| Revision as of 08:37, 29 September 2010 editJohn J. Bulten (talk | contribs)12,763 edits Oh, I see I read too fast. The apocrypha are not considered "Hebrew Bible" (in fact the name "Tanakh" excludes them), they are considered a second canon in Judaism as well as in Catholicism. Cut color← Previous edit | Revision as of 09:00, 29 September 2010 edit undoPiCo (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers44,429 edits Impossible to sum up the debate over authorship in a sentence.Next edit → | ||
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| The '''authors of the Bible''' are the original writers of the ]ic texts currently comprising the modern Bible. Various editions of the Bible contain the ] or ], the ], and/or the ]. | |||
| ==Hebrew Bible== | ==Hebrew Bible== | ||
Revision as of 09:00, 29 September 2010
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Hebrew Bible
| Book | Traditional |
Modern |
|---|---|---|
| Genesis | Moses | Documentary hypothesis: Various editors combining originally complete, parallel, independent documents; Supplementary hypothesis: Various authors making additions (supplements) to a base text |
| Exodus | ||
| Leviticus | ||
| Numbers | ||
| Deuteronomy | ||
| Joshua | Joshua with a portion by Phinehas or Eleazar | Deuteronomist using material from the Yahwist and Elohist |
| Judges | Samuel | Deuteronomist |
| Ruth | Samuel | A later author, writing after the time of David |
| 1 Samuel | Samuel, Gad, and Nathan | Deuteronomist or a combination of a Jerusalem source, republican source, the court history of David, the sanctuaries source, the monarchial source, and the material of various editors who combined these sources |
| 2 Samuel | ||
| 1 Kings | Jeremiah | Deuteronomist |
| 2 Kings | ||
| 1 Chronicles | Ezra | The Chronicler, writing between 450 and 435 BC, after the Babylonian captivity |
| 2 Chronicles | ||
| Ezra | ||
| Nehemiah | Nehemiah using some material by Ezra | |
| Esther | The Great Assembly using material from Mordecai | An author writing between 460 and 331 BC |
| Job | Unknown. Possibly Job, Moses, Solomon, or Elihu | A writer in the 4th century BC |
| Psalms | Mainly David and also Asaph, sons of Korah, Moses, Heman the Ezrahite, Ethan the Ezrahite and Solomon | Various authors recording oral tradition. Portions from 1000 BC to 200 BC. |
| Proverbs | Solomon, Agur son of Jakeh, Lemuel and other wise men | An editor compiling from various sources well after the time of Solomon |
| Ecclesiastes | Solomon | A Hebrew poet of the third or second centuries BC using the life of Solomon as a vista for the Hebrews' pursuit of Wisdom. An unknown author in Hellenistic period from two older oral sources (Eccl1:1-6:9 which claims to be Solomon, Eccl6:10-12:8 with the theme of non-knowing) |
| Song of Solomon | An anonymous poet | |
| Isaiah | Isaiah | Three main authors and an extensive editing process. Is1-39 "Historical Isaiah" with multiple layers of editing. Is40-55 Exilic & Is56-66 post-exilic. |
| Jeremiah | Jeremiah | Baruch ben Neriah. Chapters 1-6 and 10-23 seem to derive from Jeremiah himself, as dictated to Baruch. |
| Lamentations | Disputed and perhaps based on the older Mesopotamian genre of the "city lament", of which the Lament for Ur is among the oldest and best-known | |
| Ezekiel | Ezekiel | Disputed, with varying degrees of attribution to Ezekiel |
| Daniel | Daniel | An editor in the fourth century BC to mid-second century BC |
| Hosea | Hosea | Unknown |
| Joel | Joel | Unknown |
| Amos | Amos | Unknown |
| Obadiah | Obadiah | Likely a story traveler |
| Jonah | Jonah | A post-exilic (after 530 BC) author writing under the name of the eighth-century prophet |
| Micah | Micah | The first three chapters by Micah and the remainder by a later writer |
| Nahum | Nahum | Unknown |
| Habakkuk | Habakkuk | An unknown author around 850 BC |
| Zephaniah | Zephaniah | Disputed; possibly a writer after the time period indicated by the text |
| Haggai | Haggai | Various Jewish authors |
| Zechariah | Zechariah | Zechariah (chapters 1-8); the later, designated Deutero-Zechariah, were possibly written by disciples of Zechariah |
| Malachi | Malachi or Ezra | Possibly the author(s) of Deutero-Zechariah |
Apocrypha
| Book | Traditional |
Modern |
|---|---|---|
| 1 Esdras | ||
| 2 Esdras | ||
| Tobit | Unknown | A writer in the second century BC |
| Judith | Eliakim, the high priest of the story | Unknown |
| Additions to Esther | ||
