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{{Infobox Ethnic group |
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'''Chinese Mozambican''' (]: ''Chino-Moçambicano'') is an ] born in ]. |
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|group = Ethnic Chinese in Mozambique |
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|poptime = 1,500<ref>{{harvnb|Jian|2007}}</ref> |
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|popplace = ]; many former residents in ] and ]<ref>{{harvnb|Jian|2007}}</ref> |
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|langs = ], ] (largely ]; new expatriates speak ])<ref>{{harvnb|Jian|2007}}</ref> |
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|related-c = ] |
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}} |
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'''Ethnic Chinese in Mozambique''' once numbered around five thousand individuals, but their population fell significantly during the ]. After the return of peace and the expansion of ], their numbers have been bolstered by new expatriates from the ].<ref>{{harvnb|Jian|2007}}</ref> |
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===History=== |
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==History== |
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When Mozambique was declared a ] in ], Chinese were brought from ], then a Portuguese province, by Portuguese as laborers to work to their plantations. After working, they decided to stay permanently. Other wave of Chinese settlers from Macau came, including ], ] of mixed Chinese and Portuguese descent. After independence in ], both Chinese and Macanese who support to remain in Portuguese rule left. |
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Chinese people began to settle in the land that makes up the modern state of Mozambique as early as the 1870s, when ] was growing stronger. Portuguese colonialists recruited Chinese carpenters and unskilled labourers in ], then also part of the ], as well as the neighbouring ] region of ], for work on railway construction. Some may not have been voluntary migrants, but criminals sentenced to ] rather than jail. In 1893, the Chinese community in Lourenço Marques (modern-day ]) numbered 52 people. One of the more famous of the early migrants was Ja Assam (谢三), a carpenter and architect who funded the construction of Maputo's first Chinese pagoda.<ref>{{harvnb|Jian|2007|loc=开创洪荒的19世纪}}</ref> |
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Migration of all Asians was officially halted in 1899 due to an outbreak of ], blamed on Indians; even after the relaxation of the restriction in 1907, Asians who sought to migrate to the colony had to pay a disembarkation fee of 3,000 '']'' at their port of arrival.<ref>{{harvnb|Zamparoni|2000|p=204}}</ref> Nevertheless, Chinese the population continued to grow, to 287 by 1903.<ref>{{harvnb|Jian|2007|loc=开创洪荒的19世纪}}</ref> By 1928, there were 314 Chinese in Lourenço Marques alone, rising to 483 by 1935 and 570 by 1940. The vast majority started out in the carpentry trade, but soon moved into shopkeeping.<ref>{{harvnb|Zamparoni|2000|p=205-206}}</ref> They established five different community associations and a Chinese-language elementary school for their children. By the early 1970s, the eve of independence, there were 5,000 Chinese in Mozambique, with 2,000 in Lourenço Marques and another 3,000 in ].<ref>{{harvnb|Jian|2007|loc=鼎盛之时的独立前期}}</ref> |
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===Language=== |
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After ], the Chinese found their business assets and even the buildings held by the Chinese community associations expropriated by the new Communist government, leading many to consider leaving the country. The push to depart was sharpened by the 1977 onset of the ].<ref>{{harvnb|Jian|2007|loc= 独立至今的艰难岁月}}</ref> Many emigrated to Portugal. Their arrival preceded that of the main wave of Chinese migration there, consisting of mainland Chinese labourers; the Chinese from Mozambique tended to have far better labour market outcomes in Portugal, due to both their fluent command of Portuguese, and their higher level of education. They commonly found employment as bank tellers, engineers, doctors, and other professionals.<ref>{{harvnb|Reis de Oliveira|2003|p=12}}</ref> Others went to Macau, which remained a Portuguese colony.<ref>{{harvnb|Da Costa Morais|2004}}</ref> By the end of the war in 1992, the community had shrunk to a mere several hundred. The descendants of the old Chinese settlers continued to leave the country even with the onset of peace; by 2006, barely twenty families totalling perhaps a hundred people remained in Maputo, while in Beira just two people remained. However, they were replaced by new expatriates from the ], who came to the country as part of the increasing Sino-African economic cooperation, boosting the country's Chinese population to 1,500 people, including 500 in Maputo.<ref>{{harvnb|Jian|2007|loc=独立至今的艰难岁月}}</ref> |
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All of them speak ] as first or second language and may speak one of main ]. Among them speak ], an almost extinct ]. Only a selected number of them speak ] dialect of ]. |
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===Religion=== |
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==References== |
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===Notes=== |
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{{reflist|3}} |
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===Sources=== |
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Most Chinese Mozambicans are ] (most are ]) or ]. |
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*{{citation|last=Da Costa Morais|first=Isabel Maria|year=2004|title=Creolised and colonised: the history and future of the Macanese and Mozambican Chinese|publisher=University of Hong Kong|edition=Ph.D. thesis|url=http://hub.hku.hk/handle/123456789/39903|accessdate=2008-10-29}} |
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*{{citation|last=Jian|first=Hong|year=2007|title=莫桑比克华侨的历史与现状 (The History and Status Quo of Overseas Chinese in Mozambique)|journal=West Asia and Africa|publisher=]|url=http://scholar.ilib.cn/A-xyfz200705010.html|accessdate=2008-10-29|issue=5|issn=1002-7122}} |
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*{{citation|last=Reis de Oliveira|first=Catarina|date=July 2003|year=2003|title=Immigrant's Entrepreneurial Opportunities: The Case of the Chinese in Portugal|publisher=Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei|publication-place=Portugal|journal=FEEM Working Papers|issue=75|url=http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=464682|accessdate=2008-10-29}} |
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*{{citation|title=Monhés, Baneanes, Chinas e Afro-maometanos - Colonialismo e Racismo em Lourenço Marques, Moçambique, 1890-1940|journal=Lusotopie|year=2000|last=Zamparoni|first=Valdemir|pages=191-222|url=http://www.lusotopie.sciencespobordeaux.fr/zamparoni.rtf|issn=1257-0273}} |
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==Further reading== |
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] |
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*{{citation|title=Kuan Ti, the unprotected protector|periodical=Índico|publisher=]|pages=44-49|last=Rolletta|first=Paola|url=http://www.lam.co.mz/pt/content/download/140380/1062750/version//file/44_49_Chineses_NOVA.pdf|accessdate=2008-10-29}} |
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{{Overseas Chinese}} |
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] |
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] |
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Chinese people began to settle in the land that makes up the modern state of Mozambique as early as the 1870s, when Portuguese influence in East Africa was growing stronger. Portuguese colonialists recruited Chinese carpenters and unskilled labourers in Macao, then also part of the Portuguese Empire, as well as the neighbouring Siyi region of Guangdong, for work on railway construction. Some may not have been voluntary migrants, but criminals sentenced to penal transportation rather than jail. In 1893, the Chinese community in Lourenço Marques (modern-day Maputo) numbered 52 people. One of the more famous of the early migrants was Ja Assam (谢三), a carpenter and architect who funded the construction of Maputo's first Chinese pagoda.