he became a supporter of Jewish causes. Boasting an alumni of notable actors, athletes, and musicians, Fairfax is noted by celebrity-seeking guides. The school is located on Melrose Avenue, and its alumni include Herb Alpert, David Arquette, Lenny Kravitz, Ricardo Montalban, David Janssen, Timothy Hutton and Mickey Rooney. Despite his proximity to the trappings of celebrity and entitlement, Kemp learned to embrace diversity and hard work during his experience working with his brothers at his father's trucking company in downtown Los Angeles. In addition to developing his respect for hard work, Kemp's habit of rigorous reading showed in high school where he read history and philosophy books.

College

After high school, he attended Occidental College, where he and close friend Jim Mora were members of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity, but Kemp declined to become involved in student government. At Occidental, a founding member of the Division III Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference, Kemp was a record-setting javelin hurler and played several positions on the football team: quarterback, defensive back, place kicker and punter. At Occidental, which posted 6–2 and 3–6 records in his years with him as the starting quarterback, Kemp was named a Little All-American one year and threw for over 1,100 yards in a season. Kemp selected Occidental because its football team used professional formations and plays, which would help him achieve his aspiration to become professional quarterback. At 5 feet 10 inches (1.78 m) and 175 pounds (79 kg; 12.5 st), he considered himself to be too small to play for the major Southern California college football programs (USC Trojans and UCLA Bruins).

Kemp was very near-sighted and quite tenacious on the field. In a game against Pomona College, his team trailed by a large margin before he led them to three scoring drives. After kicking an extra point following the final scoring drive, he turned to his teammate and said, I guess we won. However, he could not see the scoreboard and did not realize that they hadn't. Kemp was also self-motivated: he performed post-graduate study at Long Beach State University, California Western University and served in the military from 1958–1962. Kemp, who earned a degree in physical education from Occidental, took graduate economics classes at the two schools in an effort to improve himself.

Marriage and family

Kemp married Joanne Main, his college sweetheart, after she graduated from Occidental College in 1958, which was a year after Kemp graduated. Joanne had grown up in Template:City-state and attended Fillmore High School in Ventura County. Kemp's Biblical Literature professor, Keith Beebe, presided over the wedding, but after the marriage, Kemp became a Presbyterian.

In 1989, the Kemps switched their official residence from Template:City-state to Template:City-state, where they now reside. Kemp and his wife, Joanne, have two sons, both of whom played professional football as a quarterback: Jeff Kemp played in the NFL from 1981 to 1991, and Jimmy Kemp played in the CFL from 1994 to 2002. They also have two daughters named Jennifer and Judith. Jeff, Jennifer and Judith are each two years apart and Jimmy is eight years younger than Judith. As of June 2006, the Kemps had 16 grandchildren. Kemp's opposition to abortion is partially affected by his own wife's miscarriage.

Football career

American football player
Jack Kemp
No. 15
Position:QB
Career information
College:Occidental
Career history
Career highlights and awards
  • 7x AFL All Star (1961, 1962, 1963, 1964, 1965, 1966, 1969)
  • 5x TSN All-AFL (1960, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1966)
  • AFL Champion (1964, 1965)
  • Buffalo Bills Wall of Fame
  • AFL MVP (AP, 1965)
  • AFL Championship Game MVP (1965)

Records and Leaderships

  • AFL career regular season passing attempts
  • AFL career regular season passing completions
  • AFL career regular season passing yards
  • AFL career championship game passing attempts
  • AFL career championship game passing completions
  • AFL career championship game passing yards
  • AFL yards per attempt (1960, 1964)
Stats at Pro Football Reference Edit this at Wikidata

Kemp began his professional football career in 1957 when he was selected by the Detroit Lions in the 17th round of the 1957 NFL Draft, but he was cut before the 1957 NFL season began. Kemp spent one NFL season with the Pittsburgh Steelers and another being on the taxi squad of the New York Giants and San Francisco 49ers. During his taxi squad tenure, he served as a third-string quarterback, who never got to play, on the 1958 New York Giants when they lost in overtime of the 1958 NFL Championship Game to the Baltimore Colts at Yankee Stadium in the first NFL Playoff overtime game.

After his experience with the NFL, Kemp spent a year serving as a private in the United States Army Reserve, (as well as playing one game for the Calgary Stampeders of the Canadian Football League, which made him ineligible for the NFL in 1959). Kemp had been cut by five professional teams (Lions, Steelers, Giants, 49ers and Stampeders). According to his older brother Tom, the family attempted to encourage him to get on with his life after he bounced around the NFL and his parents drove him from California to Template:City-state only to see him get cut. On February 9 and February 11 1960 the AFL agreed to a "no tampering" policy with the NFL and CFL respectively to keep from stealing star players. Thus, players like Kemp with modest NFL experience were common AFL signees at the time. Kemp signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Chargers of the AFL.

Chargers era (1960–1962)

In 1960, Kemp led the Los Angeles Chargers to a Western Division championship with a 10–4 record. Kemp finished second to Frank Tripucka in the major passing statistics (attempts, completions, and yards), led the AFL in yards per completion and times sacked, and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead in the eight-team AFL. Kemp became, with Tripucka, one of the first 3,000-yard passers in the American Football League by surpassing 3000 yards in the inaugural 14-game schedule 1960 season. Kemp led an offense that averaged 46 points over its last four games and scored over 41 points in five of their last nine games. In the AFL Championship game on January 11961, Kemp led the team to field goals on their first two possessions, but when the Houston Oilers posted a touchdown in the second quarter for a 7–6 lead, the Chargers would never regain the lead.

In 1961, San Diego Union editor, Jack Murphy, started a movement to convince Barron Hilton to move the Chargers from the Los Angeles Coliseum to Balboa Stadium in Template:City-state. Kemp led the relocated San Diego Chargers to a 12–2 record and a repeat Western Division championship. Kemp again finished second in passing yards (this time to George Blanda). The team earned an AFL championship game rematch against the Oilers. However, this time the Chargers were unable to muster any scoring until a fourth quarter field goal in a 10–3 loss.

Kemp was in the United States Army Reserves when his unit, the San Diego-based 977th Transportation Company, was activated for duty on October 151961 by President John F. Kennedy after the Berlin Wall was erected in August of that year. A month before he was activated for duty, the right-handed Kemp injured his left shoulder while playing football. Medical examiners found swelling and muscle spasms in his left shoulder and described his voluntary range of motion at 80 percent. The Surgeon General of the United States Army reviewed recommendation by Army doctors that Kemp be excused from service. Kemp underwent a second physical at an Army hospital in Template:City-state. Kemp's 1961 Chargers roommate and Pro Football Hall of Famer, Ron Mix was denied a deferment. Kemp went on to lead the Chargers to a division title that year, passing for 2,686 yards and 15 touchdowns. He cited lingering effects from a later knee injury as the reason he had to fly first class at Government expense as the Housing Secretary from 1989 to 1992.

In 1962, the Chargers drafted Lance Alworth and John Hadl in the 1962 American Football League Draft. Kemp won two American Football League Western Division championships with the Los Angeles/San Diego Chargers, but in a rare blunder by Chargers' coach Sid Gillman, Kemp was put on waivers to try to "hide" him when he was unable to play due to a broken middle finger after two games for the Chargers in 1962.

