| Revision as of 03:38, 17 January 2010 edit71.202.194.130 (talk)No edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 21:52, 18 January 2010 edit undoAjh1492 (talk | contribs)8,399 edits Russian Empire with prior-existing referencesNext edit → | ||
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| *See also: ] | *See also: ] | ||
| ==Russian Empire== | |||
| '''Namestnik''' ({{lang-ru|наме́стник}}, {{IPA-ru|nɐˈmʲɛsnʲɪk}}) was an office position in the history of ]. Its literal translation would be "viceroy", "deputy", "lieutenant" (the broader sense of that word) or literarly ''in place ]''. The term has two periods of usage, with different meanings. | |||
| *In the 12th–16th centuries, ''namestniks'' (more correctly ''] namestniks'', or "knyaz deputies") were in charge of local administration. In particular, they ruled ]s. | |||
| *In the 18th–20th centuries, a namestnik was a person in charge of '''namestnichestvo''', with ] powers. The latter has traditionally been translated as ] and "namestnik" as ] or ] (or, as a common blunder, "viceregent"). For example, ] was namestnik of ] (1823-44) and of the ] (1844-1854). Sometimes the term is confused with ] (генерал-губернатор). For example, during Vorontsov's term of office in Bessarabia, seven governor-generals were in, and at the same time he held the office of Governor General of ]. The following namestnik existed under the Romanov Emperors of ]: | |||
| **''']''', while in personal union under the Emperors of Russia as Kings (styled Tsar; 20 June 1815–5 November 1916), had only one Viceroy, 9 December 1815–1 December 1830: ] (b. 1779–d. 1831) | |||
| **''']''' - ] (Armenia, Azerbaidjan and Georgia; first under Governors in Tbilisi 1802–1844) had Viceroys of Transcaucasia. | |||
| ⚫ | *{{Efron}} | ||
| ⚫ | *{{ru icon}} | ||
| == Other colonial viceroyalties == | == Other colonial viceroyalties == | ||
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| *Fisher, Lillian Estelle. ''Viceregal Administration in the Spanish American Colonies''. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1926. | *Fisher, Lillian Estelle. ''Viceregal Administration in the Spanish American Colonies''. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1926. | ||
| *Harding, C. H., ''The Spanish Empire in America''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1947. | *Harding, C. H., ''The Spanish Empire in America''. New York: Oxford University Press, 1947. | ||
| ⚫ | *{{Efron}} | ||
| ⚫ | *{{ru icon}} | ||
| ] | ] | ||
Revision as of 21:52, 18 January 2010
For other uses, see Viceroy (disambiguation). | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Viceroy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
A viceroy (Template:PronEng) is a royal official who runs a country or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word roi, meaning king. His province or larger territory is called a viceroyalty. The relative adjective is viceregal. A vicereine is a woman in a viceregal position, or a viceroy's wife.
Portuguese Empire
From 1505 to 1896 Portuguese India - the name "India" including all Portuguese possessions in the Indian Ocean, from southern Africa to Southeast Asia, until 1752- was governed either by a Viceroy (Portuguese Vice-Rei) or Governor, from its headquarters in Goa since 1510. The government started six years after the discovery of sea route to India by Vasco da Gama, in 1505, under first Viceroy Francisco de Almeida (b.1450–d.1510). Initially, King Manuel I of Portugal tried a power distribution with three governors in different areas of jurisdiction, however the post was centered by governor Afonso de Albuquerque (1509-1515), who became plenipotentiary, and remained so. The duration in office was of only three years, possibly given the power represented: in the sixteenth century of the thirty-four governors of India, only six had longer mandates.
Russian Empire
Namestnik (Template:Lang-ru, Russian pronunciation: [nɐˈmʲɛsnʲɪk]) was an office position in the history of Russia. Its literal translation would be "viceroy", "deputy", "lieutenant" (the broader sense of that word) or literarly in place appointee. The term has two periods of usage, with different meanings.
- In the 12th–16th centuries, namestniks (more correctly knyaz namestniks, or "knyaz deputies") were in charge of local administration. In particular, they ruled uyezds.
- In the 18th–20th centuries, a namestnik was a person in charge of namestnichestvo, with plenipotentiary powers. The latter has traditionally been translated as viceroyalty and "namestnik" as viceroy or vicegerent (or, as a common blunder, "viceregent"). For example, Mikhail Vorontsov was namestnik of Bessarabia (1823-44) and of the Caucasus (1844-1854). Sometimes the term is confused with Governor General (генерал-губернатор). For example, during Vorontsov's term of office in Bessarabia, seven governor-generals were in, and at the same time he held the office of Governor General of New Russia. The following namestnik existed under the Romanov Emperors of Russia:
- Kingdom of Poland, while in personal union under the Emperors of Russia as Kings (styled Tsar; 20 June 1815–5 November 1916), had only one Viceroy, 9 December 1815–1 December 1830: Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich Romanov (b. 1779–d. 1831)
- Viceroyalty of the Caucasus - Transcaucasia (Armenia, Azerbaidjan and Georgia; first under Governors in Tbilisi 1802–1844) had Viceroys of Transcaucasia.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). 1906. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)- Template:Ru icon hrono.ru: namestnik
Other colonial viceroyalties
- New France, in present Canada, after a single Governor (24 July 1534–15 January 1541 Jacques Cartier) had Lieutenants-general and Viceroys 15 January 1541–September 1543 Jean François de la Rocquet, sieur de Robervalle (b. c.1500–d. 1560), after September 1543–3 January 1578 Abandonment again 3 January 1578–February 1606 Troilus de Mesgouez, marquis de la Roche-Mesgouez (d. 1606) (viceroy and from 12 January 1598, lieutenant-general), February 1606–1614 Jean de Biencourt, sieur de Poutrincourt, baron de St. Just (b. 1557–d. 1615); next a series of Viceroys (resident in France) 8 October 1611–1672, later Governors and Governors-general.
