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| '''Øvre Pasvik National Park''' ({{lang-no|Øvre Pasvik nasjonalpark}}, {{lang-se|Báhčaveaji Álbmotmeahcci}}) is located south-east in ] in southern ], ]. Covering an area of {{convert|119|km2|sp=us}}, the ] is dominated by ]n-like ] consisting of ] ], shallow lakes and ]. Proposals for a national park in Øvre Pasvik were first launched in 1936, but the part was not created until 6 February 1970. It originally covered {{convert|66|km2|sp=us}}, but was expanded in 29 August 2003. Øvre Pasvik is part of ] along |
'''Øvre Pasvik National Park''' ({{lang-no|Øvre Pasvik nasjonalpark}}, {{lang-se|Báhčaveaji Álbmotmeahcci}}) is located south-east in ] in southern ], ]. Covering an area of {{convert|119|km2|sp=us}}, the ] is dominated by ]n-like ] consisting of ]s of ], shallow lakes and ]. Proposals for a national park in Øvre Pasvik were first launched in 1936, but the part was not created until 6 February 1970. It originally covered {{convert|66|km2|sp=us}}, but was expanded in 29 August 2003. Øvre Pasvik is part of ] along with the adjacent ], ], the Russian part of the nature reserve and Finland's ]. | ||
| The park has its western border running along the ]. The two most prominent lakes are ] and ], both of which flow into ] of ]. The ] and ] are typical of the Siberian taiga, and include some species uncommon for Norway. The park is a ] for the ] and also |
The park has its western border running along the ]. The two most prominent lakes are ] and ], both of which flow into ] of ]. The ] and ] are typical of the Siberian taiga, and include some species uncommon for Norway. The park is a ] for the ] and also has a large population of ]; ] takes place during winter. Eight species of fish live in the lakes and the park has 190 species of ]s. | ||
| ==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| The national park covers an area of {{convert|119|km2|sp=us}}.<ref>Ryvarden (2007): 45</ref> It is located in the southern-most part of Sør-Varanger and covers the southwestern part of the valley of Pasvikdalen. The park's western border is identical to the Finland–Norway border. The eastern border crosses through Ivergammevatnet, Revsaksfjellet and Ødevatn. ], the ] ] located at the intersection of the Finland–Norway–Russia border, is |
The national park covers an area of {{convert|119|km2|sp=us}}.<ref>Ryvarden (2007): 45</ref> It is located in the southern-most part of Sør-Varanger and covers the southwestern part of the valley of Pasvikdalen. The park's western border is identical to the Finland–Norway border. The eastern border crosses through Ivergammevatnet, Revsaksfjellet and Ødevatn. ], the ] ] located at the intersection of the Finland–Norway–Russia border, is within the park.<ref name=r49>Ryvarden (2007): 49</ref> To the east is Øvre Pasvik Landscape Protection Area and Pasvik Nature Reserve, which both lie along the ].<ref>Ryvarden (2007): 122</ref> The park is part of Pasvik–Inari Trilateral Park, which in addition to the three Norwegian protected areas includes Vätsäri Wilderness Area on the Finnish side of the border and the Russian part of Pasvik Nature Reserve.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pasvik-inari.net/neu/eng/area.html |title=Area |publisher=] |accessdate=23 August 2012 |archivedate=23 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A8BviOvS |deadurl=no}}</ref> | ||
| The area is exceptionally flat by Norwegian standards. It consists of large rolling hills with forest, shallow lakes and numerous ]. The land is covered in an old-growth forest of Scots Pine, supplemented with bog.<ref name=r49 /> The park rises slightly towards the west. The climate is dry, with an average {{convert|350|mm|in|sp=us}} precipitation per year. The winters are cold, |
The area is exceptionally flat by Norwegian standards. It consists of large rolling hills with forest, shallow lakes and numerous ]. The land is covered in an old-growth forest of Scots Pine, supplemented with bog.<ref name=r49 /> The park rises slightly towards the west. The climate is dry, with an average {{convert|350|mm|in|sp=us}} precipitation per year. The winters are cold, {{convert|−45|C}} having been measured. There are 60 days of ] per year.<ref name=r51>Ryvarden (2007): 51</ref> Because of the flat terrain, which is only broken by a few hills, it is easy to get lost in the park; lakes and creeks are the easiest means of orientation.<ref name=r50>Ryvarden (2007): 50</ref> The tallest point is Kolfjellet, {{convert|260|m|sp=us}} ] (AMSL).<ref name=r51 /> | ||