Lou Saban era (1962–1965)

This ploy did not get by Buffalo Bill coach Lou Saban, and the Bills picked up Kemp for the $100 waiver fee on September 25, one of the biggest bargains in Pro Football history. The AFL commissioner, Joe Foss, awarded Kemp to the Bills, who along with the Dallas Texans and Denver Broncos attempted to claim Kemp. The signing solved the Bills' quarterback problem according to Billy Shaw. According to Van Miller, Kemp was not so excited about coming to Buffalo: "Jack's a skier, and he wanted to go to Denver and play for the Broncos. He hated the thought of coming to Buffalo. He was in the pits when he joined the Bills in Houston. But he came to Buffalo and made some good stock investments, made millions and then got into politics." During his football career at Buffalo, he would become known for his love of reading a broad range of books including the likes of Henry David Thoreau, which led to chidings from Saban.

File:Kemp.jpg
Kemp and Wray Carlton as AFL Champion Buffalo Bills

Injuries, including a broken finger, kept Kemp from performing for most of the 1962 season. That season, Kemp received a military draft notice for service in the Vietnam War and received a draft waiver because of a knee problem. The injuries healed, and Kemp debuted for Buffalo on November 181962 by directing the only touchdown drive in a 10–6 win over the Oakland Raiders. He played only four games for Buffalo in 1962, but he still made the AFL Eastern Division All-Star team. The Bills won three of their last four games to finish 7–6–1. On December 14, the Bills outbid the Green Bay Packers for Notre Dame quarterback Daryle Lamonica.

In 1963, Kemp found himself in a battle for the quarterback position with Daryle Lamonica that would last four seasons until Lamonica left for the Oakland Raiders. Lamonica felt he "... learned a lot from Jack about quarterbacking. And I truly believe that we were a great one-two punch at the position for the Bills." An interesting event occurred when Lou Saban suspected Al Davis of spying on the 0–3–1 Bills and made his team practice using false numbers. That week, the Bills went on to win their first game of the season over the Raiders. In 1963, Kemp led the Bills from a slow start to a tie for the AFL Eastern Division lead with a 7–6–1 record. Kemp again placed second in passing attempts, completions and yards, and he also finished second to teammate Cookie Gilchrist in rushing touchdowns. The Bills played the Boston Patriots in an Eastern Division playoff game to determine the division title on December 28 1963 at War Memorial Stadium in Template:City-state in 10 °F (−12 °C) weather. While bulldozers removed the snow from the frozen field, fans threw snowballs at the Pinkerton guards. During the game, the Bills replaced Kemp with rookie Lamonica after falling behind 16–0 in the third quarter. The Bills lost 26–8. After the game, Kemp said, "I remember telling coach Lou Saban as we walked off the field at War Memorial Stadium that those same fans who were booing us then would be cheering us next year. I really felt that we had the makings of a championship club and we were just a year away from winning it all."

Kemp was said to be the "clubhouse lawyer" for the Bills, and he kept the peace. During the 1964 American Football League season, he managed personalities such as Gilchrist, who walked off the field when plays were not being called for him, and Saban, who Kemp kept from cutting Gilchrist the following week. The negotiated apology was an early sign of his political abilities. Kemp also managed the politics of the quarterback battle with Lamonica, who engineered four winning touchdown drives in the Bills' first seven games. The 1964 team relied on a running game of 250-pound (110 kg; 18 st) Cookie Gilchrist and 220-pound (100 kg; 16 st) Wray Carlton as well as a defense that set records for rushing yards, rushing TD's and quarterback sacks. The team won its first nine games and went 12–2 for the regular season. The team won the Eastern division with a final game victory over the Patriots at Fenway Park on December 201964. Kemp led the league in yards per attempt and finished one rushing touchdown short of the league lead, which was shared by Gilchrist and Sid Blanks. In the 1964 championship game, Kemp scored the final clinching touchdown with just over nine minutes left in the 20–7 victory.

According to Lamonica, the 1965 team had a different emphasis: "We really changed our offensive game that year. In '64 we had depended a lot on Cookie Gilchrist and our running attack to carry us. That was our bread and butter that year. But that all changed in '65. The Bills had traded Gilchrist in the off season to the Denver Broncos. So we went to a pass-oriented game more that season than we ever had before. We not only went to our receivers, but we threw a lot to our running backs. And I really think it brought out the best in Jack that year. Jack was a great quarterback and leader." The Bills finished the 1965 AFL season with a 10–3–1 record. Kemp finished the season second in the league in pass completions. Kemp felt the 1965 AFL Championship game victory was special because it came against his former team, the San Diego Chargers.

Kemp led the Bills to a repeat league championship in 1965 without the 1964 AFL leader in rushing attempts, yards and touchdowns, Gilchrist, (who had been traded to the Denver Broncos) and with the 1964 yards per reception leader, Elbert Dubenion, only playing three games. This earned him a share of the AFL MVP awards that he split with former Charger teammate, halfback Paul Lowe. Kemp earned the Associated Press award, while Lowe won The Sporting News and United Press International awards. Kemp also earned the AFL Championship Game MVP.

Joe Collier era (1966–1968)

Lou Saban resigned to take the head coaching job for the Maryland Terrapins football team and defensive coordinator Joe Collier was promoted to head coach for the 1966 AFL season. In 1966, the Kemp led the Bills to their third consecutive division title with a 9–4–1 record. However, in the January 11967 1966 AFL Championship Game, which was played for the right to play in Super Bowl I, the Bills lost to the Kansas City Chiefs 31–7. Kemp was named as an American Football League All-Star for the sixth consecutive year in 1966. The 1967 Bills endured a 4–10 1967 AFL season. Kemp was not named to the All-star game for the first time in his AFL career (there was no 1960 All-star game).

The Bills suffered a bad pre-season loss to the Houston Oilers on August 231968. On August 26, head coach Joe Collier put the Bills through a 40-play scrimmage. During the scrimmage, Ron McDole fell on Jack Kemp's right knee and Kemp suffered an injury which forced him to sit out the entire season. The Bills went 1–12–1 without Kemp for the 1968 AFL season.

John Rausch era (1969)

The Bills drafted and signed O.J. Simpson, and although Jack Kemp returned from a year of injury, they only compiled a 4–10 record during the 1969 AFL season. Kemp was named as an American Football League All-Star in 1969 for the seventh of the league's ten years. He advocated recognition of the league, and in its last year, 1969, lobbied Pete Rozelle to have AFL teams wear an AFL patch to honor it. In 1969, Kemp had a four-year no-cut contract, but the Republican Party of Erie County approached him about running for the United States Congress. After the January 171970 AFL All-star game, Kemp returned home and talked to his wife before deciding to run for Congress. Kemp said "I had a four-year no-cut contract with the Bills at the time. ... I figured that if I lost I could always come back and play. But the fans had their say and I was elected to Congress."

Career summary

He led Buffalo to three straight Eastern Division titles including the 1964 and 1965 American Football League championships throwing to receivers Dubenion and Ernie Warlick. Kemp had the most career passes attempted, most completions and most yards gained passing in the history of the American Football League. Kemp played in five of the ten AFL Championship games. He holds these same career passing attempts, yards and completion records for the AFL Championship Game and is listed second for many other championship game statistics including career and single game passer rating. A Sporting News All-League selection at quarterback in 1960 and 1965, he was the only AFL quarterback to be listed as a starter all ten years. Kemp co-founded the American Football League Players Association with Tom Addison of the Boston Patriots, and was elected its president five times. His founding of and involvement in the player's union contributed to his frequent siding with the Democrats on labor issues later in his career. He was one of only twenty players who were in the American Football League for its entire ten-year existence.

