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For validated claims please see supercentenarian; for partially-validated and unvalidated claims see Longevity Claims. This article concerns the history of the mythology of longevity, as well as an explanation of the longevity myth phenomenon. Longevity myths include the "Fountain of Youth" myth, the "Village Elder" myth, the "Shangri-La" myth, the "Nationalist" myth, etc. Each myth derives a separate motivation for age exaggeration. The "Fountain of Youth" myth is based upon the desire of some to live a very long time by taking potions or finding a "secret" to longevity. The "Village Elder" myth is often based upon a pre-literate societal respect for aging, patriarchy, etc. that leads to age exaggeration of the oldest male (sometimes female) in the village. The "Shangri-La" myth is the idea that a certain remote mountain village may contain an entire village or long-lived people (such as Vilcabama or Abkhazia). The "Nationalist" myth is the fueling of age exaggeration by nationalist pride (such as Stalin promoting longevity in Soviet Georgia, because he was from there). There are of course other myths and reasons for age exaggeration. Some are personal (the P.T. Barnum myth of longevity); that is, a person claims to be a great age to attract attention to oneself and/or to obtain money (such as Joice Heth, promoted by P.T. Barnum as a 161-year-old woman in the 1800's, turned out to be 80).

Patriarchal Longevity Myth

Longevity myths have been around for as long as humanity. The first longevity myths were probably the patriarchal/matriarchal myths. These tended to be formed in an effort to link humans to the gods/God. In some cases, the ages of the past were exaggerated to extend a pseudo-genealogy further back into the past. Such extreme exaggerations were used in Sumeria; ages claimed corresponded to calendar cycles and special dates. A later and reduced form was used in Japan, which inflated ages of emperors in an attempt to date Japanese history to 660BC (see Emperor Jimmu Tenno, kanototori for more). The Patriarchs of the Bible do "connect man to God" (see Luke 3:23-3:38), and the extreme ages claimed are highest toward the beginning (see Genesis chapters 3-11). These ages represent a reverence for genealogy an ancestry, and high age often correlates to high status in this respect. In addition, a cosmology of "sin"--that man was once potentially immortal, but became mortal through four "falls" of man and thus had his life shortened in four successive stages (from potentially everlasting in the Garden of Eden to less than 1,000 afterward; then to less than 500 after the Flood; then to 250; then to 120) and that equated early death with sin (and thus long life with respect) all mean that early Biblical ages have allegorical, not mere literal, meaning.

Village Elder Longevity Myth

Probably the second longevity myth, the "village elder" myth is a reduction from the patriarchal myth. It is generally assumed that persons today cannot attain the ages of the ancients, but still one's "village elder" should be honored. This myth originally centered around a tribal chieftain, but in places where local power was distributed, elderly women began to be substituted. In this devolution, the "village elder" represented a source of pride, oral history, and a person to commemorate. Still based on a time of no written record, the ages claimed tended to be limited by one's ability to believe them. Most claims of this type have been less than 200 years old, with ages of 140, 150, and 160 seemingly representing the cusp of believability for the peasant masses (not the experts!). These myths continue even today, in places such as Bangladesh.

Fountain of Youth Myth

The more recent "Fountain of Youth" myth seems to have come from a different angle. Many people in Europe feared death (especially after the ravages of the Black Death that began in the 1340's) and sought ways to extend their own life span. Unlike the previous myths, which were rooted in patriarchal, ancient, and communal beliefs, the fountain of youth myth is anchored in the individual, medieval, and Renaissance. The idea that humans could change their environment (such as alchemy), while not always successful, became popular during the 1400's and 1500's. Consequently, Spanish conquistadors, already searching for fabulous cities of gold, added the idea of finding the "Fountain of Youth". Ponce De Leon explored Florida in 1513, looking for this.

This myth is connected to longevity in the idea of example-ism. People need an example of success to believe a mineral water, snake oil, or potion carries beneficial (magical) properties, bestowing extra-ordinary longevity. To satiate this need, charlatans would often search for a very old person, claiming to have found an "example" of success. The idea continues today, in reduced form, but was still very prevalent in the 1970's, when claims of extreme longevity from the Caucasus led to Dannon Yogurt endorsements.

