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Argentine RepublicRepública Argentina
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: Spanish: En Unión y Libertad (English: "In Union and Liberty")
Anthem: Himno Nacional Argentino
Capitaland largest city	Buenos Aires
Official languages	Spanish*
Government	Democratic Federal Republic
Independence
• Water (%)	1.1
Population
• 2005 estimate	39,538,000 (31st)
• 2001 census	36,260,130
GDP (PPP)	2005 estimate
• Total	US$ 537.2 billion (22nd)
• Per capita	US$ 14,087 (52nd)
HDI (2003)	0.863 very high (34th)
Currency	Peso (ARS)
Time zone	UTC-3 (ART)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-3 (ARST)
Calling code	54
ISO 3166 code	AR
Internet TLD	.ar
* On 28 September 2004, provincial Law No. 5598 declared Guaraní to be an official language of the province of Corrientes, alongside Spanish. ¤ Argentina also claims 1,000,000 km² of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. For a total of 3,761,274 sq. km (1,452,236 sq mi).

The Argentine Republic (Spanish: República Argentina, IPA ) is a country in South America, situated between the Andes peaks in the west and the southern Atlantic Ocean in the east and south. It is bordered by Paraguay and Bolivia in the north, Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast, and Chile in the west and south. It also claims the British overseas territories of the Falkland Islands (Spanish: Islas Malvinas) and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. Under the name of Argentine Antarctica, it claims around 1,000,000 square kilometres (386,000 sq. mi) of Antarctica, overlapping other claims by Chile and the United Kingdom. By area, it is the second largest country of South America after Brazil and the 8th largest country in the world.

The country is formally named República Argentina (pronunciation) (Argentine Republic), while for purposes of legislation the form Nación Argentina (Argentine Nation) is used.

Origin and history of the name

The name Argentina derives from the Latin argentum (silver). The first Spanish conquistadors called the River Plate the Río de la Plata ("River of Silver"). Indigenous people gave silver gifts to the survivors of the shipwrecked expedition, who were led by Juan Díaz de Solís. The legend of Sierra del Plata — a mountain rich in silver — reached Spain around 1524. The name Argentina was first used in Ruy Díaz de Guzmán's 1612 book Historia del descubrimiento, población, y conquista del Río de la Plata (History of the discovery, population, and conquest of the Río de la Plata), naming the territory Tierra Argentina (Land of Silver).

History

The area of present Argentina was sparsely populated until it was colonized by Europeans. The indigenous people known as Diaguita lived in northwestern Argentina on the edge of the expanding Inca Empire; the Guaraní lived farther east.

Europeans arrived in 1502. Spain established a permanent colony on the site of Buenos Aires in 1580, and the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776. In 1806 and 1807 The British Empire invaded the Viceroyalty, but the creole population managed to repel the invasions. On May 25, 1810, after the confirmation of the rumors about the overthrowing of King Ferdinand VII by Napoleon, the most prominent citizens of Buenos Aires took advantage of the situation and created the First Government Junta. Independence from Spain was declared on July 9 1816. Centralist and federationist groups were in conflict, until national unity was established and the constitution promulgated in 1853.

Foreign investment and immigration from Europe aided the introduction of modern agricultural techniques and integration of Argentina into the world economy in the late 19th century. In the 1880s the "Conquest of the Desert" subdued or exterminated the remaining indigenous tribes throughout Patagonia.

From 1880 to 1930 Argentina became one of the six wealthiest nations in the world. Conservative forces dominated Argentine politics until 1916, when their traditional rivals, the Radicals, won control of the government. The military forced Hipólito Yrigoyen from power in 1930 leading to another decade of Conservative rule.

Political change led to the presidency of Juan Perón in 1946, who aimed at empowering the working class and greatly expanded the number of unionised workers. The Revolución Libertadora of 1955 deposed him.

In the 1950s and 1960s, military and civilian administrations traded power. When military governments failed to revive the economy and suppress escalating terrorism in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the way was open for Perón's return to the presidency in 1973, with his third wife, María Estela Isabel Martínez de Perón, as Vice President. During this period, extremists on the left and right carried out terrorist acts with a frequency that threatened public order.

