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| leader = ]| | leader = ]| | ||
| predecessor = ]| | predecessor = ]| | ||
| in_office = 1990 - October 2000| | in_office = 1990 - October, 2000| | ||
| bgcolor = Green| | bgcolor = Green| | ||
| foundation = ] ] | | foundation = ] ] | | ||
| ideology = |
ideology = ]| | ||
| international = ''none''| | international = ''none''| | ||
| european = ]| | european = ]| | ||
| ethnicgroup = Nominally multiethnic, but primarily Bosniak |
ethnicgroup = Nominally multiethnic, but primarily Bosniak| | ||
| colours = ], ], ] and ]| | colours = ], ], ] and ]| | ||
| headquarters = ]| | headquarters = ]| | ||
| yugo_affiliation = {{flagicon|Croatia}} ]<BR>(''Stranka Demokratske Akcije Hrvatske'') | yugo_affiliation = {{flagicon|Croatia}} ]<BR>(''Stranka Demokratske Akcije Hrvatske'') | ||
| {{flagicon|Kosovo}} ]<BR>(''Stranka Demokratske Akcije'') | {{flagicon|Kosovo}} ]<BR>(''Stranka Demokratske Akcije'') | ||
| {{flagicon|Serbia}}{{flagicon|Montenegro}} ]<BR>(''Stranka Demokratske Akcije Sandžaka'') |
{{flagicon|Serbia}}{{flagicon|Montenegro}} ]<BR>(''Stranka Demokratske Akcije Sandžaka'') party in both ] and ]| | ||
| website_address = http://www.sda.ba/naslovna.php | | website_address = http://www.sda.ba/naslovna.php | | ||
| website_title = SDA website| | website_title = SDA website| | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| ⚫ | The '''Party of Democratic Action''' ({{lang-bs|Stranka Demokratske Akcije}}) is a ] national ] in ]<ref>{{cite book |last= James|first=Ron |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=WysT_YXvi0kC&pg=PA218&lpg=PA218&dq='''Party+of+Democratic+Action'''+bosnia+muslim+book&source=bl&ots=zApmn8AsVc&sig=sWXtKA1m1JE7Ox5Cusbmi7LQkW0&hl=en&ei=ymw6Ss3KKIqvlAef8ejhDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8|title=Frontiers and ghettos: State Violence in Serbia and Israel. | accessdate=6/18/09|page=218 |year=2003 |publisher= University of California Press|isbn=0520236572, 9780520236578}}</ref> It was founded in 1990 by ], ] and ], representing the ] population ((Eastern Orthodox) Serbs and (catholic) Croats were represented by SDS and HDZ, respectively<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA236&dq=bosnia+party+democratic+action+serbs+croats</ref>) . The SDA party was the first ] party of national orientation in ] since the banning of the multiparty system in 1945 by the ]. Though carefully avoiding establishing an islamic state as the stated objective, Izetbegovć's SDA supporting widening the role of ] in the public life<ref> | ||
| ''The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina'' By Steven L. Burg, Paul Shoup </ref>. Abdić later broke with Izetbegović's leadership, forming a separatist regime in Bihac area. | |||
| ⚫ | The SDA achieved considerable success in elections after the fall of ] in the early 1990s. It founded the newspaper ]. The party remains the strongest political party among the Bosniak population in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and it has branches in ] and ] (] region). Former mayor of ], ], is a member of the SDA. | ||
| ⚫ | The '''Party of Democratic Action''' ({{lang-bs|Stranka Demokratske Akcije}} |
||
| The party was criticized during the Bosnian war both by political opponents (e.g. R. Karadzic) from non-Bosniak communities and some Bosniaks<ref>Thus, in 1994, ] daily '']'', was quoted in '']'' as saying: "The Party of Democratic Action is on its way to becoming a totalitarian party, just like the Communists were. We have no political opposition to speak of here, police are everywhere, and state jobs increasingly require party membership. Modern, democratic Europe has to get rid of President Izetbegovic, because there will be no peace and no elections as long as he is in office." - </ref> On the other hand, unlike Serbian Democratic Party's (SDS) and the Croatian Democratic Union's (CDU) militants' treatment of minorities in the areas of their control during the Bosnian War, the SDA party reportedly did not engage in organized persecution of Serbs and Croats in the areas under its control, and the Catholic and the Eastern orthodox churches in Bihac, Sarajevo, Tuzla and other cities remained intact throughout the war, compared to over 800 destroyed mosques by the Croatian and Serbian nationalists<ref></ref>. | |||
| ==1990-99== | |||
| The |
The ] has accused the SDA of harbouring jihadists and promoting ]<ref>http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/12/bosnia_and_global_jihad.html, http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/12/bosnia_and_global_jihad.html</ref>. | ||