| Wisdom | Solomon | An Alexandrian Jew writing during the Jewish Hellenistic period |
| Sirach | Ben Sira | Ben Sira |
| Baruch | Baruch ben Neriah | An author writing during or shortly after the period of the Maccabees |
| Letter of Jeremiah | A Hellenistic Jew living in Alexandria | |
| Song of the Three Children | ||
| Susanna | ||
| Bel and the Dragon | ||
| Prayer of Manasses | ||
| 1 Maccabees | A devout Jew from the Holy Land. | A Jewish author, writing around 100 BC |
| 2 Maccabees | Based on the writing of Jason of Cyrene | An author writing in the second or first century BC |
| 3 Maccabees | Unknown | An Alexandrian Jew writing in Greek in the first century BC or first century AD |
| 4 Maccabees | Josephus | An Alexandrian Jew writing in the first century BC or first century AD |
New Testament
| Book | Traditional | Modern |
|---|---|---|
| Matthew | Matthew the Evangelist is said by the early 2nd century writer Papias of Hierapolis to have written a "Sayings of Jesus" in Aramaic. The Gospel is not a sayings collection and shows clear signs of having been composed in Greek, but it is accepted by tradition as the document referred to by Papias. Dated c. AD 80-100. | An anonymous author who borrowed from both Mark and a source called Q |
| Mark | Mark the Evangelist, otherwise known as John Mark, a cousin of Barnabas the companion of Paul and later himself a companion of Paul. According to the 4th century writer Eusebius of Caesarea, who claims to be quoting a lost work by the Papias of Hierapolis, Mark was asked to write his account by the Christians of Rome, and recorded the preaching of the apostle Peter. (The First Epistle of Peter, dated around AD 100, mentions Mark as a companion of Peter). Usually dated no earlier than AD 70. | An unknown author; likely an early Christian writer. |
| Luke | Luke the Evangelist, the companion and contemporary of Paul. The earliest representation of Luke as the author of this Gospel (and of Acts) comes from the Muratorian fragment, a catalogue of the New Testament from c. AD 180. The Gospel itself is usually dated AD 70-100. | The list of scholars maintaining authorship by Luke the physician is lengthy, and represents scholars from a wide range of theological opinion. However, it must be stated that there is no consensus, and the current opinion concerning Lukan authorship is ‘about evenly divided’. The author borrowed from both Mark and Q |
| John | John the Evangelist. The Church father Iranaeus reported c. AD 180 that the Evangelist was John the Apostle, but there is no earlier record of the tradition that the two were identical. The first evidence of the existence of the Gospel dates from the mid-2nd century. | An anonymous author with no direct connection to the historical Jesus. John 21 finished after death of primary author by follower(s) |
| Acts | Luke the Evangelist | The author of Luke |
| Romans | Paul of Tarsus | Paul of Tarsus |
| 1 Corinthians | ||
| 2 Corinthians | ||
| Galatians | ||
| Ephesians | Paul of Tarsus or edited dictations from Paul | |
| Philippians | Paul of Tarsus | |
| Colossians | Disputed; perhaps Paul coauthoring with Timothy | |
| 1 Thessalonians | Paul of Tarsus | |
| 2 Thessalonians | An associate or disciple after his death, representing what they believed was his message | |
| 1 Timothy | Perhaps someone associated with Paul, writing at a later date | |
| 2 Timothy | Perhaps someone associated with Paul, writing after his death | |
| Titus | Perhaps someone associated with Paul, writing after his death | |
| Philemon | Paul of Tarsus | |
| Hebrews | Paul of Tarsus or possibly Luke the Evangelist, Clement of Rome or Barnabas | An unknown author, but almost certainly not Paul |
| James | James the Just | A writer in the late first or early second centuries, after the death of James the Just |
| 1 Peter | Peter | An author, perhaps Silas, proficient with Greek writing |
| 2 Peter | Certainly not Peter | |
| 1 John | John the Evangelist | An unknown author with no direct connection to the historical Jesus Same as Gospel of John. |
| 2 John | An unknown author with no direct connection to Jesus. Final editor of John 21. | |
| 3 John | ||
| Jude | Jude the Apostle or Jude, brother of Jesus | A pseudonymous work written between the end of the first century and the first quarter of the 2nd century |
| Revelation of Christ to John | John the Apostle or John the Elder | Perhaps John of Patmos |
See also
References
Monographs
- Gledhill, Tom. The Message of the Song of Songs. InterVarsity Press: 1994.