Perón died in 1974. His wife succeeded him in office, but a military coup removed her from office in 1976, and the armed forces formally exercised power through a junta in charge of the self-appointed National Reorganisation Process, until 1983. The armed forces repressed opposition using harsh illegal measures (the "Dirty War"); thousands of dissidents were "disappeared", while the SIDE cooperated with DINA and other South American intelligence agencies, and allegedly with the CIA in Operation Condor. Many of the military leaders that took part in the Dirty War were trained in the U.S. financed School of the Americas, among them Argentine dictators Leopoldo Galtieri and Roberto Viola.

Economic problems, charges of corruption, public revulsion in the face of human rights abuses and, finally, the country's 1982 defeat in the Falklands War discredited the Argentine military regime.

Democracy was restored in 1983. Raúl Alfonsín's Radical government took steps intending to account for the "disappeared", establishing civilian control of the armed forces and consolidating democratic institutions. Failure to resolve endemic economic problems and an inability to maintain public confidence caused his early departure.

President Carlos Menem imposed peso-dollar fixed exchange rate in 1991 to stop hyperinflation, and adopted far-reaching market-based policies, dismantling protectionist barriers and business regulations, and implementing a privatisation program. These reforms contributed to significant increases in investment and growth with stable prices through most of the 1990s.

The Menem and de la Rúa administrations faced diminished competitiveness of exports, massive imports which damaged national industry and reduced employment, chronic fiscal and trade deficits, and the contagion of several economic crises. The Asian financial crisis in 1998 precipitated an outflow of capital that mushroomed into a recession, which led to a total freezing of the bank accounts (the corralito), and culminated in a financial panic in November 2001. The next month, amidst bloody riots, President de la Rúa resigned.

In 2 weeks, several new presidents followed in quick succession with finally Eduardo Duhalde appointed interim President of Argentina by the Legislative Assembly on 2 January 2002. Argentina defaulted on its international debt obligations. The peso's almost 12-year-old linkage to the US dollar was abandoned, resulting in massive currency depreciation and inflation, in turn triggering a spike in unemployment and poverty. In the worst crisis ever and for first time in modern history, a military coup was not an option and democracy shows to be in his strongest moment.

With a more competitive exchange, the country started implementing new policies based on re-industrialization, import substitution, increased exports, consistent fiscal surplus, and high exchange rate. By the end of 2002, the economy began to become stabilized. In 2003, Néstor Kirchner became elected president. During Kirchner's presidency Argentina restructured its defaulted debt with a steep discount (about 70%) on most bonds, renegotiated contracts with utilities and nationalized previously privatized industries.

Politics

The Argentine constitution of 1853, as revised in 1994, mandates a Separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches at the national and provincial level. The president and vice-president are directly elected to 4-year terms. Both are limited to two consecutive terms; they are allowed to stand for a third term or more after an interval of at least one term. The president appoints cabinet ministers, and the constitution grants him considerable power as both head of state and head of government, including authority to enact laws by presidential decree under conditions of "urgency and necessity" and the line-item veto.

Argentina's parliament is the bicameral National Congress or Congreso de la Nación, consisting of a Senate (Senado) of 72 seats and a Chamber of Deputies (Cámara de Diputados) of 257 members. Since 2001, senators have been directly elected, with each province, including the Federal Capital, represented by three senators. Senators serve 6-year terms. One-third of the Senate stands for reelection every 2 years via a partial majority system in each district. Members of the Chamber of Deputies are directly elected to 4-year term via a system of proportional representation. Voters elect half the members of the lower house every 2 years.

The Argentine Supreme Court of Justice is the highest court in the Argentine Republic and it's decisions can not be appealed. It was created on January 15, 1863 and has currently 7 members the President of the Supreme Court is Enrique Petracchi, the Vicepresident of the Supreme Court is Elena Highton de Nolasco. The members of the Supreme Court are appointed by the Consejo de la Magistratura de la Nación. This is a secretariat composed by representatives of judges, lawyers, the Congress, and the Executive Power.

