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This is a '''list of Universities''' of the ] which have been operating continuously since their founding. This is a '''list of ]s''', Islamic religious ] in the ], which have been operating continuously since their founding.


==Universities before 1500== ==Madrasahs before 1500==
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! Year !! Current Location !! Name !! Other notes ! Year !! Current Location !! Name !! Other notes
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| 859 || {{Flag icon|Morocco}} ], ] || ''']''' || Founded by ], originally as a ]. In addition to a place for worship, the mosque soon developed into a place for religious instruction and political discussion, gradually extending its education to a broad range of subjects, particularly the ]. Al-Karaouine played, in medieval times, a leading role in the cultural exchange and transfer of knowledge between Muslims and Europeans. Pioneer scholars such as ] (Maimonides), (1135–1204), ] (d.1166 AD), ] (1165-1240 AD), ] (1332-1395 AD), ], ] (Alpetragius), ], and ] were all connected with the university either as students or lecturers. Among Christian scholars visiting Al-Karaouine were the Belgian ] and the Dutchman ]. Among the subjects taught, alongside the Qur'an and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), are grammar, rhetoric, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, history, geography and music. It is considered the oldest university in the world by some scholars,<ref>{{cite book |last=Esposito |first=John |authorlink=John L. Esposito |coauthors= |editor= |others= |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Islam |origdate= |origyear= |origmonth= |url= |format= |accessdate= |edition= |series= |date= |year=2003 |month= |publisher=Oxford University Press |location= |language= |isbn=0-1951-2559-2 |oclc= |doi= |id= |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote=|page=328 }}</ref><ref> | 859 || {{Flag icon|Morocco}} ], ] || ''']''' || Founded by ], originally as a ]. In addition to a place for worship, the mosque soon developed into a place for religious instruction and political discussion, gradually extending its education to a broad range of subjects, particularly the ]. Al-Karaouine played, in medieval times, a leading role in the cultural exchange and transfer of knowledge between Muslims and Europeans. Pioneer scholars such as ] (Maimonides), (1135–1204), ] (d.1166 AD), ] (1165-1240 AD), ] (1332-1395 AD), ], ] (Alpetragius), ], and ] were all connected with the university either as students or lecturers. Among Christian scholars visiting Al-Karaouine were the Belgian ] and the Dutchman ]. Among the subjects taught, alongside the Qur'an and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), are grammar, rhetoric, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, history, geography and music. However, only a degree in Islamic religious law, the ], was ever granted, which is true for any madrasah.<ref>{{citation|last=Makdisi|first=George|title=Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West|journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society|volume=109|issue=2|date=April–June 1989|pages=175–182 |doi=10.2307/604423}}: {{quote|There was no other doctorate in any other field, no license to teach a field, except that of the religious law. To obtain a doctorate, one had to study in a guild school of law.}}</ref> This madrasah is considered the oldest continuously-operating degree-granting madrasah in the world.<ref>The Guinness Book Of Records, Published 1998, ISBN 0-553-57895-2, p. 242</ref>
Kettani, M. Ali. ''Engineering Education in the Arab World''. Middle East Journal, 1974, 28(4):441.</ref> and the oldest continuously-operating degree-granting institution in the world by the ],<ref>The Guinness Book Of Records, Published 1998, ISBN 0-553-57895-2, p. 242</ref> although some dispute this claim.<ref>Some sources claim that ] is the oldest in the world.
*{{cite book | title=| author=Paul L. Gaston | year=2010 | pages=18 | isbn=1579223664}}</ref>
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| 970-972 || {{Flag icon|Egypt}} ], ] || ''']''' || Founded by the ] dynasty of Egypt, this university served as a center for ] and Sunni Islamic learning. The college (Jami'ah) had faculties in ] and ], ], ], ], and ]. The Al-Azhar is considered by some as the world’s second oldest surviving degree-granting institute.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} In 1961 it became a ] when many modern secular faculties were added, such as medicine, engineering and agriculture. | 970-972 || {{Flag icon|Egypt}} ], ] || ''']''' || Founded by the ] dynasty of Egypt, this madrasa served as a center for ] and Sunni Islamic learning.The ] calls it at most a "religious university", but more often a ] and center of higher learning.<ref>Jomier, J. "al- Azhar (al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Azhar)." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20 March 2010: {{quote|This great mosque, the 'brilliant one'...is one of the principal mosques of present-day Cairo. This seat of learning...regained all its activity—Sunnī from now on—during the reign of Sultan Baybars...Al-Azhar at the beginning of the 19th century could well have been called a religious university; what it was not was a complete university giving instruction in those modern disciplines essential to the awakening of the country.}}</ref> The transition to an actual university took place in the 1950s, a development termed as "from madrasa to university".<ref>Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob. "al-Azhar, modern period." Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20 March 2010: {{quote|Al-Azhar, the historic centre of higher Islamic learning in Cairo, has undergone significant change since the late 19th century, with new regulations and reforms resulting in an expanded role for the university. 1. From madrasa to university}}</ref> The college (Jami'ah) had faculties in ] and ], ], ], ], and ].This madrasah is considered by some the world’s second oldest surviving degree-granting institute.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Its foundation as a university dates to 1961 when many modern secular faculties were added, such as medicine, engineering and agriculture.
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| 1065 || {{Flag icon|Iran}} ], ] || ''']''' || Nizamiyya: This series of universities was established by ] in the eleventh century in what is now present-day Iran. The most celebrated of all the Nizamiyya schools is Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad, established in 1065 in Dhu’l Qa’da and that remains operational in Isfahan. But, this was just one of many Nizamiyyah schools — others were located in Nishapur, Amul, Mosul, Herat, Damascus, and Basra. The Nizamiyya schools served as a model for future universities in the region, and al-Mulk often is seen as responsible for a new era of brilliance which caused his schools to eclipse all other contemporary learning institutions. | 1065 || {{Flag icon|Iran}} ], ] || ''']''' || Nizamiyya: This series of universities was established by ] in the eleventh century in what is now present-day Iran. The most celebrated of all the Nizamiyya schools is Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad, established in 1065 in Dhu’l Qa’da and that remains operational in Isfahan. But, this was just one of many Nizamiyyah schools — others were located in Nishapur, Amul, Mosul, Herat, Damascus, and Basra. The Nizamiyya schools served as a model for future universities in the region, and al-Mulk often is seen as responsible for a new era of brilliance which caused his schools to eclipse all other contemporary learning institutions.
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Revision as of 14:05, 6 February 2012

