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Dr. Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson (born March 28, 1941 as Jeffrey Lloyd Masson in Chicago, Illinois) is an American residing in New Zealand. Masson is the author of The Assault on Truth, a book arguing that Sigmund Freud may have changed his mind about his "seduction theory" because he feared that granting the truth of his female patients' reports about sexual abuse would hinder the acceptance of his psychoanalytic methods. He has also written about animals and animal rights. He is married to Leila Masson, a pediatrician. They have two children: Ilan and Manu. He also has a daughter, Simone, from a previous marriage.

Life and work

Jeffrey Masson was born into an American Jewish family. His mother Diana (Dina) Zeiger comes from a strictly Ashkenazi Orthodox Jewish family. His father, Jacques Moussaieff, was a Bukharian Jew (both parents from Bukhara), his family being Sephardic-observant Mizrahis. Both were followers of the British mystic Paul Brunton. During the 1940s and 1950s, Brunton often lived with them, eventually designating their son as his heir apparent. In 1956, Diana and Jacques Masson moved to Uruguay because Brunton believed that a third world war was imminent. Jeffrey and Linda Masson followed in 1959. At Brunton's urging, Masson went to Harvard University to study Sanskrit. While at Harvard, Masson became disillusioned with Brunton. Brunton and his influence and the Masson family form the subject of Masson's autobiographical book My Father's Guru: A Journey Through Spirituality and Disillusion.

Harvard University granted Masson a B.A. in 1964 and a Ph.D. with Honors in 1970. His degrees were in Sanskrit and Indian Studies. While undertaking his Ph.D., Masson also studied, supported by fellowships, at the Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris, the University of Calcutta, and the University of Poona. He taught Sanskrit and Indian Studies at the University of Toronto, 1969-80, reaching the rank of Professor. He has also held short term appointments at Brown University, the University of California, and the University of Michigan. From 1981 to 1992, he was a Research Associate, Department of South and Southeast Asian Studies, at the University of California at Berkeley. He is currently an Honorary Fellow in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Auckland in New Zealand.

In 1970, Masson began studying to become a psychoanalyst at the Toronto Psychoanalytic Institute, completing a full clinical training course in 1978. During this time, he befriended the psychoanalyst Kurt Eissler and became acquainted with Sigmund Freud's daughter Anna Freud. Eissler designated Masson to succeed him as Director of the Sigmund Freud Archives after his and Anna Freud's death. Masson learned German and studied the history of psychoanalysis. In 1980 Masson was appointed Projects Director of the Freud Archives, with full access to Freud's correspondence and other unpublished papers. While perusing this material, Masson concluded that Freud might have rejected his so-called seduction theory in order to advance the cause of psychoanalysis and to maintain his own place within the psychoanalytic inner circle. Masson's actions, along with those of Kurt Eissler and Peter Swales, form the subject of In the Freud Archives, an article in the New Yorker by Janet Malcolm, which she expanded into a book.

In 1981, Masson's controversial conclusions were discussed in a series of New York Times articles by Ralph Blumenthal, to the dismay of the psychoanalytic establishment. Masson was subsequently dismissed from his position as project director of the Freud Archives and stripped of his membership in psychoanalytic professional societies. Masson was helped by Alice Miller.

He later wrote several books critical of psychoanalysis, psychotherapy and psychiatry, including The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. In the introduction to The Assault on Truth, Masson admitted that, "My pessimistic conclusions may possibly be wrong. The documents may in fact allow a very different reading." Janet Malcolm interviewed Masson at length when writing her long New Yorker article on this controversy. Masson sued the New Yorker for defamation, claiming that Malcolm had misquoted him. The ensuing trial drew considerable attention.The decade-long, $US10 million lawsuit came to a close when the court ruled in Malcolm's favour.

In 1985 Masson edited the complete letters between Freud and Fliess after having convinced Anna Freud to make all of them available (and after having done the translation by himself). He also looked up the original places and documents in Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, where Freud had studied with Charcot. Masson wrote in his 1990 book Final Analysis: The Making and Unmaking of a Psychoanalyst that people used to be very interested in himself, but as far as the cause was concerned there is silence from the scientific community.

1998 edition of The Assault on Truth

In 1998, Masson published a revised edition of The Assault on Truth, containing a new postscript. The postscript discussed what Masson saw as a transformation of attitudes toward child sexual abuse. Masson expressed his concern that some of the therapists now claiming to be experts in healing its effects had previously denied that it existed. Masson mentioned the retrieval of memories in therapy, writing that he regarded false memories as rare but not non-existent. Masson pointed to media attention given to this phenomenon. Masson wrote that, "Too many people writing about this state of affairs have blamed Freud for creating the climate in which these false memories can proliferate, because he believed throughought his life in the reality of the repression of memories, and because for a brief period of his life, he believed in the reality of child sexual abuse."