| ⚫ | In November 2000 the party was defeated by the Social Democratic Party and other parties gathered into the "Alliance for Change", and found itself in the opposition for the first time since its 1990 creation.<ref>{{cite book |last= Al-Azmeh |first= Aziz |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uoSUovCrjLwC&pg=PA117&lpg=PA117&dq='''Party+of+Democratic+Action'''+bosnia+muslim+book&source=bl&ots=i8zEokxtxA&sig=InWB654yM23uEIVbY7o_qanlM5Q&hl=en&ei=ymw6Ss3KKIqvlAef8ejhDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2|title=Islam in Europe: Diversity, Identity, and Influence| accessdate=6/18/09|page=118 |year=2007 |publisher= ]|isbn=0521860113, 9780521860116}}</ref> | ||
| In the second half of 1991 the SDA set up its own military force, the '''Patriotic League''', trained and equipped by Iran and Saudi Arabia. The League was eventually combined with other units of the predominantly Muslim Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The SDA set up its own intelligence service, '''The Muslim Intelligence Service''', or '''MOS''', in Vienna in 1991. | |||
| Afghan-trained mujahideen began to settle in the Balkans around 1992, when recruits were brought into Bosnia by the Party of Democratic Action, from ], ], ], ], as well as Italy, Germany, and Turkey. They were all given journalists' credentials to avoid explicit detection by the West. Others were married immediately to Bosnian Muslim women and incorporated into regular army ranks. | |||
| In 1994, Slavko Santic, a commentator for the ] daily '']'', was quoted in '']'' as saying: "The Party of Democratic Action is on its way to becoming a totalitarian party, just like the Communists were. We have no political opposition to speak of here, police are everywhere, and state jobs increasingly require party membership. Modern, democratic Europe has to get rid of President Izetbegovic, because there will be no peace and no elections as long as he is in office." ''The New York Times'' reported as well that that year SDA Bosnian Culture Minister Enes Karic ordered radio show hosts to stop playing "aggressor music" -- songs performed by Serbs. The ban was anxiously debated in Bosnia over what was widely seen as the SDA's growing Islamic authoritarianism. The debate intensified as influential SDA figures suggested that mixed marriages (in which Muslims wed ]s or ]s) were a bad thing, encouraged by the former Communist rulers of Yugoslavia and tending to sap the Muslim soul of Bosnia. ], the spiritual leader of the Bosnian Muslims, said "The Party of Democratic Action is hardly even a party; it is a movement for the protection of Muslims, for the preservation of our biological existence against Serbian aggression. We Bosnians -- that is Muslims -- have accepted Islam as the blueprint of our existence." | |||
| ''The New York Times'' reported in 1996 that diplomats believed the SDA was using members of the secret agency known as ''the Agency for Investigation and Documentation'' as political enforcers, arms smugglers, ]s and ]s. The Bosnian Government said, however, that the service's only duties were to investigate suspected war criminals and to combat terrorism. | |||
| Unlike Serbian Democratic Party's (SDS) and the Croatian Democratic Union's (CDU) treatment of non-Serb and non-Croatian populations, respectivelly, in the areas of their control during the Bosnian War, the party did not engage in organized persecution of Serbs and Croats in the areas under its control, and the catholic and the eastern orthodox churches in Bihac, Sarajevo, Tuzla and other cities remained intact throughout the war, compared to over 800 destroyed mosques by the Croatian and Serbian nationalists. | |||
| * | |||
| ==2000-present== | |||
| ⚫ | In November 2000 the party was defeated by the Social Democratic Party and other parties gathered into the "Alliance for Change", and found itself in the opposition for the first time since its 1990 creation.<ref>{{cite book |last= Al-Azmeh |
||