Shangri-La Longevity Myth

An extension and adaptation of the Fountain of Youth myth is the idea that a particular place, rather than a substance, carries what is needed to attain extreme age. It is not enough to take a potion from a bottle in Merry Olde England; a person seeking extreme longevity instead needs to move to "Shangri-La." This myth differs from the Fountain of Youth in that it focuses on an entire village or mountain region (see Caucasus, Vilcabamba, Hunza Valley). Thus, the Caucasus did not merely claim to have a 168-year-old, but to have hundreds of people aged 120+. Instead of one village elder, the entire village is a "village of centenarians." In some cases, apparent age heaping showed how unreliable the age claims were: in places like the Hunza Valley, the oldest ages reported often ended in 0 or 5 (140, 135, 130, 125, 120), indicating the age was a guess, not a real measurement.

Nationalist Longevity Myth

The next extension of the Shangri-La idea is the "Nationalist" longevity myth. Why seek some exotic locale when longevity occurs right here at home? The idea of the Nationalist longevity myth was rooted in the rise of Nationalism in the 20th century. As people's ideas became focused on their "one nation" versus another, extreme age claims became a source of pride. Even in the U.S., in the 1970 census, 106,000 people claimed to be 100 years old or older (some 130+) as the U.S. sought to counter Soviet claims that the Soviet communist "lifestyle" resulted in extreme longevity. The Soviets merely borrowed the localist traditions of the Caucasus and adapted them to a Marxist ideology. The U.S. did not go as far, but to stem the tide, even publications such as Time Magazine in 1967 featured Sylvester Magee, "126," and Charlie Smith, "125." Both of these claims may have been put forth by publicity-seeking individuals, but the national media chose to elevate these unsubstantiated claims in the context of ideology (not surprisingly, they were a counterfoil to the USSR claim that Shirali Mislimov was in his 160's). Longevity myths lost their vogue in the late 1970's, as both US and USSR experts came forward to debunk both sides. However, with the Cold War not over in Cuba, local Nationalism fuels unverified claims today such that the "world's oldest man" is Benito Martinez. Outside the context of Marxist ideology, we see claims such as Du Pinhua of China (a claim used to counter Japan's Kamato Hongo as the world's oldest person).

Religious/Spiritual Myths

Aside from the previously mentioned patriarchal myths, religious myths are ideas that if one follows a certain philosophy or practice, a person can live to an extreme age (some Daoists claimed to have lived to over 200 years; these were related to practice, not genealogy). The Swami Bua claims to be a different age each time he is interviewed, but generally claims birth around 1889. Offering no evidence, the message seems to be that mediation leads to extreme longevity. While scientific evidence does show some benefit from mediation, spiritualism, and faith, measurable longevity tends to fall within scientific proof (i.e. age 109, 110 in Iowa); there is no evidence that religion, philosophy, practice, meditation, etc. has extended the human life span.

Other Longevity Myths

Other longevity myths include racist and familial. Some people believe that a certain race (theirs)tends to live longer than others, despite no scientific evidence. On the smallest scale, many families tend to believe that their own family members live a very long time, and the further back in the past they go, the easier it is to insert a family member aged 108, 111, 120, etc in, usually despite no evidence.

Many people in the 1950's falsely claimed to be "Confederate Veterans," in a myth of Southern longevity. Walter Williams claimed to be "117" in 1959; in 1973 a woman claimed to be a "Confederate widow" at 117. Research in 1959 indicated that Walter Williams was really 105, not 117, years old.

As the Guinness Book of World Records stated in numerous editions from the 1960s to 1980s, "No single subject is more obscured by vanity, deceit, falsehood, and deliberate fraud than the extremes of human longevity." At the time, Guinness had never acknowledged anyone as having reached the age of 114, but longevity has increased in recent years. The first three people to be acknowledged by Guinness as reaching 114 have all had their claims disputed. The first two people Guinness accepted as reaching 113, both of whom were male, have now been discredited. (It has since been determined that some 90% of persons who have reached the age of 113 have been female.)

Even as of 2005, with recordholder Jeanne Calment having died at the undisputed age of 122, this remains the case:

• Only approximately fifty people in human history have been documented as reaching the age of 114.
• Only about twenty of those people who reached 114 have reached the age of 115.
• Of the eight people regarded by the Guinness Book or significant scholars to have reached 116, three are subject to substantial doubt.
• Calment is the only person absolutely undisputed to have lived to or over 120.

Yet in the face of the ages that can be validated by investigation, we are still confronted with claims that the observed extremes have been far exceeded -- longevity myths.