| About twenty percent of the national park is covered by lakes. The entire park is drained through two tributaries of Pasvikelva, one draining Ellenvatn and one draining Ødevatn. Ellenvatn is the largest lake; located centrally in the park, it is drained from the north.<ref name=r50 /> It has two enclosed bays to the south, Parvatn and Skinnposevatn. Ødevann, located in the southeast, is the second-largest lake.<ref name=r51 /> Many of the smaller lakes are |
About twenty percent of the national park is covered by lakes. The entire park is drained through two tributaries of Pasvikelva, one draining Ellenvatn and one draining Ødevatn. Ellenvatn is the largest lake; located centrally in the park, it is drained from the north.<ref name=r50 /> It has two enclosed bays to the south, Parvatn and Skinnposevatn. Ødevann, located in the southeast, is the second-largest lake.<ref name=r51 /> Many of the smaller lakes are being filled with ], a process which began following at the end of the ]. Many of the bogs have previously been lakes but have been transformed over the years.<ref name=r54>Ryvarden (2007): 54</ref> | ||
| The |
The rock composition is mostly ] ]es, although the northern part of the park has some ]. The entire area is covered by large amounts of soil, and bedrock can only be seen in cliffs and ]s. These geological conditions result in poor soil quality.<ref name=r51 /> During the last glacial period the region was covered by a large ] which had little movement because of the flat terrain. This again led to lack of ]s which could create larger lakes. Most lakes are created by variations in the bedrock; Ødevannet is a notable exception as is lies in a deep ], giving it a long and narrow profile.<ref name=r52>Ryvarden (2007): 52</ref> The fault continues northeastwards, creating the Revsaksskaret cliff.<ref name=r60>Ryvarden (2007): 60</ref> The valley has a marine border at {{convert|110|m|sp=us}} AMSL, with the ] having dried up the land about 5000 BC. Prior to this the valley was part of a ].<ref name=r52>Ryvarden (2007): 52</ref> There are some spread non-vegetated flat ]s.<ref name=r54 /> | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| ], the ] ] located at the intersection of the Finland–Norway–Russia border, is located within the national park]] | ], the ] ] located at the intersection of the Finland–Norway–Russia border, is located within the national park.]] | ||
| Pasvikdalen has been populated since the ]; archeological findings from the ] have been dated back to 4000 BC. About 2300 BC there was immigration from Finland and later the area was largely used by ] for ]. Norwegian immigration started about 1850, and the first land was granted land for farming in 1874, after a road |
Pasvikdalen has been populated since the ]; archeological findings from the ] have been dated back to 4000 BC. About 2300 BC there was immigration from Finland and later the area was largely used by ] for ]. Norwegian immigration started about 1850, and the first land was granted land for farming in 1874, after a road was built along the valley to ]. This was followed up by Russian immigration to the other side of the border. The road was extended to Grensefossen in 1939 and after 1945 the population on the Russian side was forcefully moved and the area depopulated.<ref name=r68>Ryvarden (2007): 68</ref> Pasvikelva regulated for ] from the 1940s, with the first power station opening in 1951. There were eventually built seven power stations which regulated the entire fall height in the river.<ref name=r72>Ryvarden (2007): 72</ref> | ||
| Proposals for a national park was first launched by author ] in 1936. The proposal was official issued to the ], but they halted the prosess as they principally were opposed to all forms of conservation as they wanted all natural resources to be exploited. Schøyen raised the proposal again in the late 1940s, and in his death year of 1951 the Director of Forestry decided to administratively protect {{convert|70|km2|sp=us}} of land within the current national park. The plans for a national park were revitalized in the late 1960s with the proposal of building a highway up Pasvikdalen to ], Finland, which would run through the protected area. However, the road plans were never considered politically.<ref name=r69>Ryvarden (2007): 69</ref> The national park was established on 6 February 1970<ref name=date>{{cite web |url=http://www.dirnat.no/content/500041045/Ovre-Pasvik-nasjonalpark |title=Øvre Pasvik nasjonalpark |publisher=] |language=Norwegian |accessdate=23 August 2012 |archivedate=23 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A8r2Xiu3 |deadurl=no}}</ref> and originally covered an area of {{convert|66|km2|sp=us}}.<ref name=expansion>{{cite web |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dokumentarkiv/Regjeringen-Bondevik-II/md/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/2003/ovre_pasvik_nasjonalpark_utvidet.html?id=250966 |title=Øvre Pasvik nasjonalpark utvidet mot Russland og Finland |publisher=] |language=Norwegian |accessdate=24 August 2012 |archivedate=24 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A9oKHUy1 |deadurl=no}}</ref> | Proposals for a national park was first launched by author ] in 1936. The proposal was official issued to the ], but they halted the prosess as they principally were opposed to all forms of conservation as they wanted all natural resources to be exploited. Schøyen raised the proposal again in the late 1940s, and in his death year of 1951 the Director of Forestry decided to administratively protect {{convert|70|km2|sp=us}} of land within the current national park. The plans for a national park were revitalized in the late 1960s with the proposal of building a highway up Pasvikdalen to ], Finland, which would run through the protected area. However, the road plans were never considered politically.<ref name=r69>Ryvarden (2007): 69</ref> The national park was established on 6 February 1970<ref name=date>{{cite web |url=http://www.dirnat.no/content/500041045/Ovre-Pasvik-nasjonalpark |title=Øvre Pasvik nasjonalpark |publisher=] |language=Norwegian |accessdate=23 August 2012 |archivedate=23 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A8r2Xiu3 |deadurl=no}}</ref> and originally covered an area of {{convert|66|km2|sp=us}}.<ref name=expansion>{{cite web |url=http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dokumentarkiv/Regjeringen-Bondevik-II/md/Nyheter-og-pressemeldinger/2003/ovre_pasvik_nasjonalpark_utvidet.html?id=250966 |title=Øvre Pasvik nasjonalpark utvidet mot Russland og Finland |publisher=] |language=Norwegian |accessdate=24 August 2012 |archivedate=24 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A9oKHUy1 |deadurl=no}}</ref> | ||
| The national park center opened in 2001<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dirnat.no/content/500040831/Ovre-Pasvik-nasjonalparksenter |title=Øvre Pasvik nasjonalparksenter |publisher=] |language=Norwegian |date=29 August 2003 |accessdate=24 August 2012 |archivedate=24 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A9o3Reh3 |deadurl=no}}</ref> and the park was expanded on 23 August 2003.<ref name=date /> At the same time the adjacent Øvre Pasvik Landscape Protection Area was created, which borders |
The national park center opened in 2001<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dirnat.no/content/500040831/Ovre-Pasvik-nasjonalparksenter |title=Øvre Pasvik nasjonalparksenter |publisher=] |language=Norwegian |date=29 August 2003 |accessdate=24 August 2012 |archivedate=24 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A9o3Reh3 |deadurl=no}}</ref> and the park was expanded on 23 August 2003.<ref name=date /> At the same time the adjacent Øvre Pasvik Landscape Protection Area was created, which borders Pasvik Nature Reserve. Thus the five protected areas in the area were connected.<ref name=expansion /> Since 2011 a local political board has been responsible for the management of the park.<ref name=management>{{cite web |url=http://www.pasvik-inari.net/neu/eng/area_ovre.html |title=Øvre Pasvik |publisher=] |accessdate=23 August 2012 |archivedate=23 August 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A9pxwwmG |deadurl=no}}</ref> | ||
| ==Management== | ==Management== | ||
| Line 43: | Line 43: | ||
| ==Flora== | ==Flora== | ||
| Pasvik is dominated by the old-growth Scots Pine, which covers half the park's area. The forest has a very slow life cycle, giving typical tree ages of between 300 and 400 year; the oldest recorded tree was 820 years. Regrowth is slow because the trees need two consecutive years to produce cones and young trees are often killed by moose during winter.<ref name=r55>Ryvarden (2007): 55</ref> The park has been hit regularly by ]s—the latest major fire |
