Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world: Difference between revisions

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	In the ], '''mathematics in medieval Islam''', often termed '''Islamic mathematics''' or '''Arabic mathematics''', covers the body of ] preserved and developed by the ] between circa 622 and 1600.{{sfn\|Hogendijk\|1999}} ] and mathematics flourished under the Islamic ] established across the Middle East, ], ], ], the ], and, at its peak, ~~parts of France and~~ ].		In the ], '''mathematics in medieval Islam''', often termed '''Islamic mathematics''' or '''Arabic mathematics''', covers the body of ] preserved and developed by the ] between circa 622 and 1600.{{sfn\|Hogendijk\|1999}} ] and mathematics flourished under the Islamic ] established across the Middle East, ], ], ], the ], and, at its peak, ].

	Katz, in ''A history of mathematics'' says that:{{sfn\|Katz\|1993}}		Katz, in ''A history of mathematics'' says that:{{sfn\|Katz\|1993}}

Revision as of 23:04, 16 March 2011

In the history of mathematics, mathematics in medieval Islam, often termed Islamic mathematics or Arabic mathematics, covers the body of mathematics preserved and developed by the Islamic civilization between circa 622 and 1600. Islamic science and mathematics flourished under the Islamic caliphate established across the Middle East, Central Asia, North Africa, Southern Italy, the Iberian Peninsula, and, at its peak, India.

Katz, in A history of mathematics says that:

"A complete history of mathematics of medieval Islam cannot yet be written, since so many of these Arabic manuscripts lie unstudied... Still, the general outline... is known. In particular, Islamic mathematicians fully developed the decimal place-value number system to include decimal fractions, systematised the study of algebra and began to consider the relationship between algebra and geometry, studied and made advances on the major Greek geometrical treatises of Euclid, Archimedes, and Apollonius, and made significant improvements in plane and spherical geometry."

An important role was played by the translation and study of Greek mathematics, which was the principal route of transmission of these texts to Western Europe. Smith notes that:

"the world owes a great debt to Arab scholars for preserving and transmitting to posterity the classics of Greek mathematics... their work was chiefly that of transmission, although they developed considerable ingenuity in algebra and showed some genius in their work in trigonometry."

There is some controversy as to the relative weight of transmission versus original work in the value of the medieval Islamic contribution.

History

Omar Khayyám

Omar Khayyám (c. 1038/48–1123/24) wrote the Treatise on Demonstration of Problems of Algebra containing the systematic solution of third-degree equations, going beyond the Algebra of al-Khwārizmī. Khayyám obtained the solutions of these equations by finding the intersection points of two conic sections. This method had been used by the Greeks, but they did not generalize the method to cover all equations with positive roots.

Major figures and developments

Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (c. 780 – c. 850)
'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk (fl. 830) (quadratics)
Thabit ibn Qurra (826–901)
Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam (c. 850 – 930) (irrationals)
Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (c. 940–1000) (centers of gravity)
Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi (952 – 953) (arithmetic)
'Abd al-'Aziz al-Qabisi
Abū al-Wafā' Būzjānī (940 – 998) (spherical trigonometry)
Al-Karaji (c. 953 – c. 1029) (algebra, induction)
Abu Nasr Mansur (c. 960 – 1036) (spherical trigonometry)
Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi (c. 980–1037) (irrationals)
Ibn al-Haytham (ca. 965–1040)
Abū al-Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī (973 – 1048) (trigonometry)
Al-Khayyam (1048 – 1131) (cubic equations, parallel postulate)
Ibn Yaḥyā al-Maghribī al-Samawʾal (c. 1130 – c. 1180)
Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (c. 1150 – 1215) (cubics)
Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī (1201 – 1274) (parallel postulate)
Jamshīd al-Kāshī (c. 1380 – 1429) (decimals)

Notes

Hogendijk 1999.
Katz 1993.
Smith 1958, Vol. 1, Chapter VII.4.
Struik 1987, p. 96.
Boyer 1991, pp. 241–242.
Struik 1987, p. 97.
Boyer & 19991, pp. 241–242. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBoyer19991 (help)

