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The Illyrian languages are a group of Indo-European languages that were spoken in the western part of the Balkans in former times by groups identified as Illyrians: Delmatae, Pannonii, Illyrians, Autariates, Taulanti (see List of Illyrian tribes). Some sound-changes from Proto-Indo-European to Illyrian and other language features are deduced from what remains of the Illyrian languages, but because there are no examples of ancient Illyrian literature surviving (aside from the Messapian writings if they can be considered Illyrian), it is difficult to clarify its place within the Indo-European language family. Because of the uncertainty, most sources provisionally place Illyrian on its own branch of Indo-European, though its relation to other languages, ancient and modern, continues to be studied.

Language affinity

The Illyrian languages are part of the Indo-European language family. The relation of the Illyrian languages to other Indo-European languages---ancient and modern---is poorly understood due to the paucity of data and is still being examined. Today, the main source of authoritative information about the Illyrian language consists of a handful of Illyrian words cited in classical sources, and numerous examples of Illyrian anthroponyms, ethnonyms, toponyms and hydronyms.

Given the scarcity of the data it is difficult to identify the rules of Illyrian language but the most widely accepted rule is that the Indo-European voiced aspirates /bh/, /dh/, /gh/ became voiced consonants /b/, /d/, /g/.

A grouping of Illyrian with the Messapian language has been proposed for about a century, but remains an unproven hypothesis. The theory is based on classical sources, archaeology, as well as onomastic considerations. Messapian material culture bears a number of similarities to Illyrian material culture. Some Messapian anthroponyms have close Illyrian equivalents.

A grouping of Illyrian with the Venetic language and Liburnian language, once spoken in northeastern Italy and Liburnia respectively, is also proposed. The consensus now is that Illyrian was quite distinct from Venetic and Liburnian. A Daco-Thracian affinity has also been suggested (see Thraco-Illyrian).

Beginning in the 18th century, a number of scholars claim the modern Albanian language to be descended from Illyrian. However the Illyrian data, mainly hydronyms and toponyms, personal names (some of them dubious and discussed) and with no inscriptions, are not sufficent to arrive in any clear result for the language affinity.

Centum vs. Satem

In the absence of sufficient lexical data and texts written in the Illyrian languages, the theories supporting the Centum character of the Illyrian language have been based mainly on the Centum character of the Venetic language, which was thought to be related to Illyrian, in particular regarding Illyrian toponyms and names such as Ves-cleves, Acra-banus, Gentius, Clausal etc.

The relation between Venetic and Illyrian was later discredited and they are not considered related anymore.

Scholars supporting the Satem character of the Illyrian languages highlight particular toponyms and personal names such as Asamum, Birzinimum Zanatis etc. in which these scholars claim that there is clear evidence of the Satem character of the Illyrian language. They also point to other toponyms including Osseriates derived from /*eghero/ (lake) or Birziminium form PIE /*bherg^h/ or Asamum from PIE /*ak^-mo/ (sharp).

Regarding the Illyrian toponymes and personal names like Ves-cleves, Acra-banus, Gentius, Clausal, the supporters of the Centum character of the Illyrian language have tried to explain those names through the comparison with other old documented i.e. languages, such as Sanksrit, or Ancient Greek or reconstructed PIE. For ex. Ves-cleves has been explained as PIE *wesu-k'leves (of good fame). Also the name Acra-banus as a compound name has been compared with Ancient Greek /akros/ with no signs of palatalization. or Clausal has been related to /*klew/ (wash, rinse)

In all these cases the supporters of the Centum character of the Illyrian language consider PIE *k^ >/*k/ or PIE *g^>/*g/ followed by an /l/ or /r/ to be evidence of a Centum character of the Illyrian language. However, it has been shown that even in Albanian and Balto-Slavic which are Satem languages, in this phonetical position the palatovelars have been generally depalatized (the depalatization of PIE *k^ >*k and *g^>*g before /r/ and /l/ especially in Albanian )..

Even the name Gentius or Genthius does not help to solve the problem since we have two Illyrian forms Genthius and Zanatis. If Gentius or Genthius derives from *g^en- (be born) this is proof of a Centum language, but if the name Zanatis is similarly generated (or from *g^en- know) than we have a Satem language. Another problem related to the name Gentius is the reason that nowadays it can not be stated surely if the initial /G/ of the sources was a palatovelar or a labiovelar.

Taking into account the absence of sufficient data and sometimes the dual nature of their interpretation the Centum/Satem character of the Illyrian language is still uncertain and requires more evidence.

Illyrian dialects

Greeks came first into close or more frequent contacts with the natives of Illyricum, but their conception of Illyroi deffered from Roman Illyricum. It encompassed only the peoples who lived on the borders of Macedonia and Epirus. Pliny the Elder, in his work Natural History, applies a stricter usage of the term Illyrii, when speaking of Illyrii proprie dicti ("Illyrians properly so-called") among the native communities in the south of Roman Dalmatia.

For a couple of centuries before and after the Roman conquest in the late 1 century BC the concept of Ilyricum expanded towards the west and north. Finally it encompassed all native peoples from the Adriatic to the Danube, the latter Roman provinces of Damatia, Pannonia and Moesia, regardless their ethnic and cultural differences. A passage within Appian's Illyrike (stating that the Illyrians lived beyond Macedonia and Thrace, from Chaonia and Thesprotia to the Danube River) is a representative of the broader usage of the term.

Extensive study of Illyrian names and territory was undertaken by Hans Krahe in the first decades of the twentieth century, who, along with other scholars, argued for a broad distribution of Illyrian peoples considerably beyond the Balkans though in his later work, Krahe curbed his view of the extent of Illyrian settlement.

The further refinements of Illyrian onomastic provinces for that Illyrian area included in the later roman province were proposed by Géza Alföldy. He identified five principal groups; (1) "real Illyrians" south of river Neretva and extending south of the provincial boundary with Macedonia at the river Drin to include Illyris of north and central Albania; (2) the Delmatae who occupied the middle Adriatic cost between "real Illyrians" and Liburni; (3) the Venetic Liburni of the northeast Adriatic; (4) the Japodes who dwelt north of the Delmatae and behind Liburni, where names reveal a mixture of Venetic, Celtic and Illyrian; and (5) the Pannonian people north in Bosnia, Northern Montenegro, and western Serbia.

