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| Two days after his arrest, a poll found that some 57% of the French public believed he was the "victim of a smear campaign".<ref name=FT>, ''Financial Times'', Paris, 18 May 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.eu/multimedia/data/sondages/data2011/opi20110516-les-premieres-consequences-politiques-de-l-affaire-dsk.pdf |title=Les premières conséquences politiques de l'affaire DSK |format=pfd |page=3 |publisher=Sondage exclusif CSA |accessdate=20 may 2011}}</ref> '']'' commented that the poll was a violation of the ], which protects the rights of a person under investigation, calling the conspiracy theories a sign of a "democracy in regression".<ref>{{cite web|title=Strauss-Kahn Conspiracy Theories And The State Of French Democracy|url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/strauss-kahn-conspiracy-theories-and-state-french-democracy/3119|work=Le Monde|publisher=WordCrunch|accessdate=24 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Théorie du complot et régression démocratique|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/05/19/theorie-du-complot-et-regression-democratique_1524341_3232.html|accessdate=24 May 2011|newspaper=Le Monde|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> | Two days after his arrest, a poll found that some 57% of the French public believed he was the "victim of a smear campaign".<ref name=FT>, ''Financial Times'', Paris, 18 May 2011</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.csa.eu/multimedia/data/sondages/data2011/opi20110516-les-premieres-consequences-politiques-de-l-affaire-dsk.pdf |title=Les premières conséquences politiques de l'affaire DSK |format=pfd |page=3 |publisher=Sondage exclusif CSA |accessdate=20 may 2011}}</ref> '']'' commented that the poll was a violation of the ], which protects the rights of a person under investigation, calling the conspiracy theories a sign of a "democracy in regression".<ref>{{cite web|title=Strauss-Kahn Conspiracy Theories And The State Of French Democracy|url=http://www.worldcrunch.com/strauss-kahn-conspiracy-theories-and-state-french-democracy/3119|work=Le Monde|publisher=WordCrunch|accessdate=24 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Théorie du complot et régression démocratique|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/05/19/theorie-du-complot-et-regression-democratique_1524341_3232.html|accessdate=24 May 2011|newspaper=Le Monde|date=19 May 2011}}</ref> | ||
| ===By feminists and anti-sexists=== | |||
| French and American ] associations declared " as Strauss-Kahn is to be presumed innocent until his guilt has been established, his accuser is entitled to respect and her word should not be in doubt until proven otherwise".<ref> {{en}} {{fr}} , the association's website Dare feminism. </ref> A number of groups have subsequently denounced sexual violence against women and "the daily surge of misogynistic remarks by public figures, widely broadcast on our televisions, radios, in the workplace and on social networks."<ref>{{cite news|last=Warner|first=Judith|title=Cherchez les Femmes|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2074070,00.html|accessdate=27 May 2011|newspaper=Time magazine|date=26 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Women angered by IMF coverage|url=http://www.smh.com.au/world/women-angered-by-imf-coverage-20110522-1eyzh.html|accessdate=27 May 2011|newspaper=Sydney Morning Herald|date=23 May 2011}}</ref> ] expressed support for the campaign on her official website.<ref name=first-lady/> | |||
| More than 25,000 people, including TV hosts ] and ], comedian and actress ], journalist and writer ], ] (former socialist, leader of the ]), and ] (French politician, member of the ]), signed a petition started by French feminist groups. These groups included ''Osez le féminisme!'' ("Dare to be Feminist!"), ''La Barbe'' (French pun, "The Beard" but also "Enough!") and ''Paroles de Femmes'' ('"Women's Words"). The petition, entitled "Feminists Demand Freedom from Sexual Assault and Harassment", commenced: "We don't know what happened in New York last Saturday, but we do know what happened in France in the last week."<ref>{{cite news|last=Warner|first=Judith|title=Cherchez les Femmes|url=http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2074070,00.html|accessdate=1 June 2011|newspaper=]|date=26 May 2011}}</ref> | |||
