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	Penrose has written controversial books on the connection between fundamental physics and human (or animal) consciousness. In '']'' (1989), he argues that known laws of physics are inadequate to explain the phenomenon of consciousness. Penrose hints at the characteristics this new physics may have and specifies the requirements for a bridge between classical and quantum mechanics (what he terms correct quantum gravity, CQG). He claims that the present computer is unable to have intelligence because it is an algorithmically deterministic system. He argues against the viewpoint that the rational processes of the mind are completely ]ic and can thus be duplicated by a sufficiently complex computer—this is in contrast to views, e.g., ], that thought can be simulated. Penrose notes that a process can conceivably be deterministic without being algorithmic. This is based on claims that consciousness transcends ] systems because things such as the insolubility of the ] and ] restrict an algorithmically based logic from traits such as mathematical insight. Penrose believes that such deterministic non-algorithmic processes may come in play in the quantum mechanical wave function reduction, and may be harnessed by the brain. These claims were originally made by the philosopher ] of ], ].		Penrose has written controversial books on the connection between fundamental physics and human (or animal) consciousness. In '']'' (1989), he argues that known laws of physics are inadequate to explain the phenomenon of consciousness. Penrose hints at the characteristics this new physics may have and specifies the requirements for a bridge between classical and quantum mechanics (what he terms correct quantum gravity, CQG). He claims that the present computer is unable to have intelligence because it is an algorithmically deterministic system. He argues against the viewpoint that the rational processes of the mind are completely ]ic and can thus be duplicated by a sufficiently complex computer—this is in contrast to views, e.g., ], that thought can be simulated. Penrose notes that a process can conceivably be deterministic without being algorithmic. This is based on claims that consciousness transcends ] systems because things such as the insolubility of the ] and ] restrict an algorithmically based logic from traits such as mathematical insight. Penrose believes that such deterministic non-algorithmic processes may come in play in the quantum mechanical wave function reduction, and may be harnessed by the brain. These claims were originally made by the philosopher ] of ], ].

	In 1994, Penrose followed up ''The Emperor's New Mind'' with '']'' and in 1997 with ''The Large, the Small and the Human Mind'', further updating and expanding his theories. ], responded by noting that Penrose "tries to show, in chapter after chapter, that human thought cannot be based on any known scientific principle." In contrast, Minsky proposes that men are, in fact, machines, whose functioning, although complex, is fully explainable on the basis of current physics, without invoking any new or unknown scientific principles. Accordingly, Minsky maintains that "one can carry that quest too far by only seeking new basic principles instead of attacking the real detail. This is what I see in Penrose's quest for a new basic principle of physics that will account for consciousness."<ref>Marvin Minsky. "Conscious Machines." Machinery of Consciousness, Proceedings, National Research Council of Canada, 75th Anniversary Symposium on Science in Society, June 1991.</ref></b>		In 1994, Penrose followed up ''The Emperor's New Mind'' with '']'' and in 1997 with ''The Large, the Small and the Human Mind'', further updating and expanding his theories. Penrose's views on the human thought process are not widely accepted in scientific circles. ], responded by noting that Penrose "tries to show, in chapter after chapter, that human thought cannot be based on any known scientific principle." In contrast, Minsky proposes that men are, in fact, machines, whose functioning, although complex, is fully explainable on the basis of current physics, without invoking any new or unknown scientific principles. Accordingly, Minsky maintains that "one can carry that quest too far by only seeking new basic principles instead of attacking the real detail. This is what I see in Penrose's quest for a new basic principle of physics that will account for consciousness."<ref>Marvin Minsky. "Conscious Machines." Machinery of Consciousness, Proceedings, National Research Council of Canada, 75th Anniversary Symposium on Science in Society, June 1991.</ref></b>