These identification was challenged later by Radoslav Katičić which on the basis of the personal names which occur commonly in "Illyricum" identified three distinguishable areas; (1) "South-Eastern Illyrian" area, which extends southwards from the southern part of Montenegro and includes most of Albania west of the river Drin, though its demarcation to the south remains uncertain; (2) "Central Illyrian" consisting of most of ex-Yugoslavia, north of southern Montenegro to the west of Morava, excepting ancient Liburnia in the North-West, but perhaps extending into Pannonia in the north; (3) Liburnia, whose names resemble those of Venetic territory to the north-east.

However the difference between names in the two Illyrian areas (South-Eastern and Central) is not sufficient to indicate that the two clearly differentiated dialects of Illyrian were in use in them but as Katičić has argued, the core onomastic area of Illyrian proper is to be located in the southeast of that Balkan area region, traditionally associated with the Illyrians (centered in modern Albania).

Pan-Illyrian theory

The pan-Illyrism had two components, the archaeology and linguistics. Archeologists were looking for an ethnicity for the Lusatian culture and the linguists for the Old European water names. First French pressed for the Ligurs and Celts but then the German prehistorians and linguists first of all Gustaf Kossinna and following Julius Pokorny, and Hans Krahe linked the Illyrians with the Lusatian culture and Old European water names. Kossinna divided the primitive Indo-Europeans into two groups, North and South Indo-Europeans; he conjectured that the ancestors of Celtic, Illyrian, Greek and Italic people, who belonged to the first group, inhabitated north Germany in the Stone Age and Early Bronze Age and were driven out by Germanic people advancing from Schleswig-Holstein and Jutland about 1800-1700 BC "the first Germans in Germany". Kossinna also stated that at the time of Hallstatt culture which succeded the Bronze Age of Central Europe, the Illyrian civilization of the valley of the middle Danube was superior to that prevailing among the Celts established in the suthern portion of the Germany and elements of the Illyrian civilization found their way not only into the Celtic cradle of the south Germany but also to the territory of the east Germany occupied by Germanic tribes. The earliest use of iron in Central Europe was to be attributed to Illyrians and not to the Celts.

Julius Pokorny located the Urheimat between the Wesser and the Vistula and east from that region where migration began around 2400 BC Pokorny suggested that Illyrian elements were to be found in much of the continental Europe and also in the British isles.

Pokorny's Illyromania derived in part from archaelogical Germanomania and supported by contemporary place-names specialists such as Max Vasmer (1928, 1929) and Hans Krahe (1929, 1935, 1940)

Krahe in his work of 1937 as a follower of Pan-Illyrism, discussed the Veneti language known from hundreds Inscriptions as an Illyrian language which form the separate Illyrian branch of the Indo-Europian language family with the lower Italian Messapian and the Balkan Illyrian. Krahe thought that only the name of the Illyrian and Adriatic Enetos peoples are the same Homer mentiones a people in Asia Minor the Paphlagons as from the Enetai province , and a few hundred years later Herodotus refers to the Enetos people twice, once as Illyrian and again as the occupants of the Adriatic sea Krahe thought that the name of the Illyrian and Adriatic Enetos peoples are the same and if Adriatic Enetos were Venets and Venets were the Veneds mentioned in other sources then Illyrian and Veneds were the same people. The basis of this theory is the similarity of the proper nouns and place names, but most of all in the water names of the Baltic and the Adriatic (Odra, Drava, Drama, Drweca, Opawa, Notec, etc). Having the model of Illyrian in mind he assumed that together these elements represented the remnant of one archaic language.

The problem was that the the name of Venets and Veneds is scattered over a huge territory. From British Isles to Baltic Sea and from Northern Italy to Southern Balkans. Since no trace of Illyrians remain in Northern zone the Venets (or Veneds) became the transmitter of the Illyrian place-names and by the end of World War II the Illyrians had become a vast conspiracy of Indo-europian place names, now spreading from Gaul to Balkan Peninsula.

By 1950 many of the onomastic irregularities once dubbed Illyrian had now become Old European. First Krahe presented the wiev that the Veneti language forms a separate branch in itself. He noticed that the Illyrian language was made now of some Messapic Inscriptions and a great number of places and proper nouns. From this small item of linguistic material he concludes that : Illyrian is a Centum language and its relationship with German, Italic and Celtic languages lies in that territory of the Urheimat of this language correlates solely with the Lusatian culture. In Krahe's words "All of them the Illyrians, the Italic, and the Venet have..clear connections to the Germans, that is they came from the north ..and later moved to the south" . This meant that the people of the Lusitan culture advanced to the eastern part of the Alps to the historical territory of the Illyrians around 1200 BC

Following Krahe's work, János Harmatta placed Illyrians in South Germany and the Alpine region. Tribes living there would have spoken Illyrian which deferred from Latin, German and Venet. Around the 1300 BC the people of the Barrow-mound culture, the Illyrians moved eastwards and then suthwards along the Danube (the first Illyr migration) and in 750 the people of the Hallstatt C culture expanded toward western Hungary (the second Illyr migration) which gathered Pannonian tribes to itself.

In his later work Krahe substituted Pokorny theory with that of Old European hydronymy, a network of names of water courses dating back to the Bronze Age and to a time before Indo-european languages had developed in central, northern and western Europe. He examined the layers of European water names and did so using two theses. The fist thesis was that the oldest layer will alwasys be the one that can not be explained with the language of the peole who currently live on the banks or shores of the given water, and/or consist of a monosyllabic stem carrying a meaning (at times derived or conjugated monosyllabic words). He found that these monosyllabic water names give a system which he called Alteuropäisch (Old European). The network of old European water names comprises waters from Scandinavia to lower Italy, and from the British Isles to the Baltic. It denotes the period of development of the common Indo-European language which was finished by the second millenium BC. Krahe claimed that by that time the Western languages (Germanic, Celtic, Illyrian, so-called Italic group -the Latin-Faliscus, the Osk-Umber along with Venet-Baltic and to some extent Slavic though they still constituted a uniform Old European language and further divided later) had already dissociated from the ancient Indo-European language. The similarities in European water names resulted from the radiation of this old European system, and not from the resemblance of the common words in the later separate languages.

