Misplaced Pages

List of tributary states of China: Difference between revisions

Article snapshot taken from Wikipedia with creative commons attribution-sharealike license. Give it a read and then ask your questions in the chat. We can research this topic together.
Browse history interactively← Previous editNext edit →Content deleted Content addedVisualWikitext
Revision as of 00:28, 5 October 2010 editCoconut91 (talk | contribs)228 editsmNo edit summary← Previous edit Revision as of 00:31, 5 October 2010 edit undoCoconut91 (talk | contribs)228 edits →Qing DynastyNext edit →
Line 204: Line 204:
This list covers states that sent tribute between 1662 and 1875, and were not covered under the ]. Therefore, Tibet or the ] are not included, although they did send tribute in the period given. The tribute system did not dissolve in 1875, but tribute embassies got less frequent and regular: twelve more Korean embassies until 1894, one more (abortive one) from Liuqiu in 1877, three more from Annam, and four from Nepal, the last one in 1908.<ref>John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü: ''On the Ch'ing Tributary System'', in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941), p. 193ff</ref> This list covers states that sent tribute between 1662 and 1875, and were not covered under the ]. Therefore, Tibet or the ] are not included, although they did send tribute in the period given. The tribute system did not dissolve in 1875, but tribute embassies got less frequent and regular: twelve more Korean embassies until 1894, one more (abortive one) from Liuqiu in 1877, three more from Annam, and four from Nepal, the last one in 1908.<ref>John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü: ''On the Ch'ing Tributary System'', in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941), p. 193ff</ref>


*]
*] (annually, with very few exceptions){{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}
*] (about every two years on average, 122 times in total between 1662 and 1875){{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} *] (about every two years on average, 122 times in total between 1662 and 1875){{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}
*] (47 times){{Citation needed|date=October 2010}} *] (47 times){{Citation needed|date=October 2010}}

Revision as of 00:31, 5 October 2010

The List of tributaries of Imperial China encompasses all states which engaged in diplomatic and foreign relations with the Chinese.

List of tributaries

Many entities were construed as having a tributary relationship with Imperial China, including:

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.
  • Annam
    • Âu Lạc (甌雒, 甌貉)
    • Champa (also Chiêm Thành/占城, Lin-yi/ 林邑)
    • Vạn Xuân (萬春, 野能)
    • Đại Việt (also Dai Co Viet, Dai Ngu, 大越, 大瞿越, 大虞) (Ngô Dynasty 吳朝, Đinh Dynasty 丁朝, Prior Lê Dynasty 前黎朝, Lý Dynasty 李朝, Trần Dynasty 陳朝, Hồ Dynasty 胡朝, Later Lê Dynasty 後黎朝, Mạc Dynasty 莫朝)
  • Nepal 尼伯爾
    • Karakum (喀喇庫木)
    • Yuli (also Weili, 尉犁)
    • Kushana (also Kuşāņa, Guishuang, 貴霜)
    • Boluo'er (博羅爾)

Western Han Dynasty

  • Internal vassals (206 BC - ?) - Upon the founding of the dynasty, the first emperor awarded up to one-half of territory of Han as fiefdoms to various relatives, who ruled as princes. These fiefdoms collected their own taxes and established their own laws and were not directly administered by imperial government. Consolidation and centralization by succeeding emperors increased imperial controls, gradually dissolving the princedoms.
  • Nanyue (211 BC - 111 BC) - A kingdom situated today's northern Vietnam, and the provinces of Guangdong and Guangxi founded by a former Chinese general, Zhao Tuo. Under Zhao Tuo it paid nominal tribute to Han but his successors lost more and more power. After a coup d'état against the king, Han directly conquered the kingdom and directly administered it from then on.
  • Minyue (138 BC - ?) - A baiyue people situated in modern-day Fujian province. After an attack by the Minyue people, Emperor Wu of Han launched a massive expedition, and forced their entire population to relocate within imperial borders.
  • Dian Kingdom (109 BC) - A kingdom located in modern day Yunnan province. Brought into subjugation by Emperor Wu of Han, who annexed the kingdom into an imperial commandary but allowed local rulers to remain in power.
  • Loulan (108 BC) - Located along the northeastern edge of the Taklamakan Desert in modern-day Xinjiang province. Brought into submission by an imperial expedition dispatched by Emperor Wu of Han.
  • Cheshi (108 BC) - City-state in modern-day Turpan. Brought into submission by an imperial expedition dispatched by Emperor Wu of Han.
  • Wusun (105 BC - ?) - Central Asian people. Bitter enemies with the Xiongnu, they entered a military alliance with the Han. In 53 BC, the kingdom split into two following a succession dispute. Both continued to recognize Han sovereignty and remained faithful vassals.
  • Dayuan (102 BC) - Kingdom located in the Fergana Valley. Hearing tales of their high-quality horses, which would be of great utility in combatting the Xiongnu, Emperor Wu of Han dispatched an expedition to acquire their submission and the horses. The first expedition of 3,000 was woefully undermanned, but the second, numbering 100,000 besieged the capital, bringing them into submission after negotiations. The expedition returned with 10,000 horses along with a promise to pay an annual tribute in horses.
  • Xiongnu (53 BC - 10) - A nomadic confederation/empire in Central Asia and modern day Mongolia and extending their control to territories as far as Siberia, western Manchuria, the areas along the Caspian Sea, and modern day Chinese provinces of Inner Mongolia, Gansu and Xinjiang. They entered tributory relations with the Han after several defeats, territorial losses, and internal conflicts. Tributory relationships terminated as a result of diplomatic fumblings during the reign of Wang Mang. Xinjiang passed to Chinese control after their defeat.