Pasvik is dominated by the old-growth Scots Pine, which covers half the park's area. The forest has a very slow life cycle, giving typical tree ages of between 300 and 400 year; the oldest recorded tree was 820 years. Regrowth is slow because the trees need two consecutive years to produce cones and young trees are often killed by moose during winter.<ref name=r55>Ryvarden (2007): 55</ref> The park has been hit regularly by ]s—the latest major fire occurring in 1945. As the pine trees do not have low-laying branches, the fires will normally spread along the ground, killing any young trees. The slow growth any forest fire can kill tens of generations of trees, but the remaining ashes give good conditions for young trees, giving an uneven age distribution of spruce. None of the islands in Ellensvatn have had fires, giving a unique forest composition.<ref name=r58>Ryvarden (2007): 58</ref> | ||
| In neighboring areas of Russia there are significant amounts of ], but they only exist sporadically within Øvre Pasvik, with no more than 40 trees in one place. The lack of spruce is caused by a combination of wildfire and ] as late as June.<ref name=r55 /> There |
In neighboring areas of Russia there are significant amounts of ], but they only exist sporadically within Øvre Pasvik, with no more than 40 trees in one place. The lack of spruce is caused by a combination of wildfire and ] as late as June.<ref name=r55 /> There is also a limited amount of ], specifically ] and ]. ] is uncommon, largely because its bark and roots are popular food for animals.<ref name=r56>Ryvarden (2007): 56</ref> Along some creeks there are ] and ]. The area is too try to allow the latter to grow away from creeks and lake sides. There are eight to ten species of ] within the national park.<ref name=r57>Ryvarden (2007): 57</ref> | ||
| About 190 species of ] have been registered in the park, most of which are part of the natural composition of the Siberian taiga.<ref name=r58 /> ] is the most common, the park being one of only three locations in Norway where it occurs. The most common berry plant is ]; ] and ] are also common, but do not carry good yields of berries.<ref name=r59>Ryvarden (2007): 59</ref> In August there is normally a good yield of ], and occasionally there can be found ]. There is a limited |
About 190 species of ] have been registered in the park, most of which are part of the natural composition of the Siberian taiga.<ref name=r58 /> ] is the most common, the park being one of only three locations in Norway where it occurs. The most common berry plant is ]; ] and ] are also common, but do not carry good yields of berries.<ref name=r59>Ryvarden (2007): 59</ref> In August there is normally a good yield of ], and occasionally there can be found ]. There is a limited number of ]s.<ref name=r60 /> The steep cliffs at Revsaksskaret allow mountainous plants to thrive, such as ], ] and ]. These were common throughout the area after the last glacial period, but have vanished with forestation. Other mountainous plants common in the region are not found in Pasvik because of low oxygen levels in the lower soil levels.<ref name=r61>Ryvarden (2007): 61</ref> | ||
| ==Fauna== | ==Fauna== | ||
Revision as of 19:18, 29 August 2012
| Øvre Pasvik National Park | |
|---|---|
| IUCN category II (national park) | |
 | |
| Location | Sør-Varanger, Norway |
| Nearest city | Kirkenes |
| Coordinates | 69°6′N 28°50′E / 69.100°N 28.833°E / 69.100; 28.833 |
| Area | 119 km (46 sq mi) |
| Established | 6 February 1970, enlarged 2003 |
| Governing body | Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management |
Øvre Pasvik National Park (Template:Lang-no, Template:Lang-se) is located south-east in Pasvikdalen in southern Sør-Varanger, Norway. Covering an area of 119 square kilometers (46 sq mi), the national park is dominated by Siberian-like taiga consisting of old-growth forests of Scots Pine, shallow lakes and bog. Proposals for a national park in Øvre Pasvik were first launched in 1936, but the part was not created until 6 February 1970. It originally covered 66 square kilometers (25 sq mi), but was expanded in 29 August 2003. Øvre Pasvik is part of Pasvik–Inari Trilateral Park along with the adjacent Øvre Pasvik Landscape Protection Area, Pasvik Nature Reserve, the Russian part of the nature reserve and Finland's Vätsäri Wilderness Area.
The park has its western border running along the Finland–Norway border. The two most prominent lakes are Ellenvatn and Ødevatn, both of which flow into tributaries of Pasvikelva. The fauna and flora are typical of the Siberian taiga, and include some species uncommon for Norway. The park is a habitat for the brown bear and also has a large population of moose; reindeer husbandry takes place during winter. Eight species of fish live in the lakes and the park has 190 species of flowering plants.
Geography
The national park covers an area of 119 square kilometers (46 sq mi). It is located in the southern-most part of Sør-Varanger and covers the southwestern part of the valley of Pasvikdalen. The park's western border is identical to the Finland–Norway border. The eastern border crosses through Ivergammevatnet, Revsaksfjellet and Ødevatn. Treriksrøysa, the tripoint cairn located at the intersection of the Finland–Norway–Russia border, is within the park. To the east is Øvre Pasvik Landscape Protection Area and Pasvik Nature Reserve, which both lie along the Norway–Russia border. The park is part of Pasvik–Inari Trilateral Park, which in addition to the three Norwegian protected areas includes Vätsäri Wilderness Area on the Finnish side of the border and the Russian part of Pasvik Nature Reserve.
The area is exceptionally flat by Norwegian standards. It consists of large rolling hills with forest, shallow lakes and numerous tarns. The land is covered in an old-growth forest of Scots Pine, supplemented with bog. The park rises slightly towards the west. The climate is dry, with an average 350 millimeters (14 in) precipitation per year. The winters are cold, −45 °C (−49 °F) having been measured. There are 60 days of midnight sun per year. Because of the flat terrain, which is only broken by a few hills, it is easy to get lost in the park; lakes and creeks are the easiest means of orientation. The tallest point is Kolfjellet, 260 meters (850 ft) above mean sea level (AMSL).
About twenty percent of the national park is covered by lakes. The entire park is drained through two tributaries of Pasvikelva, one draining Ellenvatn and one draining Ødevatn. Ellenvatn is the largest lake; located centrally in the park, it is drained from the north. It has two enclosed bays to the south, Parvatn and Skinnposevatn. Ødevann, located in the southeast, is the second-largest lake. Many of the smaller lakes are being filled with peat, a process which began following at the end of the last glacial period. Many of the bogs have previously been lakes but have been transformed over the years.
The rock composition is mostly granite gneisses, although the northern part of the park has some schist. The entire area is covered by large amounts of soil, and bedrock can only be seen in cliffs and hillocks. These geological conditions result in poor soil quality. During the last glacial period the region was covered by a large glacier which had little movement because of the flat terrain. This again led to lack of moraines which could create larger lakes. Most lakes are created by variations in the bedrock; Ødevannet is a notable exception as is lies in a deep fault, giving it a long and narrow profile. The fault continues northeastwards, creating the Revsaksskaret cliff. The valley has a marine border at 110 meters (360 ft) AMSL, with the post-glacial rebound having dried up the land about 5000 BC. Prior to this the valley was part of a fjord. There are some spread non-vegetated flat screes.
History
Pasvikdalen has been populated since the Stone Age; archeological findings from the Komsa culture have been dated back to 4000 BC. About 2300 BC there was immigration from Finland and later the area was largely used by Skolts for reindeer husbandry. Norwegian immigration started about 1850, and the first land was granted land for farming in 1874, after a road was built along the valley to Svanvatn. This was followed up by Russian immigration to the other side of the border. The road was extended to Grensefossen in 1939 and after 1945 the population on the Russian side was forcefully moved and the area depopulated. Pasvikelva regulated for hydroelectricity from the 1940s, with the first power station opening in 1951. There were eventually built seven power stations which regulated the entire fall height in the river.
Proposals for a national park was first launched by author Carl Schøyen in 1936. The proposal was official issued to the Ministry of Agriculture, but they halted the prosess as they principally were opposed to all forms of conservation as they wanted all natural resources to be exploited. Schøyen raised the proposal again in the late 1940s, and in his death year of 1951 the Director of Forestry decided to administratively protect 70 square kilometers (27 sq mi) of land within the current national park. The plans for a national park were revitalized in the late 1960s with the proposal of building a highway up Pasvikdalen to Ivalo, Finland, which would run through the protected area. However, the road plans were never considered politically. The national park was established on 6 February 1970 and originally covered an area of 66 square kilometers (25 sq mi).
The national park center opened in 2001 and the park was expanded on 23 August 2003. At the same time the adjacent Øvre Pasvik Landscape Protection Area was created, which borders Pasvik Nature Reserve. Thus the five protected areas in the area were connected. Since 2011 a local political board has been responsible for the management of the park.
Management
The park is under the management of the Kirkenes office of the Norwegian Nature Inspectorate, a division of the Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management. In addition there is a local politically-appointed body which has the management responsibility for the park, along with the landscape protection area. It consists of two members appointed by Sør-Varanger Municipal Council, one member from Finnmark County Council and one member from the Sami Parliament.
Flora
Pasvik is dominated by the old-growth Scots Pine, which covers half the park's area. The forest has a very slow life cycle, giving typical tree ages of between 300 and 400 year; the oldest recorded tree was 820 years. Regrowth is slow because the trees need two consecutive years to produce cones and young trees are often killed by moose during winter. The park has been hit regularly by wildfires—the latest major fire occurring in 1945. As the pine trees do not have low-laying branches, the fires will normally spread along the ground, killing any young trees. The slow growth any forest fire can kill tens of generations of trees, but the remaining ashes give good conditions for young trees, giving an uneven age distribution of spruce. None of the islands in Ellensvatn have had fires, giving a unique forest composition.
In neighboring areas of Russia there are significant amounts of Norway Spruce, but they only exist sporadically within Øvre Pasvik, with no more than 40 trees in one place. The lack of spruce is caused by a combination of wildfire and frost as late as June. There is also a limited amount of birch, specifically Dwarf Birch and Silver Birch. Aspen is uncommon, largely because its bark and roots are popular food for animals. Along some creeks there are Bird Cherry and Grey Alder. The area is too try to allow the latter to grow away from creeks and lake sides. There are eight to ten species of willow within the national park.
About 190 species of flowering plants have been registered in the park, most of which are part of the natural composition of the Siberian taiga. Marsh Labrador tea is the most common, the park being one of only three locations in Norway where it occurs. The most common berry plant is lingonberry; Common Bilberry and Bog Bilberry are also common, but do not carry good yields of berries. In August there is normally a good yield of cloudberry, and occasionally there can be found Arctic raspberry. There is a limited number of marine plants. The steep cliffs at Revsaksskaret allow mountainous plants to thrive, such as Alpine chickweed, White Bluegrass and Brittle Bladder-fern. These were common throughout the area after the last glacial period, but have vanished with forestation. Other mountainous plants common in the region are not found in Pasvik because of low oxygen levels in the lower soil levels.
