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Revision as of 02:12, 27 August 2009 editDinkytown (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Rollbackers6,234 edits European identity and culture: Removed "==European identity and culture==" section - see talk page← Previous edit Revision as of 13:21, 27 August 2009 edit undoSlrubenstein (talk | contribs)30,655 editsm Reverted edits by Dinkytown (talk) to last version by WoohookittyNext edit →
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*the ] of northern Spain and southern France (marginalized by ]/] expansion). *the ] of northern Spain and southern France (marginalized by ]/] expansion).


==European identity and culture==
==Religion==
{{POV-section|date=July 2008}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=July 2008}}
], ], ], and ], bringing offerings to ]; from a gospel book dated 990.]]
{{main|European culture|Western world|Western culture|Christendom|Pan-European identity}}
The '''culture of ]''' might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures. Whether it is a question of West as opposed to East; Christianity as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent.

European culture has had a very broad influence on the rest of the world, basically due to the widespread practice and legacy of ]. The exchange has not all been one way, some European features have been drastically changed by imports from elsewhere. Popular European foods such as ] (frites or ]) and ] are derived from products that are not European, but indigenous to South America and Southern Asia respectively. Nearly all of ] and all of ] were European colonies at one time or another - though in earlier times, European nations often colonized each other. Or were even colonized by Non-Europeans - ] and North African ] colonized the Iberian peninsula leaving, for example, a significant ].

Various parts of the Americas are also considered ] which are considered integral parts of the ]. A large proportion of the population of the Americas are descended from European emigrants (in some cases fleeing harsh economic times or religious intolerance). As a consequence most people in the Americas speak languages that are to varying degrees, derived from European languages. These include ], ], ], ], ] and ]. There are still significant cultural, economic and political ties between the former European colonial nations (], ], ], ], ] and ]) and the former colonies around the world.

The term "]" is used very broadly to refer to a ] of ], ], ], ] beliefs, ]s, and specific ] and ]. Specifically, Western culture may imply:
:*a ] ] and ] cultural influence, concerning artistic, philosophic, literary, and ] themes and traditions, as well as a tradition of ]{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} in various spheres of life, developed by ], ], ]s, the ] and ], and including, in ], widespread ] in favour of ],{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} ],{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} ]{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} and ] values{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} averse to ],{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} ]{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} and ].{{citation needed|date=August 2009}}
:*a ]-] cultural influence in spiritual thinking, customs and either ethic or moral traditions, around ].
:*] and ] cultural influences concerning artistic, musical, folkloric, ethic and oral traditions, whose themes have been further developed by ].
The concept of Western culture is generally linked to the ] definition of the ]. In this definition, Western culture is the set of ], ], ], ]istic and ] principles which set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the ].
<ref>Duran 1995, p.81</ref>
The term has come to apply to countries whose ] is strongly marked by Western European immigration or settlement, such as ], and ], and is not restricted to Western Europe. Some tendencies that define modern Western ] are the existence of ],PPfact}} prominent ] or ]s (such as ] movements), increasing cultural ]{{citation needed|date=August 2009}} resulting from ] and ].

'''Pan-European identity''' refers to both the sense of personal identification with Europe, and to the identity possessed by 'Europe' as a whole. 'Europe' is widely used as a synonym for the ] even though there are millions of people living on the European continent in non-EU states. The prefix ''pan'' implies that the identity applies throughout Europe, and especially in an EU context, 'pan-European' is often contrasted with ].

===Religion===
[[File:Europe religion map en.png|thumb|250px|Predominant religions in Europe [[File:Europe religion map en.png|thumb|250px|Predominant religions in Europe
{{legend|#496EB8|]}} {{legend|#496EB8|]}}

Revision as of 13:21, 27 August 2009

Ethnic group
Europeans
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Indo-European languages, Uralic languages
Religion
Catholic Church, Protestantism, Orthodox Church, Islam, Judaism
See Demography of Europe for population statistics.

The European peoples are the various nations and ethnic groups of Europe. European ethnology is the field of anthropology focusing on Europe.

Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute ethnic minorities. The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of 770 million Europeans.

There is no precise or universally accepted definition of the terms "ethnic group" or "nationality". In the context of European ethnography in particular, the terms ethnic group, people (without nation state), nationality, national minority, ethnic minority, linguistic community, linguistic group and linguistic minority are used as mostly synonymous, although preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual countries of Europe.

Overview

Further information: Demographics of Europe

There are eight peoples of Europe with more than 30 million members residing in Europe:

  1. the Russians (ca. 90 million settling in the European parts of Russia),
  2. the Germans (ca. 82 million),
  3. the French (ca. 65 million)
  4. the British 50 - 60 million
  5. the Italians (ca. 59 million)
  6. the Spanish (ca. 46 million),
  7. the Ukrainians (ca. 46 million),
  8. the Poles (ca. 38 million).

These eight groups between themselves account for some 460 million or about 63% of European population.

About 20-25 million residents (3%) are members of diasporas of non-European origin. The population of the European Union, with some five hundred million residents, accounts for two thirds of the European population.

Both Spain and the UK are special cases, in that the designation of nationality, Spanish and British, may controversially take ethnic aspects, subsuming various regional ethnic groups, see nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain and native populations of the United Kingdom. Switzerland is a similar case, but the linguistic subgroups of the Swiss are not usually discussed in terms of ethnicity, and Switzerland is considered a "multi-national state" rather than a "multi-ethnic state".

Overview map of the peoples of Europe
Size and geographic distribution of the 87 peoples of Europe, according to Pan & Pfeil (2003).

Font size reflects population size (groups smaller than 2 million not to scale) Groups not shown due to lack of geographic concentration: Romani (3.8 million), Jews (1.3 million), Karaim (4,600). Small Baltic Finns, Volga Finns and Caucasian groups (<0.2 million) not shown in map: Votes, Ludes, Setos, Võros; Balkars, Karachays, Laks, Lazs, Nogais, Rutuls, Tabasarans, Tats, Tsakhurs.

