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*the ] of northern Spain and southern France (marginalized by ]/] expansion). | *the ] of northern Spain and southern France (marginalized by ]/] expansion). | ||
==European identity and culture== | |||
⚫ | ==Religion== | ||
{{POV-section|date=July 2008}} | |||
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2008}} | |||
], ], ], and ], bringing offerings to ]; from a gospel book dated 990.]] | |||
{{main|European culture|Western world|Western culture|Christendom|Pan-European identity}} | |||
The '''culture of ]''' might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures. Whether it is a question of West as opposed to East; Christianity as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent. | |||
European culture has had a very broad influence on the rest of the world, basically due to the widespread practice and legacy of ]. The exchange has not all been one way, some European features have been drastically changed by imports from elsewhere. Popular European foods such as ] (frites or ]) and ] are derived from products that are not European, but indigenous to South America and Southern Asia respectively. Nearly all of ] and all of ] were European colonies at one time or another - though in earlier times, European nations often colonized each other. Or were even colonized by Non-Europeans - ] and North African ] colonized the Iberian peninsula leaving, for example, a significant ]. | |||
Various parts of the Americas are also considered ] which are considered integral parts of the ]. A large proportion of the population of the Americas are descended from European emigrants (in some cases fleeing harsh economic times or religious intolerance). As a consequence most people in the Americas speak languages that are to varying degrees, derived from European languages. These include ], ], ], ], ] and ]. There are still significant cultural, economic and political ties between the former European colonial nations (], ], ], ], ] and ]) and the former colonies around the world. | |||
The term "]" is used very broadly to refer to a ] of ], ], ], ] beliefs, ]s, and specific ] and ]. Specifically, Western culture may imply: | |||
:*a ] ] and ] cultural influence, concerning artistic, philosophic, literary, and ] themes and traditions, as well as a tradition of ]{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} in various spheres of life, developed by ], ], ]s, the ] and ], and including, in ], widespread ] in favour of ],{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} ],{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} ]{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} and ] values{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} averse to ],{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} ]{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} and ].{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} | |||
:*a ]-] cultural influence in spiritual thinking, customs and either ethic or moral traditions, around ]. | |||
:*] and ] cultural influences concerning artistic, musical, folkloric, ethic and oral traditions, whose themes have been further developed by ]. | |||
The concept of Western culture is generally linked to the ] definition of the ]. In this definition, Western culture is the set of ], ], ], ]istic and ] principles which set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the ]. | |||
<ref>Duran 1995, p.81</ref> | |||
The term has come to apply to countries whose ] is strongly marked by Western European immigration or settlement, such as ], and ], and is not restricted to Western Europe. Some tendencies that define modern Western ] are the existence of ],PPfact}} prominent ] or ]s (such as ] movements), increasing cultural ]{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} resulting from ] and ]. | |||
'''Pan-European identity''' refers to both the sense of personal identification with Europe, and to the identity possessed by 'Europe' as a whole. 'Europe' is widely used as a synonym for the ] even though there are millions of people living on the European continent in non-EU states. The prefix ''pan'' implies that the identity applies throughout Europe, and especially in an EU context, 'pan-European' is often contrasted with ]. | |||
⚫ | ===Religion=== | ||
[[File:Europe religion map en.png|thumb|250px|Predominant religions in Europe | [[File:Europe religion map en.png|thumb|250px|Predominant religions in Europe | ||
{{legend|#496EB8|]}} | {{legend|#496EB8|]}} |
Revision as of 13:21, 27 August 2009
Ethnic groupRegions with significant populations | |
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Languages | |
Indo-European languages, Uralic languages | |
Religion | |
Catholic Church, Protestantism, Orthodox Church, Islam, Judaism |
The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. European ethnology is the field of anthropology focusing on Europe.
Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans.
There is no precise or universally accepted definition of the terms "ethnic group" or "nationality". In the context of European ethnography in particular, the terms ethnic group, people (without nation state), nationality, national minority, ethnic minority, linguistic community, linguistic group and linguistic minority are used as mostly synonymous, although preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual countries of Europe.
Overview
Further information: Demographics of EuropeThere are eight peoples of Europe with more than 30 million members residing in Europe:
- the Russians (ca. 90 million settling in the European parts of Russia),
- the Germans (ca. 82 million),
- the French (ca. 65 million)
- the British 50 - 60 million
- the Italians (ca. 59 million)
- the Spanish (ca. 46 million),
- the Ukrainians (ca. 46 million),
- the Poles (ca. 38 million).
These eight groups between themselves account for some 460 million or about 63% of European population.
About 20-25 million residents (3%) are members of diasporas of non-European origin. The population of the European Union, with some five hundred million residents, accounts for two thirds of the European population.
Both Spain and the UK are special cases, in that the designation of nationality, Spanish and British, may controversially take ethnic aspects, subsuming various regional ethnic groups, see nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain and native populations of the United Kingdom. Switzerland is a similar case, but the linguistic subgroups of the Swiss are not usually discussed in terms of ethnicity, and Switzerland is considered a "multi-national state" rather than a "multi-ethnic state".
Ethno-linguistic classifications
Further information: Languages of EuropeOf the total population of Europe of some 730 million (as of 2005), over 80% or some 600 million fall within three large ethno-linguistic super-groups, viz., Slavic, Latin (Romance) and Germanic. The largest groups that do not fall within either of these are the Greeks and the Hungarians (about 12 million each) and the Albanians (about 6 million).