- In Italian Viceré: The highest colonial representatives in the "federation" of Italian East Africa (six provinces, each under a governor; together Ethiopia, Eritrea and Italian Somaliland) were no longer styled "High Commissioner", but "Viceroy and Governor-general" from 5 May 1936, when fascist forces temporarily occupied Ethiopia, until 27 November 1941, when the last Italian administrator surrendered to the Allies. The Italian King Victor Emmanuel claimed the title of "Emperor of Ethiopia" (Nəgusä nägäst, "King of Kings") and declared himself to be a successor to the Nəgusä nägäst, even though Emperor Haile Selassie I continued to hold this title while in exile, and resumed his actual, physical throne on 5 May 1941.
Other domestic viceroys, including personal unions
- The American Director (later assuming the title of U.S. Presidential Envoy and Administrator in Iraq) of Coalition Provisional Authority after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, was referred to by Time Magazine and the Washington Postas a "viceroy".
Non-Western counterparts
As many princely and administrative titles, viceroy is often used, generally unofficially, to render somewhat equivalent titles and offices in non-western cultures.
Ottoman empire
The khedive of Egypt, especially in the dynasty initiated by Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805-1848). This officer established an almost autonomous regime in Egypt, which officially still was under Ottoman rule. Although Mehemet Ali/Muhammad Ali used different symbols to mark his independence from the Sublime Porte, he never openly declared himself independent. Adopting the title of viceroy was yet another way to walk the thin line between challenging the Sultan's power explicitly and respecting his jurisdiction. Muhammad Ali Pasha's son, Ismail Pasha, subsequently received the title of Khedive which was almost an equivalent to viceroy.
Vietnam
The post of Tổng Trấn (governor of all military provinces) was a political post in the early of Vietnamese Nguyen Dynasty (1802-1830). From 1802, under the reign of emperor Gia Long, there were always two Tổng Trấn who directly ruled Vietnam's northern part named Bắc Thành (Hanoi and surrounding territories) and the southern part named Gia Định (Saigon and surrounding territories) while Nguyen emperors ruled only the middle part named Vùng Kinh Kỳ (Hue and surrounding territories). Tổng Trấn is sometimes translated to English as viceroy. In 1930, emperor Minh Mang abolished the post in order to increase the imperial direct ruling power in all over Vietnam. The best-known Vietnamese viceroy in the west is Le Van Duyet, who ruled the southern part of Vietnam twice (1812–1815 and 1820–1832) and had many contact with Europeans.
Use of Viceroy in Fiction
- Nute Gunray: A viceroy in the Star Wars universe.
- Bail Organa: Viceroy of Alderaan in the Star Wars universe.
- Reman Viceroy: Praetor Shinzon's henchman in Star Trek Nemesis.
- Roodaka: An evil viceroy and queen of the Visorak in the Bionicle franchise.
- Vayne Carudas Solidor in Final Fantasy XII
- Viceroy of Area 11 (Japan) in Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion
- War, Inc.
- Manion Butler: A viceroy in the Dune universe.
- Viceroy Fizzlebottom: A hearty cherub of a man in Bart Simpson's "Work in progress" play. Lisa discovers the play in the episode, "Bart of Darkness."
- Viceroy Throk: An evil and tyrannical viceroy of the Drule Empire in the Vehicle Voltron version of "Voltron: Defender of the Universe".
Notes
- Diffie, Bailey W. and George D. Winius (1977), "Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580", p.323-325, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0816607826.
- The Last Days of Bush's Viceroy, Time, June 25, 2004, retrieved 2009-06-21
- The Viceroy, Washington Post, January 22, 2006, retrieved 2009-06-21
- Encyclopædia Britannica: Ismail Pasha, Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt
- Philip Taylor (2004), Goddess on the rise: pilgrimage and popular religion in Vietnam, University of Hawaii Press, p. 36.
Sources and references
- Elliott, J. H., Imperial Spain, 1469-1716. London: Edward Arnold, 1963.
- Fisher, Lillian Estelle. Viceregal Administration in the Spanish American Colonies. Berkeley, University of California Press, 1926.
- Harding, C. H., The Spanish Empire in America. New York: Oxford University Press, 1947.