	Penrose and ] have speculated that ] is the result of quantum gravity effects in ]s, which they dubbed ] (orchestrated objective reduction). But ], in a paper in ''Physical Review E'', calculated that the time scale of neuron firing and excitations in microtubules is slower than the ] time by a factor of at least 10,000,000,000. The reception of the paper is summed up by this statement in his support: "Physicists outside the fray, such as IBM's ], say the calculations confirm what they had suspected all along. 'We're not working with a brain that's near absolute zero. It's reasonably unlikely that the brain evolved quantum behavior', he says." The Tegmark paper has been widely cited by critics of the Penrose-Hameroff proposal. It has been claimed by Hameroff to be based on a number of incorrect assumptions (see linked paper below from Hameroff, Scott Hagan and Jack Tuszyński), but Tegmark in turn has argued that the critique is invalid (see rejoinder link below). In particular, Hameroff points out the peculiarity that Tegmark's formula for the decoherence time includes a factor of <math>T^2</math> in the numerator, meaning that higher temperatures would lead to longer decoherence times. Tegmark's rejoinder keeps the factor of <math>T^2</math> for the decoherence time.		Penrose and ] have speculated that ] is the result of quantum gravity effects in ]s, which they dubbed ] (orchestrated objective reduction). But ], in a paper in ''Physical Review E'', calculated that the time scale of neuron firing and excitations in microtubules is slower than the ] time by a factor of at least 10,000,000,000. The reception of the paper is summed up by this statement in his support: "Physicists outside the fray, such as IBM's ], say the calculations confirm what they had suspected all along. 'We're not working with a brain that's near absolute zero. It's reasonably unlikely that the brain evolved quantum behavior', he says." The Tegmark paper has been widely cited by critics of the Penrose-Hameroff proposal. It has been claimed by Hameroff to be based on a number of incorrect assumptions (see linked paper below from Hameroff, Scott Hagan and Jack Tuszyński), but Tegmark in turn has argued that the critique is invalid (see rejoinder link below). In particular, Hameroff points out the peculiarity that Tegmark's formula for the decoherence time includes a factor of <math>T^2</math> in the numerator, meaning that higher temperatures would lead to longer decoherence times. Tegmark's rejoinder keeps the factor of <math>T^2</math> for the decoherence time.

			In his book, ''The Web's Awake'', Phillip Tetlow states that Penrose's ideas about the human thought process are not widely accepted in scientific circles, citing Minsky's criticisms, and quoting science journalist Charles Seife, who notes that Penrose is one of a handful of scientists for whom the nature of consciousness suggests a quantum process. <ref> </ref>

	==Religious views==		==Religious views==

Revision as of 22:03, 6 January 2010

Sir Roger Penrose
File:Roger Penrose.jpgRoger Penrose at Brookhaven Lab, 6 February 2007.
Born	(1931-08-08) 8 August 1931 (age 93) Colchester, Essex, England
Nationality	British
Alma mater	University of Cambridge University College London University College School
Known for	Penrose tiling Twistor Theory Geometry of spacetime Cosmic censorship Weyl curvature hypothesis Moore-Penrose pseudoinverse Newman-Penrose formalism Penrose stairs Penrose inequalities Orch-OR
Awards	Wolf Prize (1988) Dirac Medal (1989) Copley Medal (2008)
Scientific career
Fields	Mathematical physics Mathematics
Institutions	Bedford College, London St John's College, Cambridge Princeton University Syracuse University King’s College, London Birkbeck, University of London University of Oxford
Doctoral advisor	John A. Todd
Other academic advisors	William Hodge
Doctoral students	Tristan Needham Richard Jozsa Richard Ward Andrew Hodges George Burnett-Stuart Matthew Ginsberg Adam Helfer Lane P. Hughston Peter Law Claude LeBrun Ross Moore Duncan Stone Tim Poston George Sparling K. Paul Tod Asghar Qadir

Signature
File:Roger penrose sig.jpg
Notes
He is the brother of Jonathan Penrose and Oliver Penrose, and son of Lionel Penrose. He is the nephew of Roland Penrose.

Sir Roger Penrose, OM, FRS (born 8 August 1931) is an English mathematical physicist and Emeritus Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics at the Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Wadham College. He has received a number of prizes and awards, including the 1988 Wolf Prize for physics which he shared with Stephen Hawking for their contribution to our understanding of the universe. He is renowned for his work in mathematical physics, in particular his contributions to general relativity and cosmology. He is also a recreational mathematician and philosopher.