Albanians Belarusians Bulgarians Croats Czechs Danes Finns French Occitans Ger
ma
ns
Greeks Hungarians Irish Ita
    li
        ans
Tatars Lithuanians Dutch Norwegians Poles Portu
guese
Romanians Russians Serbs Slovaks Span
iards
Galicians Catalans Swedes Turks Ukrainians English Scots Georgians Circassians Welsh Basques Slovenes Macedonians Bosniaks Montenegrins Faroese Sámi Icelanders Manx Maltese Latvians Livonians Estonians Frisians Chuvash Bashkirs Chechens Avars Dargins Lezgins Mordvins Ingush Ossete Udmurts Komi Permyaks Mari Komi Kazakhs Kalmyks Karelians Vepsians Izhorians Romansh Kashubs Bretons Cornish Aromanians Lux. Sorbs Kumyks Gagauz Inuit

Ethno-linguistic classifications

Distribution of major languages of Europe.
Further information: Languages of Europe

Of the total population of Europe of some 730 million (as of 2005), over 80% or some 600 million fall within three large ethno-linguistic super-groups, viz., Slavic, Latin (Romance) and Germanic. The largest groups that do not fall within either of these are the Greeks and the Hungarians (about 12 million each) and the Albanians (about 6 million).

phylum super-group ethno-linguistic group subgroups approx. number (millions) notes
Indo-European Indo-European **641
Indo-Europeans Slavic Europe *226
Indo-Europeans Slavic, East Russians Pomors, Cossacks 90
Indo-Europeans Slavic, East Ukrainians Rusyns, Boykos, Hutsuls, Lemkos, Poleszuks 43
Indo-Europeans Slavic, West Poles 38
Indo-Europeans Slavic, West Czechs 10
Indo-Europeans Slavic, South Serbs Montenegrins, Gorani 012
Indo-Europeans Slavic, East Belarusians 10
Indo-Europeans Slavic, South Bulgarians Pomaks 08
Indo-Europeans Slavic, South Croats 05
Indo-Europeans Slavic, West Slovaks 05
Indo-Europeans Slavic, South Macedonians 01.6
Indo-Europeans Slavic, South Bosniaks 01.6
Indo-Europeans Slavic, South Slovenes 02
Indo-Europeans Slavic, West Silesians 01.9
Indo-Europeans Slavic, South Montenegrins 0.6
Indo-Europeans Slavic, West Kashubs 0.5
Indo-Europeans Slavic, West Sorbs 0.06
Indo-Europeans Latin Europe *190
Indo-Europeans Latin, Western Francophonie French, Walloons, Romands, Provencals, Occitans, Aranese 61
Indo-Europeans Latin, Italo-Western Italians Sardinians, Furlans, Lombards, Venetians, Sicilians, Neapolitans, Corsicans 53
Indo-Europeans Latin, Western Spaniards Castilians; non-Castilian ethno-linguistic groups: Andalusians, Asturians, Aragonese, Catalans, Galicians 40
Indo-Europeans Latin, Eastern Eastern Romance (Vlachs) Romanians, Moldovans, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians, Aromanians 23
Indo-Europeans Latin, Western Portuguese 10
Indo-Europeans Latin, Western Rhaeto-Romanics Romansh, Friulians, Ladins 0.6
Indo-Europeans Latin, Western Gibraltarians 0.03 (Speak English mainly as first language) Also summed under White British
Indo-Europeans Germanic Europe *180
Indo-Europeans Germanic, West, Continental German-speaking Europe Germans, Austrians, Alemannic Swiss, Luxembourgers, Alsatians, Lorrainers, South Tyroleans, German-speaking Belgians, North Schleswigers 89
Indo-Europeans Germanic, West, North Sea English 45 also subsumed under British or White British.
Indo-Europeans Germanic, West, Continental Netherlandish Dutch people, Flemish people 23
Indo-Europeans Germanic, North Scandinavians Norwegians, Swedes, Finland Swedes, Danes, Faroese, Icelanders 22
Indo-Europeans Germanic, West, North Sea Frisians 0.5
Indo-Europeans Celtic Europe *002-22 approx. 2 million speakers of Celtic languages, but depending on the definition, some 20 million may be considered "Celtic"
Indo-Europeans Anglo-Celtic, Goidelic Irish Gaeltacht 06 Some living in Northern Ireland can also subsumed under British or White British. Most speak English as their first language, but 5% are Gaelic speaking Irish.
Indo-Europeans Anglo-Celtic, Goidelic Scots Gàidhealtachd 06 also subsumed under British or White British. (speak English mainly as first language).
Indo-Europeans Anglo-Celtic, Brythonic Welsh 05 also subsumed under British or White British. (about half speak English as first language).
Indo-Europeans Franco-Celtic, Brythonic Bretons 05 also subsumed under French. (many will Speak French first).
Indo-Europeans Anglo-Celtic, Brythonic Cornish 0.2 also subsumed under English, British or White British. (all speak English as first language very few can actually speak Cornish in Cornwall).
Indo-Europeans Anglo-Celtic, Goidelic Manx 0.04 also subsumed under British or White British. (speak English as first language, mainly Manx in the Isle of Man is having a revival).
Indo-Europeans Anglo-Celtic, Brythonic and Goidelic British 50 - 60 also subsumed under White British. (Includes English, Welsh, Cornish, Scottish, Manx, Channel Islanders, Irish in Northern Ireland and Gibraltarian) (speak English mainly).
Indo-Europeans Greek Greeks 12
Indo-Europeans Albanian Albanians 05
Indo-Europeans Baltic 04.5
Indo-Europeans Lithuanians 03.1
Indo-Europeans Latvians Latgalians 01.4
Indo-Europeans Indo-Iranian 04
Indo-Europeans Indo-Aryan Romani people 04
Indo-Europeans Iranian Ossetians 0.4 depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below.
Indo-Europeans Iranian Tats 0.02
Turkic Turkic *030
Turkic peoples Turkic, Oghuz Turks 16 approx. 10 million in Eastern Thrace, 1 million in the rest of the Balkans, 5 million in diaspora.
Turkic peoples Turkic, Kypchak Volga Tatars 6
Turkic peoples Turkic, Oghur Chuvash 02
Turkic peoples Turkic, Kypchak Bashkirs 01.4
Turkic peoples Turkic, Kypchak Kumyks 00.3
Turkic peoples Turkic, Kypchak Karachays 01.5
Turkic peoples Turkic, Kypchak / Oghuz Crimeans Tat Tatars, Yaliboyu Tatars, Noğay Tatars 2
Turkic peoples Turkic, Oghuz Gagauz 0.2
Turkic peoples Turkic, Kypchak Balkars 0.08
Turkic peoples Turkic, Kypchak Nogais 0.07
Finno-Ugric Finno-Ugric *022
Finno-Ugric peoples Ugric Hungarians 12
Finno-Ugric peoples Finnic, Finno-Lappic Finns Karelians, Sweden Finns, Ingrian Finns, Kven people 06
Finno-Ugric peoples Finnic, Finno-Lappic Estonians Setos, Võros 01
Finno-Ugric peoples Finnic, Volgaic Mordvins Erzya/Shoksha, Moksha, Teryukhan, Qaratay 1.1
Finno-Ugric peoples Finnic, Permic Udmurts 0.7
Finno-Ugric peoples Finnic, Volgaic Mari 0.6
Finno-Ugric peoples Finnic, Permic Komi Komi-Izhemtsy, Komi-Permyaks 0.5
Finno-Ugric peoples Finnic, Finno-Lappic Sami 0.1
Finno-Ugric peoples Finnic, Finno-Lappic Veps 0.008
Finno-Ugric peoples Finnic, Finno-Lappic Izhorians 0.001
Finno-Ugric peoples Finnic, Finno-Lappic Livonians 0.0001
Caucasian Caucasian *08 depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below.
Caucasian Northeast Caucasian Chechens 1
Caucasian Northeast Caucasian Avars 0.5
Caucasian Northeast Caucasian Dargin 0.4
Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Kabards 0.4
Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Adygeans 0.5
Caucasian Northeast Caucasian Lezgins 0.3
Caucasian Northeast Caucasian Ingushetians 0.2
Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Cherkes 0.2
Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Lak 0.1
Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Tabasarans 0.1
Caucasian Northeast Caucasian Rutuls 0.02
Caucasian Northeast Caucasian Tsakhur people 0.007
Caucasian South Caucasian Georgians 5 depends on what part of the Caucasus is considered European, see below.
Basque Basque Basques 00.7
Semitic Semitic 2
Semitic Semitic, Hebrew Jews 1.3 also subsumed under various other, see below.
Semitic Semitic, Maltese Maltese 0.4 ethno-linguistic classification is difficult, since there is significant historical admixture of Italian, Sicilian, Siculo-Arabic, British and French influence.
Mongolic Mongolic Kalmyks 0.17