Foreign relations

Argentina was the only Latin American country to participate in the 1991 Gulf War under mandate of the United Nations and in every phase of the Haiti operation. It has also contributed worldwide in peacekeeping operations., including El Salvador-Honduras-Nicaragua, Guatemala, Ecuador-Peru, Western Sahara, Angola, Kuwait, Cyprus, Croatia, Kosovo, Bosnia and East Timor. In recognition of its contributions to international security and peacekeeping, U.S. President Bill Clinton designated Argentina as a major non-NATO ally in January 1998. In 2005 it was elected as a temporary UN Security Council member.

Argentina is currently prompting the Mercosur as its first external priority, contrasting with the 1990s' emphasis in the relationship with the United States.

Between November 4 and november 5 the Argentine city of Mar del Plata hosted the Fourth Summit of the Americas. This Summit was marked by a number of incidents in anti-USA protests.

Argentina Claims the sovereignty of the Falkland/Malvinas Islands, the South Shetland Islands, the South Sandwich Islands and almost 1 milion square kilometres in Antarctica, between the 25ºW and the 74ºW meridians and the 60ºS parallel. This antactic sector is called Argentine Antarctica and is considered as part of the National Territory, for many reasons, among which is more than one century of permanent occupation.

Administrative divisions

Argentina is divided into 23 provinces (provincias; singular: provincia), and 1 autonomous city (commonly known as capital federal), marked with an asterisk:

The current official name for the federal district is "Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires".

Buenos Aires has been the capital of Argentina since its unification, but there have been projects to move the administrative centre elsewhere. During the presidency of Raúl Alfonsín a law was passed ordering the move of the federal capital to Viedma, a city in the Patagonic province of Río Negro. Studies were underway when hyperinflation, in 1989, killed off the project. Though the law was never formally repealed, it has become a mere historical relic, and the project has been forgotten.

Urbanization

About 2.7 million people live in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, and roughly 11.5 million in Greater Buenos Aires (2001), making it one of the largest urban conglomerates in the world. Together with their respective metropolitan areas, the second and third largest cities in Argentina, Córdoba and Rosario, comprise about 1.3 and 1.1 million inhabitants, respectively.

Most European immigrants to Argentina (coming in great waves especially around the World War I and II) settled in the cities, which offered jobs, education, and other opportunities that enabled newcomers to enter the middle class. Since the 1930s many rural workers have moved to the big cities.

The 1990s saw many rural towns become ghost towns when train services were abandoned and local products manufactured on a small scale were replaced by massive amounts of imported cheap goods, in part because of the monetary policy which kept the U.S. dollar exchange rate fixed and low. Many slums (villas miseria) sprouted in the outskirts of the largest cities, inhabited by empoverished low-class urban dwellers, migrants from smaller towns in the interior of the country, and also a great number of immigrants from neighbouring countries that came during the time of the convertibility and did not leave after the 2001 crisis.

Argentina's urban areas have a European look, reflecting the influence of their European settlers. Many towns and cities are built like Spanish cities around a main square called a plaza. A cathedral and important government buildings often face the plaza. The general layout of the cities is called a damero, that is, a checkerboard, since it is based on a pattern of square blocks, though modern developments sometimes depart from it (for example, the city of La Plata, built at the end of the 19th century, is organised as a checkerboard plus diagonal avenues at fixed intervals).

In descending order by number of inhabitants, the major cities in Argentina are Buenos Aires, Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza, La Plata, Tucumán, Mar del Plata, Salta, Santa Fe, and Bahía Blanca.

Geography

Argentina is nearly 3.700 km long from North to South and 1.400 km from East to West (altough the distances change widely) Argentina can roughly be divided into three parts: the fertile plains of the Pampas in the central part of the country, the centre of Argentina's agricultural wealth; the flat to rolling plateau of Patagonia in the southern half down to Tierra del Fuego; and the rugged Andes mountain range along the western border with Chile, with the highest point lays in the province of Mendoza. It is the Cerro Aconcagua at 6,960 metres (22,834 ft), which is the continent's highest mountain.

The plains in Argentina have many differences: West and South from Buenos Aires they are one of the most fertile plains in the World. The western part of La Pampa province and the province San Luis have also plains, but they are dryer. In the North of the country the plains are called Gran Chaco, which is a great source of Timber and Tannin.