Masson declared that he considered this criticism of the early Freud wrong, and selected Richard Webster's Why Freud Was Wrong as a representative example to which to respond, addressing the comments in its afterword Freud's False Memories: Psychoanalysis and the Recovered Memory Movement. Masson criticised Webster for placing the blame for the interest in recovered memory primarily on him and Judith Herman. Masson wrote that, "...my interest in writing The Assault on Truth had nothing to do with the recovery of memories." Masson then criticised Webster for unjustifiably concluding that there is no evidence that Freud's patients had been abused, and that Freud had in fact forced memories of abuse on them. Masson countered this by pointing out that there was not enough evidence of precisely how Freud conducted his therapy between 1895 and 1900 to draw this conclusion.

Masson criticised Webster's statement that "there is no evidence that any of the patients who came to Freud without memories of sexual abuse had ever suffered from such abuse", by pointing to evidence in Freud's 1896 paper "The Aetiology of Hysteria". The paper included a passage which Masson quoted to show that Freud believed he did have objective proof of sexual abuse. Masson then accused Webster of making a logical error, moving from the claim that there was no evidence of abuse to the claim that abuse had not occured.

An examination of the section in Webster's Why Freud Was Wrong in which he discusses Masson's The Assault on Truth indicates that his comments refer specifically to Freud's claims in his 1896 papers, namely, that for every one of eighteen current patients he had uncovered unconscious memories of infantile sexual abuse occurring mostly below the age of four. (Freud had not reported any cases of infantile sexual abuse, and very few cases of sexual abuse of any kind, prior to his reporting to Wilhelm Fliess his new theory in October 1895.) Webster does not argue that Freud forced memories of abuse on the patients in question: rather he writes that, with the aid of the coercive clinical procedure he was using at that time, Freud endeavoured to induce his patients to "reproduce" scenes of early childhood sexual abuse which "he himself had reconstructed from their symptoms or their associations".

In contrast to Masson's view, Webster writes that "there is a great deal of evidence, most of it in Freud's own frank and astonishing words, that he went out of his way to persuade, encourage and cajole" the patients in question, and noted that, for instance, Freud himself referred to "the strongest compulsion of the treatment", while the patients continued to assure Freud "emphatically" of their "unbelief" that they had experienced sexual abuse in infancy.

In relation to Masson's quoting in his 1998 Postscript that Freud stated he had been able to obtain an objective confirmation in two instances, this claim has been criticised on the grounds that no data are provided by Freud to justify what are described as contentions the reader must take on faith.

Webster words indicate that, while he writes that there is no evidence of sexual abuse in the case of the patients reported in the 1896 papers, he does not say either as a generality, or unequivocally, that no abuse had occurred for Freud's early patients. What he says is that for the patients in question, who had come to Freud without memories of sexual abuse, there is strong evidence that the "actual material" of the analyses (which Freud never published) that had provided support for his claim to have uncovered infantile sexual abuse "scenes" for all these patients was obtained by means of coercive clinical procedures. Esterson (talk) 10:19, 22 September 2008 (UTC)

Recent work

Since the early 1990s, Masson has written several books on the emotional life of animals, one of which, When Elephants Weep, has been translated into 20 languages. He also wrote a book about his new home country New Zealand, including an interview with Sir Edmund Hillary. Among other things, Masson and Hillary talk about Alexandra David-Neel and the story of her Tulpa, both of them having read her books Magic and Mystery in Tibet, Initiation and Initiates in Tibet and My Journey to Lhasa. Masson says that at the age of 16, in 1957, he met her in her country house in the south of France, in Digne.

Masson was once engaged to the feminist legal scholar Catharine A. MacKinnon, who wrote the preface to A Dark Science: Women, Sexuality and Psychiatry in the Nineteenth Century. Masson explains why he changed so radically the subject of his writing career:

I'd written a whole series of books about psychiatry, and nobody bought them. Nobody liked them. Nobody. Psychiatrists hated them, and they were much too abstruse for the general public. It was very hard to make a living, and I thought, As long as I'm not making a living, I may as well write about something I really love: animals.

In his Note on U.G. Masson shows that besides animals, he loves wise human beings.

