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	==History of pathology==		==History of pathology==
	{{main\|History of pathology}}		{{main\|History of pathology}}
			The history of pathology can be traced to the earliest application of the ] to the field of ], a development which occurred in the ] during the ] and in ] during the ].
	{{:History of pathology}}

			Early systematic human ]s were carried out by the ] physicians ] and ] in the early part of the third century BC.<ref></ref> The first physician known to have made ] ]s was the ]ian physician ] (1091–1161). ] (1821–1902) is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic pathology. Most early pathologists were also practicing ]s or ]s.

	==General pathology==		==General pathology==
	{{main\|General pathology}}		{{main\|General pathology}}
			General pathology, also called investigative pathology, experimental pathology or theoretical pathology,{{fact}} is a broad and complex ] which seeks to understand the mechanisms of injury to ] and ], as well as the body's means of responding to and repairing injury. Areas of study include cellular adaptation to injury, ], ], ] and ]. It forms the foundation of pathology, the application of this knowledge to diagnose diseases in humans and ].
⚫	~~{{:General~~ pathology}}

			The term "general pathology" is also used to describe the practice of both ] and ].

	==Pathology as a medical specialty==		==Pathology as a medical specialty==
	{{main\|Pathology as a medical specialty}}		{{main\|Pathology as a medical specialty}}
			Pathologists are physicians who diagnose and characterize disease in living patients by examining ] or ]. The vast majority of ] diagnoses are made or confirmed by a pathologist. Pathologists may also conduct ] to investigate causes of death. Pathology is a core discipline of ] and many pathologists are also teachers. As managers of ], pathologists play an important role in the development of ]s. Although the medical practice of pathology grew out of the tradition of ], most modern pathologists do not perform original research.
	{{:Pathology as a medical specialty}}

			Pathology is a unique medical specialty in that pathologists typically do not see ]s directly, but rather serve as consultants to other physicians (often referred to as "clinicians" within the pathology community). To be licensed, candidates must complete medical training, an approved residency program and be certified by an appropriate body. In the US, certification is by the ]. The organization of subspecialties within pathology varies between nations, but usually includes ] and ].

	===Anatomical pathology===		===Anatomical pathology===
	{{main\|Anatomical pathology}}		{{main\|Anatomical pathology}}
			Anatomical pathology (''Commonwealth'') or Anatomic pathology (''U.S.'') is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the ], ], chemical, immunologic and ] examination of ], ], and whole bodies (]).
	{{:Anatomical pathology}}

			Anatomical pathology is itself divided in subspecialties, the main ones being ], ] and ]. To be ] to practice pathology, one has to complete ] and secure a license to practice medicine. An approved ] program and certification (in the U.S., the ]) is usually required to obtain employment or hospital privileges.

			Anatomical pathology is one of two branches of pathology, the other being ], the diagnosis of disease through the ] analysis of ]s and/or tissues. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as ]. The distinction between anatomic and clinical pathology is increasingly blurred by the introduction of technologies that require new expertise and the need to provide patients and referring physicians with integrated diagnostic reports. Similar specialties exist in ].

	===Clinical pathology===		===Clinical pathology===
	{{main\|Clinical pathology}}		{{main\|Clinical pathology}}
			Clinical pathology or Biomedical Science (UK), is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the ] analysis of ]s such as ] and ], and tissues using the tools of ], ], ] and ]. Clinical pathologists work in close collaboration with ]s hospital administrations and referring physicians to insure the accuracy and optimal utilization of laboratory testing.
	{{:Clinical pathology}}

			Clinical pathology is one of the two major divisions of pathology, the other being ]. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination sometimes known as general pathology.

	==Forensic pathology==		==Forensic pathology==
	{{main\|Forensic pathology}}		{{main\|Forensic pathology}}
			Forensic pathology is a branch of pathology concerned with determining the ] by examination of a ]. The ] is performed by the pathologist at the request of a ] usually during the investigation of ] cases and ] cases in some ]. Forensic pathologists are also frequently asked to confirm the identity of a cadaver.
	{{:Forensic_pathology}}

			Forensic pathology is that branch of medicine,which deals with the study of cause of death by examination of a dead body at the request of a coroner during legal cases.