References

Boyer, Carl B. (1991). "Greek Trigonometry and Mensuration, and The Arabic Hegemony". A History of Mathematics (2nd ed.). New York City: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471543977. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Katz, Victor J. (1993). A History of Mathematics: An Introduction. HarperCollins college publishers. ISBN 0-673-38039-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help).
Ronan, Colin A. (1983). The Cambridge Illustrated History of the World's Science. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521258448. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Smith, David E. (1958). History of Mathematics. Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-20429-4. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
Struik, Dirk J. (1987). A Concise History of Mathematics (4th rev. ed.). Dover Publications. ISBN 0486602559. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

Hogendijk, Jan P. (January 1999). "Bibliography of Mathematics in Medieval Islamic Civilization". {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)CS1 maint: date and year (link)
O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F. (1999), "Arabic mathematics: forgotten brilliance?", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews

Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world

Mathematicians

9th century	'Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk Sanad ibn Ali al-Jawharī Al-Ḥajjāj ibn Yūsuf Al-Kindi Qusta ibn Luqa Al-Mahani al-Dinawari Banū Mūsā brothers Hunayn ibn Ishaq Al-Khwarizmi Yusuf al-Khuri Ishaq ibn Hunayn Na'im ibn Musa Thābit ibn Qurra al-Marwazi Abu Said Gorgani
10th century	Abu al-Wafa al-Khazin Al-Qabisi Abu Kamil Ahmad ibn Yusuf Aṣ-Ṣaidanānī Sinān ibn al-Fatḥ al-Khojandi Al-Nayrizi Al-Saghani Brethren of Purity Ibn Sahl Ibn Yunus al-Uqlidisi Al-Battani Sinan ibn Thabit Ibrahim ibn Sinan Al-Isfahani Nazif ibn Yumn al-Qūhī Abu al-Jud Al-Sijzi Al-Karaji al-Majriti al-Jabali
11th century	Abu Nasr Mansur Alhazen Kushyar Gilani Al-Biruni Ibn al-Samh Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi Avicenna al-Jayyānī al-Nasawī al-Zarqālī ibn Hud Al-Isfizari Omar Khayyam Muhammad al-Baghdadi
12th century	Jabir ibn Aflah Al-Kharaqī Al-Khazini Al-Samawal al-Maghribi al-Hassar Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi Ibn al-Yasamin
13th century	Ibn al‐Ha'im al‐Ishbili Ahmad al-Buni Ibn Munim Alam al-Din al-Hanafi Ibn Adlan al-Urdi Nasir al-Din al-Tusi al-Abhari Muhyi al-Din al-Maghribi al-Hasan al-Marrakushi Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi Ibn al-Banna' Kamāl al-Dīn al-Fārisī
14th century	Nizam al-Din al-Nisapuri Ibn al-Shatir Ibn al-Durayhim Al-Khalili al-Umawi
15th century	Ibn al-Majdi al-Rūmī al-Kāshī Ulugh Beg Ali Qushji al-Wafa'i al-Qalaṣādī Sibt al-Maridini Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi
16th century	Al-Birjandi Muhammad Baqir Yazdi Taqi ad-Din Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi

Mathematical
works

Concepts

Centers

Influences

Influenced

Categories:

Revision as of 22:43, 16 March 2011 editRuud Koot (talk \| contribs)31,416 edits →Omar Khayyám: png -> svg← Previous edit		Revision as of 23:04, 16 March 2011 edit undoGun Powder Ma (talk \| contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers16,796 edits the main contribution of Islam to France was piracy from Fraxinet, please name one notable Islamic scholar from medieval FranceNext edit →
Line 1:		Line 1:
	In the ], '''mathematics in medieval Islam''', often termed '''Islamic mathematics''' or '''Arabic mathematics''', covers the body of ] preserved and developed by the ] between circa 622 and 1600.{{sfn\|Hogendijk\|1999}} ] and mathematics flourished under the Islamic ] established across the Middle East, ], ], ], the ], and, at its peak, ~~parts of France and~~ ].		In the ], '''mathematics in medieval Islam''', often termed '''Islamic mathematics''' or '''Arabic mathematics''', covers the body of ] preserved and developed by the ] between circa 622 and 1600.{{sfn\|Hogendijk\|1999}} ] and mathematics flourished under the Islamic ] established across the Middle East, ], ], ], the ], and, at its peak, ].

	Katz, in ''A history of mathematics'' says that:{{sfn\|Katz\|1993}}		Katz, in ''A history of mathematics'' says that:{{sfn\|Katz\|1993}}

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