Kemp twice led the AFL in yards per attempt and played all fourteen games in his final six AFL seasons (excluding 1968). However, despite his success and important AFL records, he is most prominently listed in the NFL record book for less flattering accomplishments, including his place as a former record holder for most quarterback sacks in a game. Despite Kemp's AFL records, Joe Namath and Len Dawson were selected as the first and second team quarterbacks for the All-time AFL team. His number 15 was retired by the Buffalo Bills in 1984.

Political career

File:Jack Kemp - Library of Congress, Congressional Portrait Collection.gif
Congressional Portrait Collection image (1975)

Kemp stated football prepared him for politics:

Pro football gave me a good perspective. When I entered the political arena, I had already been booed, cheered, cut, sold, traded, and hung in effigy.

Kemp's political career began long before his first electoral campaign in 1970. In 1960 and 1961, Kemp was an editorial assistant to future Richard Nixon aide, Herb Klein, who was then editor of the San Diego Union. Subsequently, Kemp became a volunteer in Barry Goldwater's 1964 Presidential campaign and Ronald Reagan's 1966 successful California Gubernatorial campaign. In the 1967 football off-season, Mr. Kemp worked on Governor Reagan's staff in Template:City-state. In 1969, he served as special assistant to the Republican National Committee chairman. Kemp is a voracious reader, and his foundation came from early readings of Barry Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative, Ayn Rand libertarian novels, such as The Fountainhead, and Friedrich von Hayek's The Constitution of Liberty. Kemp's ability to work with blacks and his stands on racial equality are traced back to the time that he played football with black teammates: Kemp said "I wasn't there with Rosa Parks or Dr. King or John Lewis. But I am here now, and I am going to yell from the rooftops about what we need to do."

Congress (1971–1989)

Kemp, who describes himself as a "bleeding-heart conservative", represented a part of the Template:City-state region that is known as the southtowns and that traditionally voted Democratic in the United States House of Representatives from 1971 to 1989. The Template:City-state Republicans had drafted Kemp after incumbent congressman, Richard D. McCarthy, decided to run for the United States Senate. At the time of his political birth, the region he represented was in an economic malaise, and he was considered a JFK throwback who ran on the basis of family values, patriotism, sports and defense. Upon his election to the congress in a class of sixty-two freshman, he was one of six (along with Ronald Dellums, Bella Abzug, Louise Day Hicks, Robert Drinan, and Pierre S. du Pont IV) written about by Time magazine as among the more interesting newcomers. In the article, he was described as a football fan like United States President Richard Nixon, who White House Adviser Robert Finch, and former Kemp boss Herb Klein, who had now become Nixon's Director of Communications, advised. The Nixon aides helped Kemp firm up his military support by encouraging Kemp to endorse the Cambodian invasion and to oppose criticism of Nixon's war policies.

During his career, he would at times sound like a liberal democrat: he championed several Chicago school and supply side economics issues: economic growth, free markets, free trade, tax simplification and lower tax rates on both work and investment. Kemp was a long-time proponent of the flat tax. At times, Kemp supported affirmative action, and he has supported rights for illegal immigrants. Kemp also defended of the use anti-Communist forces in Central America, supported the gold standard, spoke for civil rights legislation, opposed abortion, and was the first lawmaker to popularize the notion of enterprise zones, which he supported as a way to foster entrepreneurship and job creation and expand homeownership among public housing tenants. Although he is liberal on many social issues, he is not on gay rights. Kemp is described as the most proactive combatant in the war on poverty since Robert Kennedy, but Kemp's view on a war on poverty was quite different than earlier combatants such as Lyndon Johnson, for example, since Kemp believed in incentive-based systems instead of more traditional government social programs.

Time magazine quickly identified second-term congressman Kemp as a leader of the future when it presented its 1974 "Faces for the Future" and included the then 38 year-old Kemp. As a younger congressman, one of his more notable magazine appearances was in the October 241978 issue of Esquire. The article explained allegations of 1967 Sacramento office Reagan staffer homosexual activity that Kemp has been cleared of. By 1978, the press was mentioning him as a contender to unseat United States President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 presidential election. Many considered Kemp a front runner for the vice presidency at the 1980 Republican National Convention, and he received 43 votes from conservatives who were opposed to George H. W. Bush. After being reelected for a sixth term in 1980, his Republican peers elected him to a party leadership position, and he served seven years as chairman of the House Republican Conference. This promotion occurred immediately after Kemp and David Stockman urged Reagan by memorandum to dedicate his first 100 days to working with Congress an economic package. By 1984, many viewed Kemp as Reagan's heir apparent. He is as fondly remembered for his good hair and handsome looks as for his athletic prowess and political savvy, and he is described as having the charisma of the earlier J.F.K. Kemp is known as an independent politician who often legislated outside the jurisdictions of the committees upon which he served and often spoke in favor of ideals and principles over political platforms of his party. As a supply sider generally, he was not a proponent of balanced budgets, but instead viewed growth as the solution.

Kemp's original encounter with supply side economics came in 1976 when Jude Wanniski, then an editorial writer for The Wall Street Journal, interviewed at Kemp's Congressional office. Mr. Kemp picked Wanniski's brain all day and night (all the way to Mr. Kemp's home in Template:City-state, at midnight) until Kemp had been completely converted to being a supply-side disciple of University of Southern California professor Arthur Laffer. Thereafter, Kemp began espousing supply side economics far and wide, and in 1978 he, along with William V. Roth, Jr., proposed tax cutting legislation. Kemp was chiefly responsible for supply side economics' inclusion in President Reagan's economic plan. Although large tax cuts in the early 1980s are attributed to Reagan, Kemp and Senator William Roth from Delaware, through their Kemp-Roth Tax Cut legislation, actually initiated these cuts in 1981. These tax cuts have been credited for the economic growth from 1983 to 1990, the then largest peacetime expansion of the United States GDP.

In 1980, he considered opposing Republican Jacob Javitz for the United States Senate and was considered a potential Reagan running mate that year. One of Kemp's early attempts at tax reform was an unsuccessful 1979 attempt to index tax brackets for cost of living fluctuations. However, the indexing idea became part of the Reagan economic package that he campaigned on in 1980 as did the tax cuts in the form of three consecutive ten-percent annual reductions. Kemp co-sponsored a legislative attempt at enterprise zones in 1980. In 1981, over the objection of United States House Committee on Ways and Means Chairman Dan Rostenkowski, Reagan's budget based on the Kemp-Roth tax reforms passed. One of Kemp's more trying times as a congressman came during 1982 when Reagan decided to reverse the tax-cuts and promote tax increases. The reversal was very controversial and stimulated rigorous opposition by Kemp. Nonetheless, the revised taxes passed. In 1983, Kemp expended effort voicing opposition to the policies of Chairman of the Federal Reserve Paul Volcker on multiple occasions. These debates included domestic monetary involvement and roles in funding the International Monetary Fund.

Kemp twice delivered speeches at the Republican National Convention: he addressed the convention on July 151980 at the 1980 Republican National Convention in Template:City-state and on August 211984 at the 1984 Republican National Convention in Template:City-state. During the 1984 Convention, with Trent Lott as Republican Party Platform Committee Chairman, Congressmen Kemp and Newt Gingrich claimed control of the party platform to the consternation of G.O.P. senators Bob Dole and Howard Baker. Kemp's official role was as the chairman of the platform subcommittee on foreign policy. However, the three planks that he proposed for the platform involved tax hikes, the gold standard and the role of the Federal Reserve. Despite Kemp's official role, his real influence as a draftsman was on the grammatical structure of the plank on tax hikes. By 1985, people saw Kemp as a leading contender for the 1988 Presidential nomination. He also delivered remarks on free enterprise zones at the 1992 Republican National Convention in Template:City-state. Despite efforts and considerations of expanding his political domain, Kemp never held a fundraiser outside of his suburban Western New York district until well into his eighth term in congress.

