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| {{Infobox Former Country | {{Infobox Former Country | ||
| |native_name = | |native_name = Königriek Lyffland | ||
| |conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Livonia | |conventional_long_name = Kingdom of Livonia | ||
| |status = ] ] of the ] | |status = ] ] of the ] (independent at the time the capital was ]) | ||
| |common_name = Livonia | |common_name = Livonia | ||
| |capital = None | |||
| |continent = Europe | |continent = Europe | ||
| |region = Nordic countries | |region = Nordic countries | ||
| Line 11: | Line 10: | ||
| |date_start = | |date_start = | ||
| |date_end = | |date_end = | ||
| |event_start = |
|event_start = | ||
| |event_end = |
|event_end = | ||
| |p1 = Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | |||
| |p1 = | |||
| |flag_p1= | |flag_p1= Choragiew Krakowska.png | ||
| |s1 = Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth | |||
| |s1 = | |||
| |flag_s1= | |flag_s1= Choragiew Krakowska.png | ||
| |image_flag = | |image_flag = Flag of et-Parnu.svg | ||
| |image_coat = | |image_coat = | ||
| |image_map = LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg | |image_map = LIVONIAE_NOVA_DESCRIPTIO_1573-1578.jpg | ||
| |image_map_caption = ], as shown in the map of ] of ]. | |image_map_caption = ], as shown in the map of ] of ]. | ||
| |religion= | |religion= ] | ||
| |capital = ], ] | |||
| |government_type = Declared titular monarchy, no territorial control or sovereignty ever established | |||
| |government_type = Monarchy | |||
| |legislature = | |legislature = | ||
| |title_leader= King of Livonia | |title_leader= King of Livonia | ||
| |leader1 = ] | |leader1 = ] | ||
| |year_leader1 = | |year_leader1 = 1570-1578 | ||
| |title_deputy = | |title_deputy = | ||
| |deputy1 = | |deputy1 = | ||
| |year_deputy1 = | |year_deputy1 = | ||
| |common_languages= ]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>]<br>] | |||
| |common_languages= | |||
| |currency = Livonian ]<br>]? | |||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''Kingdom of Livonia''' was a nominally declared state by ] during the ]. On ] ] the Danish |
The '''Kingdom of Livonia''' was a short-lived (]–]) northern European ] in ], territory of modern ] and ]. It was situated north of the ], west of ], east of ], and bordered the ]. The Kingdom of Livonia was a nominally declared state by ] during the ]. On ] ] the Danish Duke Magnus of Holstein arrived in Moscow where he was crowned as King of Livonia. Magnus took the oath of allegiance to Ivan as his overlord and received from the corresponding charter for the vassal kingdom of Livonia in what Ivan termed his patrimony. The treaty between Magnus and Ivan IV was signed by an ] and by a member of the ''zemskii'' administration, the ] ]. The territories of the new kingdom still had to be conquered. The new king Magnus of Livonia left Moscow with 20,000 Russian soldiers on the conquest of Swedish controlled ]. Ivan’s hope of the support of Frederick II of Denmark, the older brother of Magnus, failed. By the end of March 1571 Magnus gave up the struggle for Reval and abandoned the siege.<ref></ref> | ||
| In 1577 having lost Ivan's favor and getting no support from his brother, Magnus called on the Livonian nobility to rally to him in a struggle against foreign occupation. He was attacked by Ivan's forces and taken prisoner. On his release he renounced his royal title.<ref></ref> Magnus spent the last six years of his life at the castle of ] in |
In 1577 having lost Ivan's favor and getting no support from his brother, Magnus called on the Livonian nobility to rally to him in a struggle against foreign occupation. He was attacked by Ivan's forces and taken prisoner. On his release he renounced his royal title.<ref></ref> Magnus spent the last six years of his life at the castle of ] in ] where he died as a pensioner of the Polish crown.<ref></ref> | ||
| == Names == | |||
| * | |||
| *{{lang-lv|Livonijas ķēniņvalsts}} | |||
| *{{lang-da|Kongeriget Livland}} | |||
| *{{lang-de|Königreich Livland}} | |||
| *]: ''Königriek Lyffland'' | |||
| *{{lang-pl|Królestwo Inflanty}} | |||
| *{{lang-ru|Королевство Лифляндия}} | |||
| *]: ''Karalewstwa Inflanty'' | |||
| *{{lang-sv|Konungariket Livland}} | |||
| *]: ''Liwi Kuningrikk'' | |||
| == History == | |||
