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{{Infobox officeholder {{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mayawati | name = Mayawati
| image = | image =
| caption = | caption =
| office1 = ]&nbsp;– ] | office1 = ]&nbsp;– ]
| term_start1 = March 2012 | term_start1 = March 2012
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| predecessor5 = Mulayam Singh Yadav | predecessor5 = Mulayam Singh Yadav
| successor5 = ] | successor5 = ]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1956|01|15}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|01|15}}
| birth_place = ] | birth_place = ]
| death_date = | death_date =
| death_place = | death_place =
| party = ] | party = ]
| spouse = | spouse =
| children = | children =
| spouse = | spouse =
| residence = Lucknow | residence = Lucknow
| occupation = Politician | occupation = Politician
| alma_mater = {{plainlist | | alma_mater =
{{plainlist |
* ] * ]
* ] * ]
}} }}
| religion = | religion =
| signature = | signature =
| website = | website =
| footnotes = | footnotes =
| blank1 = | blank1 =
}} }}


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Mayawati was born on 15 January 1956 at ] in ]. Her father, Prabhu Das, was a post office employee at Badalpur, ].<ref name="cm_profile" /> The family belonged to the ] caste, at the upper end of the ].<ref name="Kharat 2011" /> The sons in the family were sent to private schools, while the daughters went to "low-performing government schools".<ref name="Bose 2008" /> Mayawati was born on 15 January 1956 at ] in ]. Her father, Prabhu Das, was a post office employee at Badalpur, ].<ref name="cm_profile" /> The family belonged to the ] caste, at the upper end of the ].<ref name="Kharat 2011" /> The sons in the family were sent to private schools, while the daughters went to "low-performing government schools".<ref name="Bose 2008" />


Mayawati studied her B.A. in 1975 at the Kalindi Women's College and Law faculty, Campus Law Centre, under the ], and she completed a ] from VMLG College, ] in 1976.<ref name="cm_profile" /> She was working as a teacher in Inderpuri JJ Colony, Delhi, and studying for the ] exams, when Dalit politician ] visited her family home in 1977. According to biographer Ajoy Bose, Ram told her, "I can make you such a big leader one day that not one but a whole row of IAS officers will line up for your orders."<ref name="Bose 2008" /> In 1983 she acquired her LL.B from Delhi University. Impressed by her speaking skills and ideas, Kanshi Ram included her as a member of his team when he founded the ] (BSP) in 1984.<ref name="Singh 2003" /> Mayawati was first elected to parliament in 1989.<ref name="Al Jazeera" /> Mayawati studied her B.A. in 1975 at the Kalindi Women's College and Law faculty, Campus Law Centre, under the ], and she completed a ] from VMLG College, ] in 1976.<ref name="cm_profile" /> She was working as a teacher in Inderpuri JJ Colony, Delhi, and studying for the ] exams, when Dalit politician ] visited her family home in 1977. According to biographer Ajoy Bose, Ram told her, "I can make you such a big leader one day that not one but a whole row of IAS officers will line up for your orders."<ref name="Bose 2008" /> In 1983 she acquired her LL.B from Delhi University. Impressed by her speaking skills and ideas, Kanshi Ram included her as a member of his team when he founded the ] (BSP) in 1984.<ref name="Singh 2003" /> Mayawati was first elected to parliament in 1989.<ref name="Al Jazeera" />


At Kanshi Ram's funeral ceremonies in 2006, Mayawati said they had both been following ] traditions and customs. She has indicated that she may formally convert to Buddhism at some point. Her act of performing the ] (traditionally done by a male heir) was an expression of their views against ].<ref name="legacy" /><ref name="The Hindu 2006" /> At Kanshi Ram's funeral ceremonies in 2006, Mayawati said they had both been following ] traditions and customs. She has indicated that she may formally convert to Buddhism at some point. Her act of performing the ] (traditionally done by a male heir) was an expression of their views against ].<ref name="legacy" /><ref name="The Hindu 2006" />