In the early 21st century, Kemp continued to be considered along with Reagan the politician most responsible for the implementation supply side tax cuts and along with Steve Forbes the political figure most responsible for their continued place in the marketplace of political ideas. Kemp was considered the leader of the progressive conservatives who adhere to the hard right on social issues, but avoid protectionist fiscal and trade policy. In addition to Roth, he has had numerous political allies. At various times he collaborated with Newt Gingrich and Trent Lott on deregulation and tax cuts, collaborated with John McCain and Phil Gramm on tax cuts and spending restraints, legislated with and campaigned for Joseph Lieberman, and waged the war on poverty in the cabinet with James Pinkerton. Pete du Pont was another progressive conservative . Even after retiring from congress and after serving in the Cabinet, Kemp remained close to Gingrich, Lott, Vin Weber and Connie Mack. Kemp can also be credited as being a member of the Federal committee to promote Martin Luther King Day as a national holiday. In fact, with his very progressive voting record he has several civil rights leaders such as Benjamin Hooks, Andrew Young and Coretta Scott King and conservative Black intellectuals like Glenn C. Loury and Robert L. Woodson as supporters and friends. At times he boasted of having Democratic friends such as William H. Gray III, Charles B. Rangel and Robert Garcia. Ken Blackwell was one of Kemp's Deputy Secretaries while serving in Bush's cabinet. During the Reagan Presidency, when Kemp was able to effect tax cutting, one of the leading proponents of tax-cutting in the United States Senate was Democrat Bill Bradley, a former star athlete. Several American football players have followed Kemp to congress: Steve Largent, JC Watts, and Heath Shuler.

Kemp has been an outspoken opponent of the other version of football, known in the United States as soccer. In 1986 on the House floor during a debate concerning whether the United States should host the 1994 World Cup, Kemp famously proclaimed "I think it is important for all those young out there — who someday hope to play real football, where you throw it and kick it and run with it and put it in your hands — a distinction should be made that football is democratic capitalism, whereas soccer is a European socialist sport." Kemp has compared his speech to George Carlin's 1984 comedy routine on the differences between baseball and American football and has written that his "tongue was firmly planted in cheek" when making the speech. Despite the jocular nature of the speech, it continues to garner negative backlash to this day. However, he continues to insist that the main problem with soccer is "it doesn't have a quarterback". Kemp notes that about half of his grandchildren play or have played organized soccer and claims to have since 'changed' his position on soccer and even attended the 1994 FIFA World Cup with long time soccer fan Henry Kissinger, although he wrote during the 2006 World Cup that soccer can be interesting to watch but it is still a "boring game".

Presidential bid (1988)

Main article: Republican Party (United States) presidential primaries, 1988
File:Jackkemp1988brochure.gif
1988 Presidential campaign brochure

In 1988, if Kemp had succeeded when he surrendered his congressional seat to run for President of the United States, it would have made him the first person to move from the United States House of Representatives to the White House since James Garfield. When he formed his exploratory committee, he signed Ed Rollins, the political director of Ronald Reagan's 1984 re-election, as an advisor. From the outset, Kemp clearly had failed to position himself as the primary alternative to Vice President Bush. Except for a select few cognoscenti, the general public did not recognize Kemp's leadership ability, although he was a successful man of ideas. In fact, most of the Republican electorate found themselves entirely unfamiliar with Kemp at the beginning of his campaign. In addition, he was quickly perceived as a verbose speaker, who sometimes lost contact with his audience. Although Kemp tried to appeal to the conservatives, his libertarian philosophies of tolerance and individual rights got in the way of social and religious values, and he committed to attending to minorities, women, blue-collar workers and organized labor.

At about the time of the Gary Hart/Donna Rice scandal in May 1987, personal privacy became an issue because of a New York Times questionaire requesting things such as psychiatric records and access to FBI files from all 14 presidential candidates. Candidates from each party expressed opinions on both sides of the issue, and Kemp rejected the Times inquiry as "beneath the dignity of a presidential candidate". His campaign was on an early positive course with many early key endorsements in New Hampshire, but Vice President Bush held the support of much of the Republican establishment in New York. Although he had an eclectic mix of supporters, Kemp's campaign began borrowing against anticipated Federal matching funds because it was quickly in the red, which may have been due to the use of expensive direct mail fundraising technique. To offset his socially moderate stances, Kemp clarified his opposition to abortion, his support of the Strategic Defense Initiative and his support for a stronger military than that favored by Secretary of State George Shultz. In attempt to position himself as the successor to Reagan, Kemp at one point called for Shultz's resignation based on Kemp's claims that Shultz had neglected freedom fighters in Afghanistan and Nicaragua and had waffled on the Strategic Defense Initiative. Despite a platform covering the full range of political subjects, Kemp's primary campaign weapon was a fiscal policy based on tax cuts. As part of his fiscal policy, he opposed a social security benefits freeze and endorsed a freeze on government spending. Some viewed Kemp's supply-side stance as an attempt to ignore the national budget deficit. In the fall of 1987, political pundits clearly saw that Kemp needed to gain support from the far right on non-social issues. Kemp was among the majority of Republican candidates in opposition to Reagan's INF Treaty agreement with the Soviet Union's Mikhail Gorbachev despite general Republican voter approval of the treaty. With aspirations of support from the right-wing voters, all candidates with low levels of poll support for the nomination took this same "sabre-rattling" stand. By early 1988, the moderates (Bush and Dole) were clearly the front-runners and Kemp was battling with Pat Robertson as the conservative alternative to the moderates.

He used a somewhat negative advertising campaign that seemed to have the intended initial effect of boosting him to serious contention. His 1988 campaign was based on the platform of supply-side economics and inner-city enterprise zones. In Bare Knuckles and Back Rooms: My Life in American Politics (ISBN 0553067311, Broadway, 1997) by Kemp campaign chairman, Ed Rollins, Rollins described Kemp as a candidate with foibles. Kemp's campaign managers say he was unmanageable: He ignored timers on his speeches, refused to call contributors, and refused to practice for debates. A humbling Super Tuesday in which his 39 delegate total was fewer than eventual nominee and President George H. W. Bush, Bob Dole and Pat Robertson ended his campaign. After withdrawing from the race, he was still considered a contender for the Vice-President nomination. In 1994, Kemp's 1988 campaign reached a settlement with the Federal Election Commission by agreeing to pay $120,000 in civil penalties for 1988 campaign election law violations for, among other things, excessive contributions, improper direct corporate donations, press overbilling, exceeded spending limits in Iowa and in New Hampshire, and for failure to reimburse corporations for providing air transportation.

Cabinet (1989–1993)

As a bleeding-heart conservative, Kemp was a logical choice for George H. W. Bush as the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, whose job would be to foster public sector and private sector methods to meet the demands of public housing. However, the scandals of Samuel Pierce and the neglect of the president were obstacles from the start, and Kemp was unsuccessful at either of his major initiatives: enacting enterprise zones and promoting public housing tenant ownership. The goal of these two plans was to transition public housing into tenant owned residence and to lure both industry and business into inner cities with federal incentives. Kemp was partly at fault for not achieving either of his primary goals because he did not get along with the rest of the Cabinet. Although Kemp did not affect much policy as director of HUD, he did clean up its reputation, and he developed a plan to salvage the troubled Federal Housing Administration. He halted corrupt programs and changed their procedures as well as developed an antidrug offensive, which enabled him to collaborate with Bill Bennett. He was also a supporter of "Operation Clean Sweep" and similar movements to prohibit firearm possession in public housing.