phylum | super-group | ethno-linguistic group | subgroups | approx. number (millions) | notes |
Indo-European | Indo-European | **641 | |||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic Europe | *226 | |||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, East | Russians | Pomors, Cossacks | 90 | |
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, East | Ukrainians | Rusyns, Boykos, Hutsuls, Lemkos, Poleszuks | 43 | |
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, West | Poles | 38 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, West | Czechs | 10 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, South | Serbs | Montenegrins, Gorani | 012 | |
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, East | Belarusians | 10 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, South | Bulgarians | Pomaks | 08 | |
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, South | Croats | 05 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, West | Slovaks | 05 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, South | Macedonians | 01.6 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, South | Bosniaks | 01.6 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, South | Slovenes | 02 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, West | Silesians | 01.9 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, South | Montenegrins | 0.6 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, West | Kashubs | 0.5 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Slavic, West | Sorbs | 0.06 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Latin Europe | *190 | |||
Indo-Europeans | Latin, Western | Francophonie | French, Walloons, Romands, Provencals, Occitans, Aranese | 61 | |
Indo-Europeans | Latin, Italo-Western | Italians | Sardinians, Furlans, Lombards, Venetians, Sicilians, Neapolitans, Corsicans | 53 | |
Indo-Europeans | Latin, Western | Spaniards | Castilians; non-Castilian ethno-linguistic groups: Andalusians, Asturians, Aragonese, Catalans, Galicians | 40 | |
Indo-Europeans | Latin, Eastern | Eastern Romance (Vlachs) | Romanians, Moldovans, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians, Aromanians | 23 | |
Indo-Europeans | Latin, Western | Portuguese | 10 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Latin, Western | Rhaeto-Romanics | Romansh, Friulians, Ladins | 0.6 | |
Indo-Europeans | Latin, Western | Gibraltarians | 0.03 | (Speak English mainly as first language) Also summed under White British | |
Indo-Europeans | Germanic Europe | *180 | |||
Indo-Europeans | Germanic, West, Continental | German-speaking Europe | Germans, Austrians, Alemannic Swiss, Luxembourgers, Alsatians, Lorrainers, South Tyroleans, German-speaking Belgians, North Schleswigers | 89 | |
Indo-Europeans | Germanic, West, North Sea | English | 45 | also subsumed under British or White British. | |
Indo-Europeans | Germanic, West, Continental | Netherlandish | Dutch people, Flemish people | 23 | |
Indo-Europeans | Germanic, North | Scandinavians | Norwegians, Swedes, Finland Swedes, Danes, Faroese, Icelanders | 22 | |
Indo-Europeans | Germanic, West, North Sea | Frisians | 0.5 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Celtic Europe | *002-22 | approx. 2 million speakers of Celtic languages, but depending on the definition, some 20 million may be considered "Celtic" | ||
Indo-Europeans | Anglo-Celtic, Goidelic | Irish | Gaeltacht | 06 | Some living in Northern Ireland can also subsumed under British or White British. Most speak English as their first language, but 5% are Gaelic speaking Irish. |
Indo-Europeans | Anglo-Celtic, Goidelic | Scots | Gàidhealtachd | 06 | also subsumed under British or White British. (speak English mainly as first language). |
Indo-Europeans | Anglo-Celtic, Brythonic | Welsh | 05 | also subsumed under British or White British. (about half speak English as first language). | |
Indo-Europeans | Franco-Celtic, Brythonic | Bretons | 05 | also subsumed under French. (many will Speak French first). | |
Indo-Europeans | Anglo-Celtic, Brythonic | Cornish | 0.2 | also subsumed under English, British or White British. (all speak English as first language very few can actually speak Cornish in Cornwall). | |
Indo-Europeans | Anglo-Celtic, Goidelic | Manx | 0.04 | also subsumed under British or White British. (speak English as first language, mainly Manx in the Isle of Man is having a revival). | |
Indo-Europeans | Anglo-Celtic, Brythonic and Goidelic | British | 50 - 60 | also subsumed under White British. (Includes English, Welsh, Cornish, Scottish, Manx, Channel Islanders, Irish in Northern Ireland and Gibraltarian) (speak English mainly). | |
Indo-Europeans | Greek | Greeks | 12 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Albanian | Albanians | 05 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Baltic | 04.5 | |||
Indo-Europeans | Lithuanians | 03.1 | |||
Indo-Europeans | Latvians | Latgalians | 01.4 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Indo-Iranian | 04 | |||
Indo-Europeans | Indo-Aryan | Romani people | 04 | ||
Indo-Europeans | Iranian | Ossetians | 0.4 | depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below. | |
Indo-Europeans | Iranian | Tats | 0.02 | ||
Turkic | Turkic | *030 | |||
Turkic peoples | Turkic, Oghuz | Turks | 16 | approx. 10 million in Eastern Thrace, 1 million in the rest of the Balkans, 5 million in diaspora. | |
Turkic peoples | Turkic, Kypchak | Volga Tatars | 6 | ||
Turkic peoples | Turkic, Oghur | Chuvash | 02 | ||
Turkic peoples | Turkic, Kypchak | Bashkirs | 01.4 | ||
Turkic peoples | Turkic, Kypchak | Kumyks | 00.3 | ||
Turkic peoples | Turkic, Kypchak | Karachays | 01.5 | ||
Turkic peoples | Turkic, Kypchak / Oghuz | Crimeans | Tat Tatars, Yaliboyu Tatars, Noğay Tatars | 2 | |
Turkic peoples | Turkic, Oghuz | Gagauz | 0.2 | ||
Turkic peoples | Turkic, Kypchak | Balkars | 0.08 | ||
Turkic peoples | Turkic, Kypchak | Nogais | 0.07 | ||
Finno-Ugric | Finno-Ugric | *022 | |||
Finno-Ugric peoples | Ugric | Hungarians | 12 | ||
Finno-Ugric peoples | Finnic, Finno-Lappic | Finns | Karelians, Sweden Finns, Ingrian Finns, Kven people | 06 | |
Finno-Ugric peoples | Finnic, Finno-Lappic | Estonians | Setos, Võros | 01 | |
Finno-Ugric peoples | Finnic, Volgaic | Mordvins | Erzya/Shoksha, Moksha, Teryukhan, Qaratay | 1.1 | |
Finno-Ugric peoples | Finnic, Permic | Udmurts | 0.7 | ||
Finno-Ugric peoples | Finnic, Volgaic | Mari | 0.6 | ||
Finno-Ugric peoples | Finnic, Permic | Komi | Komi-Izhemtsy, Komi-Permyaks | 0.5 | |
Finno-Ugric peoples | Finnic, Finno-Lappic | Sami | 0.1 | ||
Finno-Ugric peoples | Finnic, Finno-Lappic | Veps | 0.008 | ||
Finno-Ugric peoples | Finnic, Finno-Lappic | Izhorians | 0.001 | ||
Finno-Ugric peoples | Finnic, Finno-Lappic | Livonians | 0.0001 | ||
Caucasian | Caucasian | *08 | depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below. | ||
Caucasian | Northeast Caucasian | Chechens | 1 | ||
Caucasian | Northeast Caucasian | Avars | 0.5 | ||
Caucasian | Northeast Caucasian | Dargin | 0.4 | ||
Caucasian | Northwest Caucasian | Kabards | 0.4 | ||
Caucasian | Northwest Caucasian | Adygeans | 0.5 | ||
Caucasian | Northeast Caucasian | Lezgins | 0.3 | ||
Caucasian | Northeast Caucasian | Ingushetians | 0.2 | ||
Caucasian | Northwest Caucasian | Cherkes | 0.2 | ||
Caucasian | Northwest Caucasian | Lak | 0.1 | ||
Caucasian | Northwest Caucasian | Tabasarans | 0.1 | ||
Caucasian | Northeast Caucasian | Rutuls | 0.02 | ||
Caucasian | Northeast Caucasian | Tsakhur people | 0.007 | ||
Caucasian | South Caucasian | Georgians | 5 | depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below. | |
Basque | Basque | Basques | 00.7 | ||
Semitic | Semitic | 2 | |||
Semitic | Semitic, Hebrew | Jews | 1.3 | also subsumed under various other, see below. | |
Semitic | Semitic, Maltese | Maltese | 0.4 | ethno-linguistic classification is difficult, since there is significant historical admixture of Italian, Sicilian, Siculo-Arabic, British and French influence. | |
Mongolic | Mongolic | Kalmyks | 0.17 |
Europe has a population of about 2 million ethnic Jews (mostly also counted as part of the ethnic group of their respective home countries):
- Ashkenazi Jews (about 1.4 million, mostly German and Polish).
- Sephardi Jews (about 0.3 million, mostly French and Italian).
- Mizrahi Jews (about 0.3 million, mostly French).
- Italian Jews (some 50,000, mostly Italian).
- Romaniotes (some 6,000, mostly Greek).
- Karaites (less than 4,000 in Poland and Lithuania).
Depending on what parts of the Caucasus are considered part of Europe, various peoples of the Caucasus may also be considered "European peoples":
- Azeris: approx. 7 million (i.e. of Russia and Azerbaijan).
- Georgians: approx. 4 million
- Chechens: over 2 million.
- Circassians: between 1 to 2 million.
- Abkhazians: est. 1 million.
- Ossetians: approx. 600,000.