==Political career== ==Political career==
Kanshi Ram founded the BSP in 1984. Influenced by ], one of the architects of the ], the party proposed to improve the situation of Dalits and other ] through police reform, ] on hiring of members of scheduled castes for government posts, and providing rural development programmes.<ref name="Singh 2003" /> ] is a system whereby a percentage of government positions and seats in all universities is reserved for persons of backward classes and scheduled castes and tribes. As part of her social reform plans, Mayawati advocates reservation for the poor as well as for the castes and tribes covered by the original reservation legislation.<ref name="IBN Live 2007" /> Mayawati's career has been called a "miracle of democracy" by former Prime Minister of India ].<ref name="Tehelka 2008" /> Millions of Dalit supporters view her as an icon, and refer to her as "Behen-ji" (sister).<ref name="BBC 2009" /> Her public meetings are attended by large audiences, using slogans such as ''"Kanshi Ram ka mission Adhoora; karegi Behen Mayawati poora"'' (Kanshi Ram's unfulfilled mission will be completed by Mayawati), ''"Behenji tum sangharsh karo; hum tumhare saath hain"'' (Sister, go ahead with your struggle; we are with you).<ref name="Rediff 2006" /> Kanshi Ram founded the BSP in 1984. Influenced by ], one of the architects of the ], the party proposed to improve the situation of Dalits and other ] through police reform, ] on hiring of members of scheduled castes for government posts, and providing rural development programmes.<ref name="Singh 2003" /> ] is a system whereby a percentage of government positions and seats in all universities is reserved for persons of backward classes and scheduled castes and tribes. As part of her social reform plans, Mayawati advocates reservation for the poor as well as for the castes and tribes covered by the original reservation legislation.<ref name="IBN Live 2007" /> Mayawati's career has been called a "miracle of democracy" by former Prime Minister of India ].<ref name="Tehelka 2008" /> Millions of Dalit supporters view her as an icon, and refer to her as "Behen-ji" (sister).<ref name="BBC 2009" /> Her public meetings are attended by large audiences, using slogans such as ''"Kanshi Ram ka mission Adhoora; karegi Behen Mayawati poora"'' (Kanshi Ram's unfulfilled mission will be completed by Mayawati), ''"Behenji tum sangharsh karo; hum tumhare saath hain"'' (Sister, go ahead with your struggle; we are with you).<ref name="Rediff 2006" />


In its first election campaign in 1984, BSP fielded Mayawati for the ] (Lower House) seat of ] in the ], and for the Lok Sabha seats of ] in 1985 and ] in 1987. In 1989 she was elected for the Lok Sabha seat of Bijnor, with 183,189 votes, winning by 8,879 votes.<ref name="CNN-IBN 1989" /><ref name="Subrahmaniam 2010" /> Although BSP did not win control of the house, the electoral experience led to considerable activity for Mayawati over the next five years, as she worked with Mahsood Ahmed and other organisers. In the 1989 national election, the party won three seats.<ref name="1989 election"/> It won two seats in the 1991 national election.<ref name="1991 election"/> In its first election campaign in 1984, BSP fielded Mayawati for the ] (Lower House) seat of ] in the ], and for the Lok Sabha seats of ] in 1985 and ] in 1987. In 1989 she was elected for the Lok Sabha seat of Bijnor, with 183,189 votes, winning by 8,879 votes.<ref name="CNN-IBN 1989" /><ref name="Subrahmaniam 2010" /> Although BSP did not win control of the house, the electoral experience led to considerable activity for Mayawati over the next five years, as she worked with Mahsood Ahmed and other organisers. In the 1989 national election, the party won three seats.<ref name="1989 election" /> It won two seats in the 1991 national election.<ref name="1991 election" />


Mayawati was first elected to the ] (Upper House) of ] (UP) in 1994.<ref name="cm_profile" /> In 1995 she became, as head of her party, ] in a short-lived coalition government, the youngest Chief Minister in the history of the state and the first female Dalit Chief Minister in India.<ref name="BBC 2009" /><ref name="Patni 2007" /> She won the election in two different constituencies in 1996, and chose to serve for Harora.<ref name="cm_profile" /> She became again Chief Minister for a short period in 1997, and then from 2002 to 2003 in coalition with the ]. In 2001 Ram named her as his successor to the party leadership.<ref name="Al Jazeera" /> Mayawati was first elected to the ] (Upper House) of ] (UP) in 1994.<ref name="cm_profile" /> In 1995 she became, as head of her party, ] in a short-lived coalition government, the youngest Chief Minister in the history of the state and the first female Dalit Chief Minister in India.<ref name="BBC 2009" /><ref name="Patni 2007" /> She won the election in two different constituencies in 1996, and chose to serve for Harora.<ref name="cm_profile" /> She became again Chief Minister for a short period in 1997, and then from 2002 to 2003 in coalition with the ]. In 2001 Ram named her as his successor to the party leadership.<ref name="Al Jazeera" />


===2007: BSP majority=== ===2007: BSP majority===
Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state and one of its poorest, is considered pivotal in the politics of India because of its large number of voters.<ref name="Chandrahas 2011" /><ref name="Times July 2010" /> BSP won a majority in the 2007 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections, fielding candidates from a variety of castes and religions.<ref name="Rediff 2007" /> The campaign was accompanied by a colourful slogan: ''Haathi nahin, ] hain, ], ] ] Hain'': "The elephant (the BSP logo) is really the Lord Ganesha, the trinity of gods rolled into one".<ref name="Desai 2007"/> The new slogan invited everyone, including the higher castes, to "come ride the elephant", her party's election symbol.<ref name="BBC 2009" /> Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state and one of its poorest, is considered pivotal in the politics of India because of its large number of voters.<ref name="Chandrahas 2011" /><ref name="Times July 2010" /> BSP won a majority in the 2007 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections, fielding candidates from a variety of castes and religions.<ref name="Rediff 2007" /> The campaign was accompanied by a colourful slogan: ''Haathi nahin, ] hain, ], ] ] Hain'': "The elephant (the BSP logo) is really the Lord Ganesha, the trinity of gods rolled into one".<ref name="Desai 2007" /> The new slogan invited everyone, including the higher castes, to "come ride the elephant", her party's election symbol.<ref name="BBC 2009" />


Mayawati was sworn in as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh for the fourth time on 13 May 2007. She announced an agenda that focused on providing social justice to the weaker sections of society and providing employment instead of distributing money to the unemployed. Her slogan was to make "Uttar Pradesh" ("Northern Province") into "Uttam Pradesh" ("Excellent Province").<ref name="Raina 2007" /> Her government began a major crackdown on irregularities in the recruitment process of police officers recruited during the previous ] government. Over 18,000 policemen lost their jobs for irregularities in the recruitment process, and 25 ] officers were suspended for their involvement in corruption while recruiting the constables.<ref name="News Track 2007" /><ref name="Times May 2012" /> Mayawati instituted reforms to introduce transparency into the recruiting process, including posting the results of selection exams online.<ref name="Gupta 2010" /> Mayawati was sworn in as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh for the fourth time on 13 May 2007. She announced an agenda that focused on providing social justice to the weaker sections of society and providing employment instead of distributing money to the unemployed. Her slogan was to make "Uttar Pradesh" ("Northern Province") into "Uttam Pradesh" ("Excellent Province").<ref name="Raina 2007" /> Her government began a major crackdown on irregularities in the recruitment process of police officers recruited during the previous ] government. Over 18,000 policemen lost their jobs for irregularities in the recruitment process, and 25 ] officers were suspended for their involvement in corruption while recruiting the constables.<ref name="News Track 2007" /><ref name="Times May 2012" /> Mayawati instituted reforms to introduce transparency into the recruiting process, including posting the results of selection exams online.<ref name="Gupta 2010" />