Europe has a population of about 2 million ethnic Jews (mostly also counted as part of the ethnic group of their respective home countries):

Depending on what parts of the Caucasus are considered part of Europe, various peoples of the Caucasus may also be considered "European peoples":

By country

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Pan and Pfeil (2002) distinguish 33 peoples which form the majority population in at least one sovereign state geographically situated in Europe. These majorities range from nearly homogeneous populations as in Poland or Albania to comparatively slight majorities as in Latvia or Belgium. Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro are multiethnic states in which no group forms a majority.

country majority % regional majorities other minorities
Albania Albanians 95% Greeks 3%, other 2% (Vlachs, Romani, Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians and Turks).
Armenia Armenians 97.9% Yazidis 1.3%, Russians 0.5%, Azeri 0.5%, and others 1.2%.
Austria Austrians 91.1% South Slavs 4% (includes Burgenland Croats, Carinthian Slovenes, Croats, Slovenes, Serbs and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, Germans 0.9%, and other or unspecified 2.4%. (2001 census)
Azerbaijan Azeris 90.6% Lezgins 2.2%, Russians 1.8%, Armenians 1.5%, Talysh 1.0%, Turks 0.6%, and other 2.5%. (1999 census)
Belarus Belarusians 81.2% Russians 11.4%, Poles 3.9%, Ukrainians 2.4%, and other 1.1%. (1999 census)
Belgium Flemings 58% Walloons 31%, Germans 1% mixed or other (Eastern or Southern Europeans, Africans and Asians) 10%.
Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosniak 48%, Serbs 37.1% Croats 14.3% other 0.6%.(2000)
Bulgaria Bulgarians 83.9% Turks 9.4% Romani 4.7%, other 2% (including Macedonian, Armenian, Tatar, Circassian and Greek). (2001 census)
Croatia Croats 89.6% Serbs 4.5%, other 5.9% (including Bosniak, Hungarian, Slovene, Czech, Dalmatian-Italian, Austrian-German, Romanian and Romani/Gypsy). (2001 census)
Czech Republic Czechs 90.4% Moravians 3.7% Slovaks 1.9%, and other 4%. (2001 census)
Denmark Danes 90% Faroese other Scandinavian, Germans, Frisians, other European, Greenlandic people and others.
Estonia Estonians 67.9% Estonian Swedes Baltic Russians 25.6%, Ukrainians 2.1%, Belarusians 1.3%, Finns 0.9%, and other (Baltic Germans) 2.2%. (2000 census)
Finland Finns 93.4% Swedes 5.6% Russians 0.5%, Estonians 0.3%, Romani 0.1%, Sami 0.1% and Turks 0.05%. (2006)
France French 84% (includes ethnic or regional groups like Bretons, Corsicans, Occitans, Alsatians, Normans, Picards, Savoyards, Basques and Flemings). other European 7%, North African 7%, Sub-Saharan African, Indochinese, Asian, Latin American and Pacific Islander.
Germany Germans 81%-91% includes Bavarians, Swabians, Saxons, Frisians, Sorbs, Silesians, Saarland Germans, Polish-Germans and Schleswig-Holstein Danes). Germans without immigrant background 81%; Germans with immigrant background (including ethnic German repatriates and people of partial immigrant background) 10%; Foreigners 9%: Turks 2.1%, others 6.7% and non-European descent about 2 to 5%.)
Georgia Georgians 83.8% Azeris 6.5%, Armenians 5.7%, Russians 1.5% and Ossetians 1.3%.
Greece Greeks 93% includes linguistic minorities 3% Albanians 4%, and other 3%. (2001 census)
Hungary Hungarians 92.3% Romani 1.9%, Germans 1.2%, other (i.e. Croats, Romanians, Bulgarians, Turks and Ruthenians) or unknown 4.6%. (2001 census)
Iceland Icelanders 94% other (non-native/immigrants - mainly Polish, Russian, Greek, Portuguese and Filipino) 6%.
Ireland Irish 87.4% Protestant Irish or Anglo-Irish other white (large numbers of Latvian, Polish and Ukrainian migration) 7.5%, Asian 1.3%, black 1.1%, mixed 1.1%, and unspecified 1.6%. (2006 census)
Italy Italians 95% includes Sicilians, Sardinians, Lombards and other subgroups plus German-speakers in Trento-Alto Adige and French-speaking minority of Val D'Aosta. other European (mostly Albanian, followed by Slovene, Croatian, Hungarian, Greek, Romanian, Ukrainian and Swiss) 2.5%, African (sub-saharan) 1.5%, and others (i.e. Chinese, Filipino, Indian, North African Arab and Latin American) 1%.
Kosovo Albanians 88% Serbs 7% other 5% (Bosniak, Gorani, Romani, Turk, Ashkali, Egyptian and Macedonian).
Latvia Latvians 57.7% Baltic Russians 29.6% Belarusian 4.1%, Ukrainian 2.7%, Polish 2.5%, Lithuanian 1.4%, Livonian (Finno-Estonian) 0.1% and other 2%. (2002)
Lithuania Lithuanians 83.5% Poles 6.74%, Russians 6.31%, Belarusians 1.23%, other (Lipka Tatars) 2.27% and Jews (Karaites and Yiddish-speaking) 0.01%. (2001 census)
Macedonia Macedonians 64.2% Albanians 25.2%, Turks 3.9% Romani 2.7%, Serbs 1.8%, and other (i.e. Greeks, Bulgarians, Romanians and Croats) 2.2%. (2002 census)
Malta Maltese 95.3% Sporadic number of Maltese of Italian ancestry 4.5%.
Moldova Moldovan/Romanian 78.2% Ukrainians 8.4% Russians 5.8%, Gagauz 4.4%, Bulgarians 1.9%, and other 1.3%. (2004 census)