			The word ] is derived from the Latin ''forēnsis'' meaning ''forum''.

	==Veterinary pathology==		==Veterinary pathology==
	{{main\|Veterinary pathology}}		{{main\|Veterinary pathology\|veterinary pathologist}}
			Veterinary pathologists are ] who specialise in the ] of diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids. Like for medical pathology, veterinary pathology is divided in two branches, ] and ]. Veterinary pathologists are critical participants in the drug development process.
	{{:Veterinary pathology}}

	==Plant pathology==		==Plant pathology==
	{{main\|Phytopathology}}		{{main\|Phytopathology}}
			Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious diseases) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are insects, mites, vertebrate or other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, ], ], how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.
	{{:Phytopathology}}

			The ''"Disease triangle"'' is a central concept of plant pathology<ref name=Arios>George N. Agrios (1997) Plant Pathology fourth edition, Academic Press. New York.</ref> . It is based on the principle that infectious diseases develop, or do not develop, based on three-way interactions between the host, the pathogen, and environmental conditions.

		⚫	==Molecular pathology==
			Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids.
			Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic pathology and clinical pathology, ], ], ] and ], and is sometimes considered a "crossover" discipline.
			It is multi-disciplinary in nature and focuses mainly on the sub-microscopic aspects of disease.

			It is a scientific discipline that encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classification of human tumours, the design and validation of predictive biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression, the susceptibility of individuals of different genetic constitution to develop cancer and the environmental and lifestyle factors implicated in carcinogenesis.

	==See also==		==See also==
	*]		* ]
			* ]
	*]		*]
	* ]		* ]
			* ]

	==References==		==References==
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	==External links==		==External links==

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	* : numerous photos illustrating the work of pathologists.		* : numerous photos illustrating the work of pathologists.
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	* (Atlas in Human Pathology)		* (Atlas in Human Pathology)
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	* - Leading Australian Pathology Laboratory.
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	* - a perspective from UK pathologist Fraser Charlton.
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	{{Pathology\|state=expanded}}		{{Pathology\|state=expanded}}

Revision as of 13:45, 20 July 2009

"Pathologist" redirects here. For other uses, see Pathologist (disambiguation). For other uses, see Pathology (disambiguation).

File:Renal Cell Carcinoma.jpg

A renal cell carcinoma (chromophobe type) viewed on a hematoxylin & eosin stained slide

Pathology (from Greek πάθος, pathos, "fate, harm"; and -λογία, -logia) is the study and diagnosis of disease through examination of organs, tissues, bodily fluids, and whole bodies (autopsies). The term also encompasses the related scientific study of disease processes, called General pathology.

Medical pathology is divided in two main branches, Anatomical pathology and Clinical pathology. Veterinary pathology is concerned with animal disease whereas Phytopathology is the study of plant diseases.

History of pathology

Main article: History of pathology

The history of pathology can be traced to the earliest application of the scientific method to the field of medicine, a development which occurred in the Middle East during the Islamic Golden Age and in Western Europe during the Italian Renaissance.

Early systematic human dissections were carried out by the Ancient Greek physicians Herophilus of Chalcedon and Erasistratus of Chios in the early part of the third century BC. The first physician known to have made postmortem dissections was the Arabian physician Avenzoar (1091–1161). Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902) is generally recognized to be the father of microscopic pathology. Most early pathologists were also practicing physicians or surgeons.

General pathology

Main article: General pathology

General pathology, also called investigative pathology, experimental pathology or theoretical pathology, is a broad and complex scientific field which seeks to understand the mechanisms of injury to cells and tissues, as well as the body's means of responding to and repairing injury. Areas of study include cellular adaptation to injury, necrosis, inflammation, wound healing and neoplasia. It forms the foundation of pathology, the application of this knowledge to diagnose diseases in humans and animals.

The term "general pathology" is also used to describe the practice of both anatomical and clinical pathology.

Pathology as a medical specialty

Main article: Pathology as a medical specialty

Pathologists are physicians who diagnose and characterize disease in living patients by examining biopsies or bodily fluid. The vast majority of cancer diagnoses are made or confirmed by a pathologist. Pathologists may also conduct autopsies to investigate causes of death. Pathology is a core discipline of medical school and many pathologists are also teachers. As managers of medical laboratories, pathologists play an important role in the development of Laboratory information systems. Although the medical practice of pathology grew out of the tradition of investigative pathology, most modern pathologists do not perform original research.

Pathology is a unique medical specialty in that pathologists typically do not see patients directly, but rather serve as consultants to other physicians (often referred to as "clinicians" within the pathology community). To be licensed, candidates must complete medical training, an approved residency program and be certified by an appropriate body. In the US, certification is by the American Board of Pathology. The organization of subspecialties within pathology varies between nations, but usually includes anatomical pathology and clinical pathology.

Anatomical pathology

Main article: Anatomical pathology

Anatomical pathology (Commonwealth) or Anatomic pathology (U.S.) is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross, microscopic, chemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (autopsy).

Anatomical pathology is itself divided in subspecialties, the main ones being surgical pathology, cytopathology and forensic pathology. To be licensed to practice pathology, one has to complete medical school and secure a license to practice medicine. An approved residency program and certification (in the U.S., the American board of Pathology) is usually required to obtain employment or hospital privileges.

Anatomical pathology is one of two branches of pathology, the other being clinical pathology, the diagnosis of disease through the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids and/or tissues. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination known as general pathology. The distinction between anatomic and clinical pathology is increasingly blurred by the introduction of technologies that require new expertise and the need to provide patients and referring physicians with integrated diagnostic reports. Similar specialties exist in veterinary pathology.

Clinical pathology

Main article: Clinical pathology

Clinical pathology or Biomedical Science (UK), is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of bodily fluids such as blood and urine, and tissues using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, hematology and molecular pathology. Clinical pathologists work in close collaboration with medical technologists hospital administrations and referring physicians to insure the accuracy and optimal utilization of laboratory testing.

Clinical pathology is one of the two major divisions of pathology, the other being anatomical pathology. Often, pathologists practice both anatomical and clinical pathology, a combination sometimes known as general pathology.

Forensic pathology

Main article: Forensic pathology

Forensic pathology is a branch of pathology concerned with determining the cause of death by examination of a cadaver. The autopsy is performed by the pathologist at the request of a coroner usually during the investigation of criminal law cases and civil law cases in some jurisdictions. Forensic pathologists are also frequently asked to confirm the identity of a cadaver.

Forensic pathology is that branch of medicine,which deals with the study of cause of death by examination of a dead body at the request of a coroner during legal cases.

The word forensics is derived from the Latin forēnsis meaning forum.

Veterinary pathology

Main articles: Veterinary pathology and veterinary pathologist

Veterinary pathologists are doctors of veterinary medicine who specialise in the diagnosis of diseases through the examination of animal tissue and body fluids. Like for medical pathology, veterinary pathology is divided in two branches, anatomical pathology and clinical pathology. Veterinary pathologists are critical participants in the drug development process.

Plant pathology

Main article: Phytopathology

Plant pathology (also phytopathology) is the scientific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens (infectious diseases) and environmental conditions (physiological factors). Organisms that cause infectious disease include fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, viroids, virus-like organisms, phytoplasmas, protozoa, nematodes and parasitic plants. Not included are insects, mites, vertebrate or other pests that affect plant health by consumption of plant tissues. Plant pathology also involves the study of pathogen identification, disease etiology, disease cycles, economic impact, plant disease epidemiology, plant disease resistance, how plant diseases affect humans and animals, pathosystem genetics, and management of plant diseases.

The "Disease triangle" is a central concept of plant pathology . It is based on the principle that infectious diseases develop, or do not develop, based on three-way interactions between the host, the pathogen, and environmental conditions.

Molecular pathology

Molecular pathology is an emerging discipline within pathology which is focused in the study and diagnosis of disease through the examination of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids. Molecular pathology shares some aspects of practice with both anatomic pathology and clinical pathology, molecular biology, biochemistry, proteomics and genetics, and is sometimes considered a "crossover" discipline. It is multi-disciplinary in nature and focuses mainly on the sub-microscopic aspects of disease.