This is a list of madrasahs, Islamic religious educational institutions in the Muslim world, which have been operating continuously since their founding.

Madrasahs before 1500

Year Current Location Name Other notes
859 Morocco Fes, Morocco University of Al-Karaouine Founded by Fatima al-Fihri, originally as a mosque. In addition to a place for worship, the mosque soon developed into a place for religious instruction and political discussion, gradually extending its education to a broad range of subjects, particularly the natural sciences. Al-Karaouine played, in medieval times, a leading role in the cultural exchange and transfer of knowledge between Muslims and Europeans. Pioneer scholars such as Ibn Maimun (Maimonides), (1135–1204), Al-Idrissi (d.1166 AD), Ibn al-Arabi (1165-1240 AD), Ibn Khaldun (1332-1395 AD), Ibn al-Khatib, Al-Bitruji (Alpetragius), Ibn Hirzihim, and Al-Wazzan were all connected with the university either as students or lecturers. Among Christian scholars visiting Al-Karaouine were the Belgian Nicolas Cleynaerts and the Dutchman Golius. Among the subjects taught, alongside the Qur'an and Fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence), are grammar, rhetoric, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry, history, geography and music. However, only a degree in Islamic religious law, the Sharia, was ever granted, which is true for any madrasah. This madrasah is considered the oldest continuously-operating degree-granting madrasah in the world.
970-972 Egypt Cairo, Egypt Al-Azhar University Founded by the Fatimid dynasty of Egypt, this madrasa served as a center for Arabic literature and Sunni Islamic learning.The Encyclopedia of Islam calls it at most a "religious university", but more often a madrasa and center of higher learning. The transition to an actual university took place in the 1950s, a development termed as "from madrasa to university". The college (Jami'ah) had faculties in Islamic law and jurisprudence, Arabic grammar, Islamic astronomy, Islamic philosophy, and logic.This madrasah is considered by some the world’s second oldest surviving degree-granting institute. Its foundation as a university dates to 1961 when many modern secular faculties were added, such as medicine, engineering and agriculture.
1065 Iran Isfahan, Iran Nizamiyya Nizamiyya: This series of universities was established by Khwaja Nizam al-Mulk in the eleventh century in what is now present-day Iran. The most celebrated of all the Nizamiyya schools is Al-Nizamiyya of Baghdad, established in 1065 in Dhu’l Qa’da and that remains operational in Isfahan. But, this was just one of many Nizamiyyah schools — others were located in Nishapur, Amul, Mosul, Herat, Damascus, and Basra. The Nizamiyya schools served as a model for future universities in the region, and al-Mulk often is seen as responsible for a new era of brilliance which caused his schools to eclipse all other contemporary learning institutions.

References and notes

  1. Makdisi, George (April–June 1989), "Scholasticism and Humanism in Classical Islam and the Christian West", Journal of the American Oriental Society, 109 (2): 175–182 , doi:10.2307/604423:

    There was no other doctorate in any other field, no license to teach a field, except that of the religious law. To obtain a doctorate, one had to study in a guild school of law.

  2. The Guinness Book Of Records, Published 1998, ISBN 0-553-57895-2, p. 242
  3. Jomier, J. "al- Azhar (al-Ḏj̲āmiʿ al-Azhar)." Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Edited by: P. Bearman , Th. Bianquis , C.E. Bosworth , E. van Donzel and W.P. Heinrichs. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20 March 2010:

    This great mosque, the 'brilliant one'...is one of the principal mosques of present-day Cairo. This seat of learning...regained all its activity—Sunnī from now on—during the reign of Sultan Baybars...Al-Azhar at the beginning of the 19th century could well have been called a religious university; what it was not was a complete university giving instruction in those modern disciplines essential to the awakening of the country.

  4. Skovgaard-Petersen, Jakob. "al-Azhar, modern period." Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE. Edited by: Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas and Everett Rowson. Brill, 2010, retrieved 20 March 2010:

    Al-Azhar, the historic centre of higher Islamic learning in Cairo, has undergone significant change since the late 19th century, with new regulations and reforms resulting in an expanded role for the university. 1. From madrasa to university

See also

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