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| '''Richard Edgar Pipes''' (b. ], ]) is a ] scholar who is a specialist in ]. Pipes was born in ], ] to a wealthy ] family. His father was a diplomat with the Polish foreign office. By Pipes's own account, during his childhood and youth, he never thought about the ]; the major cultural influences on him were Polish and German culture. The Pipes family fled Poland in ] and arrived in the ] in ]. Pipes became a U.S citizen in ]. He was educated at ] and ]. Pipes taught at ] starting in ]. He married Irene Eugenia Roth in ], and had two children with her. His son ] is a specialist in ] history and affairs and a former appointee to the ]. | |||
| He has written many books, including ''The Russian Revolution'' (1995) and ''Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime'' (1994), and has been a frequent and prominent interviewee in the press on the matters of ] and ]. His writing also appears in the '']'', '']'' and the '']''. A leading Cold Warrior, Pipes has argued that the Soviet Union was an ], ] ] bent on ]. Pipes is famous for arguing that the origins of the Soviet Union can be traced to the separate path taken by ] ]. He was also notable for his thesis that, contrary to many traditional histories of the USSR at the time, the ] was, rather than a popular general uprising, practically a coup foisted upon the majority of the Russian population (and imperial ]) by a tiny segment of the population driven by a select group of ] who subsequently established a ] which was intolerant and repressive from the start, rather than having deviated from an initially benign course. This critical view of the ] is a prime theme in his works. | |||
| Pipes was head of the 1970's ], created by conservative cold warriors determined to stop ] and the ] process. Panel members were all hard-liners. The ] reports became the intellectual foundation for the idea of "the ]" and of the massive arms buildup that began toward the end of the Carter administration and accelerated under President Reagan. ] came to the conclusion that the Soviets had developed several terrifying new weapons of mass destruction, featuring a nuclear-armed submarine fleet that used a sonar system that didn't depend on sound and was, thus, undetectable with our current technology. This information was later proven to be false. According to Dr. Anne Cahn (Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, 1977-1980) "if you go through most of ]'s specific allegations about weapons systems, and you just examine them one by one, they were all wrong." | |||
| Pipes is Baird Research Professor of ] ] at Harvard University. From ]-] he was the ] adviser on Soviet and ], under ] ]. He was also an adviser to ] senator ] during the ]. | |||
| ==Works== | |||
| * ''The Formation of the Soviet Union, Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923'' (]) | |||
| * ''The Russian Intelligentsia'' (]) | |||
| * ''Social Democracy and the St. Petersburg Labor Movement, 1885-1897'' (]) | |||
| * ''], Liberal on the Left'' (]) | |||
| * ''Russia Under the Old Regime'' (]) | |||
| * ''Soviet Strategy in Europe'' (]) | |||
| * ''], Liberal on the Right, 1905-1944'' (]) | |||
| * ''U.S.-Soviet Relations in the Era of Détente: a Tragedy of Errors'' (]) | |||
| * ''Survival is Not Enough: Soviet Realities and America's Future'' (]) | |||
| * ''Russia Observed: Collected Essays on Russian and Soviet History'' (]) | |||
| * ''The Russian Revolution'' (]) | |||
| * ''Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime: 1919-1924'' (]) | |||
| * ''Communism, the Vanished Specter'' (]) | |||
| * ''A Concise History of the Russian Revolution'' (]) | |||
| * ''The Three "Whys" of the Russian Revolution'' (1995) | |||
| * ''The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archive'' (]) | |||
| * ''Property and Freedom'' (]) | |||
| * ''Communism: A History'' (]) | |||
| * ''Vixi: Memoirs of a Non-Belonger'' (]) | |||
| * ''The Degaev Affair: Terror and Treason in Tsarist Russia'' (2003) | |||
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