By country
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Pan and Pfeil (2002) distinguish 33 peoples which form the majority population in at least one sovereign state geographically situated in Europe. These majorities range from nearly homogeneous populations as in Poland or Albania to comparatively slight majorities as in Latvia or Belgium. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro are multiethnic states in which no group forms a majority.
country | majority | % | regional majorities | other minorities |
Albania | Albanians | 95% | Greeks 3%, other 2% (Vlachs, Romani, Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians and Turks). | |
Armenia | Armenians | 97.9% | Yazidis 1.3%, Russians 0.5%, Azeri 0.5%, and others 1.2%. | |
Austria | Austrians | 91.1% | South Slavs 4% (includes Burgenland Croats, Carinthian Slovenes, Croats, Slovenes, Serbs and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, Germans 0.9%, and other or unspecified 2.4%. (2001 census) | |
Azerbaijan | Azeris | 90.6% | Lezgins 2.2%, Russians 1.8%, Armenians 1.5%, Talysh 1.0%, Turks 0.6%, and other 2.5%. (1999 census) | |
Belarus | Belarusians | 81.2% | Russians 11.4%, Poles 3.9%, Ukrainians 2.4%, and other 1.1%. (1999 census) | |
Belgium | Flemings | 58% | Walloons 31%, Germans 1% | mixed or other (Eastern or Southern Europeans, Africans and Asians) 10%. |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | — | Bosniak 48%, Serbs 37.1% Croats 14.3% | other 0.6%.(2000) | |
Bulgaria | Bulgarians | 83.9% | Turks 9.4% | Romani 4.7%, other 2% (including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian and Greek). (2001 census) |
Croatia | Croats | 89.6% | Serbs 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, Dalmatian-Italian, Austrian-German, Romanian and Romani/Gypsy). (2001 census) | |
Czech Republic | Czechs | 90.4% | Moravians 3.7% | Slovaks 1.9%, and other 4%. (2001 census) |
Denmark | Danes | 90% | Faroese | other Scandinavian, Germans, Frisians, other European, Greenlandic people and others. |
Estonia | Estonians | 67.9% | Estonian Swedes | Baltic Russians 25.6%, Ukrainians 2.1%, Belarusians 1.3%, Finns 0.9%, and other (Baltic Germans) 2.2%. (2000 census) |
Finland | Finns | 93.4% | Swedes 5.6% | Russians 0.5%, Estonians 0.3%, Romani 0.1%, Sami 0.1% and Turks 0.05%. (2006) |
France | French | 84% | (includes ethnic or regional groups like Bretons, Corsicans, Occitans, Alsatians, Normans, Picards, Savoyards, Basques and Flemings). | other European 7%, North African 7%, Sub-Saharan African, Indochinese, Asian, Latin American and Pacific Islander. |
Germany | Germans | 81%-91% | includes Bavarians, Swabians, Saxons, Frisians, Sorbs, Silesians, Saarland Germans, Polish-Germans and Schleswig-Holstein Danes). | Germans without immigrant background 81%; Germans with immigrant background (including ethnic German repatriates and people of partial immigrant background) 10%; Foreigners 9%: Turks 2.1%, others 6.7% and non-European descent about 2 to 5%.) |
Georgia | Georgians | 83.8% | Azeris 6.5%, Armenians 5.7%, Russians 1.5% and Ossetians 1.3%. | |
Greece | Greeks | 93% | includes linguistic minorities 3% | Albanians 4%, and other 3%. (2001 census) |
Hungary | Hungarians | 92.3% | Romani 1.9%, Germans 1.2%, other (i.e. Croats, Romanians, Bulgarians, Turks and Ruthenians) or unknown 4.6%. (2001 census) | |
Iceland | Icelanders | 94% | other (non-native/immigrants - mainly Polish, Russian, Greek, Portuguese and Filipino) 6%. | |
Ireland | Irish | 87.4% | Protestant Irish or Anglo-Irish | other white (large numbers of Latvian, Polish and Ukrainian migration) 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed 1.1%, and unspecified 1.6%. (2006 census) |
Italy | Italians | 95% | includes Sicilians, Sardinians, Lombards and other subgroups plus German-speakers in Trento-Alto Adige and French-speaking minority of Val D'Aosta. | other European (mostly Albanian, followed by Slovene, Croatian, Hungarian, Greek, Romanian, Ukrainian and Swiss) 2.5%, African (sub-saharan) 1.5%, and others (i.e. Chinese, Filipino, Indian, North African Arab and Latin American) 1%. |
Kosovo | Albanians | 88% | Serbs 7% | other 5% (Bosniak, Gorani, Romani, Turk, Ashkali, Egyptian and Macedonian). |
Latvia | Latvians | 57.7% | Baltic Russians 29.6% | Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, Livonian (Finno-Estonian) 0.1% and other 2%. (2002) |
Lithuania | Lithuanians | 83.5% | Poles 6.74%, Russians 6.31%, Belarusians 1.23%, other (Lipka Tatars) 2.27% and Jews (Karaites and Yiddish-speaking) 0.01%. (2001 census) | |
Macedonia | Macedonians | 64.2% | Albanians 25.2%, Turks 3.9% | Romani 2.7%, Serbs 1.8%, and other (i.e. Greeks, Bulgarians, Romanians and Croats) 2.2%. (2002 census) |
Malta | Maltese | 95.3% | Sporadic number of Maltese of Italian ancestry 4.5%. | |
Moldova | Moldovan/Romanian | 78.2% | Ukrainians 8.4% | Russians 5.8%, Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarians 1.9%, and other 1.3%. (2004 census) |
Montenegro | — | Montenegrins 43%, Serbs 32% | Bosniaks 8%, Albanians 5%, and other (Croats, Greeks, Romani-Gypsy and Macedonians) 12%. (2003 census) | |
Netherlands | Dutch | 80.7% | other European Union nationals 5%, Indonesians 2.4%, Turks 2.2%, Surinamese 2%, Moroccans 2%, Netherlands Antilles & Aruba 0.8%, other 4.8% and Frisian-speaking 0.01%. (2008 est.) | |
Norway | Norwegians | 93.1% | Sami 1.3% | other European 3.6%, and other non-European races 2%. (2007 estimate) |
Poland | Poles | 96.7% | Germans 0.4%, Belarusians 0.1%, Ukrainians 0.1%, other and unspecified (Silesians and Kashubians) 2.7%, and about 5,000 Polish Jews reported to reside in the country. (2002 census) | |
Portugal | Portuguese | 92% | Mirandese speakers 0.01%. | other 8% - European Union (i.e. Hungarians, Poles and Romanians) and non-EU nationals (i.e. Croatians, Ukrainians and Albanians); sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans and Asian peoples. |
Romania | Romanians | 89.5% | Hungarians 6.6%, Romani 2.5%, Germans 0.3% | Ukrainians 0.3%, Russians 0.2%, Turks 0.2%, other 0.4% and Jassic peoples 0.01% (2002 census) |
Russia | Russians | 79.8% | Tatars 3.8%, Kalmyks, Chechens, Circassians, Ossetians and Siberians | Ukrainians 2%, Bashkir 1.2%, Chuvash 1.1% and other or unspecified (Kazakhs, Nogais, Mordvins, Komi and Armenians) 12.1%, and a total of 102 other nationalities. (2002 census, includes Asian Russia). |
Serbia | Serbs | 82.9% | Hungarians 3.9%, Romani 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, and other 8%. (2002 census, includes Kosovo). | |
Slovakia | Slovaks | 85.8% | Hungarians 9.7% | Romani 1.7%, Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8%. (2001 census) |
Slovenia | Slovenians | 83.1% | Serbs 2%, Croats 1.8%, Bosniaks 1.1%, other (Dalmatian Italians, ethnic Germans, Hungarians & Romanians) and/or unspecified 12%. (2002 census) | |
Spain | Castilians | 89% | Various nationalities or sub-ethnicities of the Spanish people, including Basques, Catalans and Galicians | Spanish Gypsies, Spanish Jews, immigrant peoples (Latin Americans, Romanians, North Africans, sub-Saharan Africans, Chinese, Filipinos, Levant Arabs, and others). |
Sweden | Swedes | 88% | Sweden-Finns, Sami people | foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Russians, Syriacs, Greeks, Turks, Iranians, Iraqis, Pakistanis, Thais, Koreans and Chileans. |
