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| ⚫ | The '''Hattians''' were an ancient people who inhabited the land of ] in present-day central and southeastern parts of ], ]. The Hattian civilisation was situated between 2500 - 2000/1700 BC in the Early and Middle ]. | ||
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| ⚫ | ] and ca. 1290 BC neighbours the Egyptian empire (green)]] | ||
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| ⚫ | The '''Hattians''' were an ancient people who inhabited the land |
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| As the Hattians didn't have a written language (in other words : they were proto-historic), one has to rely on indirect sources or statements by other peoples. Hattian leaders probably used ]s writing in ] to conduct business with Mesopotamia. | As the Hattians didn't have a written language (in other words : they were proto-historic), one has to rely on indirect sources or statements by other peoples. Hattian leaders probably used ]s writing in ] to conduct business with Mesopotamia. | ||
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| The oldest name for Anatolia, "Land of the Hatti" was found for the first time on ] ] tablets from the period of the ] dynasty (2350-2150 BC). On those tablets Assyrian traders implored the help of the Akkadian king ]. This appellation continued to exist for about 1500 years till 630 BC, as stated in Assyrian chronicles. | The oldest name for Anatolia, "Land of the Hatti" was found for the first time on ] ] tablets from the period of the ] dynasty (2350-2150 BC). On those tablets Assyrian traders implored the help of the Akkadian king ]. This appellation continued to exist for about 1500 years till 630 BC, as stated in Assyrian chronicles. | ||
| They eventually merged with or were replaced by the ], who spoke the Indo-European ]. | They spoke a non-Indo-European language of uncertain affiliation called ] (now believed by some scholars to be related to the ] language group).<ref> Bryce, Trevor The Kingdom of the Hittites (1998) Oxford University Press, pp.</ref> They eventually merged with or were replaced by the ], who spoke the Indo-European ]. | ||
| The Hattians may have been connected, in language and proximity, to the ]/''Kardu''. | |||
| ⚫ | ] and ca. 1290 BC neighbours the Egyptian empire (green)]] | ||
| The use of the word "Proto-Hittite" instead of Hattians is inaccurate. This would imply that the Hittites evolved from the Hattians, which is completely false. The Hittites were an ], ethnically and linguistically distinct from the Hattians. However, the term "Land of the Hatti" was so ingrained that the Hittites continued to use it when referring to their own country. | The use of the word "Proto-Hittite" instead of Hattians is inaccurate. This would imply that the Hittites evolved from the Hattians, which is completely false. The Hittites were an ], ethnically and linguistically distinct from the Hattians. However, the term "Land of the Hatti" was so ingrained that the Hittites continued to use it when referring to their own country. | ||
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| The Hattians were organised in city-states and small kingdoms. These cities were well organized and ruled as ] principalities. Even as they were taken over one by one by the conquering Hittites after 2200 BC, the Hattians continued to form the major portion of the population. | The Hattians were organised in city-states and small kingdoms. These cities were well organized and ruled as ] principalities. Even as they were taken over one by one by the conquering Hittites after 2200 BC, the Hattians continued to form the major portion of the population. | ||
| The influence of their culture was such that the Hittites took over much of their religion and mythology. The principal deities of the Hittites were likely adopted from the Hattian religion, such as the Sun Goddess, her husband the Storm God and their children |
The influence of their culture was such that the Hittites took over much of their religion and mythology. The principal deities of the Hittites were likely adopted from the Hattian religion, such as the Sun Goddess, her husband the Storm God and their children Nerik and Zippalanda, their daughter Nezullaš and their grandchild Zentiš, and also Telipinu, his wife Hatepinuš, and the goddesses Zithariyaš, Karziš and Hapantalliyaš, and possibly Inaraš, although the last may have an ] origin if it reflects a derivation of the root *h2ner-/*aner-, "strong, virile"). The Hattian civilization may also have given rise to the Hittite legend of ] and ], although similar legends are found in many Indo-European cultures (] and ], ] and ], ] and ], ] and ], and even the medieval ]). | ||
| The Hattians and the Hittites even looked different. Egyptian depictions of the ] show long-nosed soldiers, while their leaders look different. A gold and silver statuette of a long-nosed Hattian woman can be seen in the ] in Ankara, Turkey. It was found in Hasanoğlan and it dates from the end of the third millennium BC. | The Hattians and the Hittites even looked different. Egyptian depictions of the ] show long-nosed soldiers, while their leaders look different. A gold and silver statuette of a long-nosed Hattian woman can be seen in the ] in Ankara, Turkey. It was found in Hasanoğlan and it dates from the end of the third millennium BC. | ||
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Revision as of 15:05, 18 May 2008
The Hattians were an ancient people who inhabited the land of Hatti in present-day central and southeastern parts of Anatolia, Asia Minor. The Hattian civilisation was situated between 2500 - 2000/1700 BC in the Early and Middle Bronze Age.
As the Hattians didn't have a written language (in other words : they were proto-historic), one has to rely on indirect sources or statements by other peoples. Hattian leaders probably used scribes writing in Assyrian to conduct business with Mesopotamia.
The oldest name for Anatolia, "Land of the Hatti" was found for the first time on Mesopotamic cuneiform tablets from the period of the Akkadian dynasty (2350-2150 BC). On those tablets Assyrian traders implored the help of the Akkadian king Sargon. This appellation continued to exist for about 1500 years till 630 BC, as stated in Assyrian chronicles.
They spoke a non-Indo-European language of uncertain affiliation called Hattic (now believed by some scholars to be related to the Northwest Caucasian language group). They eventually merged with or were replaced by the Hittites, who spoke the Indo-European Hittite language.
The Hattians may have been connected, in language and proximity, to the Khaldi/Kardu.
The use of the word "Proto-Hittite" instead of Hattians is inaccurate. This would imply that the Hittites evolved from the Hattians, which is completely false. The Hittites were an Indo-European people, ethnically and linguistically distinct from the Hattians. However, the term "Land of the Hatti" was so ingrained that the Hittites continued to use it when referring to their own country.
The Hattians were organised in city-states and small kingdoms. These cities were well organized and ruled as theocratic principalities. Even as they were taken over one by one by the conquering Hittites after 2200 BC, the Hattians continued to form the major portion of the population.
The influence of their culture was such that the Hittites took over much of their religion and mythology. The principal deities of the Hittites were likely adopted from the Hattian religion, such as the Sun Goddess, her husband the Storm God and their children Nerik and Zippalanda, their daughter Nezullaš and their grandchild Zentiš, and also Telipinu, his wife Hatepinuš, and the goddesses Zithariyaš, Karziš and Hapantalliyaš, and possibly Inaraš, although the last may have an Indo-European origin if it reflects a derivation of the root *h2ner-/*aner-, "strong, virile"). The Hattian civilization may also have given rise to the Hittite legend of Teshub and Illuyankas, although similar legends are found in many Indo-European cultures (Indra and Vrtra, Zeus and Typhon, Thor and Jörmungandr, Sigurd and Fafnir, and even the medieval Saint George and the Dragon).
The Hattians and the Hittites even looked different. Egyptian depictions of the Battle of Kadesh show long-nosed soldiers, while their leaders look different. A gold and silver statuette of a long-nosed Hattian woman can be seen in the Museum of Anatolian Civilizations in Ankara, Turkey. It was found in Hasanoğlan and it dates from the end of the third millennium BC.
Footnotes
- Bryce, Trevor The Kingdom of the Hittites (1998) Oxford University Press, pp.
References
Akurgal, Ekrem - The Hattian and Hittite Civilizations; Publications of the Republic of Turkey; Ministry of Culture; 2001; 300 pages; ISBN 975-17-2756-1