Montenegro Montenegrins 43%, Serbs 32% Bosniaks 8%, Albanians 5%, and other (Croats, Greeks, Romani-Gypsy and Macedonians) 12%. (2003 census)
Netherlands Dutch 80.7% other European Union nationals 5%, Indonesians 2.4%, Turks 2.2%, Surinamese 2%, Moroccans 2%, Netherlands Antilles & Aruba 0.8%, other 4.8% and Frisian-speaking 0.01%. (2008 est.)
Norway Norwegians 93.1% Sami 1.3% other European 3.6%, and other non-European races 2%. (2007 estimate)
Poland Poles 96.7% Germans 0.4%, Belarusians 0.1%, Ukrainians 0.1%, other and unspecified (Silesians and Kashubians) 2.7%, and about 5,000 Polish Jews reported to reside in the country. (2002 census)
Portugal Portuguese 92% Mirandese speakers 0.01%. other 8% - European Union (i.e. Hungarians, Poles and Romanians) and non-EU nationals (i.e. Croatians, Ukrainians and Albanians); sub-Saharan Africans, Latin Americans and Asian peoples.
Romania Romanians 89.5% Hungarians 6.6%, Romani 2.5%, Germans 0.3% Ukrainians 0.3%, Russians 0.2%, Turks 0.2%, other 0.4% and Jassic peoples 0.01% (2002 census)
Russia Russians 79.8% Tatars 3.8%, Kalmyks, Chechens, Circassians, Ossetians and Siberians Ukrainians 2%, Bashkir 1.2%, Chuvash 1.1% and other or unspecified (Kazakhs, Nogais, Mordvins, Komi and Armenians) 12.1%, and a total of 102 other nationalities. (2002 census, includes Asian Russia).
Serbia Serbs 82.9% Hungarians 3.9%, Romani 1.4%, Yugoslavs 1.1%, Bosniaks 1.8%, Montenegrin 0.9%, and other 8%. (2002 census, includes Kosovo).
Slovakia Slovaks 85.8% Hungarians 9.7% Romani 1.7%, Ruthenian/Ukrainian 1%, other and unspecified 1.8%. (2001 census)
Slovenia Slovenians 83.1% Serbs 2%, Croats 1.8%, Bosniaks 1.1%, other (Dalmatian Italians, ethnic Germans, Hungarians & Romanians) and/or unspecified 12%. (2002 census)
Spain Castilians 89% Various nationalities or sub-ethnicities of the Spanish people, including Basques, Catalans and Galicians Spanish Gypsies, Spanish Jews, immigrant peoples (Latin Americans, Romanians, North Africans, sub-Saharan Africans, Chinese, Filipinos, Levant Arabs, and others).
Sweden Swedes 88% Sweden-Finns, Sami people foreign-born or first-generation immigrants: Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Russians, Syriacs, Greeks, Turks, Iranians, Iraqis, Pakistanis, Thais, Koreans and Chileans.
Switzerland Swiss 79% regional linguistic subgroups, including the Alamannic German-speakers, the Romand French-speakers, the Italian-speakers and Romansh people Balkans (Serbs, Croats, Bosniaks or Albanians) 6%, Italians 4%, Portuguese 2%, Germans 1.5%, Turks 1%, Spanish 1% and Ukrainians 0.5%.
Turkey Turks 82% Kurds 15% Others (Albanians, Arabs, Armenians, Azeris, Bosniaks, Circassians, Copts, Georgians, Greeks, Jews, Lazs, Levantines, Maronites, Nestorians, Persians, Pomaks, Romanians, Syrians, Turkmenis, Yezidis and other Slavs like Bulgarians) 3%.
Ukraine Ukrainians 77.8% Russians 17.3% Belarusians 0.6%, Moldovans 0.5%, Crimean Tatars 0.5%, Bulgarians 0.4%, Hungarians 0.3%, Romanians 0.3%, Poles 0.3%, Jews 0.2%, Armenians 0.1% and other 1.8%. (2001 census)
United Kingdom White British 80% - 93% White English 77.0%, White Scottish 8.0%, White Welsh 4.5%, White Northern Irish 2.8%, also Cornish, Manx, Romani and Channel Islanders Other White background (Irish 24.0% with some Irish origins, Polish 1.6%, Portuguese 0.8%, Greeks 0.7%, Germans 0.6%, amongst many others. Note that the 2001 census did not allow people to state origins within a European nation without being born there themselves). Visible ethnic minorities make up approximately 14% of the UK's population, they include South Asians 5.7% (Indians 2.7%, Pakistanis 1.5%, Bangladeshis 0.8%), Blacks/Sub-Saharan Africans 3.0% (Black Africans 1.5%, Afro-Caribbeans 1.3%), Arabs 1.7% (Iraqis 0.6%), East Asians 1.6% (Chinese 0.8%, amongst others), Mixed-Race 1.4%, Other (including Latin Americans, Iranians and Pacific Islanders)

History

Prehistoric populations

Further information: Genetic history of Europe, Prehistoric Europe, Eurasian nomads, and Indo-European expansion

The Basques are assumed to descend from the populations of the Atlantic Bronze Age directly. The Indo-European groups of Europe (the Centum groups plus Balto-Slavic and Albanian) are assumed to have developed in situ by admixture of early Indo-European groups arriving in Europe by the Bronze Age (Corded ware, Beaker people). The Finnic peoples are indigenous to northeastern Europe.

Reconstructed languages of Iron Age Europe include Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic and Proto-Germanic, all of these Indo-European languages of the centum group, and Proto-Slavic and Proto-Baltic, of the satem group. A group of Tyrrhenian languages appears to have included Etruscan, Rhaetian and perhaps also Eteocretan and Eteocypriot. A pre-Roman stage of Proto-Basque can only be reconstructed with great uncertainty.