Wang Mang interregnum (Xin Dynasty)

During Wang Mang's reign, relations with many of the empire's allies and tributories deteriorated, due in large part to Wang Mang's arrogance and inept diplomacy.

Eastern Han Dynasty

  • Southern Xiongnu (50-220) - The Xiongnu split into northern and southern factions. The southern Xiongnu brought themselves into tributory relations with the Han. They were resettled along with large numbers of Chinese immigrants in frontier regions. Economically dependent on Han, they were obliged to provide military services under a tightened tributory system with greater direct imperial supervision.

Ming dynasty

Under the Ming, countries that wanted to have any form of relationship with China, political, economic or otherwise, had to enter the tribute system. As a result, tribute was often paid for opportunistic reasons rather than as a serious gesture of allegiance to the Chinese emperor, and the mere fact that tribute was paid may not be understood in a way that China had political leverage over its tributary. For example, Mongolian chronicles of the 17th century say that the Ming paid tribute to Altan Khan, not the other way around. Also some tribute missions may just have been up by ingenious traders. A number of countries only paid tribute once, as a result of Zheng He's expeditions. As of 1587, in Chinese sources the following countries are listed to have paid tribute to the Ming emperors: Much tribute paid consisted of native products, e.g. elephants from Siam, or eunuchs and virgin girls from Korea, Annam, or the Ryukyu Islands. Young Korean virgin girls, and eunuchs were demanded as tribute by the Ming Emperor for the imperial harem. Korean girls age 13 to 25 were recruited to be sent to China.

