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The École Nationale de l'Aviation Civile (ENAC) is a French grande école and a national French civil aeronautics academy (The French Civil Aviation University).

It was founded in 1949 in Paris Orly and moved to Toulouse in 1968. It employs 950 persons, among whom 71% represent the technical and educational staff, 21% belong to the administrative staff and 8% are workmen in different domains. The disciplines united in the school represent a multi-faceted field at a multidisciplinary and international level. All ENAC professors hold post-graduate degrees. Since the 1st of January 2011, it is the biggest aeronautical university in Europe.

History

The genesis

France in the immediate post-war in 1945 is facing an explosion of air transport. Safe air transport requires staff trained specifically for this activity. It also requires an harmonization of the different sectors of the aviation world, and, consequently, a better mutual knowledge of those working in these areas. These are the motivations of the founders of ENAC. Chief among these founders is Max Hymans, who was secretary general of civil and commercial aviation.

In the years following the Western Front, the lack of homogeneity of the staff of civil aviation is obvious, consequence of an heterogeneous recruitment. This is often personal incorporated hastily and in a high quantity to support emergence situations. In the field of air navigation and telecommunications, many training centers are created to provide trainings in this sector: a training center for airfield commanders at Orly and a training center, located at Le Bourget, for the technical staff of air navigation. The other service involved in training is the department of telecommunications and signaling based at Orly which trains wireless operators and radio technicians. Technical managers have mostly been trained in engineering schools, including Arts et Métiers and the École nationale de la météorologie ; Some are issued from the University, Chairs of fluid mechanics have been created at the Sorbonne and Collège de France in 1930. The École spéciale des travaux aéronautiques also provides designers. Aircrew training is provided by the State or by private institutions. ENAC's mission is to bring together in one place all the training of aviation stakeholders.

Through Decree No. 49-970 of 7 June 1948 laying down the rules of French public Administration, a complete overhaul of the staff regulations of civil aviation official is organized, especially the technical staff. Several new corps of civil servants are well established: air traffic engineers, engineers of air navigation operations, aerial telecommunications civil engineers , air traffic controllers, telecommunications controller and air navigation agents. This creation is immediately followed by a ministerial decision the 12th of August 1948 paving the way for a first civil service examination of all these bodies. The examinations themselves are organized in October 1948. Regardless of the foregoing, the 14th of April 1948, the International Civil Aviation Organization establishes the conditions for air crew licensing, including the minimum number of flight hours required for each category of pilots.

That same year, ENAC is still lacking and is still only "service des écoles et des stages" of the General secretariat for civil and commercial aviation. This situation contrasts with that prevailing in other areas where there is a tradition that senior civil service are trained in higher education institutions with the title of "National School" : The École nationale des ponts et chaussées, founded in 1747, the École Nationale des Chartes, founded in 1821, or the most recent École nationale d'administration (1945). At a period when air transport becomes a key economic sector, the existence of a "service des écoles et des stages" appears somewhat anachronistic. Jules Moch, Minister of Works, Transport and Tourism wants to name the university the "École nationale de l'aviation marchande", finally not chosen.

University of aviation safety in Paris

ENAC is created the 28th of August 1949 (Decree 49-1205) in Paris at the initiative of Max Hymans, Secretary General of Civil Aviation, and Jules Moch in order to train all the professionals of civil aeronautics and harmonize all the air transport stakeholders, crew or not, commercial or technical, including the civil services of civil aviation. The school is located at Orly, south of Paris (ENAC's buildings at Orly served as an examination center until the early 1990s). René Lemaire considers ENAC as "a school of aviation safety". This priority given to safety is somehow consubstantial with ENAC, being the first reason for the training of future technicians and future airmen in a single school. As noted in a report of the Inspection générale de l'aviation civile, "It was in the minds of the creators of the school, to develop between the aircrew and the ground staff a community of ideas, reciprocal knowledge, and esteem, that are essential for the teamwork required by air transport." However, it is doubtful that the "community of ideas" the author of the report wishes could be only expressed by the coexistence of different courses in the same university. Other factors work in opposite directions, including the very significant disparity of durations of the training cycles. Thus, air navigation civil engineers of the branch "telecommunications" stays 30 months in the school ; the students of the course "operations" are trained in 27 months ; the air navigation engineers in two years ; and finally, the air traffic controllers in nine months. To realize fully the chemistry that, in the minds of its founders, must proceed in the creation of ENAC, it is necessary that other conditions are met. The main is the consistency of the education provided to the students in different cycles. This need is reflected by the interpenetration of theoretical and practical training, "air" and "ground". The brand's most visible of such interpenetration is the development, whenever this is possible, of the teaching called "inter-specialization", that means, integrated programs of distinct cycles. It should be noted that these teachings, which have different promotions for a single design cost, results in significant savings, as well noticed by Rene Lemaire.

The first partners

The decree of the 13th of October 1959 formalizes the first major partner of the university: Air France. It results in a sharing of tasks and establishes a recruitment for airline pilots students with no previous flight experience. Previously, on an experimental basis, the university hosted in 1958 the first airline pilots students. it was entrusted with the preparation of the Airline Transport Pilot Licence theory. As for the practical training in flight, it is realized at the SEFA center of Saint-Yan, created in 1949, until the commercial pilot licence, and at the Air France school for the advanced training. ENAC, in addition to his official duty related to the preparation of the Airline Transport Pilot Licence theory, has some tasks of theoretical training for pilots of various airlines. The question of the financial aspect of the training for airline pilots in private airlines arises. This training, which the cost is not paid by the French state, is too expensive for airlines and students, particularly because of the flight training part. Private airlines decided to pay the cost, which makes possible the free education for student pilots.

Meanwhile, in order to enable its students to acquire a thorough knowledge of the environment in which the air transport takes place, ENAC seeks to develop cooperation with the École nationale de la météorologie. A report dated the 29th of May 1950 invokes the obvious implications of meteorology in the air traffic and promotes the training of this subject for air traffic controllers. Also, many and close links traditionally exits between civil aviation and Air Force. After World War II, when civil aviation is developing, soldiers can help its expansion. A lot of pilots, but also radios, navigators and mechanics are coming from the army to airlines. ENAC seeks to be part of this movement, and help the conversion of military aircrew. It is in this spirit that is signed the 9th of June 1951 a memorandum specifying its duties in the training of military pilots for civil aviation. The university is the general contractor of the operations and provides the theoretical training. The Service de l'aviation légère et sportive (SALS), under the decree of the 31th of March 1951, is providing for free the flight training for airline pilots candidates coming from the army.

From 1949 to 1959, the number of courses held increase from 6 to 64 and the number of students from 49 to 800. The causes of rapid enrollment growth are multiple. There is no doubt that ENAC has benefited from the spectacular development of air transport in the postwar years. But it would not have taken such an advantage if its teachings were not performing. Finally, one can not ignore the presence of a significant contingent of students from either foreign countries or - in even larger numbers - which territories would gain independence in the near future. In the early 1960s, the university is beginning to welcome its first students and trainees from foreign civil aviation authorities. Along with enrollment growth, new courses are created regularly. This creation is often a direct result of an administrative decision, as it is the case when a new rating is introduced. Thus, in 1956 was created the navigation instructor rating, with the opening of the corresponding training. Sometimes a course is simply set to meet a need. The same year 1956, for example, is introduced a speaking techniques course for instructors. Still in 1956, appears the first engineering students called "civilians", that is to say, not officials. The openings of new training graduate courses, of course, is much less frequent than those of new continuous training, which occurs fairly regularly. In 1958, the airline pilots theoretical training course is starting.

Life at ENAC Orly is then punctuated by the yearly trip for all the students, undoubtedly one of the highlights of the studies. It has its share of unexpected, but its rites, as the inevitable reception in full uniform of the school officials and the students by local authorities, on arrival at a new location.

Thinking to move

The period 1960 - 1975 is a transition period during which two major events occur: the move to Toulouse in 1968 where is now located the main campus and the change in status of the university, from external department of DGAC to a public Administration institution in 1970.

When it is created, the École nationale de l'aviation civile is located on the outskirts of the runways of Paris-Orly. This location near the largest French airport offers many advantages. One of them is the ease of using the airplanes for a variety of activities - navigation flights, promotional trips, ... The other is the neighborhood of many airlines and aircraft manufacturers or related to the aviation industry, whose leaders are likely to be called for lectures, conferences, ...

However, the very rapid growth of traffic at Paris-Orly - the platform of Roissy Charles de Gaulle did not exist yet - results in various disadvantages, particularly the requirement, for the aircraft used by ENAC, to have to be used in an air traffic more and more dense. Therefore, Aéroports de Paris is increasingly reluctant to renew the lease of lands which are ideally located and on which the university operates. Since the early 1960s, there is no doubt that the facilities at Orly are condemned. In the mid-1950s the first projects to implement ENAC on a new location starts to born. All involve riverside cities of Parisian airports. Thus, between 1954 and 1957, are offered Thiais, Rungis, Issy-les-Moulineaux, Les Mureaux ... and even Le Bourget. That's not counting with the requirements of decentralization. In people's minds even before the famous book by Jean-François Gravier, Paris et le désert français (Paris and the French desert), the decentralization is necessary with tenfold strength. The plans for ENAC in the "first crown" of Paris are irremediably condemned, studies are moving towards more peripheral locations. The potential locations are all part of a 150 km radius around the capital, among other Melun, Pontoise, Coulommiers, Etampes, Reims, Evreux, Chartres, Orleans, etc.. Meanwhile, a report dated the 20th of May 1959, lists the disadvantages of a location too distant from Paris: difficulties of transporting personnel, the possible extension of duration of the courses, increased operating costs,.. It is in this context that René Lemaire analysis, in its report dated the 14th of June 1960, the possibility of a transfer to Toulouse. It is its aeronautical and university dimensions that have made the choice for this city as a new location (Toulouse 1 University Capitole, created in 1229, is one of the oldest in the world, ENSICA had settled in Toulouse since 1961 and SUPAERO was going to move from Paris to the city). It is the 15th of June 1961 that the transfer of the university in Toulouse is the subject of an official decision of Prime Minister Michel Debré. It is confirmed by his successor Georges Pompidou in a letter dated the 23th of July 1963. It was in April 1966 that began the construction of new buildings on the campus of Rangueil. The project ends the 19th of August 1968 when the staff is invited to attend. The academic year starts the 16th of September 1968. 500 students are expected, including 325 who start their training. These are as follows: 15 air navigation engineering students, drawn largely from École Polytechnique, 70 engineering students in air navigation from classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles, 60 airline pilot students, 100 air traffic controllers students, 40 electronics students, 20 commercial pilot students and 20 flight dispatcher students.

Public administrative institution in Toulouse

Although it thought it is better not to decide about the status of ENAC before the university opened its doors to its new campus, the Commission permanente has taken into consideration the problem of an inadequate legal status . This problem is old : identified shortly after the creation of the university, he has resurfaced many times, as the numerous inspection reports that relate to the management of the institution shown. ENAC is closely followed by its supervisory authority. Inspection reports are occurring at a rapid pace, in average one every two years, sometimes more. The judgment focused on the management of the institution is sometimes severe. These same reports, in the mid-1950s, challenge the lifetime of the university, which was not the case in the previous years. As an example, the report (confidential) of Brancourt Controller the 12th of March 1952, based on the organization and operation of ENAC. We learn that the university has "a lack of doctrine", that "there is a certain tension with the training center of Air France", and even that "ENAC is madness".

In reality, the weaknesses can be largely explained by the difficulties caused by the mismatch between the status of ENAC and the nature of its business, which requires it to provide courses for students and trainees who are not all officials from its supervisory authority, or to use teaching staff from very different origin. The cumbersome process for allocating university budget is in trouble as soon as other types of income are reduced, such as non-public resources. This happens more in the years 1958-1964. In 1962, the management of ENAC is thinking about raising tuition fees, courses prices and fees for customers outside from the Directorate General for Civil Aviation. However, the status of the institution submits the necessary prices adjustments to an approval process so complex that finally leads to paralysis. That's why, another type of status, "public administrative institution", appears much more appropriate. The final decision is taken by Decree No. 70-347 of the 13th of April 1970, with application the 1st of January 1971. Become a public administrative institution, ENAC is endowed with a board of directors. René Lemaire is the first president.

New missions

From 1975 a phenomenon is growing. It consists of a slow but inexorable increase of the proportion of engineering students called "civilians" in opposition to the "officials" (civil servants) engineering students. ENAC is becoming a major player in the training for aerospace industry (civilian personnel), while its primary purpose was only the training of officials for direction générale de l'aviation civile. It is true that the existence of students for the private sector is not new at the university : it was in 1956 that are off the first of them. At the end of 1950s, however, this recruitment is subsidiary and affects only a minority of students. It is primarily intended to offset the disadvantage which consists of the highly fluctuating number of students to serve in the Administration and to prevent the size of successive promotions with a too great disparity. However, this second source tends to become more and more important, to finally become dominant. This results in an overhaul of the teachings. ENAC engineering education, particularly that of the specialty called "facilities" - it focuses on electronics - convince the industrial sectors of electronics and information technology. Without having particularly desired, the school is gradually invested with the role of National School of Engineers. Industry oriented university, research appeared in 1984, following the law on Higher education which provides that "engineering education has a research activity, basic or applied," and is organized around four areas: electronics, automation, computer and air transport economy. The university then feels interest for future engineers to learn research methods: while the method of deductive reasoning, for a long time favored by teachers in the classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles and grandes écoles, shows its limitations, the method of inductive reasoning, characteristic of research, appears increasingly better adapted to highly scalable nature of functions performed by nowadays engineers. The most recent manifestation of the growing interest in research at ENAC is the creation of the air transport economics laboratory, which designation reflects the desire to study, in addition to air transport itself, certain related activities such as aviation. The mid 1980s saw the emergence of mastères spécialisés programs. They are born for most of them from an industrial demand, including the groupement des industries françaises aéronautiques et spatiales, keen to support the export contracts by training. Indeed, while filling the needs of many French students or professionals, they can train in a relatively short period some foreign executives. The same period saw the diversification of continuing education at the university. The continuing education courses are organized in five main areas: air traffic systems, electronics, computer, aeronautics and languages/humanities.

International dimension

The international dimension of the school is growing significantly over the 1990s. Its development, however, faces an internal obstacle. It is the heavy burden imposed in the early 1990s : the design and implementation of the new cycle for air traffic controllers. The effort required by the school unables it to develop its international dimension. A novelty in the international activities of ENAC holds in the emergence of a specifically European component. It consists first in the participation in European projects such as EATCHIP (European Air Traffic control Harmonization and Integration Program), then in joining mobility programs for students such as Erasmus or Socrates. Under these programs, the school welcomes a growing number of foreign students. In doing so, it forges close ties with foreign universities, including those of Berlin and Darmstadt in Germany, as well as the one of Tampere in Finland. Since 1990, new missions have emerged. Thus, ENAC negotiates new contracts for studies and research abroad. The 2000s are the years of the creation of courses entirely taught in English language and the development of activities focused on air navigation. In 2009, the university and its alumni association organize the first edition of book fair aviation in Toulouse. In December 2010, ENAC becomes an ICAO center for training in aviation security. Meanwhile, the school develops new teaching facilities : the air traffic control simulator "CAUTRA", the aerodrome control simulator "AERSIM", an Airbus A320 flight management system simulator, a static model of the CFM 56-5B engine that equips the A321 and the laboratory of telecom networks. Since the 1st January 2011 and the merging of ENAC with the SEFA, the school is the biggest European aviation university.

Directors history

The current director of the university is Marc Houalla, who was SEFA director from 2006 till the 1th of January 2011. It is the seventh person to be director since the establishment of the university. He was elected in 2008 after the resignation of Gerard Rozenknop, his predecessor. The various directors since inception are given in the following table.

Guy du Merle, born the 1st of January 1908 in Toulon and died the 6th of June 6 1993 (85 years), was an aeronautical engineer, test pilot and French writer. Graduates from École Polytechnique (X 27) and the École nationale supérieure de l'aéronautique et de l'espace (SUPAERO 32), he began his career as a air military engineer in the military air center from 1933 to 1935 and test pilot on more than hundred types of aircraft, seaplanes and gliders, including, with Captain Rozanoff, the Messerschmitt 109 and the Heinkel 111 captured by the Republicans in Spain in 1938. In 1945 he became director of the aerospace department, until 1948. Meanwhile, from 1940 to 1950, he teaches the aerospace manufacturer at SUPAERO. In 1948, he became the first director of the university, a position held until 1951 and the appointment of his successor, Gilbert Manuel.

Mr Manuel, born in 1913 and died the 31th of October 31 (97 years), graduated from the École Polytechnique (X 33) and Telecom ParisTech (ENST 1939). In 1948 he became the head of training of ENAC. He became director of the university in October 1951 and is the last director at Orly. He left office in November 1967.

Pailhas Louis, born the 2nd of March 1926 in Foix, replaced him in December 1967. After high school studies at the Lycée Pierre-de-Fermat in Toulouse and the classe préparatoire aux grandes écoles at the Lycée Louis-le-Grand in Paris, he graduated from the École Polytechnique (X 46) and ENAC (IAC 49). He began his career as a civil aviation engineer in Morocco from 1951 to 1956 and then to the board of directors of the direction du secrétariat général de l'aviation civile et commerciale until 1959. The same year he was appointed director of the air navigation regional center of Orly, a position he held until 1965. Deputy Director (1965) of the ENAC, he was appointed director of the university in December 1967, the first to hold that position in Toulouse. In January 1982, he resigned.

Andre Sarreméjean succeeded him. Graduates from the École Polytechnique (X 52) and ENAC (IAC 55), he was posted to Africa after graduation and became one of the founders of the Agence pour la sécurité de la navigation aérienne en Afrique et à Madagascar, as director of civil aviation in Cameroon and then in Ivory Coast. Deputy Director of the university from 1968 to 1982, he became director that year.

In 1990, Alain Soucheleau is promoted. Graduates from the École Polytechnique (X 65) and ENAC (IAC 68), he was nominated after his studies at air traffic control department first as head of the area control center of Brest and Aix-en-Provence. Then, he is detached from 1985 to 1990 to the President of the conseil régional Midi-Pyrénées as a transport infrastructure programmer. In October 1990 he was appointed director of the university. He leaves office in January 1999, replaced by Gerard Rozenknop.

Born the 23th of January 23 1950 in Paris (19e), Gerard Rozenknop studied at the Lycée Condorcet, before graduating from the École Polytechnique (X 69) and ENAC (IAC 72). He began his career at the air transport department of the Directorate General for Civil Aviation in 1974. In 1977 he worked for ten years at the International Civil Aviation Organization in Montreal and then to Bangkok (Asia - Pacific programs). In 1987 he was appointed Head of the aeronautics department of ENAC and in 1994 director of the direction régionale de l'aviation civile Sud-Est at Aix-en-Provence. In January 1999 he became director of the university, until 2008.

Marc Houalla, born the 10th of February 1961 in Rueil-Malmaison, is the current director of the university since the 28 of November 2008. Graduates from the ENAC (IÉNAC L82) and holders of a MBA from HEC Paris (1990), he began his career in 1985 as an engineer at the civil aviation department of Canada. In 1987 he became project manager at the technical service of air navigation in Paris in 1992 and then head of the technical and financial departments of the service d'exploitation de la formation aéronautique in Paris and Muret. From 2003 to 2006 he was director of the Marseille Provence Airport. In 2006, he became director of SEFA before being appointed director of the École nationale de l'aviation civile.

Aeronautical studies

The initial trainings provided at ENAC concern yearly an average of 2000 students composed of engineers, air traffic controllers, electronic engineers, technicians, air transport pilots and flight dispatchers. Furthermore, ENAC offers postgraduate professional education as well as specialized diplomas in aviation safety & aircraft airworthiness, air transport management, air traffic management, airport management, operations, satellite-based communication, navigation and surveillance. A research department completes the educational departments.

Prerequisites

Dispatcher candidates need a general qualification for university entrance. Two to five terms of higher education are requested for the other studies and an entrance examination is stipulated as well.

Duration

The duration of the different studies goes from 7 months to 6 terms. Situated in the south of Toulouse, ENAC is a spaciously laid out campus, about 6 km distant from the city centre (bus connections available). Three residential homes host the students for reasonable accommodation costs. The school has also some other smaller campuses in Château-Arnoux-Saint-Auban, Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, Muret, Montpellier, Grenoble, Biscarosse, Saint-Yan and Melun.

Courses for international students

International Air Transport Operations Management Master (IATOM)

ENAC has created a new international diploma: the International Air Transport Operations Master's degree. The first class will started at ENAC in September 2007.

This diploma was created in order to meet the demands of the different partners in aeronautics and air transport as follows:

• The need of executives who combine the technical economic and managerial skills that are specific to air transport.
• The need to create positions for versatile managers, but we just cannot find enough qualified executives to fill them.

It is essential that the counterparts we work with have real technical knowledge and a thorough understanding of the regulatory context associated with air transport.

Until now, no institution anywhere in the world has ever trained executives with this profile.

So the main objective of this program is to train high-level executives capable of organizing the operation of an air transport system, with a complete command of all its aspects.

Master of Science in Global Navigation Satellite System

The Master of Science in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a 2-year program co-organized by ENAC and the Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace. This MSc in GNSS has been developed with the support of the European Commission and the European GNSS Agency. The first session is going to begin in September 2011. The objective of this MSc in GNSS is to provide students with advanced skills and knowledge in the field of GNSS and its related applications to prepare them for entering the highly dynamic GNSS and GNSS-dependent industry. In addition, the students will also receive training in telecommunications, as both fields are strongly complementary.

Master of Science in Air Traffic Management

The Master of Science in Air Traffic Management (ATM) is a 2-year program organized by ENAC. This MSc in ATM has been developed in collaboration with Massachusetts Institute of Technology, George Mason University and Beihang University. The first session is going to begin in September 2012. The first objective of the MSc is to give students the scientific basis needed to understand the underlying problems regarding the scientific and technical design of Air Traffic Management Systems. The second objective of the MSc is to give students an operational training which is mandatory to understand the practical complexity of Air Traffic design and Air Traffic or Airport Control. The third objective is to provide an international overview of Air Traffic Management in Europe and the United States, along with an highlight on the development of emergent countries in Asia.

Specialized masters

ENAC offers in Toulouse 7 specialized Masters in:

• Airport Management
• Air Transport Management
• Communication, Navigation, Surveillance and Satellite Applications for Aviation (course in English)
• Aviation Safety - Aircraft Airworthiness (course in English)
• Air-Ground Collaborative Systems Engineering (course in English)
• Aviation And Air Traffic Management (course in English)
• Aerospace Project Management (course in English)

These post-graduate courses have a specifically professional vocation and take advantage of the close links maintained by the Enac with the business world. The courses last for 12 months, at least 4 of which are spent in a company, and they include the preparation of a thesis, and its defence before a board of examiners.

Executive MBA in aviation management

ENAC has created in 2011, in partnership with École nationale des ponts et chaussées, ENPC School of International Management and Académie internationale Mohammed VI de l'aviation civile an executive MBA in aviation management. The first couse starts in March 2012 at Casablanca.

Facilities

Refectory, sports facilities, computer rooms, library and fitness room are available.

International partners

Within the framework of the international Pegasus cooperation, ENAC receives exchange students from Great Britain, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Norway. ENAC alumni enjoy great success, earning career advancement and recognition in the aeronautical field.

Partner universities in Great Britain

• Imperial College London
• Cranfield University
• University of Bristol
• University of Glasgow

Partner universities in USA

• Arizona State University
• Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
• Florida Institute of Technology
• University of California
• University of Maryland
• University of Washington

Notable Alumni

• Émile Allegret, French soldier and member of the French Resistance during the World War II;
• Paul-Louis Arslanian, former head of the French Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile · ;
• Michel Bernard, former head of the Agence nationale pour l'emploi and former President of Air Inter;
• Solenn Colléter, French novelist;
• Jean-Charles Corbet, former head of Air Lib;
• Gérard Feldzer, former President of the Aéro-Club de France and former head of the Musée de l'Air · ;
• Lionel Guérin, founding President of Airlinair;
• Alain Lefebvre, French Journalist;
• Gérard Mestrallet, Chairman of the Board and CEO of GDF Suez.;
• Hamza Ben Driss Ottmani, Moroccan economist and writer;
• Jean Robieux, French Physicist.;
• Béatrice Vialle, one of the two female Concorde pilot ·  · and the first French female pilot on a supersonic airliner.;
• Jacques Villiers, founder of the Centre d'études de la navigation aérienne (French air navigation center) and co-founder of the CAUTRA system, the computer system of the French air traffic management;
• Michel Wachenheim, French ambassador and permanent representative of France at the International Civil Aviation Organization · .

Bibliography

• Ariane Gilotte, Jean-Philippe Husson and Cyril Lazerge, 50 ans d'Énac au service de l'aviation, Édition S.E.E.P.P, 1999
• Académie nationale de l'air et de l'espace and Lucien Robineau, Les français du ciel, dictionnaire historique, june 2005, 782 p. (ISBN 2-7491-0415-7), p. 626, « Les écoles d'ingénieurs aéronautiques »
• Sandrine Banessy, Le rêve d'Icare - Histoire de l'aviation à Toulouse, Labége, éditions TME, 2006, 95 p. (ISBN 2-7491-0415-7), p. 80 et 81 « Du rêve à la réalité »
• Agence d'évaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement supérieur, « Rapport d'évaluation de l'École nationale de l'aviation civile », september 2010
• GIFAS, Ouvrez grand vos ailes : une formation pour un métier dans l'industrie aéronautique et spatiale, Paris, GIFAS, 2011, 62 p., p. 41

