| Revision as of 20:21, 7 August 2010 view sourceCplakidas (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, File movers, New page reviewers, Pending changes reviewers221,966 edits →See also: rmv section as redundant, the links are already included elsewhere← Previous edit | Revision as of 02:47, 8 August 2010 view source Khirurg (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers31,687 edits because it's already mentioned below, read the talkpage next time, also rm inane "who?" tag and tendentious cn tagNext edit → | ||
| Line 16: | Line 16: | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| '''Markos Botsaris''' ({{lang-el|Μάρκος Μπότσαρης}} |
'''Markos Botsaris''' ({{lang-el|Μάρκος Μπότσαρης}} c. 1788 – 21 August 1823) was a ] captain<ref name="Cause 1912, p. 53">Brigands with a Cause, Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece 1821-1912, by John S. Koliopoulos, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1987. p. 53. ISBN 0-19-822863-5</ref> and a hero of the ]. Markos Botsaris is among the most revered ] in ] and his portrait frequently adorns classrooms, government offices, and army barracks. | ||
| == Early life == | == Early life == | ||
| Line 26: | Line 26: | ||
| In 1803, after the capture of Souli by ], Botsaris and the remnants of the ] crossed over to the ], where he served in the Albanian regiment of the ] and became one the regiment's officers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zamoyski|first=Adam|title=Holy madness: romantics, patriots, and revolutionaries, 1776-1871|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vd2ZAAAAIAAJ&q=Albanian+regiment+Botsaris&dq=Albanian+regiment+Botsaris&hl=en&ei=faJdTK3vE4SmsQaLv_TDBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCA|year=2000|publisher=Viking|isbn=0670892718|page=232}}</ref> In 1814, he joined the Greek patriotic society known as the ]. In 1820, with other Souliots, he came back to Epirus and fought against Ali Pasha in the Ottoman army at the siege of Ioannina, but soon the Souliotes changed side and fought the Ottoman army with the troops of Ali Pasha, in exchange of their former region, the ]. | In 1803, after the capture of Souli by ], Botsaris and the remnants of the ] crossed over to the ], where he served in the Albanian regiment of the ] and became one the regiment's officers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Zamoyski|first=Adam|title=Holy madness: romantics, patriots, and revolutionaries, 1776-1871|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vd2ZAAAAIAAJ&q=Albanian+regiment+Botsaris&dq=Albanian+regiment+Botsaris&hl=en&ei=faJdTK3vE4SmsQaLv_TDBw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFAQ6AEwCA|year=2000|publisher=Viking|isbn=0670892718|page=232}}</ref> In 1814, he joined the Greek patriotic society known as the ]. In 1820, with other Souliots, he came back to Epirus and fought against Ali Pasha in the Ottoman army at the siege of Ioannina, but soon the Souliotes changed side and fought the Ottoman army with the troops of Ali Pasha, in exchange of their former region, the ]. | ||
| In 1821, Botsaris made common cause with the Greeks against the ]. He and other Souliot captains, including ], Notis Botsaris, Lampros Veikos, and Giotis Danglis only enlisted fellow Souliot kin in to their bands.<ref name="Cause 1912, p. 53"/> At the outbreak of the ], he distinguished himself by his courage, tenacity and skill as a partisan leader in the fighting in western Greece, and was conspicuous in the defence of ] during the first siege of the city (1822–1823). On the night of 21 August 1823 he led the celebrated attack on ] by 350 ], against around 1,000 Ottoman troops who formed the vanguard of the army with which Mustai Pasha was advancing to reinforce the besiegers. Botsaris managed to take Mustai Pasha as a prisoner during the raid but he |
In 1821, Botsaris made common cause with the Greeks against the ]. He and other Souliot captains, including ], Notis Botsaris, Lampros Veikos, and Giotis Danglis only enlisted fellow Souliot kin in to their bands.<ref name="Cause 1912, p. 53"/> At the outbreak of the ], he distinguished himself by his courage, tenacity and skill as a partisan leader in the fighting in western Greece, and was conspicuous in the defence of ] during the first siege of the city (1822–1823). On the night of 21 August 1823 he led the celebrated attack on ] by 350 ], against around 1,000 Ottoman troops who formed the vanguard of the army with which Mustai Pasha was advancing to reinforce the besiegers. Botsaris managed to take Mustai Pasha as a prisoner during the raid but he was shot in the head.{{cn}} | ||
| ], the renowned benefactor and founder of the modern ], was the ] and close friend of Markos Botsaris.<ref>The Modern Olympics, A Struggle for Revival, by David C. Young. p. 13. 1996 The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5374-5</ref> | ], the renowned benefactor and founder of the modern ], was the ] and close friend of Markos Botsaris.<ref>The Modern Olympics, A Struggle for Revival, by David C. Young. p. 13. 1996 The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5374-5</ref> | ||