It is a scientific discipline that encompasses the development of molecular and genetic approaches to the diagnosis and classification of human tumours, the design and validation of predictive biomarkers for treatment response and disease progression, the susceptibility of individuals of different genetic constitution to develop cancer and the environmental and lifestyle factors implicated in carcinogenesis.

References

The discovery of the body: human dissection and it...[Yale J Biol Med. 1992 May-Jun] - PubMed Result
George N. Agrios (1997) Plant Pathology fourth edition, Academic Press. New York.

External links

College of American Pathologists
Flickr group: Pathology and Lab Medicine: numerous photos illustrating the work of pathologists.
humpath.com (Atlas in Human Pathology)
Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
Royal College of Pathologists (UK)
Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia (Australia & Oceania)
United States and Canadian Academy of Pathology
WebPath: The Internet Pathology Laboratory for Medical Education
Pathtalk.org - A community weblog about pathology-related topics.

v t e Pathology
Principles of pathology	Disease Infection Neoplasia Cause Pathogenesis Hemodynamics Ischemia Inflammation Cell damage Wound healing Cellular adaptation Atrophy Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Dysplasia Metaplasia Squamous Glandular Cell death Necrosis Coagulative necrosis Liquefactive necrosis Gangrenous necrosis Caseous necrosis Fat necrosis Fibrinoid necrosis Myocytolysis Programmed cell death Apoptosis Pyknosis Karyorrhexis Karyolysis Accumulations pigment Hemosiderin Lipochrome/Lipofuscin Melanin Steatosis
Anatomical pathology	Surgical pathology Cytopathology Autopsy Molecular pathology Forensic pathology Oral and maxillofacial pathology Gross processing Histopathology Immunohistochemistry Electron microscopy Immunofluorescence Fluorescence in situ hybridization
Clinical pathology	Clinical chemistry Hematopathology Transfusion medicine Medical microbiology Diagnostic immunology Immunopathology Enzyme assay Mass spectrometry Chromatography Flow cytometry Blood bank Microbiological culture Serology

Pathology

Principles of pathology

Cellular adaptation

Liquefactive necrosis

Programmed cell death

Accumulations

pigment

Hemosiderin

Lipochrome/Lipofuscin

Specialties
and
subspecialties

Surgery	Cardiac surgery Cardiothoracic surgery Endocrine surgery Eye surgery General surgery Colorectal surgery Digestive system surgery Neurosurgery Oral and maxillofacial surgery Orthopedic surgery Hand surgery Otolaryngology ENT Pediatric surgery Plastic surgery Reproductive surgery Surgical oncology Transplant surgery Trauma surgery Urology Andrology Vascular surgery
Internal medicine	Allergy / Immunology Angiology Cardiology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Hepatology Geriatrics Hematology Hospital medicine Infectious diseases Nephrology Oncology Pulmonology Rheumatology
Obstetrics and gynaecology	Gynaecology Gynecologic oncology Maternal–fetal medicine Obstetrics Reproductive endocrinology and infertility Urogynecology
Diagnostic	Radiology Interventional radiology Neuroradiology Nuclear medicine Pathology Anatomical Clinical pathology Clinical chemistry Cytopathology Medical microbiology Transfusion medicine
Other	Addiction medicine Adolescent medicine Anesthesiology Obstetric anesthesiology Neurosurgical anesthesiology Aviation medicine Dermatology Disaster medicine Diving medicine Emergency medicine Mass gathering medicine Evolutionary medicine Family medicine / General practice Hospital medicine Intensive care medicine Medical genetics Narcology Neurology Clinical neurophysiology Occupational medicine Ophthalmology Oral medicine Pain management Palliative care Pediatrics Neonatology Phlebology Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) Preventive medicine Prison healthcare Psychiatry Addiction psychiatry Radiation oncology Reproductive medicine Sexual medicine Venereology Sleep medicine Sports medicine Transplantation medicine Tropical medicine Travel medicine

Medical
education

Revision as of 13:45, 20 July 2009

History of pathology

General pathology

Pathology as a medical specialty

Anatomical pathology

Clinical pathology

Forensic pathology

Veterinary pathology

Plant pathology

Molecular pathology

See also

References

External links