The main reason for this fascination is the person in front of me, U.G. Krishnamurti himself. For while he abjures every single attribute of the guru, he also speaks of a strange life. Bizarre things have happened to him that have not happened to other ordinary people (but are strangely parallel to mystic experiences in reverse): he had a "catastrophe" that nearly killed him physically. He speaks of it obscurely. Other mystics are "illuminated". He is anti-illuminated, powerfully. Everything he is is calculated to be as unlike the traditional guru as possible. And yet, even if for the opposite reason, he, too, has no desires, he does not sleep, he does not dream, he eats no meat. There is some compelling purity about him, some way in which he captures a kind of longing that we all seem to have for a genuinely wise human being. I would not be afraid to characterize U.G. as a man of wisdom, not quite like the one described in the Bhagavadgita (the Sthitaprajña) but not entirely unlike him either. A paradox, a wonder, a marvel, a fine human being.

In an interview, "Doctor Jeffrey Masson", he said:

I haven't lost my interest in trauma, in poverty, social justice, in human rights. These things are all important to me. And they all feel to me part of the same thing - it's the ability to see through the way we've been acculturated, usually to believe some lie or other that gets us by. It's that desire to penetrate that lie, to go beyond that barrier and discover what is the case. Whatever it's about there are no end to things that if you look behind and you think about them more deeply, you eventually reach a truth . That is what I believe. The problem is my truth is not your truth. It's very difficult, but I think we must spend our life searching for that truth.

Writings by Masson

Masson bibliography.

• 1974. "India and the Unconscious: Erik Erikson on Gandhi," International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 55: 519-26/ Discussion of this scholarly paper by T. C. SINHA, CALCUTTA, Int. J. Psycho-Anal. (1974) 55, 527
• 1976. "Perversions-some observations", Israel Ann. Psychiat. rel. Disc., (1976b), 14, 354-361
• 1978. "Buried Memories on the Acropolis. Freud's Relation to Mysticism and Anti-Semitism", International Journal of Psycho-Analysis 59 (1978): 199-208. (Jeffrey Masson und Terri C. Masson)
• 1980. The Oceanic Feeling: The Origins of Religious Sentiment in Ancient India. (Table of contents)
• 1981. The Peacock's Egg: Love Poems from Ancient India, W. S. Merwin and J. Moussaieff Masson, eds. ISBN 0-86547-059-6
• 1984. The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. Farrar Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0-374-10642-8
• 1984. Freud and the Seduction Theory A challenge to the foundations of psychoanalysis The Atlantic Monthly | February 1984
• 1985. The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess, 1887-1904, (editor) ISBN 0-674-15420-7
• 1986. A Dark Science: Women, Sexuality and Psychiatry in the Nineteenth Century. ISBN 0-374-13501-0, last edition 1988
• 1988. Against Therapy: Emotional Tyranny and the Myth of Psychological Healing. ISBN 0-689-11929-1
• 1990. Final Analysis: The Making and Unmaking of A Psychoanalyst. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-52368-X, new edition 2003
• 1993. My Father's Guru: A Journey Through Spirituality and Disillusion, Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-56778-4
• Dogs Never Lie About Love: Reflections on the Emotional World of Dogs.
• 1995. When Elephants Weep: The Emotional Life of Animals.
• The Pig Who Sang to the Moon: The Emotional World of Farm Animals.
• The Nine Emotional Lives of Cats: A Journey Into the Feline Heart. ISBN 0345448820
• The Cat Who Came in from the Cold. Wheeler. ISBN 1587249146
• The Emperors Embrace Reflections on Animal Families and Fatherhood.
• The Evolution of Fatherhood: A Celebration of Animal and Human Families.
• Raising the Peaceable Kingdom: What Animals Can Teach Us about the Social Origins of Tolerance and Friendship.
• Lost Prince : The Unsolved Mystery of Kaspar Hauser.
• Sex and Yoga: Psychoanalysis and the Indian Religious Experience in: VISHNU ON FREUD'S DESK : A Reader in Psychoanalysis and Hinduism, T.G. Vaidyanathan & Jeffrey J. Kripal (editors): , Oxford University Press, ISBN 0195658353, Paperback (Edition: 2003)
• Slipping into Paradise: Why I live in New Zealand. ISBN 0-345-46634-9
• 2006. Altruistic Armadillos - Zen-Like Zebras: A Menagerie of 100 Favorite Animals. ISBN 978-0-345-47881-8 (0-345-47881-9)
• undated, about the book of Andrew Cohen's mother Luna Tarlo
• 1995 A Note on U.G. Krishnamurti