Career

Born in Colchester, Essex, England, Roger Penrose is a son of Lionel S. Penrose and Margaret Leathes. Penrose is the brother of mathematician Oliver Penrose and correspondence chess grandmaster Jonathan Penrose. Penrose was precocious as a child. He attended University College School. Penrose graduated with a first class degree in mathematics from University College London. In 1955, while still a student, Penrose reinvented the generalized matrix inverse (also known as Moore-Penrose inverse. Penrose earned his Ph.D. at Cambridge (St John's College) in 1958, writing a thesis on "tensor methods in algebraic geometry" under algebraist and geometer John A. Todd. He devised and popularised the Penrose triangle in the 1950s, describing it as "impossibility in its purest form" and exchanged material with the artist M. C. Escher, whose earlier depictions of impossible objects partly inspired it. In 1965 at Cambridge, Penrose proved that singularities (such as black holes) could be formed from the gravitational collapse of immense, dying stars.

Oil painting by Urs Schmid (1995) of a Penrose tiling using fat and thin rhombus.

In 1967, Penrose invented the twistor theory which maps geometric objects in Minkowski space into the 4-dimensional complex space with the metric signature (2,2). In 1969 he conjectured the cosmic censorship hypothesis. This proposes (rather informally) that the universe protects us from the inherent unpredictability of singularities (such as the one in the centre of a black hole) by hiding them from our view behind an event horizon. This form is now known as the "weak censorship hypothesis"; in 1979, Penrose formulated a stronger version called the "strong censorship hypothesis". Together with the BKL conjecture and issues of nonlinear stability, settling the censorship conjectures is one of the most important outstanding problems in general relativity. Also from 1979 dates Penrose's influential Weyl curvature hypothesis on the initial conditions of the observable part of the Universe and the origin of the second law of thermodynamics. Penrose and James Terrell independently realized that objects travelling near the speed of light will appear to undergo a peculiar skewing or rotation. This effect has come to be called the Terrell rotation or Penrose-Terrell rotation.

Roger Penrose is well known for his 1974 discovery of Penrose tilings, which are formed from two tiles that can only tile the plane nonperiodically, and are the first tilings to exhibit fivefold rotational symmetry. Penrose developed these ideas based on the article Deux types fondamentaux de distribution statistique (1938; an English translation Two Basic Types of Statistical Distribution) by Czech geographer, demographer and statistician Jaromír Korčák. In 1984, such patterns were observed in the arrangement of atoms in quasicrystals. Another noteworthy contribution is his 1971 invention of spin networks, which later came to form the geometry of spacetime in loop quantum gravity. He was influential in popularizing what are commonly known as Penrose diagrams (causal diagrams). In 2004 Penrose released The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe, a 1,099-page book aimed at giving a comprehensive guide to the laws of physics. He has proposed a novel interpretation of quantum mechanics. Penrose is the Francis and Helen Pentz Distinguished (visiting) Professor of Physics and Mathematics at Pennsylvania State University.

Penrose is married to Vanessa Thomas, with whom he has one child. He has three sons from a previous marriage to American Joan Isabel Wedge (1959).

Physics and consciousness

Penrose has written controversial books on the connection between fundamental physics and human (or animal) consciousness. In The Emperor's New Mind (1989), he argues that known laws of physics are inadequate to explain the phenomenon of consciousness. Penrose hints at the characteristics this new physics may have and specifies the requirements for a bridge between classical and quantum mechanics (what he terms correct quantum gravity, CQG). He claims that the present computer is unable to have intelligence because it is an algorithmically deterministic system. He argues against the viewpoint that the rational processes of the mind are completely algorithmic and can thus be duplicated by a sufficiently complex computer—this is in contrast to views, e.g., artificial intelligence, that thought can be simulated. Penrose notes that a process can conceivably be deterministic without being algorithmic. This is based on claims that consciousness transcends formal logic systems because things such as the insolubility of the halting problem and Gödel's incompleteness theorem restrict an algorithmically based logic from traits such as mathematical insight. Penrose believes that such deterministic non-algorithmic processes may come in play in the quantum mechanical wave function reduction, and may be harnessed by the brain. These claims were originally made by the philosopher John Lucas of Merton College, Oxford.