Despite the fact that Kemp was able to push Bush to support a $4 billion housing program that encouraged public housing tenants to buy their own apartments, the Democratic Congress only allocated $361 million toward the plan. In addition to roadblocks in Congress, Kemp was constantly at odds with Director of the Office of Management and Budget (aka White House budget director), Richard Darman who opposed Kemp's proposed welfare reform to correct government offsets and his pet project HOPE (Homeownership and Opportunity for People Everywhere), which was intended to sell public housing units to their tenants. HOPE was first proposed to John Sununu, the White House chief of staff in June 1989 for the purpose of not only creating enterprise zones, but also expanding subsidies for low-income renters, social services for the homeless and elderly, and enacting tax changes to help first-time home buyers. Sununu shot it down at first and most of the cabinet voted it down, but Sununu, at the urging of United States Attorney General Dick Thornburgh, decided to encourage president Bush to sign on in August 1990 for Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force. However, the Persian Gulf War and the budget negotiations overshadowed Kemp's new project. Darman found himself battling Kemp and his allies such as Newt Gingrich, James Pinkerton, and Vin Weber. The budget left him with $256 million for his plan, which Kemp was able to increase during some appropriations battles. Soon after Clayton Yeutter was appointed chief White House domestic policy advisor, Kemp's Economic Empowerment Task Force was abolished. President Bush generally avoided the issue of federal antipoverty programs, and he instead used Kemp as a mouthpiece to deliver oratory on a conservative activist agenda that was given a low priority by the administration. By the time of the Los Angeles riots of 1992, Bush was a bit late in supporting enterprise zones, tenant ownership and welfare reform. Nonetheless, the riots made Kemp a focal point of the administration. However, Charles E. Schumer had probably summarized the prospects of Kemp's success in advance best when he said in 1989 "Good ideas with money can do a whole lot. Good ideas without money aren't probably going to do a whole lot," and the issue here was the decision not to fund Kemp's ideas.

Kemp was a bit of a surprise to stay as a member of the Bush Cabinet for the duration of his presidency, and he was described as one of the few Bush Administration members who would take any tough stands. By most measures, his time as Housing Secretary was considered unsuccessful. However, even though he could not get empowerment zones passed during his tenure, in 1994 $3.5 billion was approved for them. In 1992, with H. Ross Perot mounting a formidable campaign, Kemp was again considered a Vice Presidential candidate.

Post-HUD years (1993–1996)

As a public speaker between his time as Housing Secretary and his time as a Vice Presidential nominee, Kemp gave public speeches for $35,000 apiece. By 1994, Kemp had embarked on 241 fund-raising dinners to raise $35 million for a 1996 Presidential run and to pay of his 1988 campaign debts. Kemp personally earned $6.9 million in the first three years after stepping down from his $189,000 job as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, and the primary source of this income was for public speaking. He spoke mostly on behalf of local Republican candidates. In 1994, Kemp and William Bennett made waves by opposing California ballot Proposition 187, a measure to bar illegal immigrants from obtaining public services, in direct opposition to Pete Wilson, one of its endorsers. In January 1995, Kemp's stated reason for not entering the 1996 Republican Party presidential primaries was that his personal beliefs were out of balance with the contemporary Republican political landscape: Kemp opposed term limits, he always preferred tax cuts to anything resembling a balanced budget amendment and, unlike the most Republicans, favored federal incentives to combat urban poverty. He also noted a distaste for the extreme levels of fundraising necessary for a Presidential campaign. In 1995, while the world awaited the campaign decision announcement by Colin Powell, Kemp had positive thoughts on the prospect of such a campaign.

Kemp championed many issues including the flat tax, which he formally proposed after he was appointed to head a tax reform commission. Among the 1996 Republican Party candidates, both Steve Forbes and Phil Gramm proposed the flat tax. During the campaign, Kemp's endorsement was highly coveted. Forbes tried to get Kemp to run in 1996, but Kemp declined and in fact endorsed Forbes just as Dole was closing in on the nomination and just after Dole gained the endorsements of former contenders Lamar Alexander and Richard Lugar. Some feel the primary reason for the endorsement was to keep the idea of the flat tax alive. Many thought Kemp had destroyed his own political future with the endorsement, and Kemp profusely apologized to the Dole campaign offices.

Vice Presidential nomination (1996)

Bob Dole and Kemp on the cover of Time magazine with an inset of Mars
Main article: United States presidential election, 1996

On August 161996, the Republican Party chose Kemp as it's 1996 vice presidential nominee, running alongside former Senator Bob Dole. Kemp was seen as a means to attract conservative and libertarian-minded voters like those of tough nomination-challengers Steve Forbes and Pat Buchanan . In 1996, Bill Bennett declined the offer to be Dole's running mate, but suggested Kemp, a man described as Dole's antagonist. Kemp was chosen over Connie Mack, John McCain, and Carroll Campbell, and it is assumed that this was partly due to the fact that Kemp had several former staffers in influential positions as senior advisors to Bob Dole. In addition, Kemp's tax-cutting fiscal policy track record was seen as the perfect fit for the ticket. When Kemp became the running mate for Bob Dole in 1996, he appeared with Dole on the cover of the August 19 1996 Time Magazine, however the pair barely edged out the story of the discovery of life on Mars, which was so close to being the cover story that it was inset on the cover.

The two politicians had a storied history stemming from alternative perspectives and objectives. Dole was a longstanding conservative deficit-hawk who had even voted against John F. Kennedy's tax cuts, while Kemp was an outspoken supply sider. In the early 1980s, according to David Stockman, Kemp convinced Reagan to make a 30 percent across-the-board tax cut one of the central features of his 1980 presidential campaign. Once Reagan was elected, Dole was the Senate Finance Committee Chairman who Kemp claims resisted the plan every step of the way. Dole concedes he expressed reservations about the 1981 plan. The big confrontation came after the tax plan was approved and after Dole subsequently proposed tax increases (that he referred to as reforms). Kemp was vocal in his opposition to the reforms and even penned a New York Times op-ed piece, which enraged Dole. Dole convinced Reagan to sign on to the reforms causing Kemp to summon allies to meetings to stop the act, which eventually passed in 1982. At the 1984 Republican National Convention, Kemp, along with allies such as Gingrich and Lott, added a plank to the party platform that put President Reagan on record as ruling out tax increases. Gingrich called this action "Dole-proofing" the party platform, and the plank passed over Dole's opposition. Then, in 1985, Dole proposed an austere budget that barely passed in the senate with appendectomy patient Pete Wilson casting the tieing vote and Vice President George H. W. Bush casting the deciding vote. In meetings with the President that excluded Dole, Kemp reworked the budget to exclude crucial social security cutbacks. This is said to have been Dole's most crushing political defeat and to have contributed to the Republican loss of control of the Senate. During the 1988 Presidential election, the two antagonized each other. Their opposition became less relevant after Bush won and Kemp left Congress for the Cabinet. The two did not really cross paths again until 1996 when Kemp endorsed Dole's opponent Forbes on the eve of the New York Primary in March.