| In April 2002 three former SDA Bosniak Muslim security officials -- former Interior Minister Bakir Alispahic, former Bosniak secret police (the Agency for Research and Documentation (AID)) deputy head Irfan Ljevakovic, and senior AID official, Enver Mujezinovic -— were detained on charges of terrorism, espionage, and abuse of office for cooperating with the Iranian Intelligence and Security Ministry in setting up an SDA terrorist training camp on the Pogorelica mountain near the central Bosnian town of ] in 1995. Bosniak-Croat Federation Supreme Court investigating judge Jasminka Putica ordered the detentions while further investigations were conducted. The NATO-led Implementation Force (]) closed down the camp, located west of Sarajevo, in 1996. IFOR arrested 11 people and handed them over to the federation police during a raid on the camp in February 1996, but no one was charged. Alispahic and Mujezinovic are alleged to have provided new identities for those arrested. According to documents that the NATO-led force confiscated in the camp and handed over to the federation police in April, the Iranian trainers taught students at the camp how to destroy political opponents of the SDA. | |||
| In November 2008, according to daily '']'', SDA leader ] and fellow SDA official Mirsad Kebo received death threats, and people from the Bekto Preciza company in ] offered to pay EUR 500,000 for the assassinations of Tihić and Kebo. According to the same sources, Kebo’s death was ordered because he was believed to be responsible for the arrest of Senad Šahinpašić, a controversial businessman and former MP from Goražde, while Tihić was a marked man because of his political activities. | |||
| ⚫ | The party remains the strongest political party among the Bosniak |
||
| The party's ideology & political objectives include: membership of Bosnia & Herzegovina in NATO & EU, anti-fascism, strugle against terrorism and violence as an active part of the international anti-terrorist coalition, further maintenance of close ties with the United States & EU. | |||
| * | |||
| The party is an observer member of the ] (EPP). | The party is an observer member of the ] (EPP). | ||
| At the last ] ], 1 October 2006, the party won the following posts |
At the last ] ], 1 October 2006, the party won the following posts; | ||
| ⚫ | * 9 out of 42 seats in the ]. | ||
| ⚫ | * 28 out of 98 seats in the House of Representatives of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 3 out 83 in the ]. | ||
| ⚫ | * 1 out of 2 ]ial seats in Republika srpska. | ||
| ⚫ | * 4 out of 83 seats in the ]. | ||
| ⚫ | * 13 out of 35 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 12 out of 35 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 12 out of 30 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 10 out of 35 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 9 out of 25 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 8 out of 30 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 6 out of 30 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 2 out of 21 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 2 out of 10 seats in the assembly of ] | ||
| ⚫ | * The party won none of the 23 seats in the assembly of ] | ||
| ⚫ | ==References== | ||
| ⚫ | {{reflist}} | ||
| ⚫ | * 9 of 42 seats in the ]. | ||
| ⚫ | * 28 of 98 seats in the House of Representatives of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 3 |
||
| ⚫ | * 1 of 2 ]ial seats in Republika srpska. | ||
| ⚫ | * 4 of 83 seats in the ]. | ||
| ⚫ | * 13 of 35 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 12 of 35 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 12 of 30 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 10 of 35 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 9 of 25 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 8 of 30 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 6 of 30 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 2 of 21 seats in the assembly of the ] | ||
| ⚫ | * 2 of 10 seats in the assembly of ] | ||
| ⚫ | * |
||
| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| * | * | ||
| * | * | ||
| ⚫ | ==References== | ||
| ⚫ | {{reflist |
||
| {{Bosnian political parties}} | {{Bosnian political parties}} | ||
Revision as of 11:38, 19 June 2009
Template:Infobox State of former Yugoslavia Political Party The Party of Democratic Action (Template:Lang-bs) is a Bosniak national political party in Bosnia and Herzegovina It was founded in 1990 by Alija Izetbegović, Muhamed Filipović and Fikret Abdić, representing the Bosnian muslim population ((Eastern Orthodox) Serbs and (catholic) Croats were represented by SDS and HDZ, respectively) . The SDA party was the first Bosniak party of national orientation in Yugoslavia since the banning of the multiparty system in 1945 by the Communist Yugoslav Leadership. Though carefully avoiding establishing an islamic state as the stated objective, Izetbegovć's SDA supporting widening the role of islam in the public life. Abdić later broke with Izetbegović's leadership, forming a separatist regime in Bihac area.