- Kidner, Derek. The Message of Ecclesiastes. InterVarsity Press: 1984.
Bible dictionaries & commentaries
- Oxford Bible Commentary (ed. John Barton, John Muddiman, Oxford University Press, 2001)
- Eerdmans Commentary on the Bible (ed. James D. G. Dunn, John William Rogerson, Eerdmans, 2003)
- Mercer Dictionary of the Bible (Mercer University Press, 1991)
Hebrew Bible, general
Notes
- From the Introduction to Richard Elliot Friedman's The Bible with Sources Revealed, 2003.
- Who were the authors of the books of the Bible?
- Noegel and Rendsburg, Solomon's Vineyard: literary and linguistic studies in the Song of Songs, (Society of Biblical Literature, 2009), p. 184.
- Miller, Stephen M., Huber, Robert V. (2004). The Bible: A History. Good Books. pp. page 33. ISBN 1561484148.
{{cite book}}:|pages=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Harris, Stephen L., Understanding the Bible. Palo Alto: Mayfield. 1985.
- To list just some: I. H. Marshall, Acts (1980), pp. 44-45; F. F. Bruce, The Acts of the Apostles (1952), pp. 1-6; C. S. C. Williams, The Acts of the Apostles, in Black’s New Testament Commentary (1957); W. Michaelis, Einleitung, pp. 61-64; Bo Reicke, Glaube und Leben Der Urgenmeinde (1957), pp. 6-7; F. V. Filson, Three Crucial Decades (1963), p. 10; M. Dibelius, Studies in the Acts of the Apostles (1956); R. M. Grant, A Historical Introduction to the New Testament (1963), pp. 134-135; B. Gärtner, The Aeropagus Speech and Natural Revelation (1955), W. L. Knox, Sources of the Synoptic Gospels; R. R. Williams, The Acts of the Apostles; E. M. Blaiklock, The Acts of the Apostles, in Tyndale New Testament Commentary (1959), W. Grundmann, Das Evangelium nach Lukas, p. 39.
- Brown, Raymond E. (1997). Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Anchor Bible. pp. 267–8. ISBN 0-385-24767-2.
- Ehrman, Bart D. (2004). The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford, p.385; Beverly Roberts Gaventa, First and Second Thessalonians, Westminster John Knox Press, 1998, p.93; Vincent M. Smiles, First Thessalonians, Philippians, Second Thessalonians, Colossians, Ephesians, Liturgical Press, 2005, p.53; Udo Schnelle, translated by M. Eugene Boring, The History and Theology of the New Testament Writings (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1998), pp. 315-325; M. Eugene Boring, Fred B. Craddock, The People's New Testament Commentary, Westminster John Knox Press, 2004 p652; Joseph Francis Kelly, An Introduction to the New Testament for Catholics, Liturgical Press, 2006 p.32
- http://religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=531&C=563 Richard Heard, Introduction To The New Testament
- Carson, D.A., and Douglas J. Moo. An Introduction to the New Testament, second edition. HarperCollins Canada; Zondervan: 2005. ISBN 0310238595, ISBN 978-0310238591. p.659.
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