The BSP won 20 seats in Lok Sabha from the state of Uttar Pradesh in the 2009 elections. The BSP obtained the highest percentage (27.42%) of votes in Uttar Pradesh for any political party. It was in third position in terms of national polling percentage (6.17%).<ref name="List of Winners" /> On 6 March 2012 the Bahujan Samaj Party lost its majority to the ]. Mayawati tendered her resignation to the governor of Uttar Pradesh on 7 March 2012.<ref name="NDTV 2012" /> On 13 March 2012 she filed nomination papers for the Rajya Sabha, and she was declared elected unopposed on 22 March.<ref name="Economic Times 2012" /><ref name="Tripathi 2012" /> The BSP won 20 seats in Lok Sabha from the state of Uttar Pradesh in the 2009 elections. The BSP obtained the highest percentage (27.42%) of votes in Uttar Pradesh for any political party. It was in third position in terms of national polling percentage (6.17%).<ref name="List of Winners" /> On 6 March 2012 the Bahujan Samaj Party lost its majority to the ]. Mayawati tendered her resignation to the governor of Uttar Pradesh on 7 March 2012.<ref name="NDTV 2012" /> On 13 March 2012 she filed nomination papers for the Rajya Sabha, and she was declared elected unopposed on 22 March.<ref name="Economic Times 2012" /><ref name="Tripathi 2012-07-27" />


==Political and legal issues== ==Political and legal issues==
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In 2002 the government of Uttar Pradesh began improvements of the infrastructure in the Taj Heritage Corridor, the important tourist area in ] that includes the ]. The project was soon riddled with problems, including funds being released for the project without the submission of the required detailed project reports to the environmental authorities.<ref name="Kushal Pal 2003" /> Suspecting there were financial irregularities as well, the ] (CBI) raided twelve residences, including Mayawati's. It had filed an ] against her and seven others two days earlier.<ref name="Rediff raid 2003" /> The raid uncovered evidence of assets disproportionate to her known income.<ref name="Rediff Taj 2003" /><ref name="Times Online 2004" /> In 2002 the government of Uttar Pradesh began improvements of the infrastructure in the Taj Heritage Corridor, the important tourist area in ] that includes the ]. The project was soon riddled with problems, including funds being released for the project without the submission of the required detailed project reports to the environmental authorities.<ref name="Kushal Pal 2003" /> Suspecting there were financial irregularities as well, the ] (CBI) raided twelve residences, including Mayawati's. It had filed an ] against her and seven others two days earlier.<ref name="Rediff raid 2003" /> The raid uncovered evidence of assets disproportionate to her known income.<ref name="Rediff Taj 2003" /><ref name="Times Online 2004" />


In June 2007 Governor ] said that there wasn't enough evidence against her for her prosecution in the case. In his 23-page order, he said: 'the fact that the Mission Management Board, consisting of officers of both the State and the Central Government, regularly met and discussed the project and the fact that even a sum of {{INR}} 17 ]s was spent through the Central Government public sector undertaking, NPCC, all go to show that the serious offences with which Mayawati and the Minister were charged do not stand scrutiny.'<ref name="The Hindu 2007" /> Advocates challenged the Governor's decision in court, but failed. The Supreme Court rejected the plea of the CBI, and by refusing to direct the Governor to prosecute her, the Taj corridor case was effectively ended before going to trial.<ref name="NDTV 2007" /><ref name="Hindustan Times 2007" /><ref name="IBN Live "/> In June 2007 Governor ] said that there wasn't enough evidence against her for her prosecution in the case. In his 23-page order, he said: 'the fact that the Mission Management Board, consisting of officers of both the State and the Central Government, regularly met and discussed the project and the fact that even a sum of {{INR}} 17 ]s was spent through the Central Government public sector undertaking, NPCC, all go to show that the serious offences with which Mayawati and the Minister were charged do not stand scrutiny.'<ref name="The Hindu 2007" /> Advocates challenged the Governor's decision in court, but failed. The Supreme Court rejected the plea of the CBI, and by refusing to direct the Governor to prosecute her, the Taj corridor case was effectively ended before going to trial.<ref name="NDTV 2007" /><ref name="Hindustan Times 2007" /><ref name="IBN Live " />