In 1994, Penrose followed up The Emperor's New Mind with Shadows of the Mind and in 1997 with The Large, the Small and the Human Mind, further updating and expanding his theories. Penrose's views on the human thought process are not widely accepted in scientific circles. Marvin Minsky, responded by noting that Penrose "tries to show, in chapter after chapter, that human thought cannot be based on any known scientific principle." In contrast, Minsky proposes that men are, in fact, machines, whose functioning, although complex, is fully explainable on the basis of current physics, without invoking any new or unknown scientific principles. Accordingly, Minsky maintains that "one can carry that quest too far by only seeking new basic principles instead of attacking the real detail. This is what I see in Penrose's quest for a new basic principle of physics that will account for consciousness."

Penrose and Stuart Hameroff have speculated that consciousness is the result of quantum gravity effects in microtubules, which they dubbed Orch-OR (orchestrated objective reduction). But Max Tegmark, in a paper in Physical Review E, calculated that the time scale of neuron firing and excitations in microtubules is slower than the decoherence time by a factor of at least 10,000,000,000. The reception of the paper is summed up by this statement in his support: "Physicists outside the fray, such as IBM's John A. Smolin, say the calculations confirm what they had suspected all along. 'We're not working with a brain that's near absolute zero. It's reasonably unlikely that the brain evolved quantum behavior', he says." The Tegmark paper has been widely cited by critics of the Penrose-Hameroff proposal. It has been claimed by Hameroff to be based on a number of incorrect assumptions (see linked paper below from Hameroff, Scott Hagan and Jack Tuszyński), but Tegmark in turn has argued that the critique is invalid (see rejoinder link below). In particular, Hameroff points out the peculiarity that Tegmark's formula for the decoherence time includes a factor of $T^{2}$ in the numerator, meaning that higher temperatures would lead to longer decoherence times. Tegmark's rejoinder keeps the factor of $T^{2}$ for the decoherence time.

In his book, The Web's Awake, Phillip Tetlow states that Penrose's ideas about the human thought process are not widely accepted in scientific circles, citing Minsky's criticisms, and quoting science journalist Charles Seife, who notes that Penrose is one of a handful of scientists for whom the nature of consciousness suggests a quantum process.

Religious views

Penrose has stated that he does not hold to any religious doctrine. In the film A Brief History of Time he stated: "There is a certain sense in which I would say the universe has a purpose. It's not there just somehow by chance. Some people take the view that the universe is simply there and it runs along–it's a bit as though it just sort of computes, and we happen by accident to find ourselves in this thing. I don't think that's a very fruitful or helpful way of looking at the universe, I think that there is something much deeper about it, about its existence, which we have very little inkling of at the moment."

Awards and honours

Penrose has been awarded many prizes for his contributions to science. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1972. In 1975, Stephen Hawking and Penrose were jointly awarded the Eddington Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society. In 1985, he was awarded the Royal Society Royal Medal. Along with Stephen Hawking, he was awarded the prestigious Wolf Foundation Prize for Physics in 1988. In 1989 he was awarded the Dirac Medal and Prize of the British Institute of Physics. In 1990 Penrose was awarded the Albert Einstein Medal for outstanding work related to the work of Albert Einstein by the Albert Einstein Society. In 1991, he was awarded the Naylor Prize of the London Mathematical Society. From 1992 to 1995 he served as President of the International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation. In 1994, Penrose was knighted for services to science. In 1998, he was elected Foreign Associate of the United States National Academy of Sciences. In 2000 he was appointed to the Order of Merit. In 2004 he was awarded the De Morgan Medal for his wide and original contributions to mathematical physics. To quote the citation from the London Mathematical Society:

His deep work on General Relativity has been a major factor in our understanding of black holes. His development of Twistor Theory has produced a beautiful and productive approach to the classical equations of mathematical physics. His tilings of the plane underlie the newly discovered quasi-crystals.

