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| === In Romanian Language=== | === In Romanian Language=== | ||
| ⚫ | * {{ro icon}} Mircea Dogaru, ''Secuii, poporul furat'' (Székely, the stolen people) | ||
| * Two articles arguing that the Székely should not be considered Hungarians: | |||
| ⚫ | * {{ro icon}} Diana Iane, ("Székely under threat of false identities"), ] ] on AlterMedia România | ||
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Revision as of 09:01, 17 April 2006
The Székely or Szeklers (Hungarian: Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Romanian: Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), German: Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) ( 'sék-ei' in pronunciation ) are a Hungarian ethnic group mostly living in Transylvania in Romania, with a significant population also living in Vojvodina, Serbia and Montenegro. Most of the world's Székely population live in Romania and they are tightly concentrated in an area known as Székelyföld (Szekler Land). Based on the latest Romanian statistics, approximately 1,400,000 ethnic-Hungarians live in Romania, mostly in Transylvania. Of these, about 670,000 consider themselves Székely, and mainly live in the counties of Harghita, Covasna and parts of Mureş. Székelys hence accounting for an important part of the Hungarian minority in Romania. There is a Székely initiative to attain autonomy for the Székelyföld region, on the model of the Spanish autonomous community of Catalonia.
The Sun and Moon are the symbols of Székelys, as can also be seen in the coat of arms of Transylvania. They have largely succeeded in preserving their traditions to an extent unusual even in Central and Eastern Europe. The most comprehensive description of the Székely Land and traditions was written between 1859-1868 by Balázs Orbán in his masterpiece, Description of Székely land.
History of the Székely people
The Székely were considered the finest warriors of medieval Transylvania. They were part of the Unio Trium Nationum ("Union of Three Nations") a coalition of the three Transylvanian Estates, the other two nations being the (predominantly Hungarian) nobility and the Saxon (that is, ethnic German) burghers. These three nations ruled Transylvania, usually in harmony though sometimes in conflict with one another. The Romanians (known then as Vlachs), the fourth major ethnic group in Transylvania, were generally excluded (like the Magyar serfs, and Saxons living outside the Universitas) from political power at the time, but lived in relative peace with the Székelys until the Romantic nationalism movements swept 19th century Europe.
Controversy about origins
The Székely are of uncertain origins, subject to much debate among themselves and among scholars. A widespread theory asserts that they descend from the warrior tribe lands, on which the Magyars soon settled, along frontier mountains to defend against invasions from Tatars and other menacing people from the east. Székely people adhere proudly to their Hungarian identity.
Theories have been advanced suggesting Avar, Gepid, Scythian (Scoloti), or Hunnish ancestry, and some have dated their presence in the Eastern Carpathians as early as the fifth century. Some have also suggested the Székely, like the Hungarians, are simply descended from the Magyars, and that cultural differences with other Hungarian groups stem from their relative isolation in the mountains.
Many scholars believe in a two-fold Hungarian migration of Transylvania and the Pannonian Plain, one prior to the main Magyar conquest of the Pannonian Plain in 896. According to this theory, the Székely are a Hungarian group that settled in Transylvania during this first migration.
Another possible source of the Székely people is Hungary itself: they might be Hungarians who moved to Transylvania to protect the borders of the country.
Others believe that the Székely had different origins, such as Turkic origins. A small number of scholars believe that they are related to the Scythians who may have joined the Magyars on their trek westward, and 'magyarized'.
Population by county
The Székely live mainly in Harghita, Covasna and Mureş counties. They form a majority of the population in the counties of Covasna and Harghita.
| County | Székely | % of total population |
|---|---|---|
| Harghita | 275,841 | 84.61% |
| Covasna | 164,055 | 73.81% |
| Mureş | 227,673 | 39.26% |
The relatively small and isolated Székely population on the border of Cluj and Alba counties (former Aranyosszék) assimilated more significantly during the 20th century than inhabitants of the compact Székely areas. They can be estimated to be less than 20,000 today.
The Székelys of Bukovina form a culturally separate group with its own history.
See also
- Hungarian minority in Romania
- Bertalan Székely
- Mózes Székely
- György (Székely) Dózsa
- Székelys of Bukovina
- Székely anthem
- Székelykeve
External links
In Hungarian language
In Romanian Language
- Template:Ro icon Mircea Dogaru, Secuii, poporul furat (Székely, the stolen people) Part 1 Part 2
- Template:Ro icon Diana Iane, Secuii sub amenintarea falsei identitati ("Székely under threat of false identities"), 15 March 2006 on AlterMedia România