The steppes and plains, of Patagonia from the Tertiary period are in the provinces of Neuquen, Rio Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz.
The first human settlement dates back to the 10th Century. The first european to reach this zone was Ferdinand Magellan and the first to traverse the patagonian plain was Rodrigo de la Isla.

Major rivers include the Paraguay, Bermejo, Colorado, Uruguay and the largest river, the Paraná. The latter two flow together before meeting the Atlantic Ocean, forming the estuary of the Río de la Plata. The land between these both is called Mesopotamia and that land is shared by the provinces of Misiones, Corrientes and Entre Rios. The Argentine climate is predominantly temperate with extremes ranging from subtropical in the north to arid/sub-Antarctic in far south.

The country has a Claim over Antarctica, in where it has maintaned constant occupance for more than a century

Enclaves and exclaves

There is one Argentine exclave: the island of Martín García (co-ordinates 34°11′S 58°15′W / 34.183°S 58.250°W / -34.183; -58.250). It is situated near the confluence of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers, a mere kilometre (0.62 mi) inside Uruguayan waters, about 3.5 kilometres (2.1 mi) from the Uruguayan coastline, near the small city of Martín Chico (itself about halfway between Nueva Palmira and Colonia del Sacramento).

An agreement reached by Argentina and Uruguay in 1973 reaffirmed Argentine jurisdiction over the island, ending a century-old dispute between the two countries. According to the terms of the agreement, Martín García is to be devoted exclusively to a natural preserve. Its area is about 2 square kilometres (500 acres), and the population about 200 people.

Economy

Argentina benefits from rich natural resources, a highly literate population, an export-oriented agricultural sector, and a diversified industrial base. The country historically had a large middle class, compared to other Latin American countries, but this segment of the population was decimated by a succession of economic crises. Today, while a significant segment of the population is still financially well-off, they stay in sharp contrast with millions who live in poverty or on the brink of it.

Since the late 1970s the country piled up public debt and was plagued by bouts of high inflation. In 1991, the government pegged the peso to the U.S. dollar and limited the growth in the monetary base. The government then embarked on a path of trade liberalisation, deregulation, and privatisation. Inflation dropped and GDP grew, but external economic shocks and failures of the system diluted its benefits, causing it to crumble in slow motion, from 1995 and up to the collapse in 2001.

By 2002 Argentina had defaulted on its debt, its GDP had shrunk, unemployment was over 25%, the peso had devalued 75% after being floated, and inflation was hitting again. However, careful spending control and heavy taxes on now soaring exports gave the state the tools to regain resources and conduct monetary policy.

In 2003, import substitution policies and soaring exports, coupled with a lower inflation and expansive economic measures, triggered a surge in the GDP, which was repeated in 2004, creating jobs and encouraging internal consumption. Capital flight decreased, and foreign investment slowly returned. The influx of foreign currency from exports created such a huge trade surplus that the Central Bank was forced to buy dollars from the market, which it continues to do at the time, to be accumulated as reserves.

The situation in 2005 is much improved, but there are still large numbers of unemployed people that beg for some money or food, especially in the outskirts of Buenos Aires. Some of them are homeless, and there is at least one small non-profit humanitarian organization which distributes free food to some of them most days of the week. However, Argentina is still the most developed country in Latin America. It boasts the highest GDP per capita, the highest levels of education measured by university attendance, and a reasonable infrastructure that in many aspects is equal in quality to that found in fully industrialized nations. In 2002 over 57% of the population was below the poverty line, at the end of 2005 it was 33.8%. In 2002 unemployment had reached over 25%, and by December 2005 it was 10.2%. GDP per capita has surpassed the previous pre-recession peak of 1998. The economy grew 8.9% in 2003, 9.0% in 2004, and 9.2% in 2005; figures no lower than 7% and up to about 9% are predicted for 2006. The foreign debt now stands at 69% of GDP and is slowly decreasing.

Demographics

A study conducted by the "Service of Genetic Fingerprints" of the University of Buenos Aires determined that in Argentina, 56% of the population have at least one Amerindian ancestor, and the remainder (44%) descend exclusively from European ancestors, or in a much smaller measure from other ethnic groups, such as Asians and Africans, etc. The study also found that 5.6% of the population has a genetic inheritance that is purely Amerindian; this group is of course within the 56% that has any Amerindian ancestry.