  • Joseon (since 1369, first every year or every three years, after 1403 every year)
  • Nippon (occasionally between 1403 and 1441)
  • Liuqiu (Ryukyu Islands, every two years since 1368)
  • Đại Việt (every three years since 1369)
  • Cambodia (Chenla, since 1371 (?))
  • Siam (every three years since 1371)
  • Champa (every three years since 1369)
  • Pahang (1378, 1414)
  • BaiHua(?) (1378)
  • Brunei (1371, 1405, 1408, 1414, 1425)
  • Samudra (on Dvarasamudra in Southern India, 1383, 1405, 1407, 1431, 1435)
  • Chola (1370, 1372, 1403)
  • LanBang(?) (1376, 1403–1435)
  • DanBa(?) (1377)
  • Sultanate of Sulu (1417, 1421)
  • GuMaLa (?) (1420)
  • Calicut (1405, 1407, 1409)
  • Malacca (1405, 1411, 1412, 1414, 1424, 1434, 1445, 1459)
  • Borneo (SoLo?) (1406)
  • Aru (1407)
  • Kollam (1407)
  • Ceylon (1411, 1412, 1445, 1459)
  • Jaunpur (1420)
  • Syria (Fulin?, 1371)
  • Cochin (1404, 1412)
  • Melinde (1414)
  • Philippines (1372, 1405, 1576)
  • TieLi (?), ZhiLoXiaShi (?), HoMaoLi (Marinduque?) (1405)
  • GuLiBanZu (?) (1405)
  • DaHui(?) (1405)
  • Hormuz (1405)
  • Coyampadi (1411)
  • Cail, Djofar, Maldives, Burma (YaWa), Lambri (NanWuLi), Kelatan, QiLaNi, XiaLaBi (Arabia?), KuChaNi, WuSheLaTang, Aden, Rum, SheLaQi, BaKoYi, HeiGaDa, LaSa, Barawa, Mogadishu, QianLiTa, Cananore (all somewhere between 1403 and 1425)
  • WaLa (Oirads) (beginning in 1403, annually, with interruptions, since 1458)
  • Altan Khan (annually since 1570)
  • DoYan(?), FuYü(?), Taining(?) (1388,twice a year from 1403)
  • Jurchens and other tribes in the northeast (irregularly)
  • JienZhou(?) (annually)
  • Hami (beginning in 1404, annually from 1465, every five years from 1475)
  • AnDing(?) (beginning in 1374)
  • HanDong(?) (?)
  • ChiShin (another group of Mongols?) (beginning in 1404, every five years since 1563)
  • QuXian (1437)
  • Herat (1402, 1409, 1437)
  • Tamerlane (1387, 1391)
  • HaSan(?)
  • HaLieEr(?)
  • ShaDiMan(?)
  • Kashgar
  • HaTiLan(?)
  • Sairam
  • SaoLan (identical to Sairam?)
  • Ilbalik and Bashbalik (1391, 1406, 1413, 1418(?), 1437, 1457ff)
  • NieKoLi (or MiekoLi) (?)
  • Badakhshan
  • Balkh
  • Almalik
  • Togmak
  • Chalish
  • GanShi(?)
  • Bukhara(?)
  • PaLa(?)
  • Shiraz
  • Nishapur
  • Kashmir
  • Tabriz
  • GuoSaSü(?)
  • HuoTan(?)
  • Khodjend
  • KuXian(?)
  • YaXi(?)
  • Yarkand
  • Jong(?)
  • Bai(?)
  • WuLun(?)
  • Alani
  • Hotan (?)
  • YeSuCheng(?)
  • KunCheng (Kunduz?)
  • SheHei(?)
  • BaiYin(?)
  • KoQie(?)
  • Turpan (1430, 1497, 1509, 1510, every 5 years since 1523)
  • Karakhodjo (1409, 1430, afterwards together with Turpan)
  • LiuChen(?) (1430, afterwards together with Turpan)
  • Samarkand (1387, 1389, 1391 etc., after 1523 every five years)
  • Rum (after 1524 every five years)
  • Arabia (TienFang, Mecca?) (somewhere between 1426 and 1435, 1517, sometimes between 1522 and 1566)
  • Medina (somewhere between 1426 and 1435)
  • Hotan 1408
  • ZhiLo(?), Badakhshan, Andkhui, Isfahan (all somewhere between 1403 and 1424)
  • Horasan (1432)
  • Ejijie(?), HaShin(?) (both somewhere between 1522 and 1566)
  • A number of Tibetan temples and tribes from the Tibetan border or the southwest.

Qing Dynasty

"Moghul embassy", seen by the Dutch visitors in Beijing in 1656. According to Lach & Kley (1993), modern historians (namely, Luciano Petech) think that the emissaries portrayed had actually come from Turfan, and not all the way from the Moghul India.

This list covers states that sent tribute between 1662 and 1875, and were not covered under the Lifanyuan. Therefore, Tibet or the Khalkha are not included, although they did send tribute in the period given. The tribute system did not dissolve in 1875, but tribute embassies got less frequent and regular: twelve more Korean embassies until 1894, one more (abortive one) from Liuqiu in 1877, three more from Annam, and four from Nepal, the last one in 1908.

  • Joseon
  • Ryukyu (about every two years on average, 122 times in total between 1662 and 1875)
  • Vietnam (47 times)
  • Siam (48 times, most of them after 1780 until the reign of Rama IV)
  • Burma (17 times, most of them in the 19th century)
  • Laos (17 times)
  • Sulu (1726, 1733, 1743, 1747, 1752, 1753, and 1754)
  • Nepal (1732(?), 1792, 1794, 1795, 1823, 1842, and 1865)
  • Dzungars (1681, 1685, 1735, 1738, 1742, 1743, 1745, 1746, 1752, and 1753)
  • Russia (1655, 1656, 1676 and 1727)
  • Great Britain/United Kingdom (1793, 1795 (no tribute presented), and 1816)
  • Netherlands (1663(?), 1667, 1686, and 1795).
  • Portugal (1670, 1678, 1752, and 1753)
  • Turpan (1673 and 1686)
  • Holy See (1725)
  • Kirgiz (1757 and 1758)
  • Khanate of Kokand (between 1774–1798)
  • Ku er le Beg (1762)