Regarding the European Bronze Age, the only secure reconstruction is that of Proto-Greek (ca. 2000 BC). A Proto-Italo-Celtic ancestor of both Italic and Celtic (assumed for the Bell beaker period), and a Proto-Balto-Slavic language (assumed for roughly the Corded Ware horizon) has been postulated with less confidence. Old European hydronymy has been taken as indicating an early (Bronze Age) Indo-European predecessor of the later centum languages.

Historical populations

Further information: History of Europe
Provinces of the Roman Empire in AD 117.

Iron Age (pre-Great Migrations) populations of Europe known from Greco-Roman historiography, notably Herodotus, Pliny, Ptolemy and Tacitus:

Historical immigration

Further information: Scythians, Huns, Turkic expansion, and Islamic conquests
The Great Migrations of Late Antiquity.
Map showing the three main political divisions around 800: The Carolingian Empire (purple), the Byzantine Empire (orange) and the Caliphate of Córdoba (light green). (Borders are approximate.)

Ethno-linguistic groups that arrived from outside Europe during historical times are:

History of European ethnography

Europa Polyglotta, Linguarum Genealogiam exhibens, una cum Literis, Scribendique modis, Omnium Gentium ("multilingual Europe, exhibiting a genealogy of tongues together with the letters and modes of writing of all peoples")
Ethnographic map of Europe, The Times Atlas (1896)

The earliest accounts of European ethnography date to Classical Antiquity. Herodotus described the Scythians and Thraco-Illyrians. Dicaearchus gave a description of Greece itself besides accounts of western and northern Europe. His work survives only fragmentarily, but was received by Polybius and others. Roman Empire period authors include Diodorus Siculus, Strabo and Tacitus. Julius Caesar gives an account of the Celtic tribes of Gaul, while Tacitus describes the Germanic tribes of Magna Germania. The 4th century Tabula Peutingeriana records the names of numerous peoples and tribes. Ethnographers of Late Antiquity such as Agathias of Myrina Ammianus Marcellinus, Jordanes or Theophylact Simocatta give early accounts of the Slavs, the Franks, the Alamanni and the Goths.

Book IX of Isidore's Etymologiae (7th century) treats de linguis, gentibus, regnis, militia, civibus (of languages, peoples, realms, armies and cities). Ahmad ibn Fadlan in the 10th century gives an account of the peoples of Eastern Europe, in particular the Bolghar and the Rus'. William Rubruck, while most notable for his account of the Mongols, in his account of his journey to Asia also gives accounts of the Tatars and the Alans. Saxo Grammaticus and Adam of Bremen give an account of pre-Christian Scandinavia. The Chronicon Slavorum (12th century) gives an account of the northwestern Slavic tribes.

Gottfried Hensel in his 1741 Synopsis universae philologiae published what is probably the earliest ethno-linguistic map of Europe, showing the beginning of the pater noster in the various European languages and scripts. In the 19th century, ethnicity was discussed in terms of scientific racism, and the ethnic groups of Europe were grouped into a number of "races", Mediterranean, Alpine and Nordic, all part of a larger "Caucasian" group. The beginnings of ethnic geography as an academic subdiscipline lie in the period following World War I, in the context of nationalism, and in the 1930s exploitation for the purposes of fascist and Nazi propaganda so that it was only in the 1960s that ethnic geography began to thrive as a bona fide academic subdiscipline. The origins of modern ethnography are often traced to the work of Bronisław Malinowski who emphasized the importance of fieldwork. The emergence of population genetics further undermined the categorisation of Europeans into clearly defined racial groups. A 2007 study on the genetic history of Europe found that the most important genetic differentiation in Europe occurs on a line from the north to the south-east (northern Europe to the Balkans), with another east-west axis of differentiation across Europe, separating the "indigenous" Basques and Sami from other European populations. Despite these stratifications it noted the unusually high degree of European homogeneity: "there is low apparent diversity in Europe with the entire continent-wide samples only marginally more dispersed than single population samples elsewhere in the world."

National minorities

Further information: Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages Further information: Multilingual countries and regions of Europe

The total number of national minority populations in Europe is estimated at 105 million people, or 14% of Europeans.

The member states of the Council of Europe in 1995 signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The broad aims of the Convention are to ensure that the signatory states respect the rights of national minorities, undertaking to combat discrimination, promote equality, preserve and develop the culture and identity of national minorities, guarantee certain freedoms in relation to access to the media, minority languages and education and encourage the participation of national minorities in public life. The Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities defines a national minority implicitly to include minorities possessing a territorial identity and a distinct cultural heritage. By 2008, 39 member states have signed and ratified the Convention, with the notable exception of France.

Indigenous minorities

Further information: Definitions and identity of indigenous peoples
A Sami family in northern Scandinavia around 1900

In a more narrow sense of "indigenous peoples", ethnic minorities marginalized by historical expansion of their neighbour populations, Europe's present-day indigenous populations are relatively few, mainly confined to northern and far-eastern reaches of this Eurasian peninsula. Whilst there are numerous ethnic minorities distributed within European countries, few of these still maintain traditional subsistence cultures and are recognized as indigenous peoples, per se. The following groups can be considered "indigenous peoples" of Europe in this narrow sense:

European identity and culture

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Personifications of Sclavinia, Germania, Gallia, and Roma, bringing offerings to Otto III; from a gospel book dated 990.
Main articles: European culture, Western world, Western culture, Christendom, and Pan-European identity

The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures. Whether it is a question of West as opposed to East; Christianity as opposed to Islam; many have claimed to identify cultural fault lines across the continent.

European culture has had a very broad influence on the rest of the world, basically due to the widespread practice and legacy of colonialism. The exchange has not all been one way, some European features have been drastically changed by imports from elsewhere. Popular European foods such as chips (frites or French fries) and rice are derived from products that are not European, but indigenous to South America and Southern Asia respectively. Nearly all of the Americas and all of Africa were European colonies at one time or another - though in earlier times, European nations often colonized each other. Or were even colonized by Non-Europeans - Arabs and North African Moors colonized the Iberian peninsula leaving, for example, a significant Arabic influence on the Spanish language.

Various parts of the Americas are also considered overseas territories of France which are considered integral parts of the French Republic. A large proportion of the population of the Americas are descended from European emigrants (in some cases fleeing harsh economic times or religious intolerance). As a consequence most people in the Americas speak languages that are to varying degrees, derived from European languages. These include Latin American Spanish, American English, Caribbean English, Brazilian Portuguese, Haitian Kreyol and Papiamento. There are still significant cultural, economic and political ties between the former European colonial nations (Spain, Britain, the Netherlands, Portugal, Belgium and France) and the former colonies around the world.