Argentina’s population is, nevertheless, primarily of European extraction, being that even in the majority of those with an Amerindian genetic legacy, that legacy is not manifested phenotypically. This relative scarcity of people of distinctly mestizo or Amerindian characteristics is unique in Latin America, and it is only also observed in Uruguay and southern Brazil. Even so, the visibly mestizo population has increased in the past few decades due to internal migrations from the Argentine interior — where the mestizo element has traditionally predominated — towards Buenos Aires and other large cities where over 65% of the population is concentrated and which from the beginning of the 18th century has been European in its majority. In recent decades, especially during the 1990s, there had been a substantial influx of immigrants from neighboring South American countries whose populations are predominantly mestizo (Chile and Paraguay) or Amerindian (Bolivia and Peru) which have also contributed to this ethnographic change.

The European component of Argentina derives largely from the first Spanish settlers established during the colonial period, and the later Spanish and Italian immigrants who arrived in large and successive waves during the last years of 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries, extending after World War II. Although also elevated, immigration of other Europeans — including Germans, Russians, Portuguese, Poles, Irish, French and English — was not as numerous when compared to either Spaniards or Italians. Argentina's Jewish community, numbering about 395,379 , thus making it the largest in Latin America and fifth largest in the world, derives overwhelmingly from immigrants of Northern and Eastern European origin — Ashkenazi Jews.

According to the Complementary Survey of Indigenous Peoples (ECPI) 2004 - 2005, which is based on the INDEC's National Census of Population (2001), 318,683 indigenous persons were counted in the country. This corresponds to a little over 0.8% of Argentina’s total population. These persons recognised themselves as pertaining, or descending in first generation, to an indigenous community. In addition, the agency maintains that on the basis of the results, some 2.8% of Argentine homes have at least one member that is recognized as pertaining to an indigenous community.

There are also those from the Asian continent, including the Middle East and a small number from the Far East. The first Asian-Argentines were of Japanese descent, but Koreans, Vietnamese, and Chinese soon followed. There are also smaller numbers of people from the Indian subcontinent.

Culture

Argentine culture has been primarily informed and influenced by its European roots. Buenos Aires is undeniably the most European city in South America and considered by many its cultural capital, due both to the prevalence of people of Italian, Spanish and German descent and to conscious imitation.

Argentina has a rich history of world renowned literature, including one of 20th century most critically acclaimed writers, Jorge Luis Borges.

Argentine cinema has achieved international recognition with films such as "The Official Story", "Nine Queens" or "Iluminados por el Fuego", though it has only rarely been taken into account by mainstream popular viewers who prefer Hollywood-type movies. Even low-budget productions, however, have obtained prizes in cinema festivals (such as Cannes). The city of Mar del Plata organizes its own festival dedicated to this art.

The best-known elements of Argentine culture are probably music and dance, particularly tango. In modern Argentina, tango music is enjoyed in its own right, especially since the radical Astor Piazzolla redefined the music of Carlos Gardel. It must be noted that, to foreigners, tango refers mostly to a particular dancing music, but the music together with the lyrics (often sung in a kind of slang called lunfardo) are what most Argentines primarily mean by tango. Tango lyrics can be considered a kind of poetry. Since the 1970s rock and roll is also widely appreciated in Argentina. First during the 1970s and then again at the mid 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s, national rock and roll and pop music experienced bursts of popularity, with many new bands (such as Soda Stereo and Sumo) and composers (like Charly García and Fito Páez) becoming important referents of national culture. Buenos Aires is also considered the techno/electronica country in Latin America, that started with little raves, and nowadays is home of important events such as Creamfields (which has the world record of 65,000 people), South American Music Conference and many more. Now, the Argentine rock is the most listened music among youth.

European classical music is well-considered in Argentina, with the Colón Theater one of the best opera houses in the world. Classical musicians such as Martha Argerich and Daniel Barenboim; and classical composers like Alberto Ginastera have become internationally famous.