| On May 22 in Paris, a group of several hundred men and women protested against what they called the "unabashed ]" of politicians and commentators who sprang to Strauss-Kahn's defence following his arrest. Some held signs stating: "We are all chambermaids."<ref name=first-lady>http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/frances-first-lady-backs-campaign-against-sexist-response-to-imf-chief-case/2011/05/26/AGNLYxBH_story.html</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Faure|first=Estelle|title=Contre le sexisme : « Nous sommes tous des domestiques »|url=http://www.rue89.com/2011/05/23/contre-le-sexisme-nous-sommes-tous-des-domestiques-205316|publisher=Rue89|accessdate=25 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sexisme : ils se lâchent, les femmes trinquent|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2011/05/21/sexisme-ils-se-lachent-les-femmes-trinquent_1525179_3232.html|publisher=]|accessdate=25 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lichfield|first=John|title=Feminists' anger at chauvinism of Strauss-Kahn affair|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/feminists-anger-at-chauvinism-of-strausskahn-affair-2287820.html|accessdate=27 May 2011|newspaper=Independent|date=23 May 2011}}</ref> | |||
| == American reaction == | == American reaction == | ||
Revision as of 23:56, 1 June 2011
The Dominique Strauss-Kahn sexual assault case involves the ongoing criminal prosecution of Dominique Strauss-Kahn in the United States for the alleged sexual assault and attempted rape of a housekeeper at the Sofitel New York Hotel on May 14, 2011. He has denied all allegations.
At the time of the alleged attack, Strauss-Kahn was the head of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and considered to be a leading candidate for the 2012 French Presidency. As a result of the allegations, he resigned from his IMF post. He said that he intends to devote his time and energy to proving his innocence.
Writing in the Asia Times Online, Francesco Sisci, director of the Italian Institute of Culture in Beijing, remarked the chambermaid's accusations have perhaps "changed the course of European and global history." Writing for Reuters, Paul Taylor stated that Strauss-Kahn's departure from the IMF "could hardly have come at a worse time for the European Union as it struggles with a deepening debt crisis and a spreading wave of angry nationalism". The Economist added that Strauss-Kahn's early departure from the IMF had thrown their succession-planning into disarray and had made the choice of his replacement "more urgent and more complicated."
On May 19, Strauss-Kahn was indicted by a grand jury to stand trial on all seven criminal charges filed and could face up to 25 years in prison on the most serious charge, if convicted. After posting $1 million for bail he was placed under house arrest. The next court hearing is scheduled for June 6, 2011.
Alleged attack and arrest
On May 14, 2011, Strauss-Kahn was arrested in connection with alleged sexual assaults on a housekeeper at the Sofitel New York Hotel in Manhattan earlier that day. After calling the hotel asking to have them bring his missing cell phone to the airport, he was met by police and taken from his Paris-bound flight at New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport minutes before takeoff and was later charged on several counts of sexual assault plus unlawful imprisonment. Strauss-Kahn is accused of having forced the housekeeper to submit to anal sex and to perform oral sex on him; as well as attempting to force her to have intercourse with him. Strauss-Kahn was held at a police precinct prior to his initial court appearance.
On May 16, Strauss-Kahn appeared in New York City Criminal Court before Judge Melissa Carow Jackson. A prosecutor said that the housekeeper had provided a detailed account of the alleged assault, had picked Strauss-Kahn out of a lineup, and that DNA evidence recovered at the site was being tested. Strauss-Kahn, who had earlier agreed to a forensic examination, entered a plea of not guilty to the seven criminal counts. After an initial defense request for $1 million bail had been rejected due to concerns of his being a flight risk, he was remanded to jail.
Indictment and pre-trial
On May 19, 2011, Strauss-Kahn was indicted by a Manhattan grand jury on seven criminal counts, two of which are first-degree criminal sexual acts, a class B violent felony. These two counts are punishable by a sentence of up to 25 years in prison.
After a legal review, the U.S. State Department determined that Strauss-Kahn does not have diplomatic immunity. He has hired New York lawyer Benjamin Brafman as his defense attorney. He is also reportedly seeking public relations advice from a Washington-based consulting firm.
At the same hearing, New York Supreme Court Judge, Michael Obus, set bail at $1 million cash-bail, with 24-hour per day home detention and electronic monitoring. After Strauss-Kahn turned over his passport and posted an additional $5 million bail bond, he was placed under house arrest on May 20, 2011.
Strauss-Kahn's release was delayed until May 20, after residents of the apartment building where he intended to live registered a complaint. He moved first to an apartment maintained by the security guard company contracted to monitor him and then, on May 25, to a four-bedroom brick town house in the Tribeca neighborhood of Lower Manhattan.
Brafman stated in the initial bail application that "The forensic evidence, we believe, are not consistent with forcible encounter" and following his statement there has been a consensus among legal analysts that the defense will argue consensual sex occurred.
The alleged victim has obtained the representation of Norman Siegel, former director of the New York Civil Liberties Union, Kenneth P. Thompson, former Assistant U.S. Attorney, in addition to Jeffrey Shapiro as legal counsel in anticipation of an attack on her reputation and credibility.
French reaction
Strauss-Kahn's wife, Anne Sinclair, was in Paris when he was arrested. The following day she issued a statement backing her husband, before flying to Manhattan where she stood surety for his $1 million bail. In response to questions, Sinclair stated, "I don’t believe for a single second the accusations of sexual assault by my husband." Despite these "new strains" in their 20-year marriage, friends of the couple said their relationship remained strong, and that the allegations were unlikely to separate them. The second of his two previous wives, Brigitte Guillemette, said it was "unthinkable and impossible that he would have raped a chambermaid."
Marine Le Pen, leader of the Front National, described Strauss-Kahn as un harceleur quasi-pathologique ("a near-pathological harasser") and lambasted both the ruling UMP and Socialist parties for ignoring his flaws. Bernard Debré, a UMP member of the National Assembly of France, remarked that the behaviour of Dominique Strauss Kahn were "a humiliation for France abroad and for French politics."
French condemnation of public display
Many notable politicians in France, along with the general public, strongly criticized the U.S. media for its handling of Strauss-Kahn after the event. According to Hugh Schofield of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), images of his post-arrest perp walk by newspapers and television "provoked a national trauma in France far deeper than anyone could have imagined" and " reawakened an anti-Americanism that is latent in many French souls. ... such humiliating pictures would never be taken in France - indeed the law bans 'degrading' photographs of prisoners awaiting trial."
Former French justice minister Élisabeth Guigou claimed that the media's images of Strauss-Kahn at the police station the morning after his arrest were an expression of "unheard-of brutality, cruelty and violence". Strauss-Kahn's socialist friends were "unanimous in their condemnation of the way Strauss-Kahn has been treated in the U.S.". Jack Lang, a former Minister of Culture and Minister of Education, said he couldn't understand why Strauss-Kahn had been refused bail since "no-one had died" and described the published images of Strauss-Kahn as a "lynching". Lang afterwards apologized, as did journalist and essayist Jean-François Kahn, who had initially characterized the allegations as just a "troussage de domestique" ("lifting a servant's skirt").
Conspiracy speculations
Immediately following the arrest, there was speculation by the media that Strauss-Kahn might have been the victim of a setup. In an interview with Libération on April 28, 2011, Strauss-Kahn himself had stated that he was "worried his political opponent, Nicolas Sarkozy, would try to frame him with a fake rape ...". Paris politician and noted advocate of gender equality Michèle Sabban said she was convinced there was an international plot to frame him. Strauss-Kahn's political opponents also expressed doubts: Henri de Raincourt, a minister from the ruling UMP party, stated, "one cannot exclude thinking about a setup."
Two weeks after the arrest, Russian prime minister Vladimir Putin became the first world leader publicly to express doubts about the allegations. Answering journalists' questions on May 27, Putin said "I find it difficult to assess the political background, and I do not even want to touch upon that subject, but I cannot believe that everything is as it seems and the way it was initially presented."
Two days after his arrest, a poll found that some 57% of the French public believed he was the "victim of a smear campaign". Le Monde commented that the poll was a violation of the law Guigou, which protects the rights of a person under investigation, calling the conspiracy theories a sign of a "democracy in regression".
American reaction
The case has generated intense interest in the American media. On May 16, CBS News declared that a media circus had begun because the case involved three elements of viewer interest: sex, politics, and money.
Referring to the French philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy's defense of his friend Strauss-Kahn in the Daily Beast, the American feminist Katha Pollitt remarked in The Nation," ... let's not forget Bernard-Henri Lévy, whose pretentious drivel has to be the worst thing you've exported to us since pizza-flavored La Vache Qui Rit. Lévy can’t get over the way the New York justice system is treating his friend: 'I hold it against the American judge who, by delivering him to the crowd of photo hounds, pretended to take him for a subject of justice like any other.'"
New York mayor Michael Bloomberg defended Strauss-Kahn's perp walk with the observation "I think it is humiliating, but if you don't want to do the perp walk, don't do the crime." Commenting on his remark, the New York novelist Jay McInerney observed, "The mayor seems to have forgotten about the presumption of innocence, but his statement probably reflects the attitude of his constituents pretty accurately. New York's a tough place. Deal with it."
The American-born British journalist Janet Daley remarked that the uproar in the French media over Strauss-Kahn's treatment missed the point about America's robustly open society:"The US does not like secrets. Its political culture takes as a basic premise that nothing should take place out of the public view except the most critical life-or-death security matters. Unlike Britain, it has no sub judice laws which ban the open discussion of criminal trials before they are resolved. Its libel legislation is – by British standards – minimal. And it certainly has no privacy law of the kind that has protected the great and powerful in France for generations."
Slate.fr was criticized for identifying the victim by name. In the United States, the media common practice has been not to identify by name persons making an accusation of rape.
Resignation and impact
As a result of the allegations, and after being pressured by leading economic officials, Strauss-Kahn resigned from his position as head of the International Monetary Fund on May 18, 2011. In his letter of resignation he denied "with the greatest possible firmness" the allegations, saying that his resignation was to protect the institution.
Economic
His sudden resignation has led the IMF to search for a replacement, along with creating new political concerns. According to the Washington Post, "Without Strauss-Kahn at the helm, Europe is at risk of losing a key source of financial support in its efforts to contain the debt crisis buffeting the continent", including potential financial bailouts for nations such as Greece and Portugal. U.S. economist Joseph Stiglitz agrees, stressing that because Strauss-Kahn was "an impressive leader of the IMF and re-established the credibility of the institution," the choice of his replacement is important, otherwise "the gains of the institution could easily be lost."
According to The Economist, before Strauss-Kahn became head of the IMF, the fund's relevance to global finance was in question. However, his early endorsement of fiscal stimulus for the Eurozone during its financial crisis was accepted and acted upon, with new contributions to the fund being tripled in size. "The Greeks trusted him", writes The Economist, and he was "one of the few non-German policymakers to have had influence over Angela Merkel." "Whatever his personal failings, was an outstanding head of the IMF." In addition, he championed the need to protect poor countries from the effects of fiscal austerity, helping the IMF become "kinder and gentler" to less developed countries. As a result of his arrest, the IMF is in "turmoil," and the choice of his replacement has become "more urgent and more complicated."
Political
Though he had not officially declared his candidacy, Strauss-Kahn had been expected to be a leading candidate for the 2012 French Presidency under the Socialist Party. Preliminary polling suggested he was favored to defeat the incumbent, Nicolas Sarkozy, but Strauss-Kahn's arrest has left the French Socialist Party unsure of how to proceed. The Economist comments that he was "the candidate with the greatest chance of bringing the Palaeolithic French Socialists into the modern age."
Francesco Sisci, director of the Institute of Italian Culture in Beijing, remarked in Asia Times Online that if Strauss-Kahn were to become France's president, "he could bank on his experience and lead not only France but also Europe. He could also rely on the US's trust, gained at the IMF and before, that he would not turn the European Union into an anti-American stronghold."
References
- ^ "Sex Charges Prompt IMF Resignation", Voice of America, May 19, 2011 (includes 3 minute video)
- ^ Sisci, Francesco (May 26, 2011). "China syndrome and Strauss-Kahn's fate". Asia Times.
- "Analysis: Europe misses Strauss-Kahn in its hour of need", Reuters, May 30, 2011
- ^ "The downfall of DSK", The Economist, May 19, 2011
- ^ "Strauss-Kahn indicted by grand jury, is granted $1 million cash bond", Christian Science Monitor, May 19, 2011.
- "Ex-IMF head leaves TriBeCa house for doctor's appointment". AP via New York Post. 2011-05-27.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|acceesdate=ignored (help) - http://abcnews.go.com/US/dominque-strauss-kahns-accuser-inconsolable-alleged-attack/story?id=13621783
- http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/05/19/UPI-NewsTrack-TopNews/UPI-39851305856941/#ixzz1MrC9CTvm
- "IMF chief arrested in alleged sex assault, police tell AP", Washington Post, May 14, 2011
- "Judge Jails IMF Chief In Sexual-Assault Case". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
- "City of New York Against Dominique Strauss-Kahn". The New York Times. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 19 May 2011.
- Mann, Camille (2011-05-16). "IMF Director Dominique Strauss-Kahn pleads not guilty to sexually assaulting housekeeper". CBS. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
- "Dominique Strauss-Kahn Indicted on Seven Counts", ABC News, May 19, 2011, webpage: ABC402.
- Sebastian Smith (May 16, 2011). "IMF chief denied bail over alleged sex assault". Yahoo News.
- Sheridan, Mary Beth (2011-05-17). "IMF chief will note(sic) get diplomatic immunity, State Dept. says". Washington Post. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
- "IMF chief charged with New York sex assault, all of France stunned", Vancouver Sun, May 15, 2011
- "Dominique Strauss-Kahn Defense Team Seeks Advice From Firm Run By Former CIA Officers", The Huffington Post, US, May 20, 2011
- "Dominique Strauss-Kahn: former IMF head bailed", Telegraph, UK, May 19, 2011
- Former IMF chief released from jail
- Barron, James (2011-05-20). "Strauss-Kahn Is Released From Jail". New York Times. Retrieved 2011-05-24.
- "Sources Say DNA Matches Strauss-Kahn; Downtown Apartment Becomes Tourist Attraction". 2011-05-23. Retrieved 2011-05-24.(with audio link)
- Former IMF Chief Moves to New Housing in NYC
- Eligon, John (2011-05-25). "Strauss-Kahn Finds a New Home". New York Times.
- Ngo, Emily (2011-05-16). "IMF chief deemed flight risk, his lawyers dispute evidence". AMNY. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
- ^ Ax, Joseph (2011-05-18). "Strauss-Kahn may attempt a consensual sex defense". Reuters. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
- Freifeld, Karen (2011-05-25). "Strauss-Kahn Evidence of Forced Sex Would Undercut Consent Claim". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
- "Dominique Strauss-Kahn DNA 'linked to maid'". BBC News. 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
- "Strauss-Kahn, Madoff, BofA, Morgan Stanley in Court News". Bloomberg. 2011-05-27.
- ^ "Backing Her Man With Impressive Resources", New York Times, May 21, 2011
- "Ex-IMF chief's sturdy marriage enduring new strain", Associated Press (AP), May 23, 2011
- "Dominique Strauss-Kahn: second wife says New York sex attack 'unthinkable'", The Telegraph, May 17, 2011
- Parussini, Gabriele (19 May 2011). "FN's Le Pen: 'Harasser' Strauss-Kahn's Fall Expected". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
- "IMF chief's arrest rocks French presidential race". Associated Press. Retrieved 23 May 2011.
- "Pour Bernard Debré, DSK est un 'délinquant sexuel'", Le Figaro, May, 16, 2011.
- ^ Schofield, Hugh. "A national trauma: France, Strauss-Kahn and US justice". BBC News. BBC.
- Brogan, Benedict (17 May 2011). "Why the image of DSK in cuffs shocks France". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
- ^ Levy, Bernard-Henri. "Stop the Attack Dogs on Strauss-Kahn and Protect the Indicted". Daily Beast. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
- Davies, Lizzy (21 May 2011). "How Dominique Strauss-Kahn's arrest awoke a dormant anger in the heart of France's women". The Observer. Retrieved 21 May 2011.
- Midi Libre, 20 mai 2011
- Lichfield, John (23 May 2011). "Feminists' anger at chauvinism of Strauss-Kahn affair". Independent. Retrieved 27 May 2011.
- "Dominique Strauss-Kahn: minister doesn't rule out 'set up'". The Daily Telegraph. 1 November 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
- ^ "Dominique Strauss-Kahn: Was it a stitch-up?". The Daily Telegraph. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 16 May 2011.
- Guiral, Antoine (17 May 2011). "«Oui, j'aime les femmes, et alors?»". Libération. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
- Drennen, Kyle. "NBC Sympathizes With Disgraced IMF Chief, Promotes Conspiracy Theory He Was 'Set Up'", Wall Street Journal, 18 May 2011.
- "Путин выразил сомнение в виновности Стросс-Кана". polit.ru. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- Osborn, Andrew (in Moscow) "Vladimir Putin hints at Dominique Strauss-Kahn conspiracy", The Telegraph, U.K., May 29, 2011
- "French suspect smear campaign lies behind NY arrest", Financial Times, Paris, 18 May 2011
- "Les premières conséquences politiques de l'affaire DSK" (pfd). Sondage exclusif CSA. p. 3. Retrieved 20 may 2011.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help) - "Strauss-Kahn Conspiracy Theories And The State Of French Democracy". Le Monde. WordCrunch. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
- "Théorie du complot et régression démocratique". Le Monde. 19 May 2011. Retrieved 24 May 2011.
- Miller, Michelle (2011-05-16). "The Strauss-Kahn media circus begins". CBS News. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
- Lévy, Bernard-Henri. "Stop the Attack Dogs on Strauss-Kahn and Protect the Indicted". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- Pollitt, Katha (25 May 2011). "Dear France, We're So Over". The Nation. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- "Dominique Strauss-Kahn: Michael Bloomberg defends 'perp walk'". The Telegraph. 18 May 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- Doggart, Sebastian. "Do the 'perp walk' yourself, Mayor Bloomberg". MyTelegraph blogs. The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- McInerney, Jay (21 May 2011). "The rich and powerful in handcuffs: one of the great sights of New York". The Independent. Retrieved 1 June 2001.
- Daley, Janet (17 May 2011). "The French attitude to sex crime would shock the US". The Telegraph. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
- Tenore, Mallary Jean (2011-05-19). "Slate/France editor shares reason for publishing name of alleged rape victim in Strauss-Kahn case". Poynter Institute. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
- Hackney, Susan (2010). "Interviewing Rape and Sexual Assault Victims". Covering Crime and Justice. Retrieved 2011-05-26.
- "Dominique Strauss-Kahn resigns as head of IMF" Washington Post, May 18, 2011
- "Joseph Stiglitz: the IMF cannot afford to make a mistake with Strauss-Kahn's successor", The Telegraph, May 21, 2011
- ^ "Damned", The Economist, May 19, 2011
- Aude Lagorce and Polya Lesova (2011-05-16). "Strauss-Kahn arrest shakes French politics". MarketWatch.
- ^ Thibault LIEURADE (2011-05-17). "Strauss-Kahn affair throws Socialists into disarray". France 24.
- "Strauss-Kahn's Lead Narrows Ahead Of '12 French Pres Election-Poll". Wall Street Journal. 2011-02-24.
- Lisa Bryant (2011-05-20). "IMF Chief Scandal Throws French Elections A Curveball". Voice of America.
External links
- "Interactive diagram of Hotel". New York Times. 2011-05-22. Retrieved 2011-05-26.