Book reviews

• The Original Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904
• 1988. Against Therapy, by Jeanne Stubbs
• 1988. Against Therapy, by Wray Herbert
• Review by: Michael Sacks Final Analysis
• Breaking Away From the Cult Final Analysis

References

3. "Did Freud's Isolation Lead Him to Reverse Theory on Neurosis?" by Ralph Blumenthal, New York Times, August 25, 1981
4. "Freud Archives Research Chief Removed in Dispute Over Yale Talk" by Ralph Blumenthal, New York Times November 9, 1981
5. Masson, Jeffrey (1992). The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Harper Perennial. pp. pp. xxxv. ISBN 0-06-097457-5. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
6. David Margolick (1994-11-03). "Psychoanalyst Loses Libel Suit Against a New Yorker Reporter". The New York Times. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |work= (help)
7. SMH article October 6, 2007
8. History of La Salpêtrière
9. 1990. Final Analysis: The Making and Unmaking of a Psychoanalyst. Addison-Wesley. ISBN 0-201-52368-X.
10. Masson, Jeffrey (1998). The Assault on Truth: Freud's Suppression of the Seduction Theory. New York: Pocket Books. pp. pp. 320-322. ISBN 0-671-02571-6. {{cite book}}: |pages= has extra text (help)
11. Webster, 1995, p. 516; pp. 200-210.
12. Freud, Standard Edition</>, vol. 3, 1896c, "The Aetiology of Hysteria", pp. 204-208, 212; Schimek, J. G. (1987). Fact and Fantasy in the Seduction Theory: a Historical Review. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, xxxv: 937-65; Israëls, H. and Schatzman, M. (1993) The Seduction Theory. History of Psychiatry, iv: 23-59.
13. Freud, Standard Edition, vol. 2, 1895, Studies on Hysteria; vol. 3, 1895, "Obsessions and phobias: Their psychical mechanism and their aetiology", pp. 71-82; Esterson, A. (2001). The mythologizing of psychoanalytic history: deception and self deception in Freud’s accounts of the seduction theory episode. History of Psychiatry, Vol. 12 (3), pp. 329-352.
14. Masson, J. M. (editor) (1985). The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess 1887-1904. ed. and trans. J. M. Masson. Harvard University Press, pp. 141, 144; Webster (1995), p. 200.
15. Esterson, A. (1998). Jeffrey Masson and Freud’s seduction theory: a new fable based on old myths. History of the Human Sciences, 11 (1), pp. 1-21; Eissler, K. R. (2001) Freud and the Seduction Theory: A Brief Love Affair. International Universities Press, p. 115.
16. Webster (1995), p. 517; Paul, R. A. (1985). Freud and the Seduction Theory: A Critical Examination of Masson’s The Assault on Truth, Journal of Psychoanalytic Anthropology, vol. 8, pp.161-187; Toews, J.E. (1991). Historicizing Psychoanalysis: Freud in His Time and for Our Time, Journal of Modern History, vol. 63 (pp. 504-545); Eissler, 2001, pp. 107-117.
17. Webster, 1996, p. 517; Smith, D. L. (1991). Hidden Conversations: An Introduction to Communicative Psychoanalysis., Routledge, pp. 9-10; Eissler, K. R. (2001), pp. 115-116.
18. Freud, S.E. 3., 1896c, p. 204; Webster, 1996, p. 202; Esterson (1998); McNally, R.J. (2003), Remembering Trauma, Harvard University Press, p. 163.
19. Masson, 1998, pp. 321-322.
20. Smith, 1991, pp. 3-15; Esterson, A. (1998).
21. Freud, S.E. 3, 1896b, p. 162; Freud, 1896c, p. 203; Freud, S.E. 7, 1905, p. 7; Esterson (2001); McCullough, M.L. (2001). Freud's seduction theory and its rehabilitation: A saga of one mistake after another. Review of General Psychology, vol. 5, no. 1: 3-22; Triplett, H. (2005). The Misnomer of Freud's "Seduction Theory", Journal of the History of Ideas, 2005, University of Pennsylvania Press.
22. Webster, 1996, pp. 203-204, 517; Eissler, 2001, p. 115.
23. chapter seven of Slipping into Paradise "A Conversation with a Great Ordinary Kiwi:Sir Edmund Hillary"
24. Powells.com Interviews - Jeffrey Masson
25. Review
26. Table of Contents

• 1941 births
• American writers
• Animal rights movement
• Bukharan Jews
• Jewish American writers
• Living people
• New Zealand writers