Switzerland | Swiss | 79% | regional linguistic subgroups, including the Alamannic German-speakers, the Romand French-speakers, the Italian-speakers and Romansh people | Balkans (Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks or Albanians) 6%, Italians 4%, Portuguese 2%, Germans 1.5%, Turks 1%, Spanish 1% and Ukrainians 0.5%. |
Turkey | Turks | 82% | Kurds 15% | Others (Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Azeris, Bosniaks, Circassians, Copts, Georgians, Greeks, Jews, Lazs, Levantines, Maronites, Nestorians, Persians, Pomaks, Romanians, Syrians, Turkmenis, Yezidis and other Slavs like Bulgarians) 3%. |
Ukraine | Ukrainians | 77.8% | Russians 17.3% | Belarusians 0.6%, Moldovans 0.5%, Crimean Tatars 0.5%, Bulgarians 0.4%, Hungarians 0.3%, Romanians 0.3%, Poles 0.3%, Jews 0.2%, Armenians 0.1% and other 1.8%. (2001 census) |
United Kingdom | White British | 80% - 93% | White English 77.0%, White Scottish 8.0%, White Welsh 4.5%, White Northern Irish 2.8%, also Cornish, Manx, Romani and Channel Islanders | Other White background (Irish 24.0% with some Irish origins, Polish 1.6%, Portuguese 0.8%, Greeks 0.7%, Germans 0.6%, amongst many others. Note that the 2001 census did not allow people to state origins within a European nation without being born there themselves). Visible ethnic minorities make up approximately 14% of the UK's population, they include South Asians 5.7% (Indians 2.7%, Pakistanis 1.5%, Bangladeshis 0.8%), Blacks/Sub-Saharan Africans 3.0% (Black Africans 1.5%, Afro-Caribbeans 1.3%), Arabs 1.7% (Iraqis 0.6%), East Asians 1.6% (Chinese 0.8%, amongst others), Mixed-Race 1.4%, Other (including Latin Americans, Iranians and Pacific Islanders) |
History
Prehistoric populations
Further information: Genetic history of Europe, Prehistoric Europe, Eurasian nomads, and Indo-European expansionThe Basques are assumed to descend from the populations of the Atlantic Bronze Age directly. The Indo-European groups of Europe (the Centum groups plus Balto-Slavic and Albanian) are assumed to have developed in situ by admixture of early Indo-European groups arriving in Europe by the Bronze Age (Corded ware, Beaker people). The Finnic peoples are indigenous to northeastern Europe.
Reconstructed languages of Iron Age Europe include Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic and Proto-Germanic, all of these Indo-European languages of the centum group, and Proto-Slavic and Proto-Baltic, of the satem group. A group of Tyrrhenian languages appears to have included Etruscan, Rhaetian and perhaps also Eteocretan and Eteocypriot. A pre-Roman stage of Proto-Basque can only be reconstructed with great uncertainty.
Regarding the European Bronze Age, the only secure reconstruction is that of Proto-Greek (ca. 2000 BC). A Proto-Italo-Celtic ancestor of both Italic and Celtic (assumed for the Bell beaker period), and a Proto-Balto-Slavic language (assumed for roughly the Corded Ware horizon) has been postulated with less confidence. Old European hydronymy has been taken as indicating an early (Bronze Age) Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages.
Historical populations
Further information: History of EuropeIron Age (pre-Great Migrations) populations of Europe known from Greco-Roman historiography, notably Herodotus, Pliny, Ptolemy and Tacitus:
- Aegean: Greek tribes, Pelasgians/Tyrrhenians and Anatolians.
- Balkans: Illyrians (list of Illyrian tribes), Dacians and Thracians.
- Italian peninsula: Italic peoples, Etruscans, Adriatic Veneti, Ligurians and Phoenician colonies.
- Western/Central Europe: Celts (list of peoples of Gaul, List of Celtic tribes), Rhaetians and Swabians.
- Iberian peninsula: Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula (Iberians, Lusitani, Aquitani, Celtiberians) and Basques.
- British Isles: Celtic tribes in Britain and Ireland and Picts/Priteni.
- Northern Europe: Germanic peoples (list of Germanic peoples).
- Southern Europe: Sicani.
- Eastern Europe: Scythians, Sarmatians, Vistula Veneti, Lugii and Balts.
Historical immigration
Further information: Scythians, Huns, Turkic expansion, and Islamic conquestsEthno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are:
- Phoenician colonies in the Mediterranean, from about 1200 BC to the fall of Carthage after the Third Punic War in 146 BC.
- Iranian influence: Achaemenid control of Thrace (512-343 BC) and the Bosporan Kingdom, Cimmerians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Ossetes.
- the Jewish diaspora reached Europe in the Roman Empire period, the Jewish community in Italy dating to before AD 70 and records of Jews settling Central Europe (Gaul) from the 5th century (see History of the Jews in Europe).
- The Hunnic Empire (5th century), converged with the Barbarian invasions, contributing to the formation of the First Bulgarian Empire
- Avar Khaganate (c.560s-800), converged with the Slavic migrations, fused into the South Slavic states from the 9th century.
- the Bulgars (or proto-Bulgarians), a semi-nomadic people, originally from Central Asia, eventually absorbed by the Slavs.
- the Magyars (Hungarians), an Ugric people, and the Turkic Pechenegs and Khazars, arrived in Europe in about the 8th century.
- the Arabs conquered Cyprus, Crete, Sicily, southern Italy, Malta, Sardinia, and Hispania. Emirate of Sicily (831-1072) and Al-Andalus (711-1492)
- the Berber dynasties of the Almoravides and the Almohads ruled much of Spain and Portugal. Berber settlers made up as much as 20% of the population of Al-Andalus (Islamic Spain).
- exodus of Maghreb Christians
- the western Kipchaks known as Cumans entered the lands of present-day Ukraine in the 11th century.
- the Mongol/Tatar invasions (1223-1480), and Ottoman control of the Balkans (1389-1878). These medieval incursions account for the presence of European Turks and Tatars.
- the Romani people (Gypsies) arrived during the Late Middle Ages
- the Mongol Kalmyks arrived in Kalmykia in the 17th century.
History of European ethnography
The earliest accounts of European ethnography date to Classical Antiquity. Herodotus described the Scythians and Thraco-Illyrians. Dicaearchus gave a description of Greece itself besides accounts of western and northern Europe. His work survives only fragmentarily, but was received by Polybius and others. Roman Empire period authors include Diodorus Siculus, Strabo and Tacitus. Julius Caesar gives an account of the Celtic tribes of Gaul, while Tacitus describes the Germanic tribes of Magna Germania. The 4th century Tabula Peutingeriana records the names of numerous peoples and tribes. Ethnographers of Late Antiquity such as Agathias of Myrina Ammianus Marcellinus, Jordanes or Theophylact Simocatta give early accounts of the Slavs, the Franks, the Alamanni and the Goths.
Book IX of Isidore's Etymologiae (7th century) treats de linguis, gentibus, regnis, militia, civibus (of languages, peoples, realms, armies and cities). Ahmad ibn Fadlan in the 10th century gives an account of the peoples of Eastern Europe, in particular the Bolghar and the Rus'. William Rubruck, while most notable for his account of the Mongols, in his account of his journey to Asia also gives accounts of the Tatars and the Alans. Saxo Grammaticus and Adam of Bremen give an account of pre-Christian Scandinavia. The Chronicon Slavorum (12th century) gives an account of the northwestern Slavic tribes.
Gottfried Hensel in his 1741 Synopsis universae philologiae published what is probably the earliest ethno-linguistic map of Europe, showing the beginning of the pater noster in the various European languages and scripts. In the 19th century, ethnicity was discussed in terms of scientific racism, and the ethnic groups of Europe were grouped into a number of "races", Mediterranean, Alpine and Nordic, all part of a larger "Caucasian" group. The beginnings of ethnic geography as an academic subdiscipline lie in the period following World War I, in the context of nationalism, and in the 1930s exploitation for the purposes of fascist and Nazi propaganda so that it was only in the 1960s that ethnic geography began to thrive as a bona fide academic subdiscipline. The origins of modern ethnography are often traced to the work of Bronisław Malinowski who emphasized the importance of fieldwork. The emergence of population genetics further undermined the categorisation of Europeans into clearly defined racial groups. A 2007 study on the genetic history of Europe found that the most important genetic differentiation in Europe occurs on a line from the north to the south-east (northern Europe to the Balkans), with another east-west axis of differentiation across Europe, separating the "indigenous" Basques and Sami from other European populations. Despite these stratifications it noted the unusually high degree of European homogeneity: "there is low apparent diversity in Europe with the entire continent-wide samples only marginally more dispersed than single population samples elsewhere in the world."
National minorities
Further information: Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Further information: Multilingual countries and regions of EuropeThe total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of Europeans.
The member states of the Council of Europe in 1995 signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The broad aims of the Convention are to ensure that the signatory states respect the rights of national minorities, undertaking to combat discrimination, promote equality, preserve and develop the culture and identity of national minorities, guarantee certain freedoms in relation to access to the media, minority languages and education and encourage the participation of national minorities in public life. The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities defines a national minority implicitly to include minorities possessing a territorial identity and a distinct cultural heritage. By 2008, 39 member states have signed and ratified the Convention, with the notable exception of France.
Indigenous minorities
Further information: Definitions and identity of indigenous peoplesIn a more narrow sense of "indigenous peoples", ethnic minorities marginalized by historical expansion of their neighbour populations, Europe's present-day indigenous populations are relatively few, mainly confined to northern and far-eastern reaches of this Eurasian peninsula. Whilst there are numerous ethnic minorities distributed within European countries, few of these still maintain traditional subsistence cultures and are recognized as indigenous peoples, per se. The following groups can be considered "indigenous peoples" of Europe in this narrow sense:
- the northern indigenous peoples of Russia, marginalized by Russian expansion, mostly Finno-Ugric peoples such as the Komi and Mordvins of the western Urals, and Samoyedic peoples of the northern Russian Federation such as the Nenets.
- the Sami and the Kvens of northern Scandinavia (marginalized by Finnish and North Germanic expansion), formerly known as "Lapps" or "Lappish".
- the Basque people of northern Spain and southern France (marginalized by Latin/Western Romance expansion).
European identity and culture
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The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures. Whether it is a question of West as opposed to East; Christianity as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent.
European culture has had a very broad influence on the rest of the world, basically due to the widespread practice and legacy of colonialism. The exchange has not all been one way, some European features have been drastically changed by imports from elsewhere. Popular European foods such as chips (frites or French fries) and rice are derived from products that are not European, but indigenous to South America and Southern Asia respectively. Nearly all of the Americas and all of Africa were European colonies at one time or another - though in earlier times, European nations often colonized each other. Or were even colonized by Non-Europeans - Arabs and North African Moors colonized the Iberian peninsula leaving, for example, a significant Arabic influence on the Spanish language.
Various parts of the Americas are also considered overseas territories of France which are considered integral parts of the French Republic. A large proportion of the population of the Americas are descended from European emigrants (in some cases fleeing harsh economic times or religious intolerance). As a consequence most people in the Americas speak languages that are to varying degrees, derived from European languages. These include Latin American Spanish, American English, Caribbean English, Brazilian Portuguese, Haitian Kreyol and Papiamento. There are still significant cultural, economic and political ties between the former European colonial nations (Spain, Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium and France) and the former colonies around the world.
The term "Western culture" is used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, religious beliefs, political systems, and specific artifacts and technologies. Specifically, Western culture may imply:
- a Graeco-Roman Classical and Renaissance cultural influence, concerning artistic, philosophic, literary, and legal themes and traditions, as well as a tradition of rationalism in various spheres of life, developed by Hellenistic philosophy, Scholasticism, Humanisms, the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment, and including, in political thought, widespread rational arguments in favour of freethought, human rights, equality and democratic values averse to despotism, irrationality and theocracy.
- a Biblical-Christian cultural influence in spiritual thinking, customs and either ethic or moral traditions, around Post-Classical Era.
- Central and Eastern European cultural influences concerning artistic, musical, folkloric, ethic and oral traditions, whose themes have been further developed by Romanticism.
The concept of Western culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the Western world. In this definition, Western culture is the set of literary, scientific, political, artistic and philosophical principles which set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon. The term has come to apply to countries whose history is strongly marked by Western European immigration or settlement, such as the Americas, and Australasia, and is not restricted to Western Europe. Some tendencies that define modern Western societies are the existence of political pluralism,PPfact}} prominent subcultures or countercultures (such as New Age movements), increasing cultural syncretism resulting from globalization and human migration.
Pan-European identity refers to both the sense of personal identification with Europe, and to the identity possessed by 'Europe' as a whole. 'Europe' is widely used as a synonym for the European Union even though there are millions of people living on the European continent in non-EU states. The prefix pan implies that the identity applies throughout Europe, and especially in an EU context, 'pan-European' is often contrasted with national.
Religion
Main article: Religion in EuropeSince the High Middle Ages, most of Europe has been dominated by Christianity. There are three major denominations, Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox, with Protestantism restricted mostly to Germanic regions and Great Britain (with some in Ireland), and Orthodoxy to Slavic regions, Romania, Greece and Georgia. Catholicism, while centered in the Latin parts, has a significant following also in Germanic and Slavic regions and Ireland (with some in Great Britain).
Islam has some tradition in the Balkans (the European dominions of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th to 19th centuries), in Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Turkish East Thrace. European Russia has the largest Muslim community, including the Tatars of the Middle Volga and multiple groups in the Caucasus, including Chechens, Avars, Ingush and others. With 20th century migrations, Muslims in Western Europe have become a noticeable minority.
Judaism has a long history in Europe, but is a small minority religion, with France (1%) the only European country with a Jewish population in excess of 0.5%. The Jewish population of Europe is comprised primarily of two groups, the Ashkenazi and the Sephardi. Ashkenazi Jews migrated to Europe as early as the 8th century, while Sephardi Jews established themselves in Spain and Portugal at least one thousand years before that. Jewish European history was notably affected by the Holocaust and resulting emigration in the 20th century.
In modern times, significant secularization has taken place, notably in laicist France in the 19th century and in Communist Eastern Europe in the 20th century. Currently, distribution of theism in Europe is very heterogeneous, with more than 95% in Poland, and less than 20% in the Czech Republic. The 2005 Eurobarometer poll found that 52% of EU citizens believe in God.
Ethnic minorities of non-European origin
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Populations of non-European origin in Europe (approx. 22 - 29+ million, or approx. 3% to 4%+ , out of a total population of approx. 728 million):
- Western Asians
- Turks (excluding the indigenous Turkish population in Europe): approx. 5 million, mostly in German-speaking states, but found in sizeable communities throughout Europe
- Jews (both practicing and non-practicing by ethno-religious descent): approx. 2 million, mainly in certain Western European capitals, but found in sizeable urban communities throughout Europe; France, Britain, Germany, and Russia have the largest numbers. Most of France's Jews are of Sephardic North African origin, while those in Germany and Russia are mainly Ashkenazi.
- Armenians: approx. 1.5 million. The largest communities are found in France, Russia, Ukraine and the UK.
- Kurds: approx. 1.5 million, mostly in Germany and Sweden.
- Iraqi diaspora: approx. 400,000, mostly in Germany and Sweden.
- Lebanese diaspora: especially in France, Netherlands, Germany, Cyprus and the UK.
- Africans
- North Africans (Arabs and Berbers): approx. 5 million, mostly in France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. The bulk of North African migrants are Moroccans, although France also has a large number of Algerians.
- Horn Africans: approx. 200,000 Somalis, mostly in the UK, Netherlands and Scandinavia.
- Sub-Saharan Africans (many ethnicities including Afro-Caribbeans and others by descent): approx. 5 million but rapidly growing, mostly in the UK and France, with smaller numbers in the Netherlands, Germany, and elsewhere.
- Latin Americans: approx. 2.2 million, mainly in Spain and to a lesser extent Italy and the UK. (Latin American Britons number up to 100,000 (80,000 Latin American born in 2001) and are of European, African, Native South American and many other races.)
- Brazilians: 200,000 - 300,000 in the UK, around 70,000 in Portugal and Italy each, and 50,000 in Germany.
- Chilean refugees escaping the Augusto Pinochet regime of the 1970s formed communities in France, Sweden, the UK, former East Germany and the Netherlands.
- It is important to note that most legal/documented Latin Americans in Europe are of European origin, being descended from a European ethnic group.
- South Asians (many ethnicities, not including Romani): approx. 3 - 4 million, mostly in the UK but reside in smaller numbers in Germany and France.
- Romani (Gypsies): approx. 4 or 10 million (although estimates vary widely), dispersed throughout Europe but with large numbers concentrated in the Balkans area, they are of ancestral South Asian origin.
- Indians: approx. 2 million, mostly in the UK, also in Germany.
- Pakistanis: approx. 1,000,000, mostly in the UK, but also Norway.
- Tamils: approx. 250,000, predominantly in the UK.
- Bangladeshi residing in Europe estimated at over 500,000, the bulk live in the UK.
- East Asians
- Chinese: approx. 3 million, mostly in France, the UK, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands.
- Filipinos: above 1 million, mostly in the UK, France, Germany, Spain and Italy.
- Japanese: over 500,000, mostly in the UK and a sizable community in Düsseldorf, Germany.
- Koreans: 100,000 estimated, mainly in the UK, France and Germany.
- Southeast Asians of multiple nationalities, ca. total 1 million, such as Indonesians in the Netherlands, Thais in the UK and Sweden, Vietnamese in France and former East Germany, and Cambodians in France.
- Others
- U.S. Expatriates: American British, as well U.S.-born Europeans/ American citizens residing in France, Sweden, Switzerland and elsewhere.
- African Americans (i.e. African American British) who are Americans of Black/African ancestry reside in other countries.
- American Indians, a scantily few in the European continent of American Indian ancestry (often Latin Americans in Spain, France and the UK).
- Pacific Islanders: A small population of Tahitians of Polynesian origin in mainland France, Fijians in the United Kingdom from Fiji and Maori in the United Kingdom of the Maori people of New Zealand.
European diasporas
Further information: History of colonialismNations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry:
Historical
- Antiquity
- South Asia (Caucasoids who migrated from Europe and the Middle East 3,000–8,000 years ago)
- North Africa (Germanic Vandals)
- Asia Minor (Greeks and Celtic Galatians)
- Tarim Basin (possibly Tocharians)
- Egypt (Greeks in Egypt)
- Hindukush and Northern India (Indo-Greeks)
- Middle Ages
- Asia Minor (Slavs)
- Greenland (Greenland Vikings)
- Kingdom of Jerusalem (Franks) - 25-35% of the population
Contemporary
Further information: History of colonialism and Greater EuropeNations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry :
- Africa (see White African)
- South Africa (White South African) - 9.6-13% of the population, Cape Coloureds may have white Afrikaans ancestry included with African and Asian from the 17th to 19th centuries.
- Namibia - 6% of the population, of which most are Afrikaans-speaking, in addition to a German-speaking minority.
- Madagascar - 113,000 people or 0.5% of the total population are White, mostly French. A further 76,000 are Réunionese Creole, bringing this total to 200,000 people and 1% of the total population.
- Réunion (Franco-Réunionnaise) approx. 25% of the population, the rest may have some degree of white European descent.
- Zimbabwe - about 2% in the 2001 census. (Whites in Zimbabwe).
- Botswana - 5% white European.
- Kenya (Whites in Kenya).
- Algeria (Pied-noir).
- Mauritius (Franco-Mauritian).
- Senegal - French/European and Middle Eastern communities.
- Canary Islands (Spaniards), known as Canarians.
- Seychelles (Franco-Seychellois).
- Saint Helena (UK) including Tristan da Cunha (UK) - predominantly European.
- Swaziland - 3% of the population
- Morocco - European expatriates, Spanish-descent Muslims (the Moorish era in Spain) and Franco-Moroccans from French colonial period.
- Tunisia - Small community of Europeans.
About 1-4 percent of the populations in Cote D'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone, usually are in the professional business elites. Not limited to Europeans, the "white" population includes Arab peoples: Lebanese and Syrians.
- Asia
- Vietnam - approximately 441,000 people or 0.5% of the total population are Vietnamese Eurasians, mainly of French and American ancestry from former French and American soldiers and settlers.
- India (Anglo-Indian) - approximately 312,000 people or 0.02% of the total population are mixed White (mainly British) and Indian.
- Bangladesh (Anglo-Indian) (Anglo-Bengali) - approximately 113,000 people or 0.1% of the total population are the descendents of former British settlers who intermarried with local populations.
- Myanmar (Anglo-Burmese) - approximately 51,000 people or 0.1% of the total population are the descendents of former British settlers who intermarried with local populations.
- Malaysia (Kristang people) - approximately 52,000 people or 0.2% of the total population are the descendents of former White settlers who intermaried with local populations.
- Sri Lanka (Burghers)- often from settlers in former British, Dutch, French and Portuguese colonies.
- Siberia (Russians)
- Kazakhstan (Russians in Kazakhstan, Tatars of Kazakhstan, Germans of Kazakhstan) - 31.5% of the population
- Uzbekistan - 7% of the population (See Demographics of Uzbekistan).
- Kyrgyzstan - 13.5% of the population
- Turkmenistan - 4% of the population
- Tajikistan - Tajiks are ethnic relatives of both Turkic and Indo-Iranian peoples, but has a small European minority.
- Azerbaijan
- Georgia (Russians in Georgia)
- Armenia - Most Armenians have some degree of European descent, but Armenia has a small minority of 21,000 Europeans, mostly of Russian and Ukrainian origin.
- Mongolia - 0.5% of the population or approximately 12,000 people are European, mostly of Ukrainian or Russian descent.
- Hong Kong
- Macau (Macanese people) of Portuguese descent.
- Singapore (Eurasians in Singapore) - approximately 60,000 White people reside in Singapore, or 1.3% of the total population. An additional 46,000 Eurasians (or 1% of the total population) reside in Singapore, bringing this total to approximately 106,000 people or 2.3% of the total population.
- Philippines (Filipino mestizo) (Spanish settlement in the Philippines) - 3.6% of the population as Filipino-Eurasians, either of Spanish or U.S. American ancestry.
- Indonesia (Indo people) - 14,000 people, mostly of mixed Indonesian and Dutch descent.
- Cambodia - approximately 16,000 people or 0.1% of the total population are Cambodian Eurasians, mainly of French ancestry from former French settlers.
- Pakistan (Anglo-Indian) (Anglo-Pakistani) - approximately 11,000 people or 0.005% of the total population are the descendents of former British settlers who intermarried with local populations.
- East Timor - approximately 1,100 people or 0.08% of the total population are Portuguese, descended from former Portuguese settlers.
- Laos - an unknown number of Eurasians with French ancestry who are the descendents of former French settlers reside in Laos.
- Christmas Island - approximately 13% of the total population are White, with a further 2% Eurasian.
- Cocos (Keeling) Islands - 28.5% or one third of the total population are White.
Small communities of European and American expatriates live in East Asia, such as China, Japan, Korea and Thailand.
- The Middle East
- Turkey (Greeks in Turkey).
- Israel (Ashkenazim, Sephardim) - Israelis can be of European, Asian and African origins.
Small communities of European and American expatriates in the Persian Gulf countries like Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and the UAE; and in Aramco compounds in Saudi Arabia. Historically before 1970, small ethnic European (esp. Greek, Italian and Armenian) enclaves were found in Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria.
- North America
- Greenland - 12% of the population, however the Greenlandic people are of any white-Scandinavian or Inuit-Eskimo descent.
- Canada - 80% of the population, usually divided into Anglophone (English-speaking), Francophone (French-speaking) and Allophone ethnic groups.
- United States of America (White American) - 75.1% of the population, including Hispanic/Non-Hispanic Whites.
- Mexico (White Mexican) - 9-17% of the population and 60-75% more as Mestizos.
- Central America, the Caribbean and South America (see White Latin American)
- Argentina (White Argentine) - 97% of the population, may include mestizos and mulattos. Miscegenation occurred with the local Indian populations, and 56% of Arghentines have some degree of Amerindian ancestry.
- Bahamas - 12% of the population, the majority are black African or other races.
- Barbados (White Barbadian) - 4% of the population, it's thought to be the highest of all British West Indies islands.
- Bermuda - 34.1% of the population, with a black or part-white/black majority.
- Bolivia - 15% of the population, the country except for Paraguay have the lowest white populations of South America.
- Brazil (White Brazilian) - 49.7% of the population, but 42.6% are mullatos of mixed White, African and Amerindian descent.
- Chile - 52.7% - 95% ( including castizos) of the population, the issue of racial identity of Chile remains controversial.
- Colombia - 20% of the population, 40 to 60% are part white (mestizo or mulatto).
- Costa Rica - up to 90% white and/or mestizo (white-Indian).
- Cuba - (White Cuban) 65% of the population, the definition of white in the Caribbean is different from the US Census' own definitions.
- Dominican Republic - 16% of the population, with 50-60% are mulatto or white-African.
- Ecuador - 7-16% of the population, while 40% are mestizos.
- El Salvador - 9% of the population, but the remainder 90% have some white ancestry.
- French Guiana - 12% of the population, but the French government insists all citizens of France are ethnic "French".
- Haiti - 5% of the population in Haiti are white and mulatto (both black and white ancestry). White Haitians (not counting Middle Eastern descendants into the category) are chiefly of French, Italian, or German origin. This figure excludes the percentage of Haitians with less than noticeable European admixture.
- Jamaica - Approximately 40,000 people or 2% of the population are White, mainly British, American and Portuguese (This number increases to 60,000 people and 3% of the total population when Arabs and Lebanese are included). However, the vast majority of the population in Jamaica have some degree of White Ancestry.
- Martinique - 5% of the population- but over half are mulatto or white-African descent mixture.
- Nicaragua - 17% of the population, and 70% mestizo.
- Panama 10% of the population, 40% mestizo and 20%mulatto (both are part-white).
- Puerto Rico approx. 80% of the population, but over half of Puerto Ricans has any black African ancestry, and the small genetic evidence from extinct indigenous Carib Indians.
- Peru - 15 % of the population, about 40% mestizo or part European descent.
- Trinidad and Tobago - 1 to 10% of white European descent, although 30-40% have East Indian or 5% are Lebanese/Syrian Arab backgrounds.
- Venezuela - 20 % of the population, although the government under Hugo Chavez promotes national idealism of white-African-Amerindian heritage or nearly all Venezuelans have white ancestors.
- Uruguay - 88% of the population, the rest have any level of white-European descent.
- Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.
- Falkland Islands, exclusively white and of British descent.
The Virgin Islands divided between United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands each have a small white European minority.
- Oceania (see Europeans in Oceania)
- Australia (European Australian) - 89.3% of the population, and part-white Australian Aborigines are present.
- New Zealand (New Zealand European) - 78% of the population, plus Maoris of white-European descent.
- New Caledonia (Caldoche) - 34.5% of the population, the territory is under French rule.
- French Polynesia - 10% of the population, and 6 to 8% are Euranesian (part white-Polynesian).
- Hawaii - 41.26% of the population, although 65% of all Hawaiians have white-European descent.
- Guam - 6.9% of the population, although Guam has a history of Spanish settlement before 1900, now an U.S. territory.
- Norfolk Island, exclusively white-British descent from Australia or New Zealand.
National diasporas:
Further information: List of diasporasColumn-generating template families
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See also
- Demography of Europe
- Languages of Europe
- Eurolinguistics
- Federal Union of European Nationalities
- Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
- Pan-European identity
- Genetic history of Europe
- Caucasoid
- White people
- Ethnic groups in the Middle East
- Peoples of the Caucasus
- List of ethnic groups
- Nomadic peoples of Europe
References
- Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen (2002)., English translation 2004.
- Pan and Pfeil (2004), "Problems with Terminology", pp. xvii-xx.
- Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 122 million for Europe and Asia taken together.
- Germans in Germany; Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 89 million for all German-speaking groups.
- Recensement officiel de l'Insee ; Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 55 million for the French-speaking groups, excluding the Occitans.
- or Britons, includes English, Scottish, Welsh
- including Corsicans
- Pan and Pfeil give 31 million, excluding Catalans, Valencians, Basques and Galicians
- Pan, Christoph; Pfeil, Beate S. (2003). "The Peoples of Europe by Demographic Size, Table 1". National Minorities in Europe: Handbook. Wien: Braumueller. p. 11f. ISBN 978-3-7003-1443-1. (a breakdown by country of these 87 groups is given in Table 5, pp. 17–31.)
- unless otherwise indicated, population figures are those of Pan and Pfeil (2004)
- European Russia only; 122 million in all of Russia.
- CIA Factbook, United Kingdom Census 2001
- Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 3.8 million. High estimates range up to 10 million.
- Turkish Statistical Institute (2007). "2007 Census, population by provinces and districts". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
- CIA factbook Statistics for Germany.
- As a transcontinental country, Georgia may be considered to be in Asia and/or Europe. The UN classification of world regions places Georgia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , National Geographic, and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia. Conversely, numerous sources place Georgia in Europe such as the BBC , Oxford Reference Online , Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, and www.worldatlas.com.
- Ethnic groups which form the majority in two states are the Vlachs (in Romania and Moldova), and the Albanians (in Albania and the partly-recognized Republic of Kosovo). Closely related groups holding majorities in separate states are German speakers (Germans, Austrians, Luxembourgers, Swiss German speakers), the Serbo-Croats in the states of Former Yugoslavia, the Dutch/Flemish, the Russians/Belarusians and the Bulgarians/Macedonians.
- including the European portions of Russia, not including Turkey, Georgia and Kazakhstan, excluding microstates with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants: Andorra, Holy See, Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino.
- percentages from the CIA Factbook unless indicated otherwise.
- Persons of danish origin: 4 985 415. Total population: 5 511 451 Statistics Denmark
- ^ Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background
- note: percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity
- http://www.populstat.info/Europe/maltag.htm
- excluding Kosovo and Metohija
- Starting in the 2001 census, White Irish and White British were recognised as distinct ethnic groups in Great Britain. This distinction is avoided in the census of Northern Ireland, where White Irish and White British are combined into a single "White" ethnic group on the census forms.
- My Jewish Learning - European Origins
- Almoravides - LoveToKnow 1911
- Spain - AL ANDALUS, U.S. Library of Congress
- The Last Christians Of North-West Africa
- Synopsis universae philologiae at google books
- Karl Friedrich Vollgraff, Erster Versuch einer Begründung sowohl der allgemeinen Ethnologie durch die Anthropologie, wis auch der Staats und rechts-philosophie durch die Ethnologie oder Nationalität der Völker (1851), p. 257.
- A. Kumar, Encyclopaedia of Teaching of Geography (2002), p. 74 ff.; the tripartite subdivision of "Caucasians" into Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean groups persisted among some scientists into the 1960s, notably in Carleton Coon's book The Origin of Races (1962).
- Andrew Barry, Political Machines (2001), p. 56
- Measuring European Population Stratification using Microarray Genotype Data
- "[[DNA heritage]]". Retrieved 2007-07-20.
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(help); URL–wikilink conflict (help) - Dupanloup, Isabelle. "Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans". Retrieved 2007-07-20.
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suggested) (help) - Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen (2002).
- see also Definitions and identity of indigenous peoples.
- Duran 1995, p.81
- ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF
- Youths bring violence from a war-torn land
- France's blacks stand up to be counted
- Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe
- Born Abroad - Countries of birth, BBC News
- ^ Ethnic groups by country. Statistics (where available) from CIA Factbook.
- Trivedi, Bijal P (2001-05-14). "Genetic evidence suggests European migrants may have influenced the origins of India's caste system". Genome News Network. J. Craig Venter Institute. Retrieved 2005-01-27.
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(help); line feed character in|title=
at position 64 (help) - Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Populations -- Bamshad et al. 11 (6): 994
- Western North Africa, 1–500 A.D., The Metropolitan Museum of Art
- Archaeologists Find Celts In Unlikely Spot: Turkey, New York Times
- The Mummies of Xinjiang, DISCOVER Magazine
- A meeting of civilisations: The mystery of China's celtic mummies, The Independent
- Diversity in the Desert: Daily Life in Greek and Roman Egypt, 332 B.C.E. - 641 C.E.
- Alexander the Great and precious stones in Afghanistan, The Toronto Times
- Cyril and Methodius of Thessalonica: The Acculturation of the Slavs
- The Fate of Greenland's Vikings
- Benjamin Z. Kedar, "The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant", in The Crusades: The Essential Readings, ed. Thomas F. Madden, Blackwell, 2002, pg. 244. Originally published in Muslims Under Latin Rule, 1100-1300, ed. James M. Powell, Princeton University Press, 1990. Kedar quotes his numbers from Joshua Prawer, Histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem, tr. G. Nahon, Paris, 1969, vol. 1, pp. 498, 568-72.
- Crusaders 'left genetic legacy', BBC News
- South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Namibia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Réunion Island
- Botswana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Senegal, About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) and Lebanese reside in Senegal, mainly in the cities.
- Swaziland: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Morocco: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Tunisia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Fiona Hill, Russia — Coming In From the Cold?, The Globalist, 23 February 2004
- Robert Greenall, Russians left behind in Central Asia, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
- Kyrgyzstan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Turkmenistan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Southern Caucasus: Facing Integration Problems, Ethnic Russians Long For Better Life
- Georgia: Ethnic Russians Feel Insulated From Tensions, Radio Free Europe
- HK Census. "HK Census." Statistical Table. Retrieved on 2007-03-08.
- Greenland
- Canadian Census 2006
- North America - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
- Mexico :: Ethnic groups - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
- Mexico: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico
- Argentina: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Bahamas: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Barbados: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Bermuda: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Bolivia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2006/indic_sociais2006.pdf Tabela 9.1, Accessed: 18/08/2009
- "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF).
- "5.2.6. Estructura racial". La Universidad de Chile. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
- Colombia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- "Costa Rica; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
white (including mestizo) 94%
= 3.9 million whites and mestizos. - "Tabla II.3 Población por color de la piel y grupos de edades, según zona de residencia y sexo". Censo de Población y Viviendas (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. 2002. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
- Dominican Republic: People: Ethnic groups. World Factbook of CIA
- "Ecuador: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
- El Salvador: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- French Guiana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Martinique: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- "Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-15.
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(help) - "Panama; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21.
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(help) - Puerto Rico: People: Ethnic Groups World Factbook of CIA
- Peru: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Trinidad French Creole
- Uruguay: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Fact Sheet on St. Barthélemy
- French Polynesia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
- Brazil: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
Bibliography
- Andrews, Peter A.; Benninghaus, Rüdiger (2002), Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, Reichert, ISBN 3895003255
- Marcus Banks, Ethnicity: Anthropological Constructions, Routledge (1996).
- Cole, J. W., Wolf, E. R., The Hidden Frontier: Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley, University of California Press; (1999), ISBN 978-0520216815.
- Dow, R. R., Bockhorn, O., The Study of European Ethnology in Austria, Progress in European Ethnology, Ashgate Publishing (2004), ISBN 978-0754617471.
- Eberhardt, Piotr; Owsinski, Jan (2003), Ethnic Groups and Population Changes in Twentieth-century Central Eastern Europe, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 0765606658
- Gresham, D.; et al. (2001), "Origins and divergence of the Roma (Gypsies)", American Journal of Human Genetics, 69 (6): 1314–1331
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(help) Online article - Karolewski, Ireneusz Pawel; Kaina, Viktoria (2006), European Identity: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Insights, LIT Verlag, ISBN 3825892883
- Jordan, T. G., The European culture area: A systematic geography (2nd ed.). New York: Harper and Row (1988).
- Latham, Robert Gordon (1854), The Native Races of the Russian Empire, Hippolyte Baillière (London) Full text on google books
- Laitin, David D. (2000), Culture and National Identity: "the East" and European Integration, Robert Schuman Centre
- Gross, Manfred (2004), Romansh: Facts & Figures, Lia Rumantscha, ISBN 3039000373 Online version
- Levinson, David (1998), Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 9781573560191 part I: Europe, pp. 1–100.
- E. J. Hobsbawm and David J. Kertzer, "Ethnicity and Nationalism in Europe Today", Anthropology Today, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Feb., 1992), pp. 3–8.
- Minahan, James (2000), One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0313309841
- Panikos Panayi, Outsiders: A History of European Minorities (London: Hambledon Press, 1999)
- Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994), An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empire, Greenwood, ISBN 0313274975
- O'Néill, Diarmuid (2005), Rebuilding the Celtic languages: reversing language shift in the Celtic countries, Y Lolfa, ISBN 0862437237
- Panayi, Panikos (1999), An Ethnic History of Europe Since 1945: Nations, States and Minorities, Longman, ISBN 0582381355
- Parman, S. (ed.), Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, Prentice Hall (1998).
- Stephens (1976), Linguistic Minorities in Western Europe, Gomer Press, ISBN 0608187593
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ignored (help) - Szaló, Csaba (1998), On European Identity: Nationalism, Culture & History, ISBN 8021018399
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suggested) (help) - Stone, Gerald (1972), The Smallest Slavonic Nation: The Sorbs of Lusatia, Athlene Press, ISBN 0485111292
- Vembulu, R. Pavananthi (2003), Understanding European Integration: History, Culture, and Politics of Identity, Aakar Books, ISBN 8187879106
External links
- Ron Balsdon, The Cultural Mosaic of the European Union: Why National Boundaries and the Cultures Inside Still Matter
- Migration Policy Institute - Country and Comparative Data
- Living Diversity, Federal Union of European Nationalities (FUEN) and the Youth of European Nationalities (YEN).
Ethnic groups in Europe | |
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Sovereign states |
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States with limited recognition | |
Dependencies and other entities |
Indigenous peoples of the world by continent | ||||||
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Indigenous peoples by geographic regions |