===Birthdays=== ===Birthdays===
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===Statues=== ===Statues===
In her tenures as a Chief Minister, Mayawati erected number of statues of Buddhist, Hindu, and Dalit icons like ], ], ], ], ], ], B. R. Ambedkar, BSP founder Kanshi Ram, and of herself.<ref name="Jha 2005" /> She claims that the expenditure on statues and symbols of Dalit icons was required because the past governments did not show respect towards Dalit leaders, in whose memory nothing was ever built.<ref name="Theindian 2010" /> She spent over {{INR}} 2,500 crore on projects in five parks and at memorials such as ] and Manyavar Kanshiram Smarak Sthal, built in the name of Bhimrao Ambedkar, Ramabai Ambedkar, and Kanshi Ram in Lucknow between 2007 and 2009.<ref name="India Today 2011" /><ref name="IBN Live 2009" /> The ] reported that {{INR}} 15 crore was spent on memorials.<ref name="India Times" /> The Supreme Court of India admitted a ] questioning this expenditure. In February 2010 Mayawati's government approved a plan for a special police force to protect the statues, as she feared that her political opponents might demolish them.<ref name="BBC News 2010" /> On 26 July 2012 the statue in Lucknow was damaged by members of an unknown group calling themselves "Uttar Pradesh Naunirman Sena".<ref name="Hindustan Times 2012" /> The statue was re-installed overnight by the Samajwadi Party government.<ref name="Tripathi 2012" /> In her tenures as a Chief Minister, Mayawati erected number of statues of Buddhist, Hindu, and Dalit icons like ], ], ], ], ], ], B. R. Ambedkar, BSP founder Kanshi Ram, and of herself.<ref name="Jha 2005" /> She claims that the expenditure on statues and symbols of Dalit icons was required because the past governments did not show respect towards Dalit leaders, in whose memory nothing was ever built.<ref name="Theindian 2010" /> She spent over {{INR}} 2,500 crore on projects in five parks and at memorials such as ] and Manyavar Kanshiram Smarak Sthal, built in the name of Bhimrao Ambedkar, Ramabai Ambedkar, and Kanshi Ram in Lucknow between 2007 and 2009.<ref name="India Today 2011" /><ref name="IBN Live 2009" /> The ] reported that {{INR}} 15 crore was spent on memorials.<ref name="India Times" /> The Supreme Court of India admitted a ] questioning this expenditure. In February 2010 Mayawati's government approved a plan for a special police force to protect the statues, as she feared that her political opponents might demolish them.<ref name="BBC News 2010" /> On 26 July 2012 the statue in Lucknow was damaged by members of an unknown group calling themselves "Uttar Pradesh Naunirman Sena".<ref name="Hindustan Times 2012" /> The statue was re-installed overnight by the Samajwadi Party government.<ref name="Tripathi 2012-03-22" />