| The ] came to ] in ], and following the ] civil war, ] converted to ] in ]. Later that year, Denmark entered a ] and its colonies. Two and a half centuries of wars with ] followed. In ] during the ] the ] fell to the ]. Eight years later, in ], when the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and ] formed the ], Livonia became a joint domain administered directly by the King and Grand Duke. By ], ] found itself in wars with the kingdoms of Poland and Sweden. The armies of ] were initially successful, taking ] (]) and ] (]) and overrunning much of Grand Duchy of Lithuania up to ]. Eventually, in ] Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland consolidated their alliance with the ], forming the ]. ] did not like this and The ] between ], Denmark, Poland, and Sweden broke out. While only losing land and trade, ] and his brother Bishop ] of ] and ] were not faring well. But in ] Erik XIV became ] and his brother ] took his place. After all parties had been financially drained, ] let his ally, King ], know that he was ready for peace. On ], ], the ] was concluded. | |||
| In the next phase of the conflict, in ] Ivan IV took opportunity of the Commonwealth internal strife (called the war against ] in Polish historiography), and during the reign of ] in Poland invaded Livonia, quickly taking almost the entire territory, with the exception of ] and ]. In ] ] ] the ] of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (not ] by the ] of Poland-Lithuania, or recognized by Denmark). The Kingdom of Livonia was beaten back by Muscovy on all fronts. In 1578 Magnus of Livonia retired to Poland and his brother all but gave up the land in Livonia. | |||
| ], the capital of The Kingdom of Livonia, in ].]] | |||
| === Subsequent === | |||
| Having rejected peace proposals from its enemies, Ivan IV found himself in a difficult position by ], when ] devastated Muscovian territories and burnt down ] (see ]), the ] and ] have fatally affected the economy, ] had thoroughly disrupted the government, while Lithuania ] Poland (1569) and acquired an energetic leader, Stefan Batory, supported by ] (]). Stefan Batory replied with a series of three ]s against Muscovy, trying to cut the Livonia from main Muscovian territories. During his first offensive in 1579 with 22,000 men he retook ], during the second, in ], with 29,000-strong army he took ], and in ] with a 100,000-strong army he started the ] but failed to take the fortress. Frederick II had trouble continuing the fight against Muscovy unlike Sweden and Poland. He came to an agreement with John III in 1580 giving him the titles in Livonia. That war would last from ] to ]. Muscovy recognized Polish-Lithuanian control of ] only in ]. After Magnus of Livonia died in ], Poland invaded his territories in The ] and Frederick II decided to sell his rights of ]. Except for the island of ], Denmark was out of the ] by ]. As of ] ] was divided onto: | |||
| * ] (''województwo wendeńskie'', ]) | |||
| * ] (''województwo dorpackie'', ]) | |||
| * ] (''województwo parnawskie'', ]) | |||
| == See also == | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
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| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Revision as of 23:14, 28 October 2008
| Kingdom of LivoniaKönigriek Lyffland | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1570–1578 | |||||||||
Flag | |||||||||
 Livonia, as shown in the map of 1573 of Joann Portantius. | |||||||||
| Status | Client Kingdom of the Muscovian Tsardom (independent at the time the capital was Wenden) | ||||||||
| Capital | Oberpahlen, Wenden | ||||||||
| Common languages | Low German Danish North Estonian Ugaunian Livonian Semigallian Curonian Latgalian | ||||||||
| Religion | Lutheranism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| King of Livonia | |||||||||
| • 1570-1578 | Magnus of Livonia | ||||||||
| History | |||||||||
| • Established | 1570 | ||||||||
| • Disestablished | 1578 | ||||||||
| Currency | Livonian Schilling Ferding? | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Kingdom of Livonia was a short-lived (1570–1578) northern European kingdom in Livonia, territory of modern Latvia and Estonia. It was situated north of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, west of Muscovy, east of Sweden, and bordered the Baltic Sea. The Kingdom of Livonia was a nominally declared state by Ivan IV during the Livonian War. On June 10 1570 the Danish Duke Magnus of Holstein arrived in Moscow where he was crowned as King of Livonia. Magnus took the oath of allegiance to Ivan as his overlord and received from the corresponding charter for the vassal kingdom of Livonia in what Ivan termed his patrimony. The treaty between Magnus and Ivan IV was signed by an oprichnik and by a member of the zemskii administration, the d'iak Vasiliy Shchelkalov. The territories of the new kingdom still had to be conquered. The new king Magnus of Livonia left Moscow with 20,000 Russian soldiers on the conquest of Swedish controlled Reval. Ivan’s hope of the support of Frederick II of Denmark, the older brother of Magnus, failed. By the end of March 1571 Magnus gave up the struggle for Reval and abandoned the siege.