In 2005 Penrose was awarded an honorary doctorate (Honoris Causa) by Warsaw University and Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (Belgium), and in 2006 by the University of York. In 2008 Penrose was awarded the Copley Medal. He is also a Distinguished Supporter of the British Humanist Association and one of the patrons of the Oxford University Scientific Society.

Works

Techniques of Differential Topology in Relativity (1972, ISBN 0-89871-005-7)
Spinors and Space-Time: Volume 1, Two-Spinor Calculus and Relativistic Fields (with Wolfgang Rindler, 1987) ISBN 0-521-33707-0 (paperback)
Spinors and Space-Time: Volume 2, Spinor and Twistor Methods in Space-Time Geometry (with Wolfgang Rindler, 1988) (reprint), ISBN 0-521-34786-6 (paperback)
The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics (1989, ISBN 0-14-014534-6 (paperback); it received the Rhone-Poulenc science book prize in 1990)
Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness (1994, ISBN 0-19-853978-9 (hardback))
The Nature of Space and Time (with Stephen Hawking, 1996, ISBN 0-691-03791-4 (hardback), ISBN 0-691-05084-8 (paperback))
The Large, the Small, and the Human Mind (with Abner Shimony, Nancy Cartwright, and Stephen Hawking, 1997, ISBN 0-521-56330-5 (hardback), ISBN 0-521-65538-2 (paperback), Canto edition: ISBN 0-521-78572-3)
White Mars or, The Mind Set Free (with Brian W. Aldiss, 1999, ISBN 978-0-316-85243-2 (hardback))
The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe (2004, ISBN 0-224-04447-8 (hardcover), ISBN 0-09-944068-7 (paperback))

Penrose also wrote forewords to Quantum Aspects of Life and Zee's book Fearful Symmetry.

Notes

The Atheism of the Gaps
Belief in God in an Age of Science by John Polkinghorne
Atheists top book charts by deconstructing God | UK news | The Observer
Penrose, R (2005), The Road to Reality: A Complete guide to the Laws of the Universe, Vintage Books, ISBN 0-099-44068-7
Penrose and his father shared mathematical concepts with Dutch graphic artist M. C. Escher which were incorporated into a number of pieces, including Waterfall, which is based on the 'Penrose triangle', and Up and Down.
J. C. Raven's 1936 MSc thesis features introspections from Penrose, aged four and two thirds, as he solved what are now known as Raven's Progressive Matrices, c.f. note 52 of Watt, D. C. (1998). Lionel Penrose, F.R.S. (1898-1972) and Eugenics: Part One. Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, 52, 137-151
Penrose, R. "A Generalized Inverse for Matrices" Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc. 51, 406-413, 1955)
Ferguson, 1991: 66
R. Penrose (1979). "Singularities and Time-Asymmetry". In S. W. Hawking and W. Israel (ed.). General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey. Cambridge University Press. pp. 581–638. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |booktitle= ignored (|book-title= suggested) (help)
James Terrell (1959). "Invisibility of the Lorentz Contraction". Physical Review 116: 1041–1045. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.116.1041.
Roger Penrose (1959). "The Apparent Shape of a Relativistically Moving Sphere". Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 55: 137–139.
Jaromír Korčák (1938): Deux types fondamentaux de distribution statistique. Prague, Comité d’organisation, Bull. de l'Institute Int'l de Statistique, vol. 3, pp. 295–299.
Paul Steinhardt, "New perspectives on forbidden symmetries, quasicrystals, and Penrose tilings." Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 93, pp. 14267–14270, December 1996
"If an Electron Can Be in Two Places at once, Why Can't You?". Retrieved 2008-10-27.
"Dr. Roger Penrose at Penn State University". Retrieved 2007-07-09. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
Marvin Minsky. "Conscious Machines." Machinery of Consciousness, Proceedings, National Research Council of Canada, 75th Anniversary Symposium on Science in Society, June 1991.
Tetlow, Phillip, The Web's Awake Wiley-IEEE, 2007 ISBN 0470137940, 9780470137949 p. 166
http://www.samharris.org/site/book_letter_to_christian_nation/
http://www.godresources.org/intelligent_design5.shtml
Official announcement knighthood. The London Gazette. 11 June 1994.