Notes and references

1. "Bienvenue sur le site de l' Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile - Formation aéronautique (Ingénieur, Aiguilleur du ciel, Pilote de ligne,...) | ENAC". Enac.fr. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
2. Template:FrTemplate:Pdf
3. "IAAPS || International Association of Aviation Personnel Schools". Iaaps.info. Retrieved 10 October 2011.
4. Template:FrLa formtion Ingénieur ENAC reçoit le label EUR-ACE
5. Template:FrENAC Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile
6. Template:FrTemplate:PDF
7. Aviation Report: France hosts the largest European university for Civil Aviation : ENAC
8. Speech on the 3th of March 1951
9. René LEMAIRE, 1952
10. Template:PDF
11. Template:FrLe livre prend son envol au salon de l'ENAC
12. Template:FrLe Centre de formation à la sûreté de l’ENAC agréé par l’OACI
13. Template:FrTemplate:Pdf
14. Template:FrMarc Houalla le pilote du changement
15. ^ Template:FrMarc HOUALLA
16. Annuaire INGENAC 2010 page 9
17. Template:FrConstruction des avions: par Guy Du Merle,... Préface de Paul Dumanois,...
18. Template:FrGuy du Merle
19. ^ Template:FrTemplate:Pdf
20. Template:FrAnnuaire
21. Template:FrPAILHAS Louis
22. Template:FrMonsieur Louis PAILHAS
23. Template:FrTemplate:Pdf
24. Template:FrL'Énac fête ses cinquante ans
25. Template:FrGérard ROZENKNOP
26. Template:FrGérard ROZENKNOP
27. Template:FrMarc Houalla le pilote du changement
28. Template:FrMarc Houalla : un nouveau pilote pour l'École de l'aviation civile
29. Template:PDF
30. Template:PDF
31. Template:FrL'AIAC lance un Executive MBA in Aviation Management
32. Template:FrUN NOUVEL EXECUTIVE MBA POUR L’AVIATION
33. Template:FrÉmile ALLEGRET
34. Template:FrEmile Allegret
35. British Airways grounds Concorde fleet
36. Template:FrLe directeur du BEA, Paul-Louis Arslanian, partira à la retraite en octobre
37. Template:FrLe BEA regrette de ne pas être associé aux autopsies, les recherches avancent
38. Template:FrMichel Bernard va piloter l'ANPELe successeur de Michel Bon a fait sa carrière dans l'aéronautique.
39. Template:FrMichel Bernard, PDG d'Air Inter: ""Nous allons nous ouvrir sur l'international""
40. Template:FrJ'AI ENDURÉ UN BIZUTAGE INFERNAL. PAR SOLENN COLLÉTER.
41. Template:FrJean-Charles Corbet, l'ancien patron d'Air Lib à la barre
42. Template:FrLes bons vœux de Gérard Feldzer
43. Template:FrGérard Feldzer
44. Template:FrLe Bourget : Une femme succède à Gérard Feldzer au musée de l’Air
45. Template:FrDébarquement surprise du patron d'Air France-KLM
46. Template:FrConférences, colloques, lectures
47. GDF board biography
48. Template:FrHamza Ottmani présente son récit
49. Jean ROBIEUX's profile
50. Template:FrTout Concorde
51. Template:FrBéatrice VIALLE
52. Template:FrPlus de 100 femmes pilotes au Bourget ce week-end
53. Template:FrBÉATRICE VIALLE, LA SEULE FEMME QUI A PILOTÉ UN CONCORDE
54. Template:Fr Aviation Civile magazine, May 2007, 60 ans de contrôle aérien "en-route", page 19
55. Template:FrDécret du 9 avril 2009 portant nomination d'un ambassadeur, représentant permanent de la France auprès du conseil de l'Organisation de l'aviation civile internationale à Montréal - M. Wachenheim (Michel)
56. Michel WACHENHEIM’s BIOGRAPHY

External links

• ENAC official website
• ENAC alumni

Template:Link GA

• Use dmy dates from March 2012
• Educational institutions established in 1949
• Grandes écoles
• Education in Montpellier
• Education in Toulouse
• Air traffic controller schools
• Aviation schools
• Universities and colleges in France
• Technical universities and colleges
• Buildings and structures in Toulouse
• Education in France
• Education in Midi-Pyrénées
• Education in Aquitaine
• Education in Île-de-France
• Education in Languedoc-Roussillon
• Education in Rhône-Alpes
• Educational establishments in Grenoble