This theory received much criticism, and one of the many critics was that of A. Tovar who demostrated that the non Indo-Europeans water names in the north of Europe are in majority (later this was used by Theo Vennemann for his Vasconic theory), a fact which Krahe dismiss.

While many scholars placed Illyrian in North Europe other scholars extended the territory of the Illyrian people in the south too (Bonfante, Georgiev etc). One of them Georgiev claimed that "the Pelasg that is the people before the Hellas Greeks, were Illyrian. Their language would have been Indo-Germanic, a dialect of the Illyrian-Thracian language, and Etruskan was a later dialect of the latter. The Thracians and Illyrians would have been the link between the central (Italic, Greek, Aryan) and the southern (Pelasg, Luwiy, Hittite) Indo-Germanic groups".

The Pan-Illyrian theory began with archaeologic findings also its end coincided with it. As Katičić restricted linguistically what is to be considered Illyrian, newer archeological investigations made by A. Benać and B. Čović, archaeologists from Sarajevo,demonstrated that there was unbroken continuation of cultural developement between Bronze and Iron Age archeological material, therefore ethnical continuation too and this created the autochtonous Illyrian theory, by which Illyrian culture was formed in the same place (Western Balkans) from older Bronze Age cultures. According to Benac the Urnfield culture bearers and proto-Illyrians were different people. Benac claimed that Urnfield culture migration might have produced several of other migrations in chain reaction (e.g Dorian migration), however it didn't essentially changed ethnical stability in the area. This theory was suported by Albanian archaeologists and Alexander Stipčević which says that the most convincing theory for the genesis of the Illyrians was the one given by Benać, but pointing to Liburnians and their pre-Indo-European and Mediterranean phases in developement Stipčević claims that there was no equal processing of Illyrian origin in the different areas of the Western Balkans

Outside influences

The Ancient Greek language would have become an important external influence on Illyrian-speakers who occupied lands adjacent to ancient Greeks. Invading Celts who settled on lands occupied by Illyrians brought the Illyrians into contact with the Celtic languages. Intensive contact may have happened in what is now Bosnia, Croatia, and Serbia. Because of this intensive contact, and because of conflicting classical sources, it is unclear whether some ancient tribes were Illyrian or Celtic (see for example Scordisci and Iapodes) or mixed. Thracians and Paionians also occupied lands populated by Illyrians, bringing Illyrians into contact with the Thracian language and Paionian language.

Yet it was not Greek, Celtic, Thracian, or Paionian, but Latin that would come to displace Illyrian above the Jireček line. The Romans conquered all the lands in which Illyrian was spoken, and it is quite possible that Illyrian faded early in the Common era, perhaps even before the Slavic invasion of the Balkans.

Illyrian words

Since there are no Illyrian texts, sources for identifying Illyrian words have been identified by Hans Krahe as of four kinds: inscriptions, glosses of Illyrian words in Classical texts, names— including proper names (mostly inscribed on tombstones), toponyms and river names— and Illyrian loanwords in other languages. The last category has proved particularly contentious. The names occur in sources that range over more than a millennium, including numismatic evidence, as well as posited original forms of placenames (Krahe 1955). There are no Illyrian inscription (Messapian inscriptions are treated separately and there is no consensus that they are to be reckoned as Illyrian). The spearhead found at Kovel thought to be Illyrian is considered by the majority of runologists to be East-German, or most likely - Gothic, while votive inscription on a ring found near Shkodër which was initially interpreted as Illyrian was shown to actually be Byzantine Greek .

Only several Illyrian words are cited in Classical sources by Roman or Greek writers. Only four identified with an ethnonym Illyrii or Illurioí; others must be identified by indirect means:

Some additional words have been extracted by linguists from toponyms, hydronyms, anthroponyms, etc.:

• Agruvium "along the coast between Risinum and Butua": IE *aĝr; cf. Skt ájraḥ "pasture, field", L ager, Gk agrós, Goth akrs
• Bindus "river god"; cf. Old Irish banne "drop", Skt bindú, vindú "drops, gob, spot", possibly Lat fōns Bandusiae
• Bosona, "Bosna river", literally "running water": IE *bheg, bhog "to run"; cf. OSl bĕžati "to flee, run", Lith bé(.)gti "to flee", Gk phébesthai "to flee", phóbos "fear", Alb boj "to drive, mate", Eng beck "brook, stream", MIr búal "flowing water", Hindi bhāg "to flee"
• mons Bulsinus, "Büžanim hill": IE *bhl.kos; cf. Eng balk, Middle Irish blog "piece, fragment", Latin fulcrum "bedpost", Gk phálanx "trunk, log", Lith balžiena "crossbar", Serb blazína "roof beam", Skt bhuríjāu "cart arms"
• Derbanoí, Anderva: IE *derv; cf. Eng tree, Albanian dru "wood", Old Church Slavonic drĕvo "tree", Welsh derw "oak", Gk dóry "wood, spear", drýs "oak, tree", Lith derva "pine wood", Hittite taru "tree, wood', Thracian taru "spear", Skt dru "tree, wood", daru "wood, log"
• Dizēros, Andízētes: IE *digh; cf. Eng dough, Gk teîchos "wall", Latin fingere "to shape, mold", Old Irish com-od-ding "he builds, erects", Old Russian dĕža "kneading trough", Armenian dez "heap", Skt dehah "body, form"
• Domator, personal name; cf. Old Irish damnaid "he binds, breaks a horse", dam "ox", Eng tame, dialectal Germ Zamer "ox not under the yoke", Alb dem "young bull", Lat domāre "to tame", domitor "tamer", Gk dámnēmi "to break in", dámalos "calf", Skt dāmyáti "he is tame; he tames"
• Loúgeon. Strabo in his Geography mentions "a marsh called Lougeon" (which has been identified as Lake Cerknica in Slovenia) by the locals ( Illyrian and Celtic tribes), Lougeon being Strabo's rendition of the local toponym into Greek. cf. Alb lag "to wet, soak, bathe, wash" (< PA *lauga), lëgatë "pool" (< PA *leugatâ), lakshte "dew" (< PA *laugista); further akin to Lith liűgas "marsh", OSl luža "pool", Thracian Lýginos "river name"
• stagnus Morsianus "marshlands in Pannonia": IE *merĝ; cf. MHG murc "rotten, withered, boggy", OIr meirc "rust", Alb marth "to shiver, shudder", Lith markýti "to rust"
• Naro: IE *nor; cf. Lith nãras "diving duck", Russ norá "hole", SCr po-nor "abyss"
• Nedinum: IE *ned; cf. Skt nadas "roarer"
• Oseriates, "lakes"; akin to Old Church Slavonic ozero (Serb-Croat jezero), Latvian ezers, OPruss assaran, Gk Akérōn "river in the underworld"
• Pelso (Latin authors referred to modern Lake Balaton as "lacus Pelso", Pelso being a hydronym from the local inhabitants), Pelso apparently meant "deep" or "shallow": IE *pels-; cf. Czech pleso "deep place in a river, lake", Welsh bwlch "crack", Arm pelem "to dig"
• Tergitio, "merchant"; cf. Old Church Slavonic trĭgĭ (Serb-Croat trg) "market", Old Russian tǔrgǔ "market", Latvian tirgus
• Teuta, Teutana: IE *teuta-, "people"; cf. Lith tauta "people", German Deutsch "German", Old English theod "people", Old Irish tuath "clan", Umbrian tota "people", Oscan touto "city", Hittite tuzzi "army"
• Tómaros, Tomorr mountain; cf. Old Irish temel "darkness", Middle Irish teimen "dark grey", OHG demar "darkness", dinstar "dark", Lat tenebrae "darkness", temere "by chance, rashly", Skt tamas "darkness", tamsrah "dark", Old Church Slavonic tima "darkness"
• Ulcisus mons, Ulcinium (city), Ulcisia castra; cf. E wolf, Old Alb ulk Alb ujk, Av vəhrkō, Farsi gurg, Skt vṛkas, OSl vlǔkǔ, Russ volcica, Lith vil~kas, L lupus, Gk lýkos
• Volcos, river name in Pannonia; cf. Old Irish folc "heavy rain, wet weather", Welsh golchi "to wash", obsolete Eng welkin "cloud", Old High Germ welk "moist", Old Church Slavonic vlaga "moisture, plant juice", vǔlgǔkǔ "wet"
• Vescleves, personal name (*wesu "good" + *klewos "glory") Gk Euklees

Illyrian names

Illyrian

The following names derive from Illyrian or are not yet connected with another language.

• Agirrus
• Andes, Andis, Andio, Andia
• Ballaios
• Bardyllis
• Bato
• Bircenna
• Blodus, Bledis
• Boria,Bora
• Daors
• Dazas
• Ditus
• Genthena
• Gentius
• Glavus
• Grabos
• Laiscus
• Messor
• Monunius
• Mytilus
• Pladomenus (from an inscription at Dyrrhacium)
• Plare(n)s
• Posantio
• Pravaius
• Scenobardos
• Scerdis
• Skerdilaidas
• Tatta
• Temus
• Teuda
• Teuta,Teutana means Queen in Illyrian
• Titus,name of the river Krka
• Vendes
• Verzo
• Zanatis
• Ziraeus

Celtic

The following Illyrian names, most of which occur in inscriptions from the upper Neretva river valley near Konjic in Bosnia, are considered to derive from Celtic

• Arvus
• Belzeius
• Cambrius
• laritus
• Lautus
• Argurianus(Thracian or Celtic)
• Ammida(questionable associations)
• Matera(questionable associations)
• Seneca(questionable associations)
• Mellito(Greek & Celtic)
• Nantia
• Nonntio
• Laca
• Madusa
• Matisa
• Nindia
• Poia
• Sicu
• Aioia
• Andetia
• Baeta
• Bidna
• Catta
• Dussona
• Boio
• Bricussa
• Iacus
• Mallaius
• Mascelio
• Kabaletus
• Litus
• Nantanius
• Sarnus
• Sinus
• Sisimbrius
• Vepus

Thracian

The following names derive from Thracian

• Argurianus(Thracian or Celtic)
• Auluporis
• Auluzon
• Bithus
• Bessus
• Teres
• Celsus
• Celsinus
• Cocaius
• Daizo
• Delus
• Dida
• Dinentilla
• Dizas
• Dizo

Greek

The following names derive from Greek.

• Agron ("Αγρά", prey or "Αγρός", wild country).
• Mellito (Greek & Celtic) ("Μελλιτόεις", like honey).
• Thana ("Θανατός", death).
• Plator ("Πλατών", wide man).
• Pleuratus ("Πλευρά", side).
• Cleitus the Illyrian ("Κλείω", renowned, renowned man).
• Glaukias ("Γλαυκός", gleaming, gleaming man).
• Ceraunii, tribal exonym ("Κεραυνιοί", Thunderbolt-men).
• Enchelei, tribal exonym ("Εγχελείς", Eel-men).

Names of Gods

The following names derive from various languages and are names of Gods worshiped by the Illyrians.