The term "Western culture" is used very broadly to refer to a heritage of social norms, ethical values, traditional customs, religious beliefs, political systems, and specific artifacts and technologies. Specifically, Western culture may imply:

The concept of Western culture is generally linked to the classical definition of the Western world. In this definition, Western culture is the set of literary, scientific, political, artistic and philosophical principles which set it apart from other civilizations. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon. The term has come to apply to countries whose history is strongly marked by Western European immigration or settlement, such as the Americas, and Australasia, and is not restricted to Western Europe. Some tendencies that define modern Western societies are the existence of political pluralism,PPfact}} prominent subcultures or countercultures (such as New Age movements), increasing cultural syncretism resulting from globalization and human migration.

Pan-European identity refers to both the sense of personal identification with Europe, and to the identity possessed by 'Europe' as a whole. 'Europe' is widely used as a synonym for the European Union even though there are millions of people living on the European continent in non-EU states. The prefix pan implies that the identity applies throughout Europe, and especially in an EU context, 'pan-European' is often contrasted with national.

Religion

Predominant religions in Europe   Roman Catholicism   Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy   Protestantism   Sunni Islam   Shia Islam   Buddhism (Kalmykia)
Eurobarometer Poll 2005 chart results
Main article: Religion in Europe

Since the High Middle Ages, most of Europe has been dominated by Christianity. There are three major denominations, Roman Catholic, Protestant and Eastern Orthodox, with Protestantism restricted mostly to Germanic regions and Great Britain (with some in Ireland), and Orthodoxy to Slavic regions, Romania, Greece and Georgia. Catholicism, while centered in the Latin parts, has a significant following also in Germanic and Slavic regions and Ireland (with some in Great Britain).

Islam has some tradition in the Balkans (the European dominions of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th to 19th centuries), in Albania, Former Yugoslavia, Bulgaria and Turkish East Thrace. European Russia has the largest Muslim community, including the Tatars of the Middle Volga and multiple groups in the Caucasus, including Chechens, Avars, Ingush and others. With 20th century migrations, Muslims in Western Europe have become a noticeable minority.

Judaism has a long history in Europe, but is a small minority religion, with France (1%) the only European country with a Jewish population in excess of 0.5%. The Jewish population of Europe is comprised primarily of two groups, the Ashkenazi and the Sephardi. Ashkenazi Jews migrated to Europe as early as the 8th century, while Sephardi Jews established themselves in Spain and Portugal at least one thousand years before that. Jewish European history was notably affected by the Holocaust and resulting emigration in the 20th century.

In modern times, significant secularization has taken place, notably in laicist France in the 19th century and in Communist Eastern Europe in the 20th century. Currently, distribution of theism in Europe is very heterogeneous, with more than 95% in Poland, and less than 20% in the Czech Republic. The 2005 Eurobarometer poll found that 52% of EU citizens believe in God.

Ethnic minorities of non-European origin

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Main article: Immigration to Europe Further information: Islam in Europe, Muslims in Western Europe, Hinduism in Europe, and Buddhism in Europe Further information: Afro-Europeans

Populations of non-European origin in Europe (approx. 22 - 29+ million, or approx. 3% to 4%+ , out of a total population of approx. 728 million):

  • Western Asians
    • Turks (excluding the indigenous Turkish population in Europe): approx. 5 million, mostly in German-speaking states, but found in sizeable communities throughout Europe
    • Jews (both practicing and non-practicing by ethno-religious descent): approx. 2 million, mainly in certain Western European capitals, but found in sizeable urban communities throughout Europe; France, Britain, Germany, and Russia have the largest numbers. Most of France's Jews are of Sephardic North African origin, while those in Germany and Russia are mainly Ashkenazi.
    • Armenians: approx. 1.5 million. The largest communities are found in France, Russia, Ukraine and the UK.
    • Kurds: approx. 1.5 million, mostly in Germany and Sweden.
    • Iraqi diaspora: approx. 400,000, mostly in Germany and Sweden.
    • Lebanese diaspora: especially in France, Netherlands, Germany, Cyprus and the UK.
  • Africans
    • North Africans (Arabs and Berbers): approx. 5 million, mostly in France, Spain, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden. The bulk of North African migrants are Moroccans, although France also has a large number of Algerians.
    • Horn Africans: approx. 200,000 Somalis, mostly in the UK, Netherlands and Scandinavia.
    • Sub-Saharan Africans (many ethnicities including Afro-Caribbeans and others by descent): approx. 5 million but rapidly growing, mostly in the UK and France, with smaller numbers in the Netherlands, Germany, and elsewhere.
  • Latin Americans: approx. 2.2 million, mainly in Spain and to a lesser extent Italy and the UK. (Latin American Britons number up to 100,000 (80,000 Latin American born in 2001) and are of European, African, Native South American and many other races.)
    • Brazilians: 200,000 - 300,000 in the UK, around 70,000 in Portugal and Italy each, and 50,000 in Germany.
    • Chilean refugees escaping the Augusto Pinochet regime of the 1970s formed communities in France, Sweden, the UK, former East Germany and the Netherlands.
    • It is important to note that most legal/documented Latin Americans in Europe are of European origin, being descended from a European ethnic group.
  • South Asians (many ethnicities, not including Romani): approx. 3 - 4 million, mostly in the UK but reside in smaller numbers in Germany and France.
    • Romani (Gypsies): approx. 4 or 10 million (although estimates vary widely), dispersed throughout Europe but with large numbers concentrated in the Balkans area, they are of ancestral South Asian origin.
    • Indians: approx. 2 million, mostly in the UK, also in Germany.
    • Pakistanis: approx. 1,000,000, mostly in the UK, but also Norway.
    • Tamils: approx. 250,000, predominantly in the UK.
    • Bangladeshi residing in Europe estimated at over 500,000, the bulk live in the UK.
  • East Asians
  • Others

European diasporas

Further information: History of colonialism

Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry:

Historical

Contemporary

Further information: History of colonialism and Greater Europe

Nations and regions outside of Europe with significant populations of European ancestry :

About 1-4 percent of the populations in Cote D'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Sierra Leone, usually are in the professional business elites. Not limited to Europeans, the "white" population includes Arab peoples: Lebanese and Syrians.

Small communities of European and American expatriates live in East Asia, such as China, Japan, Korea and Thailand.