The SDA achieved considerable success in elections after the fall of Communism in the early 1990s. It founded the newspaper Ljiljan. The party remains the strongest political party among the Bosniak population in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and it has branches in Croatia and Serbia (Sandžak region). Former mayor of Sarajevo, Semiha Borovac, is a member of the SDA.
The party was criticized during the Bosnian war both by political opponents (e.g. R. Karadzic) from non-Bosniak communities and some Bosniaks On the other hand, unlike Serbian Democratic Party's (SDS) and the Croatian Democratic Union's (CDU) militants' treatment of minorities in the areas of their control during the Bosnian War, the SDA party reportedly did not engage in organized persecution of Serbs and Croats in the areas under its control, and the Catholic and the Eastern orthodox churches in Bihac, Sarajevo, Tuzla and other cities remained intact throughout the war, compared to over 800 destroyed mosques by the Croatian and Serbian nationalists.
The American Thinker has accused the SDA of harbouring jihadists and promoting islamism.
In November 2000 the party was defeated by the Social Democratic Party and other parties gathered into the "Alliance for Change", and found itself in the opposition for the first time since its 1990 creation.
The party is an observer member of the European People's Party (EPP).
At the last legislative elections, 1 October 2006, the party won the following posts;
- 9 out of 42 seats in the House of Representatives of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
- 28 out of 98 seats in the House of Representatives of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- 3 out 83 in the National Assembly of the Republic of Srpska.
- 1 out of 2 Vice Presidential seats in Republika srpska.
- 4 out of 83 seats in the National Assembly of the Republic of Srpska.
- 13 out of 35 seats in the assembly of the Zenica-Doboj Canton
- 12 out of 35 seats in the assembly of the Tuzla Canton
- 12 out of 30 seats in the assembly of the Una-Sana Canton
- 10 out of 35 seats in the assembly of the Sarajevo Canton
- 9 out of 25 seats in the assembly of the Bosnian Podrinje Canton
- 8 out of 30 seats in the assembly of the Central Bosnia Canton
- 6 out of 30 seats in the assembly of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton
- 2 out of 21 seats in the assembly of the Posavina Canton
- 2 out of 10 seats in the assembly of Canton 10
- The party won none of the 23 seats in the assembly of West Herzegovina Canton
References
- James, Ron (2003). Party+of+Democratic+Action+bosnia+muslim+book&source=bl&ots=zApmn8AsVc&sig=sWXtKA1m1JE7Ox5Cusbmi7LQkW0&hl=en&ei=ymw6Ss3KKIqvlAef8ejhDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8 Frontiers and ghettos: State Violence in Serbia and Israel. University of California Press. p. 218. ISBN 0520236572, 9780520236578. Retrieved 6/18/09.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - http://books.google.com/books?id=Rf8P-7ExoKYC&pg=PA236&dq=bosnia+party+democratic+action+serbs+croats
- The war in Bosnia-Herzegovina By Steven L. Burg, Paul Shoup p. 46
- Thus, in 1994,
- Bosnian Heritage Destruction Report
- http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/12/bosnia_and_global_jihad.html, http://www.americanthinker.com/2008/12/bosnia_and_global_jihad.html
- Al-Azmeh, Aziz (2007). Party+of+Democratic+Action+bosnia+muslim+book&source=bl&ots=i8zEokxtxA&sig=InWB654yM23uEIVbY7o_qanlM5Q&hl=en&ei=ymw6Ss3KKIqvlAef8ejhDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2 Islam in Europe: Diversity, Identity, and Influence. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0521860113, 9780521860116. Retrieved 6/18/09.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: invalid character (help); Check date values in:|accessdate=(help)
External links
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