• Eia
• Malesocus
• Boria
• Iria
• Anzotica
• Latra
• Sentona
• Ica
• Bindus
• Vidasus
• Thana
• Thetis
• Medaurus
• Armatus

References

• Crossland, R. A. "Linguistic problems of the Balkan area in the late prehistoric and early classical periods". The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 3, 2nd ed. Boardman, Edwards, Hammond and Sollberger. London: Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 834–849.
• Katičić, Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans, Part One. Paris: Mouton, 1976.
• Polomé, Edgar C., "Balkan Languages (Illyrian, Thracian and Daco-Moesian)". The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 3, 2nd ed. Boardman, Edwards, Hammond and Sollberger. London: Cambridge University Press, 1982, pp. 866–888.
• Wilkes, John. The Illyrians. London: Blackwell, 1992.
• Demiraj, Shaban. "Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe" (The origin of the Albanians through the evidencies of the Albanian language) (Lang: Sqi with English summary) Tiranë Shkenca, 1999 ISBN : 978-99927-654-7-0
• The Ancient Languages of Europe, By Roger D. Woodard, Contributor Roger D. Woodard, Edition: illustrated, Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008 ISBN 0521684951, 9780521684958
• Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985

Notes

1. If the Messapian language was close enough to the Illyrian languages to be considered an Illyrian language, then Illyrian would also have been spoken in southern Italy.
2. The Ancient Languages of Europe by Roger D. Woodard,ISBN 0521684951,2008,Page 6:"... While the Illyrians are a well-documented people of antiquity, not a single verifiable inscription has survived written in the Illyrian language
3. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,Page 67,"Illyrians Illyrian language' Though almost nothing of it survives, except for names, the Illyrian language has figured prominently ...""
4. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985
5. A history of ancient Greek: from the beginnings to late antiquity By Maria Chritē, Maria Arapopoulou, Centre for the Greek Language (Thessalonikē, Greece) Edition: illustrated Published by Cambridge University Press, 2007 ISBN 0521833078, 9780521833073
6. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 183,"... We may begin with the Venetic peoples, Veneti, Carni, Histri and Liburni, whose language set them apart from the rest of the Illyrians. ..."
7. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 81,"... " In Roman Pannonia the Latobici and Varciani who dwelt east of the Venetic Catari in the upper Sava valley were Celtic but the Colapiani of the Colapis (Kulpa) valley were Illyrians ( ..."
8. Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm. Albaner - Brife, Hanover, 1705 (E.P.Hamp, On Leibniz's Third Albanian Letter - Zeitschrift fur Balkanologie, Je XVI/1, 1981, M.Reiter, Leibnizen's Albanel - Briefe - Zeitschrift fur Balkanologie Jg. XVI, 1980,) Thunmann, Johann. Untersuchungen über die Geschichte der östlichen europäischen Völker. Laipzig (1774). Kopitar, B.J. Albanische, walachische und bulgarische Sprache. Wien (1829) Hahn, Georg von. Albanesische Studien. Wien (1853). Bopp, Franz. Über das Albanesische in seinen verwandtschaftlichen Beziehungen. Berlin (1855). Camarda, Demetrio. Saggio di grammatologia comparata sulla lingua albanese. Livorno (1864. Camarda, Demetrio. Appendice al Saggio di grammatologia sulla lingua albanese. Prato (1866). Miklosich, Franz: Albanische Forschungen. I: Die slavischen Elemente im Albanischen. Wien (1870). Miklosich, Franz. Albanische Forschugen, II: Die romanischen Elemente im Albanischen. Wien (1870). Meyer, Gustav. Albanesische Studien. I - Wien 1882; III - 1892; V - 1896. Pedersen, Holger. Bidrag til den albanesiske sproghistorie. (Festskrift til Vilhelm Thomsen). Kobenhavn (1894). Pedersen, Holger. Albanesisch 1905. Rom. Jb. IX (1905). Erlangen (1909). Kretschmer, Paul. Einleitung in die Geschichte der griechischen Sprache, (Hyrje në historinë e gjuhës greke), Göttingen, (1896) Kretschmer, Paul. Sprachliche Vorgeschichte des Balkans, (Parahistoria gjuhësore e Ballkanit), Revue Internationale des e'tudes balkaniquee, vol. II (1935) Thumb, A. Altgriechische Elemente des Albanesischen. IF 26 (1926). Sandfeld, Kristian. Linguistique balkanique, problemes et resultats. Paris 1930. Cimochowski, Waclaw. Recherches sur l'histoire du sandhi dans la langue albanaise. LP II, 1950. Cimochowski, Waclaw. Des recherches sur la toponomastique de l'Albanie. LP VIII, 1960. Cimochowski, Waclaw. Pozicioni gjuhësor i ilirishtes ballkanike në rrethin e gjuhëve indoevropiane. SF 1973/2. Lambertz, Maximilian. Lehrgang des Albanischen. Teil I: Albanisch-Deutsches Wörterbuch. Teil II: Albanische Chrestomathie. Teil III: Grammatik der albanischen Sprache (Berlin: Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften 1954, Berlin 1955, Halle/Saale 1959). Gjinari, Jorgji. Për historinë e dialekteve të gjuhës shqipe. SF 1968/4. Gjinari, Jorgji. Mbi vazhdimësinë e ilirishtes në gjuhën shqipe. SF 1969/3. Gjinari, Jorgji. Struktura dialektore e shqipes e parë në lidhje me historinë e popullit. SF 1976/3. Gjinari, Jorgji. Dëshmi të historisë së gjuhës shqipe për kohën dhe vendin e formimit të popullit shqiptar. SF 1982/3. Mayer, Antun. Die Sprache der alten Illyrier. B. II. Wien 1959. Tagliavini, Carlo. La stratificazione del lessico albanese. Elementi indoeuropei. Bologna 1965. Mihaescu, Haralambie. Les elements latins de la langue albanaise. RESEE 1966/1-2. Mihaescu, Haralambie La langue latine dans le sud-est de l’Europe. Bucuresti-Paris: Editura Academiei-Les Belles Lettres (1978). Mann, Stuart E.: An Albanian Historical Grammar ; Hamburg  : Helmut Buske Verlag, 1977 Çabej, Eqrem. Disa probleme themelore të historisë së vjetër të gjuhës shqipe. BUSHT,SSHSH 1962/4 (In German SA 1964/1). Çabej, Eqrem. Rreth disa Çështjeve të historisë së gjuhës shqipe. BUSHT,SSHSH1963/3 (In Romanian SCL 1954/4). Çabej, Eqrem. Mbi disa rregulla të fonetikës historike të shqipes. SF 1970/2 (In German “Die Sprache”, Wien 1972). Çabej, Eqrem. L'ancien nom national des albanais. SA 1972/1. Çabej, Eqrem. Problemi i vendit të formimit të gjuhës shqipe. SF 1972/4. Çabej, Eqrem. Karakteristikat e huazimeve latine të gjuhës shqipe. SF 1974/2 (In German RL 1962/1). Çabej, Eqrem. Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes.; vëll. II, Tiranë 1976. Çabej, Eqrem. Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes; vëll. I. Tiranë 1982. Desnickaja, A.V. Albanskij jazyk i ego dialekty. Leningrad 1968. Desnickaja, A.V. Language Interferences and Historical Dialectology Linguistics, EJ088069 (1973) Desnickaja, A.V. Osnovy balkanskogo jazykoznanija, Cast 1. Leningrad: Nauka Press. 1990. Pisani, Vittore L'albanais et les autres langues indoeuropéennes, "Annuaire de l'Institut de philologie et d'histoire orientales etslaves", t. X, Bruxelles, 1950 Pisani, Vittore. Les origines de la langue albanaise. SA 1964/1. Pisani, Vittore. Sulla genesi dell'albanese. Akten Innsbruck (1972). Ajeti, Idriz. La presence de l'albanais dans les parlers des populations slaves de la Peninsule Balkanique а la lumiere de la langue et de la toponymie. SA 1968/2. Ajeti, Idriz. Për historinë e marrëdhënieve të hershme gjuhësore shqiptare-sllave. SF 1972/4. Ölberg, Hermann. Einige Uberlegungen zur Autochtonie der Albaner auf der Balkanhalbinsel. Akten Innsbruck (1972). Ölberg, Hermann. Kontributi i gjuhësisë për çështjen e atdheut ballkanik të shqiptarëve. SF 1982/3. Domi, Mahir. Prapashtesa ilire dhe shqipe, përkime dhe paralelizma. SF 1974/4. Domi, Mahir. Considerations sur les traits communs ou paralleles de l'albanais avec les autres langues balkaniques et sur leur etude. SA 1975/1. Katicic, Radoslav. Ancient languages of the Balkans (Trends in linguistics). The Hague and Paris: Mouton. (1976). Riza, Selman. Studime albanistike. Pristina 1979. De Simone, Carlo. Gli illiri del Sud. Tentativo di una definizione. “Iliria” (Tiranë) 1986/1. Banfi, Emanuele. Linguistica balcanica. Bologna 1985. Banfi, Emanuele. Storia linguistica del sud-est europeo. Milano 1991. Huld, Martin E. Basic Albanian etymologies. Columbus, OH: Slavica Publishers. (1984). Buchholz, Oda / Fiedler, Wilfried: Albanische Grammatik ; Leipzig  : VEB Verlag Enzyklopädie, (1987) Pellegrini, Giovan Battista : I rapporti linguistici interadriatici e l’elemento latino dell’albanese në: Abruzzo. Rivista dell'Istituto di Studi Abruzzesi XIX, 1980 Pellegrini, Giovan Battista : Disa vëzhgime mbi elementin latin të shqipes (Some observations over the latin element of the Albanian language), in: SF 1982/3 Pellegrini, Giovan Battista : Avviamento alla linguistica albanese (Edizione rinnovata) (1997) Demiraj, Shaban. Gjuha shqipe dhe historia e saj. Shtëpia botuese e librit universitar (Tirane) 1988. Demiraj, Shaban. Fonologjia historike e gjuhës shqipe. (Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperise. Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise) TOENA (Tirane), 1996 Demiraj, Shaban. Prejardhja e shqiptarëve në dritën e dëshmive të gjuhës shqipe. Shkenca (Tirane) 1999 Demiraj, Shaban. Gramatikë historike e gjuhës shqipe. (Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperise. Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise) 2002 Demiraj, Shaban. Gjuhësi Ballkanike. (Akademia e Shkencave e Shqiperise. Instituti i Gjuhesise dhe i Letersise) 2004
9. Katicic, Radoslav. Ancient languages of the Balkans (Trends in linguistics). The Hague and Paris: Mouton. (1976))
10. In his last book Eric Hamp support the thesis that Illyrian language belong to the Northwestern group, Albanian language descend from Illyrian language, and Albanian and Messapic are related while Messapic is an earlier Illyrian dialect Studime krahasuese për shqipen (Analytical studies on Albanian)/ Eric P. Hamp ; përg. dhe red.: Rexhep Ismajli . -Prishtinë : Akademia e Shkencave dhe e Arteve e Kosovës, 2007
11. The Cambridge ancient history By John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, E. Sollberger Edition: 2, illustrated, revised Published by Cambridge University Press, 1982 ISBN 0521224969, 9780521224963
12. "The position of Albanian" Eric P. Hamp 1963 (Ancient IE dialects, Proceedings of the Conference on IE linguistics held at the University of California, Los Angeles, April 25-27, 1963, ed. By Henrik Birnbaum and Jaan Puhvel)
13. Language Contacts in Prehistory: Studies in Stratigraphy By Henning Andersen Edition: illustrated Published by John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2003 ISBN 1588113795, 9781588113795 (page 22)
14. A grammar of modern Indo-European: language and culture, writing system and phonology, morphology, syntax. By Carlos Quiles, Kárlos Kūriákī Published by Carlos Quiles Casas, 2007 ISBN 8461176391, 9788461176397 (page 386)
15. A history of ancient Greek: from the beginnings to late antiquity By Maria Chritē, Maria Arapopoulou, Centre for the Greek Language (Thessalonikē, Greece) Edition: illustrated Published by Cambridge University Press, 2007 ISBN 0521833078, 80521833073 (page 746)
16. The Ancient Languages of Europe, By Roger D. Woodard, Contributor Roger D. Woodard, Edition: illustrated, Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008 ISBN 0521684951, 9780521684958
17. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985 (page288)
18. A history of ancient Greek: from the beginnings to late antiquity By Maria Chritē, Maria Arapopoulou, Centre for the Greek Language (Thessalonikē, Greece) Edition: illustrated Published by Cambridge University Press, 2007 ISBN 0521833078, 9780521833073 (page 748)
19. Archaeology and Language II: Archaeological Data and Linguistic Hypotheses, By Roger Blench, Matthew Spriggs, Edition: illustrated, Published by Routledge, 1999, ISBN 0415117615, 9780415117616 (page 250)