Leaving aside claims in mythology of lives into the thousands of years, and biblical claims for early humans, such as for Methuselah (969 years), there have been reports for centuries that persist today of people decades, even generations, older than have ever been shown authentic. Indeed, the magic "limit" of 120 years is thought by some as being divinely instructed at the time of the Flood (Genesis 6:3), though various later Biblical lifespans exceed this at least up to the time of Moses, who is mentioned as being 120 years old when he died (Deuteronomy 31:2 and 34:7).

A National Geographic article in 1973 treated with respect some claims subsequently disproven, including the notorious Vilcabamba valley in Ecuador, where locals claimed ancestors' baptismal records as their own. That article also reported of very aged people in Hunza, a mountain region of Pakistan, without documentary evidence being cited.

It is typical that extreme longevity claims come from remote areas where recordkeeping is poor, but generally observed life expectancy is rather lower than in the areas where genuine claims are typically found. The Caribbean nation of Dominica was lately promoting the allegedly 128-year-old Elizabeth Israel (1875??–2003) but has a smaller population and lower life expectancy than Iceland, where the documentation is very good and life expectancy is very high yet the longevity record is 108.

The Caucasus mountain region of Azerbaijan was the subject of extreme claims for decades, inspired by the desire of Stalin to believe that he would live a very long time, the most extreme claim there being that of Shirali Mislimov (1805??–1973).

In Rajasthan, Jaipur, India, Mr. Habib Miyan claims that he was born in 1878, 1872 and 1869. Actually, his age is unknown because he does not have any birth certificate with him. However, according to a state issued pension book that he claims as his (even with a different name, Rahim Khan), it was stated that Rahim Khan was born in 20 May 1878 but independent researchers have not verified Miyan's age.

In 2003, health officials in Chechnya declared that Zabani Khakimova was at least 124 years old, but her age was never authenticated; she died in 2003. In 2004, The Moscow (Russia) Times reported on Pasikhat Dzhukalayeva, also of Chechnya, who claims to have been born in 1881. But, as with Mrs. Khakimova, Mrs. Dzhukalayeva's age has not been authenticated.

Brazil has made several unsubstantiated claims, starting with Maria do Carmo Geronimo (1871??-2000). On March 3, 2005, the Associated Press reported that Maria Olivia da Silva, who claims to have been born on February 28, 1880, had been recognized by RankBrasil as the oldest-living woman in Brazil. Guinness has been unable to verify her date of birth. RankBrasil, a competitor of Guinness, had previously promoted the claim of Ana Martins da Silva (1880?-2004) and that records were sent to Guinness , but the claim was never validated.

An earlier claim from South America was for Javier Pereira (said to have been determined to be 167 years old by a dentist looking at his teeth!) There have likewise been a scattering of extreme claims from Africa, the most recent being Namibia's Anna Visser, who died in January 2004 at an alleged 125 or 126, and Mokoko Temo of South Africa, who was said to be 130 when she voted in the April 2004 election.

The most extreme claim in the 20th century was a wire story announcing in 1933 that China's Li Chung-yun, born in 1680, had died at age 256 (if it were true, he actually would have been 252 or 253).

In prior centuries there have been other claims, one of the best-known being Thomas Parr, introduced to London in 1635 with the claim that he was 152 years old, who promptly died and was buried in Westminster Abbey. Greater English claims include those of the allegedly 169-year-old Henry Jenkins (apparently concocted to support testimony in a court case about events a century before) and the supposedly 207-year-old Thomas Carn (died in 1588 by most reports).

Longevity myths did not come in for serious scrutiny until the work of W.J. Thoms in 1873, and the odd wire correspondent looking for a captivating filler reports extreme undocumented claims to this day: in early 2000 a Nepalese man claimed to have been born in 1832, citing as evidence a card issued in 1988. In December 2003, a Chinese news service claimed incorrectly that Guinness had recognized a woman in Saudi Arabia as being 131.

Responsible validation of longevity claims involves investigation of records following the claimant from birth to the present, and claims far outside the demonstrated records regularly fail such scrutiny. The United States Social Security Administration has public death records of over 100 people said to have died in their 160s to 190s, but often a quick look at the file immediately finds an obvious error.

The work of sorting genuine supercentenarians is a continuous process, and a news story must never be taken for authoritative fact if no validation is cited.

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