In October 2011 Mayawati inaugurated the ], built at a cost of {{INR}} 685 crore.<ref name="NDTV 2011" /> Since the memorial also features her own statues, Mayawati was accused by the ] of wasting the taxpayers' money.<ref name="wsj_bane_boon" /> The BSP dismissed the allegations, stating that her statues were erected because Kanshi Ram's will requested that his statues should be constructed next to those of the current President of BSP. Mayawati accused the Congress of being "anti-Dalit".<ref name="wsj_bane_boon" /> In October 2011 Mayawati inaugurated the ], built at a cost of {{INR}} 685 crore.<ref name="NDTV 2011" /> Since the memorial also features her own statues, Mayawati was accused by the ] of wasting the taxpayers' money.<ref name="wsj_bane_boon" /> The BSP dismissed the allegations, stating that her statues were erected because Kanshi Ram's will requested that his statues should be constructed next to those of the current President of BSP. Mayawati accused the Congress of being "anti-Dalit".<ref name="wsj_bane_boon" />
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| date = 20 January 2011 | date = 20 January 2011
| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-mayawati-richest-cm-in-india-buddhadeb-poorest/20110120.htm | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-mayawati-richest-cm-in-india-buddhadeb-poorest/20110120.htm
| accessdate =10 September 2011 | accessdate = 10 September 2011
}} }}
</ref> </ref>
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| date = 16 October 2006 | date = 16 October 2006
| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/oct/16look.htm | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/oct/16look.htm
| accessdate =17 June 2012 | accessdate = 17 June 2012
}} }}
</ref> </ref>
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| location = Chennai, India | location = Chennai, India
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/17/stories/2006101705021200.htm | url = http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/17/stories/2006101705021200.htm
| accessdate =10 September 2011 | accessdate = 10 September 2011
}} }}
</ref> </ref>
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| date = 18 March 2007 | date = 18 March 2007
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mayawatis-brahmins/25934/0 | url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/mayawatis-brahmins/25934/0
| accessdate =26 July 2012 | accessdate = 26 July 2012
}} }}
</ref> </ref>
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| title = Can Maya recreate another 'rainbow' in Delhi? | title = Can Maya recreate another 'rainbow' in Delhi?
| work = ] | work = ]
| publisher = World Institute For Asian Studies | publisher = World Institute For Asian Studies
| date = 30 May 2007 | date = 30 May 2007
| url = http://www.asiantribune.com/node/5946 | url = http://www.asiantribune.com/node/5946
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</ref> </ref>


<ref name="Tripathi 2012"> <ref name="Tripathi 2012-03-22">
{{cite web {{cite web
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-22/india/31224395_1_munawwar-saleem-assembly-elections-jaya-bachchan | url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-22/india/31224395_1_munawwar-saleem-assembly-elections-jaya-bachchan
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}} }}
</ref> </ref>

<ref name="BBC News 2010"> <ref name="BBC News 2010">
{{cite news {{cite news
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</ref> </ref>


<ref name="Tripathi 2012"> <ref name="Tripathi 2012-07-27">
{{cite news {{cite news
| last = Tripathi | last = Tripathi
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}} }}
</ref> </ref>

}} }}


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* *


{{S-start}} {{s-start}}
{{s-off}} {{s-off}}
{{Succession box {{succession box
| before= ] | before= ]
| title = ] | title = ]
| years = 13 June 1995&nbsp;– 18 October 1995 | years = 13 June 1995&nbsp;– 18 October 1995
| after = ''President's Rule'' <br /> Administered by the ], <br /> ] 18 October 1995&nbsp;– 3 May 1996 <br /> ] 3 May 1996&nbsp;– 19 July 1996 <br /> ] 19 July 1996&nbsp;– 21 March 1997 <br /> title/post subsequently held by <br /> Mayawati}} | after = ''President's Rule'' <br /> Administered by the ], <br /> ] 18 October 1995&nbsp;– 3 May 1996 <br /> ] 3 May 1996&nbsp;– 19 July 1996 <br /> ] 19 July 1996&nbsp;– 21 March 1997 <br /> title/post subsequently held by <br /> Mayawati}}
{{succession box
{{Succession box| before=''President's Rule'' <br /> Administered by the ], <br /> ] 18 October 1995&nbsp;– 3 May 1996 <br /> ] 3 May 1996&nbsp;– 19 July 1996 <br /> ] 19 July 1996&nbsp;– 21 March 1997 <br /> title/post previously held by <br /> Mayawati | before=''President's Rule'' <br /> Administered by the ], <br /> ] 18 October 1995&nbsp;– 3 May 1996 <br /> ] 3 May 1996&nbsp;– 19 July 1996 <br /> ] 19 July 1996&nbsp;– 21 March 1997 <br /> title/post previously held by <br /> Mayawati
| title = ] | title = ]
| years = 21 March 1997&nbsp;– 21 September 1997 | years = 21 March 1997&nbsp;– 21 September 1997
| after = ] | after = ]
}} }}
{{Succession box| {{succession box
before= ''President's Rule'' <br /> Administered by the ], ] <br /> title/post previously held by <br /> ] | before= ''President's Rule'' <br /> Administered by the ], ] <br /> title/post previously held by <br /> ]
| title = ] | title = ]
| years = 3 May 2002&nbsp;– 29 August 2003 | years = 3 May 2002&nbsp;– 29 August 2003
| after = ] | after = ]
}} }}
{{Succession box {{succession box
| before= ] | before= ]
| title = ] | title = ]
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| after = ] | after = ]
}} }}
{{S-end}} {{s-end}}
{{Dalit}} {{Dalit}}