See also

Template:ChineseText

Notes

  1. Gundry, R. S. "China and her Tributaries," National Review (United Kingdom), No. 17, July 1884, pp. 605-619., p. 605, at Google Books
  2. ^ "Tribute and Trade", KoreanHistoryProject.org. Retrieved on 30-01-2007.
  3. Gundry, "Annanm," pp. 613-615., p. 613, at Google Books
  4. Gundry, "Burma," pp. 611-613., p. 611, at Google Books
  5. ^ Shambaugh, David L. et al. (2008). International Relations of Asia, p. 54 n15., p. 54, at Google Books citing the 1818 Collected Statutes of the Qing Dynasty (DaQing hui-tien)
  6. "Funan". About.com. Retrieved 2007-06-02.
  7. "The Kingdom of Funan and Chenla (First to Eighth Century AD)". Retrieved 2007-06-06.
  8. http://wsu.edu/~dee/ANCJAPAN/ANJAPAN1.HTM
  9. http://books.google.com/books?id=h1xcc4cGL5cC&pg=PA101&lpg=PA101&dq=Yamato+tributes+to+China&source=bl&ots=sU_A_aUCSD&sig=G98Hb4K_PEVGyBoAcMzzPM40wVQ&hl=en&ei=cm-qTPrOFsKqlAf3iKWuDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CDgQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q&f=false
  10. ^ Pratt, Keith L. (1999). Korea: a historical and cultural dictionary. p. 482.
  11. Kwak, Tae-Hwan et al. (2003). The Korean peace process and the four powers, p. 100., p. 100, at Google Books; excerpt, "The tributary relations between China and Korea came to an end when China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese war of 1894-1895."
  12. ^ Korea Herald. (2004) Korea now, p. 31; excerpt, "The Chinese also insist that even though Goguryeo was part of Chinese domain, Silla and Baekje were states subjected to China's tributary system."
  13. Seth, Michael J. (2006). A concise history of Korea, p. 64, p. 64, at Google Books; excerpt, "China found instead that its policy of using trade and cultural exchanges and offering legitimacy and prestige to the Silla monarchy was effective in keeping Silla safely in the tributary system. Indeed, the relationship that was worked out in the late seventh and early eighth centuries can be considered the beginning of the mature tributary relationship that would characterize Sino-Korean interchange most of the time until the late nineteenth century;"
  14. Koran History Project, Unified Silla.
  15. ^ Kwak, p. 99., p. 99, at Google Books; excerpt, "Korea's tributary relations with China began as early as the fifth century, were regularized during the Goryeo dynasty (918-1392), and became fully institutionalized during the Yi dynasty (1392-1910)."
  16. Gundry, "Nepal," pp. 609-610., p. 609, at Google Books
  17. The Political Economy of Philippines- China Relations
  18. "The Ancient Ryukyus Period/The Sanzan Period"
  19. Gundry, "Ryūkyū," pp. 615-616., p. 615, at Google Books
  20. Gundry, "Siam," pp. 616-619., p. 616, at Google Books
  21. Gundry, "Tibet," pp. 610-611., p. 610, at Google Books
  22. ^ page 63 of the book, "MAPPING HISTORY WORLD HISTORY, by Dr. Ian Barnes. ISBN 978-1-84573-323-0
  23. John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü: On the Ch'ing Tributary System, in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941), p. 137-150
  24. John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü: On the Ch'ing Tributary System, in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941), p. 150ff
  26. Iain Robertson (2005). Understanding international art markets and management. Routledge. p. 182. ISBN 0415339561. Retrieved 2010-07-04. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)
  27. By Frederick W. Mote, Denis Twitchett, John King Fairbank (1988). The Cambridge history of China: The Ming dynasty, 1368-1644, Part 1. Cambridge University Press. p. 301. ISBN 0521243327. Retrieved 2010-07-04. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. Association for Asian Studies. Ming Biographical History Project Committee, Luther Carrington Goodrich, Chao-ying Fang (1976). Dictionary of Ming biography, 1368-1644. Columbia University Press. p. 1597. ISBN 023103833X. Retrieved 2010-07-04. {{cite book}}: More than one of |pages= and |page= specified (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. Association Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank (1978). The Cambridge history of China, Volume 2; Volume 8. Cambridge University Press. p. 284. ISBN 0521243335. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
  30. O. Harrassowitz (1991). Journal of Asian history, Volume 25. p. 130. Retrieved 2010-07-04.
  31. John K. Fairbank and Têng Ssu-yü: On the Ch'ing Tributary System, in: Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 6, no. 2 (1941), p. 193ff
  32. van Braam Houckgeest, Andreas Everardus. (1797). Voyage de l'ambassade de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales hollandaises vers l'empereur de la Chine, dans les années 1794 et 1795; see also 1798 English translation: An authentic account of the embassy of the Dutch East-India company, to the court of the emperor of China, in the years 1974 and 1795, Vol. I.
  33. de Guignes, Chrétien-Louis-Joseph (1808). Voyage a Pékin, Manille et l'Ile de France.

References

External links

Categories: