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| * (University of Texas) | * (University of Texas) | ||
| * (based on the ''IEW'' and including laryngeal-based reconstructions, but only as alternative lemmas with cross references to the pre-laryngeal ones) | * (based on the ''IEW'' and including laryngeal-based reconstructions, but only as alternative lemmas with cross references to the pre-laryngeal ones) | ||
| *A (''LIN'', "Lexicon of the Indo-European Nouns") was intended, but the project has been cancelled due to cutting of funds. | *A (''LIN'', "Lexicon of the Indo-European Nouns") was intended, but the project has been cancelled due to cutting of funds. The book was eventually published anyway, but only including a limited selection of roots. | ||
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Revision as of 19:17, 20 August 2011
 LIV, 2 edition | |
| Author | Helmut Rix, Martin Kümmel et al. |
|---|---|
| Language | German |
| Subject | Proto-Indo-European verb |
| Publisher | Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag |
| Publication date | 1998, 2001 |
| Publication place | Germany |
| Pages | 754 (1 edition), 823 (2 edition) |
| ISBN | 3-89500-219-4 |
| OCLC | 47295102 |
| Dewey Decimal | 415/.03 21 |
| LC Class | P572 .L58 2001 |
The Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (LIV, "Lexicon of the Indo-European Verbs") is an etymological dictionary of the Proto-Indo-European verb. The first edition appeared in 1998, edited by Helmut Rix. A second edition followed in 2001. The book is based on the Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (IEW) by Julius Pokorny. It was the first dictionary of Indo-European roots with reconstructions fully utilizing the advances made from laryngeal theory.
The LIV's hypothesis about aspect
The authors of the LIV assume a dichotomy between telic verbs (terminated: for example, *leh₂p- "to light up") and atelic verbs (ongoing: for example, *bʰeh₂- "to shine") in early stages of Proto-Indo-European. Before the daughter languages split off, aspect emerged as a new grammatical category.
Telic verbs were interpreted as aorist forms, and the missing present was formed with various suffixes (for example, *leh₂p-: *l̥h₂p-sḱé-) and the nasal infix (*l̥h₂-né-p-), all of which are supposed to come from old grammatical forms of uncertain meaning.
Atelic verbs were interpreted as present forms, and the missing aorist was formed with the suffix -s-, yielding the sigmatic aorist.
This hypothesis is used to explain various phenomena:
- Some verbs in Indo-European languages form root presents (Latin Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "I pull, I lead", from PIE *deuk-, *duk-) and derived sigmatic aorists (perfect forms in Latin: Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "I have pulled, I have led", pronounced dūksī, from *déuk-s-).
- Other verbs form root aorists (Latin Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "I have won", pronounced vīkī, from *weik-, *wik-) and derived present forms ( Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "I win", from *wi-n-k-, with nasal infix).
- For many PIE verbs, various present forms can be reconstructed without discernible differences in meaning (like *l̥h₂-né-p- and *l̥h₂p-sḱé- above, both forms have attested reflexes in IE languages: Greek Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "I shine" and Proto-Celtic Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "to shine, burn" > Scottish Gaelic Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) "to burn", respectively).
In addition to the present and the aorist, the following aspects are assumed:
- Perfect
- Causative-Iterative
- Desiderative
- Intensive (repetition)
- Fientive (onset of a new state)
- Essive (persistent state)
Lemmata
The lexical part contains for each verbal root
- the conjectured meaning,
- reconstructed stems with their reflexes in the daughter languages,
- extensive footnotes (with references, remarks on alternative and dubious reconstructions, etc.),
- the page number of the corresponding IEW entry.
Indices
The book includes
- a regressive root index,
- an index of reconstructed primary stems, sorted by aspect and formation rule,
- an index of reflexes in the daughter languages, sorted by language.
Reception and criticism
- Seebold claims insufficient evidence for roots reconstructed from a single daughter language. Helmut Rix insists in the preface to the second edition that the assessment of the evidence should be left to the reader.
- Seebold also criticises some of the conjectured meanings. Rix calls this criticism basically legitimate.
- Meier-Brügger tentatively calls the LIV's aspect hypothesis adequate and capable of consensus ("adäquat und konsensfähig"), without agreeing on all of the details of the analysis.
- Fortson calls the LIV "ery useful and up-to-date — though in various places controversial", but does not elaborate on the controversial places.
- Ringe states that the theories in Rix (what he terms the "Cowgill-Rix verb") largely reflect current consensus, but implies that some of his phonological reconstructions may go beyond the consensus (in terms of being insufficiently "conservative").
See also
Other PIE dictionaries and grammars
- Grundriß der vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen Sprachen (published 1886-1916 by Karl Brugmann and Berthold Delbrück)
- Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (IEW, first published 1956 by Julius Pokorny), with reconstructions pre-dating larnygeal theory
- Indo-European Etymological Dictionary, an ongoing project based in Leiden, intended to result in the publication of a comprehensive Indo-European etymological dictionary
References
- Seebold, E (1999). IF (104): pp. 287-295.
- Rix, H. Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (2 ed.). p. 34.
- Rix, H. Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben (2 ed.). p. 35.
- Meier-Brügger, Michael. Indogermanische Sprachwissenschaft (7 ed.). p. F103.
- Fortson, BW (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell. p. 99.
- Ringe, Don (2006). From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-955229-0.
External links
- Pokorny PIE Data (University of Texas)
- Indogermanisches Wörterbuch by Gerhard Köbler (based on the IEW and including laryngeal-based reconstructions, but only as alternative lemmas with cross references to the pre-laryngeal ones)
- A Lexikon der indogermanischen Nomina (LIN, "Lexicon of the Indo-European Nouns") was intended, but the project has been cancelled due to cutting of funds. The book was eventually published anyway, but only including a limited selection of roots.