Small communities of European and American expatriates in the Persian Gulf countries like Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar and the UAE; and in Aramco compounds in Saudi Arabia. Historically before 1970, small ethnic European (esp. Greek, Italian and Armenian) enclaves were found in Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria.

  • Central America, the Caribbean and South America (see White Latin American)
    • Argentina Argentina (White Argentine) - 97% of the population, may include mestizos and mulattos. Miscegenation occurred with the local Indian populations, and 56% of Arghentines have some degree of Amerindian ancestry.
    • The Bahamas Bahamas - 12% of the population, the majority are black African or other races.
    • Barbados Barbados (White Barbadian) - 4% of the population, it's thought to be the highest of all British West Indies islands.
    • Bermuda Bermuda - 34.1% of the population, with a black or part-white/black majority.
    • Bolivia Bolivia - 15% of the population, the country except for Paraguay have the lowest white populations of South America.
    • Brazil Brazil (White Brazilian) - 49.7% of the population, but 42.6% are mullatos of mixed White, African and Amerindian descent.
    • Chile Chile - 52.7% - 95% ( including castizos) of the population, the issue of racial identity of Chile remains controversial.
    • Colombia Colombia - 20% of the population, 40 to 60% are part white (mestizo or mulatto).
    • Costa Rica Costa Rica - up to 90% white and/or mestizo (white-Indian).
    • Cuba Cuba - (White Cuban) 65% of the population, the definition of white in the Caribbean is different from the US Census' own definitions.
    • Dominican Republic Dominican Republic - 16% of the population, with 50-60% are mulatto or white-African.
    • Ecuador Ecuador - 7-16% of the population, while 40% are mestizos.
    • El Salvador El Salvador - 9% of the population, but the remainder 90% have some white ancestry.
    • France French Guiana - 12% of the population, but the French government insists all citizens of France are ethnic "French".
    • Haiti Haiti - 5% of the population in Haiti are white and mulatto (both black and white ancestry). White Haitians (not counting Middle Eastern descendants into the category) are chiefly of French, Italian, or German origin. This figure excludes the percentage of Haitians with less than noticeable European admixture.
    • Jamaica Jamaica - Approximately 40,000 people or 2% of the population are White, mainly British, American and Portuguese (This number increases to 60,000 people and 3% of the total population when Arabs and Lebanese are included). However, the vast majority of the population in Jamaica have some degree of White Ancestry.
    • France Martinique - 5% of the population- but over half are mulatto or white-African descent mixture.
    • Nicaragua Nicaragua - 17% of the population, and 70% mestizo.
    • Panama Panama 10% of the population, 40% mestizo and 20%mulatto (both are part-white).
    • Puerto Rico Puerto Rico approx. 80% of the population, but over half of Puerto Ricans has any black African ancestry, and the small genetic evidence from extinct indigenous Carib Indians.
    • Peru Peru - 15 % of the population, about 40% mestizo or part European descent.
    • Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago - 1 to 10% of white European descent, although 30-40% have East Indian or 5% are Lebanese/Syrian Arab backgrounds.
    • Venezuela Venezuela - 20 % of the population, although the government under Hugo Chavez promotes national idealism of white-African-Amerindian heritage or nearly all Venezuelans have white ancestors.
    • Uruguay Uruguay - 88% of the population, the rest have any level of white-European descent.
    • France Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin.
    • Falkland Islands Falkland Islands, exclusively white and of British descent.

The Virgin Islands divided between United States Virgin Islands and the British Virgin Islands each have a small white European minority.

National diasporas:

Further information: List of diasporas

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See also

References

  1. Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen (2002)., English translation 2004.
  2. Pan and Pfeil (2004), "Problems with Terminology", pp. xvii-xx.
  3. Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 122 million for Europe and Asia taken together.
  4. Germans in Germany; Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 89 million for all German-speaking groups.
  5. Recensement officiel de l'Insee ; Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 55 million for the French-speaking groups, excluding the Occitans.
  6. or Britons, includes English, Scottish, Welsh
  7. including Corsicans
  8. Pan and Pfeil give 31 million, excluding Catalans, Valencians, Basques and Galicians
  9. Pan, Christoph; Pfeil, Beate S. (2003). "The Peoples of Europe by Demographic Size, Table 1". National Minorities in Europe: Handbook. Wien: Braumueller. p. 11f. ISBN 978-3-7003-1443-1. (a breakdown by country of these 87 groups is given in Table 5, pp. 17–31.)
  10. unless otherwise indicated, population figures are those of Pan and Pfeil (2004)
  11. European Russia only; 122 million in all of Russia.
  12. CIA Factbook, United Kingdom Census 2001
  13. Pan and Pfeil (2004) give 3.8 million. High estimates range up to 10 million.
  14. Turkish Statistical Institute (2007). "2007 Census, population by provinces and districts". Turkish Statistical Institute. Retrieved 2007-12-26.
  15. CIA factbook Statistics for Germany.
  16. As a transcontinental country, Georgia may be considered to be in Asia and/or Europe. The UN classification of world regions places Georgia in Western Asia; the CIA World Factbook , National Geographic, and Encyclopædia Britannica also place Georgia in Asia. Conversely, numerous sources place Georgia in Europe such as the BBC , Oxford Reference Online , Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, and www.worldatlas.com.
  17. Ethnic groups which form the majority in two states are the Vlachs (in Romania and Moldova), and the Albanians (in Albania and the partly-recognized Republic of Kosovo). Closely related groups holding majorities in separate states are German speakers (Germans, Austrians, Luxembourgers, Swiss German speakers), the Serbo-Croats in the states of Former Yugoslavia, the Dutch/Flemish, the Russians/Belarusians and the Bulgarians/Macedonians.
  18. including the European portions of Russia, not including Turkey, Georgia and Kazakhstan, excluding microstates with fewer than 100,000 inhabitants: Andorra, Holy See, Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino.
  19. percentages from the CIA Factbook unless indicated otherwise.
  20. Persons of danish origin: 4 985 415. Total population: 5 511 451 Statistics Denmark
  21. ^ Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background
  22. note: percents represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity
  23. http://www.populstat.info/Europe/maltag.htm
  24. excluding Kosovo and Metohija
  25. Starting in the 2001 census, White Irish and White British were recognised as distinct ethnic groups in Great Britain. This distinction is avoided in the census of Northern Ireland, where White Irish and White British are combined into a single "White" ethnic group on the census forms.
  26. My Jewish Learning - European Origins
  27. Almoravides - LoveToKnow 1911
  28. Spain - AL ANDALUS, U.S. Library of Congress
  29. The Last Christians Of North-West Africa
  30. Synopsis universae philologiae at google books
  31. Karl Friedrich Vollgraff, Erster Versuch einer Begründung sowohl der allgemeinen Ethnologie durch die Anthropologie, wis auch der Staats und rechts-philosophie durch die Ethnologie oder Nationalität der Völker (1851), p. 257.
  32. A. Kumar, Encyclopaedia of Teaching of Geography (2002), p. 74 ff.; the tripartite subdivision of "Caucasians" into Nordic, Alpine and Mediterranean groups persisted among some scientists into the 1960s, notably in Carleton Coon's book The Origin of Races (1962).
  33. Andrew Barry, Political Machines (2001), p. 56
  34. Measuring European Population Stratification using Microarray Genotype Data
  35. "[[DNA heritage]]". Retrieved 2007-07-20. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  36. Dupanloup, Isabelle. "Estimating the Impact of Prehistoric Admixture on the Genome of Europeans". Retrieved 2007-07-20. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  37. Christoph Pan, Beate Sibylle Pfeil,Minderheitenrechte in Europa. Handbuch der europäischen Volksgruppen (2002).
  38. see also Definitions and identity of indigenous peoples.
  39. Duran 1995, p.81
  40. ReportDGResearchSocialValuesEN2.PDF
  41. Youths bring violence from a war-torn land
  42. France's blacks stand up to be counted
  43. Latin American Immigration to Southern Europe
  44. Born Abroad - Countries of birth, BBC News
  45. ^ Ethnic groups by country. Statistics (where available) from CIA Factbook.
  46. Trivedi, Bijal P (2001-05-14). "Genetic evidence suggests European migrants may have influenced the origins of India's caste system". Genome News Network. J. Craig Venter Institute. Retrieved 2005-01-27. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); line feed character in |title= at position 64 (help)
  47. Genetic Evidence on the Origins of Indian Caste Populations -- Bamshad et al. 11 (6): 994
  48. Western North Africa, 1–500 A.D., The Metropolitan Museum of Art
  49. Archaeologists Find Celts In Unlikely Spot: Turkey, New York Times
  50. The Mummies of Xinjiang, DISCOVER Magazine
  51. A meeting of civilisations: The mystery of China's celtic mummies, The Independent
  52. Diversity in the Desert: Daily Life in Greek and Roman Egypt, 332 B.C.E. - 641 C.E.
  53. Alexander the Great and precious stones in Afghanistan, The Toronto Times
  54. Cyril and Methodius of Thessalonica: The Acculturation of the Slavs
  55. The Fate of Greenland's Vikings
  56. Benjamin Z. Kedar, "The Subjected Muslims of the Frankish Levant", in The Crusades: The Essential Readings, ed. Thomas F. Madden, Blackwell, 2002, pg. 244. Originally published in Muslims Under Latin Rule, 1100-1300, ed. James M. Powell, Princeton University Press, 1990. Kedar quotes his numbers from Joshua Prawer, Histoire du royaume latin de Jérusalem, tr. G. Nahon, Paris, 1969, vol. 1, pp. 498, 568-72.
  57. Crusaders 'left genetic legacy', BBC News
  58. South Africa: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  59. Namibia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  60. Réunion Island
  61. Botswana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  62. Senegal, About 50,000 Europeans (mostly French) and Lebanese reside in Senegal, mainly in the cities.
  63. Swaziland: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  64. Morocco: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  65. Tunisia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  66. Fiona Hill, Russia — Coming In From the Cold?, The Globalist, 23 February 2004
  67. Robert Greenall, Russians left behind in Central Asia, BBC News, 23 November 2005.
  68. Kyrgyzstan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  69. Turkmenistan: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  70. Southern Caucasus: Facing Integration Problems, Ethnic Russians Long For Better Life
  71. Georgia: Ethnic Russians Feel Insulated From Tensions, Radio Free Europe
  72. HK Census. "HK Census." Statistical Table. Retrieved on 2007-03-08.
  73. Greenland
  74. Canadian Census 2006
  75. North America - Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online encyclopedia you can trust!
  76. Mexico :: Ethnic groups - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
  77. Mexico: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  78. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/379167/Mexico
  79. Argentina: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  80. Bahamas: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  81. Barbados: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  82. Bermuda: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  83. Bolivia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  84. http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/indicadoresminimos/sinteseindicsociais2006/indic_sociais2006.pdf Tabela 9.1, Accessed: 18/08/2009
  85. "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF).
  86. "5.2.6. Estructura racial". La Universidad de Chile. Retrieved 2007-08-26.
  87. Colombia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  88. "Costa Rica; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21. white (including mestizo) 94% = 3.9 million whites and mestizos.
  89. "Tabla II.3 Población por color de la piel y grupos de edades, según zona de residencia y sexo". Censo de Población y Viviendas (in Spanish). Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas. 2002. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
  90. Dominican Republic: People: Ethnic groups. World Factbook of CIA
  91. "Ecuador: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-26.
  92. El Salvador: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  93. French Guiana: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  94. Martinique: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  95. "Nicaragua: People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-15. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  96. "Panama; People; Ethnic groups". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 2007-11-21. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  97. Puerto Rico: People: Ethnic Groups World Factbook of CIA
  98. Peru: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  99. Trinidad French Creole
  100. Uruguay: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  101. Fact Sheet on St. Barthélemy
  102. French Polynesia: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA
  103. Brazil: People: Ethnic Groups. World Factbook of CIA

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  • Panikos Panayi, Outsiders: A History of European Minorities (London: Hambledon Press, 1999)
  • Olson, James Stuart; Pappas, Lee Brigance; Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1994), An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empire, Greenwood, ISBN 0313274975
  • O'Néill, Diarmuid (2005), Rebuilding the Celtic languages: reversing language shift in the Celtic countries, Y Lolfa, ISBN 0862437237
  • Panayi, Panikos (1999), An Ethnic History of Europe Since 1945: Nations, States and Minorities, Longman, ISBN 0582381355
  • Parman, S. (ed.), Europe in the Anthropological Imagination, Prentice Hall (1998).
  • Stephens (1976), Linguistic Minorities in Western Europe, Gomer Press, ISBN 0608187593 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |fist= ignored (help)
  • Szaló, Csaba (1998), On European Identity: Nationalism, Culture & History, ISBN 8021018399 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |publsiher= ignored (|publisher= suggested) (help)
  • Stone, Gerald (1972), The Smallest Slavonic Nation: The Sorbs of Lusatia, Athlene Press, ISBN 0485111292
  • Vembulu, R. Pavananthi (2003), Understanding European Integration: History, Culture, and Politics of Identity, Aakar Books, ISBN 8187879106

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