Argentine food consists of many different kinds of European food from Spain, Italy, Germany, France and other European countries. Argentina has a wide variety of typical foods (Spanish: Comidas típicas), which include: Empanadas, a stuffed pastry; Locro, a mixture of corn, beans, meat, bacon, onion, and gourd; and Chorizo, a meat-based spicy sausage. The Argentine barbecue (Spanish: Asado argentino) is one of the most famous in the world including various types of meats, among them the chorizo, mollejas, chinchulín, and the morcilla.

See also the articles on the cuisine, the music (rock), and the football (Spanish: Fútbol) of Argentina. For a prevalent custom among Argentines, see mate. For the traditional Buenos Aires dance, see tango.

Language

The only official language is Spanish, although some immigrants and indigenous communities have retained their original languages in specific points of the country. There are, for example many Welsh-speaking towns in Patagonia and German-speaking cities in Córdoba, Buenos Aires and Patagonia. Italian, English and French are widely spoken and other languages such as Japanese, Chinese, Korean and Russian are easily found in Buenos Aires, where the main foreign communities settled their barrios (neighborhoods).

Argentina is the largest Spanish-speaking community in the world that employs voseo (the use of the pronoun vos instead of tú, associated with some alternate verb conjugations). The most prevalent dialect is Rioplatense, with most speakers located in the basin of the Río de la Plata. The Rioplatense accent is considerably different from all other forms of Spanish.

A phonetic study conducted by the Laboratory for Sensory Investigations of CONICET and the University of Toronto showed that the accent of the inhabitants of Buenos Aires (known locally as Porteños) is closer to the Napolitano Italian dialect than any other spoken language. According to the study, this can be traced to the influx of Italian immigrants through the port city during the late 1800's and early 1900's. The Italian immigration had a profound influence on Lunfardo, the slang spoken in Buenos Aires and the Río de la Plata, which has since permeated popular vocabulary in the region.

Religion

Argentina is an overwhelmingly Christian country. The majority of Argentina's population (80%) is at least nominally Roman Catholic. Roman Catholicism is supported by the state, as stipulated in the Constitution. Evangelical churches gained a place in Argentina especially since the 1980s and now number more than 3.5 million or 10%. Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) number over 330,300, the seventh largest concentration in the world. Traditional Protestant communities are also present.

The country also hosts the largest Jewish population in Latin America, about 395,379 strong. It is also home to one of the largest mosques in Latin America, serving Argentina's small Muslim community.

Public holidays

Besides observing several catholic holidays including Christmas, Immaculate Conception and Easter, there are a number of historical days that are celebrated, such as the Memorial Day (of the Dirty War), Malvinas Day, May Revolution, National Flag Day, the deaths of San Martín and Sarmiento, and other more international holidays such as Labor Day and Columbus Day.

Even though Jewish New Year and the Day of Atonement are official holidays, they only apply to Jews.

See also

Template:Argentine Wikiportal

• Argentine Antarctica
• Communications in Argentina
• Education in Argentina
• Elections in Argentina
• Foreign relations of Argentina
• Governors in Argentina
• Military of Argentina
• National parks of Argentina
• Public holidays in Argentina
• Scouts de Argentina
• Tourism in Argentina
• Transport in Argentina

References

• "Argentina." New Funk & Wagnalls Encyclopedia. Ed. Joseph Laffan Morse. Vol. 1. New York City: Unicorn Publishers, Inc., 1954. 364-374.
• General information
• General information
• General information and maps
• Geography and history
• Geography and tourism
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External links

Government

• Template:Es icon Gobierno Electrónico - Official government website
• Template:Es icon Presidencia de la Nación - Official presidential website
• Template:Es icon Honorable Senado de la Nación - Official senatorial website
• Template:Es icon Honorable Cámara de Diputados de la Nación - Official lower house website

Directories

• Template:En icon Library of Congress
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News

• Template:Es icon Télam (Official news agency)
• Template:De icon Argentinisches Tageblatt (See article)
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Images

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Travel

• Template:Es icon Secretaria de Turismo de la Nacion - Official tourism website
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• Template:En icon Complete Argentina Travel Information
• Template:Es icon A trip through Argentina - Pictures and comments.
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Other

• Template:Es icon José María Rosa historian
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• Template:En icon Council on Hemispheric Affairs
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• Template:En icon CIA World Factbook
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