Fauna
The brown bear hibernates in the park, and two to four females have cubs in the park and the landscape protection area each year. Bears can also be found in transit between Russia and Finland. Other common mammals include red fox, stoat, least weasel, American mink and European pine marten. The population of moose has been increasing; its wear on the tree population has an impact on the regrowth of trees. Norway lemming and Wood Lemming are uncommon; Eurasian lynx sometimes cross through the park. Pasvik is one of very few areas in Norway with Laxmann's Shrew. The park is permitted used for reindeer husbandry, although the area is mostly used during the winter as the herds are moved out to Varangerfjorden for the summers. Raccoon dogs is an introduced species to Europe and was first spotted in the national park area in 1983.
There are eight species of fish in the park: Northern pike and European perch are the most commons, other include grayling, common minnow, burbot, three-spined stickleback and the least common, brown trout. All but the latter have arrived since the last glacial period from Lake Inari, where they ultimately came from the Baltic Sea, which at that time consisted of fresh water. The trout came up Pasvikdalen about 8000 BC.
The bird-life is dominated by species from the Siberian taiga, which are otherwise not common in Norway. Habituating species include Siberian Jay, Pine Grosbeak, Bohemian Waxwing, Common Crane and Whooper Swan. Several species of sparrow and charadriiformes are also common. There are also three species of Falconiformes—Rough-legged Buzzard, Merlin and osprey, the latter which can be seen hunting over Ellenvatn and Ødevatn. The Great Grey Owl and Northern Hawk-Owl are common in years with good access to rodents.
Recreation
The national park has not been organized for recreation. There is a national park center co-located with Bioforsk Svanhovd Miljøsenter, located at Svanvik, 40 kilometers (25 mi) south of Kirkenes. In addition to information for hikers, the center had a display and shows films from the national park and its nature, culture and history. Øvre Passvik is located 90 kilometers (56 mi) south of Kirkenes. The park is accessible by car at three points from three side roads of National Road 885; the one terminates at the national park border near Svartbrysttjern, the other at Ødevatnskoia close to Ødevatn, and the third runs through the landscape protection area and terminates at Grensefoss, ca. 5 kilometers (3 mi) from the tripoint cairn.
All motorized vehicles are prohibited, but it is permitted to bring canoes and other non-motorized boats, as well as skiing during winter. Walking and tenting is permitted everywhere. Berries and mushrooms can be harvested for personal use. Hunting and fishing is also permitted with a hunting or fishing license. Dogs may be brought along, but must be in a leash between 1 April and 20 August. Hikers must show special consideration regarding vegetation, animal life and cultural heritage.
References
- Ryvarden (2007): 45
- ^ Ryvarden (2007): 49
- Ryvarden (2007): 122
- "Area". Pasvik–Inari Trilateral Park. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ryvarden (2007): 51
- ^ Ryvarden (2007): 50
- ^ Ryvarden (2007): 54
- ^ Ryvarden (2007): 52
- ^ Ryvarden (2007): 60
- Ryvarden (2007): 68
- ^ Ryvarden (2007): 72
- Ryvarden (2007): 69
- ^ "Øvre Pasvik nasjonalpark" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Øvre Pasvik nasjonalpark utvidet mot Russland og Finland" (in Norwegian). Ministry of the Environment. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - "Øvre Pasvik nasjonalparksenter" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management. 29 August 2003. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Øvre Pasvik". Pasvik–Inari Trilateral Park. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ryvarden (2007): 73
- ^ Ryvarden (2007): 55
- ^ Ryvarden (2007): 58
- Ryvarden (2007): 56
- Ryvarden (2007): 57
- Ryvarden (2007): 59
- Ryvarden (2007): 61
- Ryvarden (2007): 67
- Ryvarden (2007): 64
- Ryvarden (2007): 65
- ^ "Øvre Pasvik nasjonalpark" (in Norwegian). Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
- Bibliography
- Ryvarden, Leif (2007). Norges nasjonalparker: Stabbursdalen, Øvre Pasvik og Øvre Anárjohka (in Norwegian). Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag. ISBN 978-82-05-37638-0.