| Line 42: | Line 42: | ||
| In Greek music there are various folk songs dedicated to Botsaris, like a ] from ], named ''Song of Markos Botsaris'' ({{lang-el|του Μάρκου Μπότσαρη}}),<ref>Antōnēs I. Phlountzēs Themelio, 1979, p. 286 (Greek)</ref> and from the Greek minority of southern ] (]) (''Καημένε Μάρκο Μπότσαρη'')<ref>Nikolaos V. Dēmētriou,Eleutherios N. Dēmētriou. Trochalia, 2000, p. 45.</ref>. In Albanian music there is a polyphonic song of the 19th century titled ] from Suli ({{lang-sq|Kënga e Marko Boçarit nga Suli}}) lamenting his death.<ref name="am">{{cite book |author=American Foklore Society|title=Memoirs of the American Folklore Society|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8m07AAAAIAAJ&q=song+Bocari&dq=song+Bocari&lr=&hl=en&cd=12|series=American Folklore Society|volume=44|year=1954|publisher=University of Texas Press|page=173}}</ref> | In Greek music there are various folk songs dedicated to Botsaris, like a ] from ], named ''Song of Markos Botsaris'' ({{lang-el|του Μάρκου Μπότσαρη}}),<ref>Antōnēs I. Phlountzēs Themelio, 1979, p. 286 (Greek)</ref> and from the Greek minority of southern ] (]) (''Καημένε Μάρκο Μπότσαρη'')<ref>Nikolaos V. Dēmētriou,Eleutherios N. Dēmētriou. Trochalia, 2000, p. 45.</ref>. In Albanian music there is a polyphonic song of the 19th century titled ] from Suli ({{lang-sq|Kënga e Marko Boçarit nga Suli}}) lamenting his death.<ref name="am">{{cite book |author=American Foklore Society|title=Memoirs of the American Folklore Society|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=8m07AAAAIAAJ&q=song+Bocari&dq=song+Bocari&lr=&hl=en&cd=12|series=American Folklore Society|volume=44|year=1954|publisher=University of Texas Press|page=173}}</ref> | ||
| Botsaris was depicted on the ] of the Greek 50 ] coin of 1976-2001<ref>. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: . – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.</ref> He often adorns posters in Greek classrooms, government offices, and military barracks, as a member of the Greek pantheon of national heroes. |
Botsaris was depicted on the ] of the Greek 50 ] coin of 1976-2001<ref>. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: . – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.</ref> He often adorns posters in Greek classrooms, government offices, and military barracks, as a member of the Greek pantheon of national heroes. | ||
| == Gallery == | == Gallery == | ||
Revision as of 02:47, 8 August 2010
| Markos Botsaris | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Buried | Messolonghi |
| Allegiance |  France (1807-1814) United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1814-1815) Revolutionary Greece (1821-1823) |
| Years of service | 1807-1823 |
| Rank | Maréchal-des-logis of the Albanian regiment of the French army |
| Battles / wars | Greek War of Independence: First Siege of Messolonghi Battle of Peta Battle of Karpenisi |
Markos Botsaris (Template:Lang-el c. 1788 – 21 August 1823) was a Souliot captain and a hero of the War of Greek Independence. Markos Botsaris is among the most revered national heroes in Greece and his portrait frequently adorns classrooms, government offices, and army barracks.
Early life
Botsaris was born into one of the leading clans of the Souliotes, in Epirus. He was the second son of captain Kitsos Botsaris, who was murdered in Arta in 1809 by order of Ali Pasha. The Botsaris clan came from the village of Dragani (today Ambelia), near Paramythia.
Greek War of Independence
In 1803, after the capture of Souli by Ali Pasha, Botsaris and the remnants of the Souliotes crossed over to the Ionian Islands, where he served in the Albanian regiment of the French army and became one the regiment's officers. In 1814, he joined the Greek patriotic society known as the Filiki Eteria. In 1820, with other Souliots, he came back to Epirus and fought against Ali Pasha in the Ottoman army at the siege of Ioannina, but soon the Souliotes changed side and fought the Ottoman army with the troops of Ali Pasha, in exchange of their former region, the Souli.
In 1821, Botsaris made common cause with the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire. He and other Souliot captains, including Kitsos Tzavelas, Notis Botsaris, Lampros Veikos, and Giotis Danglis only enlisted fellow Souliot kin in to their bands. At the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence, he distinguished himself by his courage, tenacity and skill as a partisan leader in the fighting in western Greece, and was conspicuous in the defence of Missolonghi during the first siege of the city (1822–1823). On the night of 21 August 1823 he led the celebrated attack on Karpenisi by 350 Souliots, against around 1,000 Ottoman troops who formed the vanguard of the army with which Mustai Pasha was advancing to reinforce the besiegers. Botsaris managed to take Mustai Pasha as a prisoner during the raid but he was shot in the head.
Evangelis Zappas, the renowned benefactor and founder of the modern Olympic Games, was the aide-de-camp and close friend of Markos Botsaris.
Many of his family members became key figures of the Greek political establishment. Markos' brother Kostas (Constantine) Botsaris, who also fought at Karpenisi and completed the victory, lived on to become a respected Greek general and parliamentarian in the Greek kingdom. He died in Athens on 13 November 1853. Markos's son, Dimitrios Botsaris, born in 1813, was three times minister of war during the reigns of Otto of Greece and George I of Greece. He died in Athens on 17 August 1870. His daughter, Katerina "Rosa" Botsari, was in the service of Queen Amalia of Greece.
Markos' son, Dimitrios Botsaris became three times Minister of War of Greece, under Kings Otto and George I.
Legacy
Many Philhellenes visiting Greece have admired Botsaris' courage and numerous poets wrote poems about him. American poet Fitz-Greene Halleck wrote a poem entitled Marco Bozzaris, Juste Olivier also wrote an award-winning poem for him, in 1825. His memory is still celebrated in popular ballads in Greece.
Botsaris is also considered to be the author of a Greek-Albanian lexicon written in Corfu in 1809, at the insistance of François Pouqueville, Napoleon Bonaparte's general consul at the court of Ali Pasha in Ioannina. The dictionary is of importance for our knowledge of the extinct Souliot dialect. However, although it is known as the Botsaris dictionary, scholar Xhevat Lloshi has argued in several books that he couldn't have possibly written that dictionary by himself, both because of his young age, and because of a note of Puqueville that clearly says that the dictionary was drafted under the dictation of Marko's father, uncle, and future father-in-law.
In Greek music there are various folk songs dedicated to Botsaris, like a Tsamiko from Central Greece, named Song of Markos Botsaris (Template:Lang-el), and from the Greek minority of southern Albania (Northern Epirus) (Καημένε Μάρκο Μπότσαρη). In Albanian music there is a polyphonic song of the 19th century titled Song of Marko Boçari from Suli (Template:Lang-sq) lamenting his death.
Botsaris was depicted on the reverse of the Greek 50 lepta coin of 1976-2001 He often adorns posters in Greek classrooms, government offices, and military barracks, as a member of the Greek pantheon of national heroes.
Gallery
-
An oil painting on canvas of Markos Botsaris by Jean-Léon Gérôme, 1874.
-
Tomb of Markos Botsaris, monument created by French sculptor David d'Angers, Messolonghi, Greece.
-
The death of Markos Botsaris. Painting by Filippo Marsigli, Civico Museo Sartorio, Trieste, Italy.
.JPG)
References
- ^ Brigands with a Cause, Brigandage and Irredentism in Modern Greece 1821-1912, by John S. Koliopoulos, Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1987. p. 53. ISBN 0-19-822863-5
- Katherine Elizabeth Fleming. The Muslim Bonaparte: diplomacy and orientalism in Ali Pasha's Greece. Princeton University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-691-00194-4, p. 99"The Souliotes, a Greek-speaking tribe of Albanian origin... Ali had tried off and over..."
- Zamoyski, Adam (2000). Holy madness: romantics, patriots, and revolutionaries, 1776-1871. Viking. p. 232. ISBN 0670892718.
- The Modern Olympics, A Struggle for Revival, by David C. Young. p. 13. 1996 The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-5374-5
- University of Chicago (1946). Encyclopædia britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 3. Encyclopædia britannica, inc. p. 957.
Marco Botsaris's brother Kosta (Constantine), who fought at Karpenisi and completed the victory, lived to become a general and senator in the Greek Kingdom. Kosta died in 1853..
- University of Chicago. Encyclopædia britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge. Encyclopædia britannica, inc., 1946, p. 957
- Poetry Archive - Marco Bozzaris
- JOCHALAS, Titos, To ellino-alvanikon lexikon tou Markou Botzari, Athens 1980.
- Lloshi, Xhevat (2008). bocari rreth alfabetit&hl=en&ei=QAIFTNfqAcH-8AaswL3UDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=book-thumbnail&resnum=1&ved=0CC8Q6wEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false Rreth Alfabetit te shqipes. Logos. p. 107. ISBN 99895822688. Retrieved 2010-06-01.
{{cite book}}: Check|isbn=value: length (help); Check|url=value (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|coauthors=(help) - Antōnēs I. Phlountzēs Akronauplia kai Akronaupliōtes, 1937-1943. Themelio, 1979, p. 286 (Greek)
- Nikolaos V. Dēmētriou,Eleutherios N. Dēmētriou. Voreios Ēpeiros: tragoudia kai choroi. Trochalia, 2000, p. 45.
- American Foklore Society (1954). Memoirs of the American Folklore Society. American Folklore Society. Vol. 44. University of Texas Press. p. 173.
- Bank of Greece. Drachma Banknotes & Coins: 50 lepta. – Retrieved on 27 March 2009.
Sources
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)- Botsaris, 180 Years from the Greek Revolution
- Lloshi, Xhevat (2008). Rreth Alfabetit te Shqipes. Logos.
{{cite book}}:|first3=has numeric name (help);|first3=missing|last3=(help)