20. The Ancient Languages of Europe, By Roger D. Woodard, Contributor Roger D. Woodard, Edition: illustrated, Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008, ISBN 0521684951, 9780521684958 (page 259)
21. Indo-European language and culture: an introduction, By Benjamin W. Fortson, Edition: 5, illustrated Published by Wiley-Blackwell, 2004, ISBN 1405103167, 9781405103169 (page 35)
22. A history of ancient Greek: from the beginnings to late antiquity, By Maria Chritē, Maria Arapopoulou, Centre for the Greek Language (Thessalonikē, Greece), Edition: illustrated, Published by Cambridge University Press, 2007, ISBN 0521833078, 9780521833073
23. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985
24. The Cambridge ancient history By John Boardman, I. E. S. Edwards, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, E. Sollberger Edition: 2, illustrated, revised Published by Cambridge University Press, 1982 ISBN 0521224969, 9780521224963 (Clausal river near Scodra. page 874 )
25. Palatovelars before resonants in Balto-Slavic, Kortland 1980, Balto-Slavic Phonological Developments, Kortland 2008. link
26. "Palatal before resonant in Albanian", KZ 76: 275-280 E. Hamp
27. Demiraj 1988; 44,Demiraj 1996; 190
28. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985 (page 288)
29. Krahe, Hans. Die Sprache der Ilyrier. Wiesbaden 1955, page50
30. Mayer, Anton. - Die Sprache der alten Illyrier. Wien: In Kommission bei R.M. Rohrer, 1957-1959, ZB635393, page 50
31. Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, By J. P. Mallory, Douglas Q. Adams, Edition: illustrated Published by Taylor & Francis, 1997 ISBN 1884964982, 9781884964985
32. The Ancient Languages of Europe, By Roger D. Woodard, Contributor Roger D. Woodard, Edition: illustrated, Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008 ISBN 0521684951, 9780521684958
33. A history of ancient Greek: from the beginnings to late antiquity By Maria Chritē, Maria Arapopoulou, Centre for the Greek Language (Thessalonikē, Greece) Edition: illustrated Published by Cambridge University Press, 2007 ISBN 0521833078, 9780521833073
34. Krahe, Hans. Die alten balkanillyrischen geographischen Namen. Heidelberg 1925
35. Krahe, Hans. Die Sprache der Ilyrier. Wiesbaden 1955
36. Alföldy, Géza Die namengebung der Urbevolkerung in der romishen Provinz Dalmatia" BzN 15, 55-104. (1964a)
37. Katičić, Radoslav (1964b) "Die neuesten Forschungen uber die einhemiche Sprachschist in den Illyrischen Provinzen" in Benac (1964a) 9-58 Katičić, Radoslav (1965b) "Zur frage der keltischen und panonischen Namengebieten im romischen Dalmatien" ANUBiH 3 GCBI 1, 53-76
38. Katičić, Radoslav. Ancient languages of the Balkans. The Hague - Paris (1976)
39. The Ancient Languages of Europe By Roger D. Woodard Edition: illustrated Published by Cambridge University Press, 2008 ISBN 0521684951, 9780521684958
40. Katičić, Radoslav. Ancient languages of the Balkans. The Hague - Paris (1976; 179-180).
41. Suić and Katičić question the existence of a separate people of Illyrii. For them Illyrii proprie dicti are peoples inhabitating the heartland of the Illyrian kingdom Suić, M (1976d) "Illyrii proprie dicti" ANUBiH 11 gcbi 11, 179-197. Katičić, R (1964a) "Illyrii proprie dicti" ZAnt 13-14, 87-97 Katičić, R (1965a) "Nochmals Illyrii proprie dicti" ZAnt 16, 241-244. also this wiev is supported by Papazoglu in Papazoglu, F (1989) "L'organisation politique de l'Illyrie meridionale (A propos du livre de P. Cabanes sur "Les Illyriens de Bardylis a Genthios") ZAnt. 39, 31-53
42. Kossinna, Gustav. "Die indogermanische Frage archaologisch beantwortet" (1902)
43. Pokorny, supported it by claiming that the suggested connection between Lat aes (copper) and Skr ayas (metal) with Celtic *isarnon is wrong, because the latter is not of Celtic origin, but the long i of the Celtic word is best explained if we regard Illyrian as the source of the Celtic term. He claimed that this was supported by archaeological data and concluding that the Illyrian word for iron passed into Celtic when Celts first learned the use of the new metal by Illyrians. Pokorny Sprachforschung, xlvi, 1914 p, 293
44. (Pokorny 1936, 213) Pokorny, J. 1936 "Substrattheorie und Urheimat der Indogermanen"
45. Vasmer, Max. 1928 "Beitrage zur alten Geographie der Gebiete zwischen lbe und Weischel" Zeitschrift fur slavische Philologie 5.360-370.
46. Krahe, Hans. Lexikon altillyrischen Personennamen (Dictionary of Old Illyrian personal names)(1929).
47. (but in fact they were two different tribes a fact that he himself noticed later (Krahe, 1950, 20) also according to Steinacher (2002: 32), the Adriatic Veneti, the Veneti of Gaul and the North Balkan/Paphlagonian Enetoi mentioned by Herodotus and Appian were not related to each other, nor to the Veneti/Venedi mentioned by Tacitus, Pliny and Ptolemy.
48. Homer Illiad II, 852
49. Herodotus I, 196
50. Herodotus V, 9
51. >Krahe 1950, 37
52. Mayer, A. 1957-59/I,4
53. Harmatta, J. 1967a ""Zum Illyrischen" Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae1967/1-4, 231-234
54. Krahe, Hans Die Strukture der alteuropäischen Hydronomie (The structure of Old-European river names) Wiesbaden 1963
55. Krahe, Hans. Unsere altesten Flussnamen Wiesbaden (Our oldest river names)1964
56. H. Krahe 1964,13
57. Krahe 1964,32-33
58. H. Krahe 1964, 77
59. Tovar, A. (1977)"Krahe's alteuropaische Hydronymie und die westindogermanischen Sprachen" Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenscheften, 1977/2
60. Theo Vennemann, Patrizia Noel Aziz Hanna, Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 2003, ISBN 311017054X, 9783110170542
61. Katičić, Radoslav. "Suvremena istrazivanja o jeziku starosjedilaca ilirskih provincija" (current research on the language of the autochthon people of Illyrian provinces) in Benac 1964, 9-58
62. Benać, A. "Vorillyrier, Protoillyrier und Urillyrier" in: A. Benac(ed.) "Symposium sur la delimitation Territoriale et chronologique des Illyriens a l’epoque Prehistorique", Sarajevo 1964, pp. 59-94.