Dole despised Kemp's economic theories, but he felt Kemp-like tax cuts offered his best chance at electoral success. For his part, Kemp had to make concessions as well: he had to back expelling the children of illegal immigrants from public schools despite his longstanding opposition to Proposition 187 as well as mute his opposition to abolishing affirmative-action programs in California. However, Kemp was able to use the nomination to promote his opposition to Clinton's partial birth abortion ban veto. From the outset of their campaign, Dole-Kemp trailed, and they faced skeptics even from within the party. During the campaign, Kemp and Steve Forbes advocated for a stronger stand on tax cutting than Dole used. However, in general, the opinion was that Kemp was helpful to the ticket's chances of catching Bill Clinton. When Dole declined an invitation to speak National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, he had suggested Kemp as a substitute even before Kemp had been named as the Vice Presidential nominee because Kemp was the highest-profile progressive Republican. After receiving the nomination, Kemp became the ticket’s spokesman for minorities and the inner-city. Due to agreement on the self-help policy that Louis Farrakhan has endorsed in many fora including the Million Man March, Kemp in a sense aligned himself with Farrakhan. However, Farrakhan is perceived as being anti-Semitic, and Kemp is considered an ally of Republican Jews. This issue necessitated some political sidestepping. As the nominee, Kemp at times overshadowed Dole. In fact, more than once, Kemp was described as if he was the Presidential nominee. During the campaign, Kemp expressed the opinion that the Republican party leaders did not stand behind the ticket wholeheartedly.

1996 Dole-Kemp campaign logo

Gore and Kemp were long-time friends unlike Gore and his previous Vice-Presidential opponent Dan Quayle. Thus, as debaters they did not attempt personal attacks. In the final October 9 1996 Vice Presidential Debate against Al Gore (when the Dole-Kemp ticket was already trailing badly in the national polls), Kemp was said to have been soundly beaten. The debate ranged broadly in topics from the usual topics such as abortion, foreign policy to a discourse on an incident preceding the then-current baseball playoffs, in which Roberto Alomar, the Baltimore Orioles' second baseman, cursed and spat on an umpire. The discussion of the policy on Mexico was one of the more interesting topics for critical review. The Gore victory was not a surprise since Kemp had been outmatched by Gore in previous encounters, and Gore has a reputation as an experienced and vaunted debator.

Post-political life

Kemp, Sue Myrick, Phil English, and Mike Turner (c. May 2004)

His legacy includes the Kemp-Roth Tax Cut of the 1980s, also known as the first of the two "Reagan tax cuts". These served as the foundation of supply side economics known as Reaganomics. Many Republicans have endorsed this Laffer Curve view that the key to cutting the deficit is making the economy grow, which is best done by cutting taxes. Although George H. W. Bush referred to this philosophy as voodoo economics, even George W. Bush and his Treasury Secretary, John Snow, are a believers. In 1993, Kemp co-founded (with Bill Bennett and Jeane Kirkpatrick and with the financial backing of Theodore Forstmann) the free market advocacy group Empower America, which later merged with Citizens for a Sound Economy to form Freedom Works. He resigned as Co-Chairman of Freedom Works in March 2005 after he was questioned by the FBI about his ties to Samir Vincent, a Northern Virginia oil trader implicated in the U.N. Oil-for-food scandal who pled guilty to four criminal charges stemming from the scandal, including illegally acting as an unregistered lobbyist of the Iraqi government of Saddam Hussein. Testimony about Kemp became prominent in the trial. Also, Federal Bureau of Investigation informant Richard Fino tied Kemp to James Cosentino just weeks before the 1996 election.

By 1996, Kemp had been named a director of six corporate boards after leaving the government in 1993. He had been a director for Cyrix Corporation, American Bankers Insurance Group. Kemp has served on the board of Oracle Corporation (Nasdaq: ORCL), which is owned by friend Larry Ellison, since 1996 and was named to the board of Six Flags, Inc. (NYSE: SIX) in December 2005. He has also been a director for Hawk Corporation, IDT Corporation (NYSE: IDT), CNL Hotels and Resorts, Inc. and InPhonic, Inc. At IDT, Kemp opted not to stand for re-election in 2006. He also serves on the Habitat for Humanity Board of Directors. Kemp is the founder and chairman of Kemp Partners, a strategic consulting firm helping clients achieve both business and public policy goals.

Although mentioned as a possible 2000 presidential candidate, Kemp did not run, instead endorsing eventual winner George W. Bush. Kemp has continued his political advocacy for reform of taxation, Social Security and education. In addition to his fiscal and economic policies, Kemp advocated against abortion at the same time that congress was considering a bill banning partial-birth abortions. He also advocates for retired NFL veterans on issues such as cardiovascular screening, assisted living, disability benefits, and the recently approved joint replacement program. Furthermore, he advocates for reforming immigration laws.

In addition to corporate boards of directors, Kemp has served on several advisory boards. He serves on the UCLA School of Public Policy Advisory Board, and on the Toyota Diversity Advisory Board as well as the Howard University Board of Trustees, which he has served since 1993. On March 252003, Kemp was selected as Chairman of the Board of Directors of USA Football, a national advocacy group for amateur football created by the National Football League and the NFL Players Association. The organization supports Pop Warner, American Youth Football, Boys and Girls Clubs Of America, National Recreation and Park Association, Police Athletic League, YMCA and the AAU. He is also vice president of NFL Charities.

File:Russian Task 101.jpg
Kemp and John Edwards on Council on Foreign Relations

Kemp was among the prominent business and political leaders who pledged to raise money for the defense of Scooter Libby in 2005. In 2006, Kemp, along with another unsuccessful vice-presidential candidate, John Edwards, co-chaired the Council on Foreign Relations task force on Russia, producing a document called "Russia’s Wrong Direction: What the United States Can and Should Do".

As of May 2007, Kemp sat on the board of the Yellowstone Mountain Club, which is located in Template:City-state on 13,600 acres (21.3 sq mi; 55.0 km) in the Madison Range north of Yellowstone National Park with 60 ski runs. The Club is a private ski and golf resort where people have come from around the world to build vacation homes. Bill Gates and Dan Quayle are members, and Greg LeMond has accused founder, Timothy Blixseth, of borrowing hundreds of millions of dollars from the club without collateral. Membership, once approved, is $300,000 plus $16,000 annual dues for all members who own their land and homes. Blixseth, a close friend of Kemps, describes the club as resort with the a "wow factor" to even the extremely wealthy.

On January 6 2008, he endorsed John McCain in the 2008 Republican presidential primaries shortly before the New Hampshire primary, which was a surprise to many conservative Republican tax-cutters.

Books

In addition to authoring significant legislation as a congressman, Kemp has authored or co-authored several books:

  • An American Idea: Ending Limits to Growth, (ISBN , Goodrich, 1985)
  • An American Renaissance: Strategy for the 1980's, (ISBN 0-06-012283-8, Harper & Row, 1979)
  • The IRS v. The People, (ISBN 089195077X, Heritage Books, 2005) Authored by Ken Blackwell and edited by Kemp
  • Trusting the People : The Dole-Kemp Plan to Free the Economy and Create a Better America, (ISBN 0694518042 audiobook, ASIN B000OEV5RE HarperCollins, 1996) coauthored with Bob Dole, narrated by Christine Todd Whitman
  • Together We Can Meet the Challenge : Winning the Fight Against Drugs, (ISBN 9780788102721, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, 1994)
  • Pro Sports: Should the Government Intervene?, (ISBN 9780844720975, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1977)
  • 'U.S. By the Numbers: What's Left, Right & Wrong with America, (ISBN 9781892123145, Capital Books, Incorporated, 2000) with Raymond J. Keating, and Thomas N. Edmonds
  • Our Communities, Our Homes: Pathways to Housing and Homeownership in America's Cities and States, (ISBN 9780976148111, Joint Center for Housing Studies, 2007) with Henry G. Cisneros, Kent W. Colton, and Nicolas P. Retsinas
  • Reaganomics: Supply Side Economics in Action (ISBN 0870005057, 1981) by Bruce R Bartlett with Arthur Laffer

Kemp, who at the time of writing An American Renaissance was a newly converted supply-side economics convert, says the message is best summarized as saying that "A rising tide lifts all boats."