In 1577 having lost Ivan's favor and getting no support from his brother, Magnus called on the Livonian nobility to rally to him in a struggle against foreign occupation. He was attacked by Ivan's forces and taken prisoner. On his release he renounced his royal title. Magnus spent the last six years of his life at the castle of Pilten in Courland where he died as a pensioner of the Polish crown.
Names
- Template:Lang-lv
- Template:Lang-da
- Template:Lang-de
- Low German: Königriek Lyffland
- Template:Lang-pl
- Template:Lang-ru
- Ruthenian: Karalewstwa Inflanty
- Template:Lang-sv
- Ugaunian: Liwi Kuningrikk
History
The Protestant Reformation came to Scandinavia in 1530s, and following the Count's Feud civil war, Denmark converted to Lutheranism in 1536. Later that year, Denmark entered a union with Norway and its colonies. Two and a half centuries of wars with Sweden followed. In 1561 during the Livonian War the Livonian Confederation fell to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Eight years later, in 1569, when the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland formed the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, Livonia became a joint domain administered directly by the King and Grand Duke. By 1562, Muscovy found itself in wars with the kingdoms of Poland and Sweden. The armies of Ivan IV were initially successful, taking Polock (1563) and Pärnu (1575) and overrunning much of Grand Duchy of Lithuania up to Vilnius. Eventually, in 1569 Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Kingdom of Poland consolidated their alliance with the Union of Lublin, forming the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Eric XIV of Sweden did not like this and The Northern Seven Years' War between Free City of Lübeck, Denmark, Poland, and Sweden broke out. While only losing land and trade, Frederick II of Denmark and his brother Bishop Magnus of Ösel and Courland were not faring well. But in 1569 Erik XIV became insane and his brother John III of Sweden took his place. After all parties had been financially drained, Frederick II let his ally, King Zygmunt II August, know that he was ready for peace. On December 15, 1570, the Treaty of Stettin was concluded.
In the next phase of the conflict, in 1577 Ivan IV took opportunity of the Commonwealth internal strife (called the war against Gdańsk in Polish historiography), and during the reign of Stefan Batory in Poland invaded Livonia, quickly taking almost the entire territory, with the exception of Riga and Tallinn. In 1578 Magnus of Livonia recognized the sovereignty of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (not ratified by the Sejm of Poland-Lithuania, or recognized by Denmark). The Kingdom of Livonia was beaten back by Muscovy on all fronts. In 1578 Magnus of Livonia retired to Poland and his brother all but gave up the land in Livonia.
Subsequent
Having rejected peace proposals from its enemies, Ivan IV found himself in a difficult position by 1579, when Crimean Khanate devastated Muscovian territories and burnt down Moscow (see Russo-Crimean Wars), the drought and epidemics have fatally affected the economy, Oprichnina had thoroughly disrupted the government, while Lithuania had united with Poland (1569) and acquired an energetic leader, Stefan Batory, supported by Ottoman Empire (1576). Stefan Batory replied with a series of three offensives against Muscovy, trying to cut the Livonia from main Muscovian territories. During his first offensive in 1579 with 22,000 men he retook Polotsk, during the second, in 1580, with 29,000-strong army he took Velikie Luki, and in 1581 with a 100,000-strong army he started the Siege of Pskov but failed to take the fortress. Frederick II had trouble continuing the fight against Muscovy unlike Sweden and Poland. He came to an agreement with John III in 1580 giving him the titles in Livonia. That war would last from 1577 to 1582. Muscovy recognized Polish-Lithuanian control of Ducatus Ultradunensis only in 1582. After Magnus of Livonia died in 1583, Poland invaded his territories in The Duchy of Courland and Frederick II decided to sell his rights of inheritance. Except for the island of Œsel, Denmark was out of the Baltic by 1585. As of 1598 Inflanty was divided onto:
- Wenden Voivodeship (województwo wendeńskie, Kieś)
- Dorpat Voivodeship (województwo dorpackie, Dorpat)
- Parnawa Voivodeship (województwo parnawskie, Parnawa)
See also
- Archbishopric of Riga
- Bishopric of Courland
- Bishopric of Dorpat
- Bishopric of Ösel-Wiek
- Bishopric of Reval
- Danish Estonia
- Ducatus Ultradunensis
- Duchy of Courland
- Estonia
- History of Estonia
- Inflanty
- List of Estonian rulers
- Livonia
- Livonian Order
- Livonian War
- Magnus of Livonia
- Swedish Estonia
- United Baltic Duchy
External links
References
- Ivan the Terrible By Isabel De Madariaga ISBN 0300119739
- War and Peace in the Baltic, 1560-1790 By Stewart Philip Oakley ISBN 0415024722
- Frederik II and the Protestant Cause: Denmark's Role in the Wars of Religion By Paul Douglas Lockhart Page 38 Page 39