63. Anamali, Skënder, Myzafer Korkuti. Ilirët dhe gjeneza e shqiptarëve. Tiranë.(1969)
64. Stipčević, Alexander. "Iliri" (2nd edition). Zagreb, 1989 (also published in Italian as "Gli Illiri").
65. Krahe, Die Sprache der Illyrier I. Die Quellen (1955).
66. Gustav Must, reviewing Krahe 1955 in Language 32.4 (October 1956) p. 721.
67. Hamp 2007
68. Strabo 7.43, "élos loúgeon kaloúmenon"
69. This group is considered to be cognate with the Italian city name of Trieste; Albanian treg "market" might be a borrowing from South Slavic.
70. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075, Page 72:"... Thus it seems generally agreed that the name of the Illyrian queen Teuta of the third century Bc derives from teutana, which means `queen'. ..."
71. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,Page 71, "... The names Daza, Dasius and Dazomenus have been connected with Das- menus in Pannonia and Dazos in southern Italy. The meaning of these plausible correspondences is hard to determine: neither the internal links between the three principal Illyrian onomastic provinces nor those between ..."
72. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,Page 186: "... around the head of the Adriatic were the Liburni, who occupied the coast and islands between Istria and the river Titus (Krka) and had been known to the Greeks since at least the eighth century BC. ..."
73. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 76,"... 76 The Search for Illyrians Pinnes and Tato are present, from the Japodes Diteio and Ve(n)do, and a few names are of Celtic origin, Kabaletus, Litus, Nantanius, Sarnus, Sinus, Sisimbrius and Vepus. ..."
74. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 75,"... A few names which occur in the upper Neretva valley around Konjic appear to be of Celtic origin: Bolo, Bricussa, lacus, Mallaius and ..."
75. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,Page 82,"... The number of Illyrian names in that area, Genthena, Tatta, Dasius and Thana is small compared with the Celtic: Aioia, Andetia, Baeta, Bidna, Catta, Dussona, ..."
76. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 79,"... Four names are accepted as definitely Celtic: Nantia, Nonntio, Poia and Sicu. Mellito has a Greek and Celtic element, while the Celtic associations of Ammida, Matera and Seneca remain questionable. Rather than constituting evidence for the ..."
77. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,Page 82,"... The number of Illyrian names in that area, Genthena, Tatta, Dasius and Thana is small compared with the Celtic: Aioia, Andetia, Baeta, Bidna, Catta, Dussona, Enena,laca, Madusa, Matisa, Nindia, Sarnus, ..."
78. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 84,"... Apart from some names of Thracian origin, Bessus and Teres, and some Celtic names, Arvus, Belzeius, Cambrius, laritus, Lautus, Madussa and Argurianus (either Thracian or Celtic), the only name of south Illyrian origin is Plares. ..."
79. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 86,"... 86 The Search for Illyrians (two examples), Varanilla and Varidius. The Thracian names include: Auluporis, Auluzon, Bithus (three examples), Celsus (two examples), Celsinus, Cocaius, Daizo, Delus, Dida, Dinentilla , Dizas, Dizo (two examples) ..."
80. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 84,"... Apart from some names of Thracian origin, Bessus and Teres, and some Celtic names, Arvus, Belzeius, Cambrius, laritus, Lautus, Madussa and Argurianus (either Thracian or Celtic), the only name of south Illyrian origin is Plares. ..."
81. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,page 79,"... Four names are accepted as definitely Celtic: Nantia, Nonntio, Poia and Sicu. Mellito has a Greek and Celtic element, while the Celtic associations of Ammida, Matera and Seneca remain questionable. Rather than constituting evidence for the ..."
82. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058;layout=;query=toc;loc=cu%2Flon Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott
83. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075, Page 217:"...Ceraunii whose name deriving from the Greek for `thunderbolt' links them with high mountains,
84. Wilkes, J. J. The Illyrians, 1992,ISBN 0631198075,Page 98:"... the Illyrian Enchelei, the 'eel-men', whose name points to a location near Lake Ohrid. According to Polybius (5. ..."
85. Wilkes. ...dominant Illyrian deity and some were evidently worshipped only in particular regions. Thus several deities occur only in Istria, including Eia, Malesocus, Boria and Iria. Anzotica was the Liburnian Venus and appears in the traditional image of the classical goddess.
86. Wilkes. Other local deities were Latta, Sentona and the nymph Ica, praying in relief sculpture), Knez 1974 (ritual vessel), Baçe 1984 (temple architecture in Illyrian Albania).
87. Wilkes. ...including altars dedicated by chiefs of the Japodes at the shrine of Bindus Neptunus at a spring near Bihaé (see figure 30).17 The first reported contact between Japodes and Romans occurred in 171...
88. Wilkes. North of the Japodes, the altars to Vidasus and Thana dedicated at the hot springs of Topusko reveal the local 246 Roman Illyrians...
89. Wilkes. Life and Death among Illyrians 247 identities of Silvanus and Diana, a familiar combination on many dedications in the territory of the Delmatae.
90. Wilkes. ...the short cloak streaming out behind. The Illyrian town Rhizon (Risinium) on the Gulf of Kotor had its protective deity Medaurus...
91. Wilkes. ...Armatus at Delminium (Duvno) who was evidently a war god of the Delmatae, and the Latin Liber who appears with the...

See also

• Messapian language
• Thracian language
• Paionian language
• Venetic language
• Albanian language

External links

• Short Illyrian Glossary
• Illyria and Illyrians

• Ancient languages
• Paleo-Balkan languages
• Indo-European languages
• Illyria
• Unclassified languages