Kemp also wrote the foreword to several books:

  • Raoul Wallenberg: Angel of Rescue by Harvey Rosenfeld (ISBN 0879751770, Prometheus Books, 1982)
  • Best Editorial Cartoons of the Year: 1986 Edition by Charles Brooks (ed.) (ISBN 9780882896052, Pelican Publishing Company, Incorporated, 1986)
  • Leadership Is Common Sense by Herman Cain (ISBN 9781930819023, Tapestry Press, 2001)
  • Whole World's Watching: Decarbonizing the Economy and Saving the World by Martyn Turner and Brian O'Connell (ISBN 9780471499817, Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated, 2001)

See also

Notes

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  2. ^ Rosenbaum, David E. (1996-08-11). "A Passion for Ideas: Jack French Kemp". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  3. ^ May, Clifford D. (1988-12-20). "Man in the News; Theorist With a Heart; Jack French Kemp". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  4. ^ Stengel, Richard (1996-08-19). "Jack Be Nimble". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  21. Gruver, p. 55.
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  31. Gruver, p. 80.
  32. Gruver, pp. 82–83.
  33. ^ Maiorana (1994), p. 86.
  34. Gruver, p. 83.
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  37. Maiorana (1994), p. 96.
  38. Maiorana (1994), p. 104.
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  49. Gruver, p. 151.
  50. Maiorana (1994), p. 127.
  51. Maiorana (1994), pp. 136–37.
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  56. Maiorana (1994), p. 157.
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  97. Doemer, William (1984-08-27). "Party Time in Dallas". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-21. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  98. Kelly, James (1985-07-15). "Already Jockeying for Position". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-19. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  99. "In Their Own Words; Excerpts From the Remarks By Housing Secretary Kemp". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. 1992-08-19. Retrieved 2008-03-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  100. Scardino, Albert and Alan Finder (1985-11-03). "The Region; Jack Kemp's War Chest Grows". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  101. Leonhardt, David (2001-04-10). "Back in Business; Supply-Side Economists Regain Influence Under Bush". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  102. ^ Duffy, Michael (1992-11-16). "Divided They Fall (page 2)". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  103. Goldstein, Andrew (2000-11-20). "The Prickly Pragmatist". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  104. Leonhardt, David (2008-01-26). "McCain's Fiscal Mantra Becomes Less Is More". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  105. Medina, Jennifer (2006-08-30). "Lieberman Gains G.O.P. Ally But Loses a Democratic One". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  106. ^ Winerip, Michael (1996-08-12). "Kemp Brings Sense of Relief And Hope for Ohio's G.O.P." The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  107. ^ Traub, James (1989-05-09). "Jack Kemp Faces Reality". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  108. "Rising Republicans". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1996-08-19. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  109. "Comparing Tax Wish Lists". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1984-12-10. Retrieved 2008-03-20. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  110. Prabhakar, Rahul (2006-09-05). "Jack Kemp, Ten Years Later". Harvard Political Review. Retrieved 2008-03-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  111. ^ Waters, David (2006-07-12). "Jack Kemp is wrong; soccer is very democratic". Scripps Howard News Service. Retrieved 2008-03-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  112. ^ Gross, Daniel (2004-06-30). "The Capitalism of Soccer". Slate. Washington Post.Newsweek Interactive Co. LLC. Retrieved 2008-03-27. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  113. Demott, John S. (1987-03-09). "The High Jumper from St. Louis Missouri". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  114. "American Notes". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1986-12-15. Retrieved 2008-03-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  115. ^ "Iranscam's". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1987-01-19. Retrieved 2008-03-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  116. Barrett, Laurence I. (1987-01-19). "Rushing to An Early Kickoff". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  117. Zuckerman, Laurence (1987-06-22). "Full Disclosure, Semi-Outrage". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  118. Barrett, Laurence I. (1987-05-25). "Sounds of the Righteous Brothers". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  119. Barrett, Laurence I. (1987-07-20). "But Mike's Raking In Money". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-16. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  120. Barrett, Laurence I. (1987-03-02). "Tacking Further to the Right". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  121. Shapiro, Walter (1988-08-08). "Yes, There Are Issues". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  122. Shapiro, Walter (1987-09-14). "The Unreal Campaign". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  123. Griffith, Thomas (1987-12-14). "An Offer They Can Refuse". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  124. Shapiro, Walter (1987-11-09). "Yapping From The Right". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-14. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  125. May, Clifford D. (1988-02-16). "Three Candidates in 2 Parties Bracing for the Battle of Their Political Lives; Jack F. Kemp: The Congressman Has to Finish Third to Remain Credible". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  126. Stanley, Alessandra (1988-08-08). "Campaign Journal". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  127. Bruni, Frank (1996-09-03). "Kemp Tries to Rein In His Words". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  128. Lamar, Jacob V. (1988-08-08). "The Great G.O.P. Veepstakes Scoreboard". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-11. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  129. "Kemp Agrees to Pay Campaign Penalties". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. 1994-06-22. Retrieved 2008-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  130. Lamar, Jacob V. (1988-12-26). "A Clean Bill of Health". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  131. "New Supply Side for Jack Kemp". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. 1988-12-21. Retrieved 2008-03-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  132. ^ Holmes, Steven A. (1996-08-20). "Kemp's Legacy as Housing Secretary: One of Ideas, Not Accomplishments". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  133. Kramer, Michael (1992-05-11). "The Political Interest". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  134. Magnuson, Ed (1989-07-24). "Jack Be Nimble, Jack Be Quick". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  135. "Business Notes Mortgage Insurance". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1990-06-18. Retrieved 2008-03-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  136. "American Notes Housing". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1989-05-22. Retrieved 2008-03-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  137. ^ Prudhomme, Alex (1989-05-01). "Evicting The Drug Dealers". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  138. Sidey, Hugh (1989-01-23). "Back in the Bully Pulpit". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-10. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  139. Prudhomme, Alex (1991-06-17). "Firearms: Chicago's Uphill Battle". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  140. Goodgame, Dan (1992-05-18). "Bleeding-Heart Conservatives". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  141. "Smoldering Embers, Scared Politicians". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1992-05-18. Retrieved 2008-03-05. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  142. Deparle, Jason (1992-05-07). "After The Riots; As Los Angeles Smoke Lifts, Bush Can See Kemp Clearly". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  143. Ellis, David (1990-11-05). "Who's Next Out the Door?". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  144. Shannon, Elaine (1989-08-07). "A Loose Cannon's Parting Shot". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-06. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  145. "Clinton . . . $3.5 Billion for Empowerment Zones". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1994-12-21. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  146. Shapiro, Walter (1992-07-06). "Spelling Out The Job Specs". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  147. Fritsch, Jane (1996-09-06). "Kemp Earned $6.9 Million, Mostly as Speaker, Since '92". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  148. "The Week October 16-22". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1994-10-31. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Text "Adams, Kathleen, et al." ignored (help)
  149. "Public Eye Alienable Rights". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1994-10-31. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Text "Carlson, Margaret" ignored (help)
  150. "Kemp . . . Not Republican Enough". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1995-01-30. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  151. "Eyes on the Prize". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1995-02-13. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Text "Kramer, Michael" ignored (help)