References

Ferguson, Kitty (1991). Stephen Hawking: Quest For A Theory of Everything. Franklin Watts. ISBN 0-553-29895-X.
Misner, Charles; Thorne, Kip S. & Wheeler, John Archibald (1973). Gravitation. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-0344-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link); see Box 34.2.

External links

Penrose's new theory "Aeons Before the Big Bang?":
- Original 2005 lecture: "Before the Big Bang? A new perspective on the Weyl curvature hypothesis" (Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, Nov 11, 2005).
- Original publication: "Before the Big Bang: an outrageous new perspective and its implications for particle physics". Proceedings of EPAC 2006. Edinburgh. 2759–2762 (cf. also Hill, C.D. & Nurowski, P. (2007) "On Penrose's 'Before the Big Bang' ideas". Ithaca)
- Revised 2009 lecture: "Aeons Before the Big Bang?" (Georgia Institute of Technology, Center for Relativistic Astrophysics)
- BBC interview on the new theory
Roger Penrose on The Forum
Penrose on sidestepping reason
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Roger Penrose", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
Hilary Putnam's review of Penrose's 'Shadows of the Mind' claiming that Penrose's use of Godel's Incompleteness Theorem is fallacious
- Beyond the Doubting of a Shadow: A Reply to Commentaries on Shadows of the Mind
Penrose Tiling found in Islamic Architecture
Two theories for the formation of quasicrystals resembling Penrose tilings
Tegmark, Max. 2000. "The importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes". Physical Review E. vol 61. pp. 4194–4206.
- "Biological feasibility of quantum states in the brain" -(a disputation of Tegmark's result by Hagan, Hameroff, and Tuszyński)
  - Tegmarks's rejoinder to Hagan et al.
"Toilet Paper Plagiarism" – D. Trull about Penrose's lawsuit concerning the use of his Penrose tilings on toilet paper
Roger Penrose: A Knight on the tiles (Plus magazine)
Penrose's Gifford Lecture biography
Quantum-Mind
Audio: Roger Penrose in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show The Forum

v t e Laureates of the Wolf Prize in Physics
1970s	Chien-Shiung Wu (1978) George Uhlenbeck / Giuseppe Occhialini (1979)
1980s	Michael Fisher / Leo Kadanoff / Kenneth G. Wilson (1980) Freeman Dyson / Gerardus 't Hooft / Victor Weisskopf (1981) Leon M. Lederman / Martin Lewis Perl (1982) Erwin Hahn / Peter Hirsch / Theodore Maiman (1983–84) Conyers Herring / Philippe Nozières (1984–85) Mitchell Feigenbaum / Albert J. Libchaber (1986) Herbert Friedman / Bruno Rossi / Riccardo Giacconi (1987) Roger Penrose / Stephen Hawking (1988)
1990s	Pierre-Gilles de Gennes / David J. Thouless (1990) Maurice Goldhaber / Valentine Telegdi (1991) Joseph H. Taylor Jr. (1992) Benoît Mandelbrot (1993) Vitaly Ginzburg / Yoichiro Nambu (1994–95) John Wheeler (1996–97) Yakir Aharonov / Michael Berry (1998) Dan Shechtman (1999)
2000s	Raymond Davis Jr. / Masatoshi Koshiba (2000) Bertrand Halperin / Anthony Leggett (2002–03) Robert Brout / François Englert / Peter Higgs (2004) Daniel Kleppner (2005) Albert Fert / Peter Grünberg (2006–07)
2010s	John F. Clauser / Alain Aspect / Anton Zeilinger (2010) Maximilian Haider / Harald Rose / Knut Urban (2011) Jacob Bekenstein (2012) Peter Zoller / Juan Ignacio Cirac (2013) James D. Bjorken / Robert P. Kirshner (2015) Yoseph Imry (2016) Michel Mayor / Didier Queloz (2017) Charles H. Bennett / Gilles Brassard (2018)
2020s	Rafi Bistritzer / Pablo Jarillo-Herrero / Allan H. MacDonald (2020) Giorgio Parisi (2021) Anne L'Huillier / Paul Corkum / Ferenc Krausz (2022) Martin Rees (2024)
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