  152. Lewis, Neil A. (1995-01-31). "Kemp Rejects Presidential Bid, Citing Dislike of Fund Raising". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  153. Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (1995-09-25). "Can He Stay on the Pedestal?". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  154. "Back in the Pocket". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1995-04-03. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  155. "Quayle in Dole Country". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1995-09-21. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  156. ^ Birnbaum, Jeffrey H. (1996-01-08). "Secrets of the Kemp Commission". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  157. "Who's the Flattest of Them All?". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1996-01-16. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  158. Berke, Richard L. (1996-01-31). "Politics: The Endorsements;Hopefuls Go a-Courtin' And Kemp Is the Prize". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  159. "Politics;Kemp Keeps His Neutrality". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. 1996-02-01. Retrieved 2008-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  160. "Kemp Backs Forbes". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1996-03-06. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  161. Tollerson, Ernest (1996-03-07). "Politics: Endorsement;Kemp Supports Forbes in Bid to Salvage Flat-Tax Plan as an Issue in the Campaign". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  162. ^ Nagourney, Adam (1996-08-16). "Kemp Gives Early Look At Strategy". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  163. Ayers, B. Drummond, Jr. (1996-08-15). "In New Role, Kemp Fights With His Past Over Ideology". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  164. Goodgame, Dan (1996-09-16). "The Chairman of Virtue". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  165. Lacayo, Richard and Michael Duffy (1996-08-19). "Punching Up The Ticket". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  166. "Gipper Junior On Deck?". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1996-08-08. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  167. Nagourney, Adam (1996-08-11). "Kemp Will See Familiar Faces in the Dole Camp". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  168. Stevenson, Richard W. (1996-08-11). "Kemp Fiscal Views Win Party's Heart". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  169. "Bob Dole, Jack Kemp / Time Cover". Time Covers. Time Inc. 1996-08-19. Retrieved 2008-02-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  170. Issacson, Walter (1996-08-19). "To Our Readers". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  171. ^ Kolbert, Elizabeth (1996-09-29). "Dole, in Choosing Kemp, Buried A Bitter Past Rooted in Doctrine". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  172. Gibbs, Nancy and Michael Duffy (1996-08-26). "A Spoonful of Sugar Helps the Medicine Go Down". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  173. "The Jack Kemp Reverse". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. 1996-08-15. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  174. ^ Nagourney, Adam (1996-08-19). "Kemp Attacks Clinton's Abortion Veto". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  175. "On The Road Again". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1996-08-16. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  176. "Dole Tries To Pep Up Terrified Troops". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1996-09-11. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  177. Lacayo, Richard (1996-11-18). "The Next Act". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  178. "Dole, Kemp and the G.O.P." Time magazine. Time Inc. 1996-09-09. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  179. "The Odd Couple". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1996-08-12. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  180. "How about Never?". Time magazine. Time Inc. 1996-07-09. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  181. Bruni, Frank (1996-08-29). "Kemp Stumps For the Votes Of Minorities". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  182. Gray, Jerry (1996-09-07). "Kemp Courts Harlem Voters With Open Arms, Little Hope". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  183. Gray, Jerry (1996-09-04). "In Inner-City Chicago, Kemp Makes Pitch for Black Votes". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  184. Rosenthal, A. M. (1996-10-15). "Kemp and Farrakhan". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  185. ^ Gray, Jerry (1996-09-11). "Kemp Lines Up Solidly Behind Netanyahu". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  186. Dorf, Matthew (1996-08-16). "Can GOP ticket overcome rightist platform? Kemp seen as ally on Jewish causes". J. the Jewish news weekly of Northern California. San Francisco Jewish Community Publications Inc.,. Retrieved 2008-04-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
  187. Firestone, David (1996-10-18). "Gore, Kemp and No Politics for Dinner". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  188. Gray, Jerry (1996-10-26). "Kemp Hits Back at Republicans Who Despair". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  189. Gray, Jerry (1996-10-09). "Gore and Kemp Practice Jabs for Tonight's Encounter". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  190. Carlson, Margaret (1996-10-28). "A Case of Mud Lust". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  191. Goodgame, Dan (1996-10-21). "From Savior to Scapegoat". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  192. Clines, Francis X. (1996-10-10). "Economy Dominates Kemp-Gore Debate". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  193. "Excerpts From Debate Between Vice President Gore and Jack Kemp". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. 1996-10-10. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  194. DePalma, Anthony (1996-10-11). "Both Kemp and Gore Erred in Debate Over Policy on Mexico". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  195. Berke, Richard L. (2000-08-27). "The Nation; Surprise! Debates May Matter. And Help Bush". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-15. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  196. Rosenbaum, David E. (2003-05-18). "Economic View; Name That Tune About Tax Cuts". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  197. Frantz, Douglas (1996-09-01). "Influential Group Brought Into Campaign by Kemp". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  198. Hesnball, Mark; Isikoff, Michael (2005-04-25). "Oil-For-Food: How Much Did Boutros-Ghali Hear?". Newsweek, Inc. Retrieved 2008-02-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  199. Feuer, Alan (2007-09-20). "Of Many Characters Mentioned at Oil-for-Food Trial, the Most Prominent Is Dead". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  200. Novak, Viveca (1996-09-30). "Singing Another Tune". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  201. Norris, Floyd (1996-08-18). "Jack Kemp: A Director With No Shares". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  202. Ramo, Joshua Cooper; Jackson, David S. (1997-05-12). "The Prince of San Mateo". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  203. "Six Flags no longer for sale; Kemp a director". Buffalo BusinessFirst. American City Business Journals, Inc. 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2008-03-04. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  204. "Six Flags Ends Sale Process; Appoints Mark Shapiro CEO; Jack Kemp, Harvey Weinstein and Michael Kassan Join Board". Business Wire. CNET Networks, Inc. 2005-12-14. Retrieved 2008-02-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  205. Siklos, Richard (2006-11-05). "Openers: Suits; Culling the Board". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  206. ^ "Trustees' Biographies". Howard University. Retrieved 2008-04-03.
  207. Provost, Taran (1997-05-05). "Round Two". Time magazine. Time Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  208. Litsky, Frank (2007-12-11). "Rehab Plan Announced for N.F.L.'s Ex-Players". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-01. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  209. Greenhouse, Steven (2000-05-16). "Coalition Urges Easing of Immigration Laws". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-08. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  210. Lichtblau, Eric (2005-11-19). "Top Names Aid Fund for Libby". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-02. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  211. Darman, Jonathan (2006-01-09). "Candidates: Crisscrossing Paths". Newsweek Magazine. Retrieved 2008-03-18. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  212. Edwards, John; Kemp, Jack (2006). "Russia's Wrong Direction: What The United States Can And Should Do" (PDF). Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. Retrieved 2008-03-03.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  214. Dominus, Susan (2006-03-05). "Club Med for the Multimillionaire Set". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. Retrieved 2008-03-17. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  215. "Tax cutter cuts a choice". The Washington Times, LLC. 2008-01-10. Retrieved 2008-02-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

References

  • Clinton, Bill (2005). My Life. Vintage. ISBN 1-4000-3003-X.
  • Foer, Franklin (2004). How Soccer Explains the World. Harper.
  • Gruver, Ed (1997). The American Football League: A Year-by-Year History, 1960-1969, McFarland & Company, Inc., ISBN 0-7864-0399-3.
  • Lodge, George (2000). "The Reagan Plan". Harvard Business School 9-381-173.
  • Maiorana, Sal (1994). Relentless: The Hard-hitting History of Buffalo Bills Football, Quality Sports Publications, ISBN 1-885758-00-6.
  • Maiorana, Sal (2000). Relentless: The Hard-hitting History of Buffalo Bills Football, Volume II Quality Sports Publications, ISBN 1-885758-17-0.

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