{{Persondata {{Persondata
|NAME = Kumari Mayawati Das | NAME = Kumari Mayawati Das
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Mayawati | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Mayawati
|SHORT DESCRIPTION= Politician | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Politician
|DATE OF BIRTH = 15 January 1956 | DATE OF BIRTH = 15 January 1956
|PLACE OF BIRTH = ] | PLACE OF BIRTH = ]
|DATE OF DEATH= | DATE OF DEATH =
|PLACE OF DEATH= | PLACE OF DEATH =
}} }}


Revision as of 17:36, 31 August 2012

"Mayavati" redirects here. For figure in Hindu mythology: daughter-in-law of Krishna, see Rati.

Mayawati
Member of Parliament – Rajya Sabha
Incumbent
Assumed office
March 2012
23rd, 24th, 30th and 32nd Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
In office
13 May 2007 – 7 March 2012
Preceded byMulayam Singh Yadav
Succeeded byAkhilesh Yadav
In office
3 May 2002 – 29 August 2003
Preceded byPresident's rule
Succeeded byMulayam Singh Yadav
In office
21 March 1997 – 21 September 1997
Preceded byPresident's rule
Succeeded byKalyan Singh
In office
3 June 1995 – 18 October 1995
Preceded byMulayam Singh Yadav
Succeeded byPresident's rule
Personal details
Born (1956-01-15) 15 January 1956 (age 69)
New Delhi
Political partyBahujan Samaj Party
ResidenceLucknow
Alma mater
OccupationPolitician

Mayawati (Template:Lang-hi; born 15 January 1956) is an Indian politician who is a former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh (UP). She served four terms as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh as head of the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP), which focuses on a platform of social change to improve the welfare of the the weakest strata of Indian society the Bahujans or Dalits, Other Backward Classes, and religious minorities. After losing the the 2012 legislative assembly elections to the rival Samajwadi Party, she resigned from her post as party leader on 7 March 2012. Later that month she was elected by acclamation to a seat in the Rajya Sabha (Upper House).

Mayawati's rise from humble beginnings has been called a "miracle of democracy" by P. V. Narasimha Rao, former Prime Minister of India. In 1993 Mayawati formed a coalition with the Samajwadi Party and emerged, at 39, the youngest Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and the first female Dalit Chief Minister in India. In 1997 and in 2002 she was Chief Minister in coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party, the second time for a full term. In two of these coalitions, she withdrew her support midterm.

Mayawati's tenure has attracted praise and controversy. Millions of Dalits view her as an icon, and refer to her as "Behen-ji" (sister). She has been praised for her fundraising efforts on behalf of her party and her birthdays have become major media events and a symbol for her supporters. The rise in her personal wealth and that of her party are described by critics as indicators of corruption.

Early life

Mayawati was born on 15 January 1956 at Shrimati Sucheta Kriplani Hospital in New Delhi. Her father, Prabhu Das, was a post office employee at Badalpur, Gautam Buddha Nagar. The family belonged to the Jatav caste, at the upper end of the scheduled castes. The sons in the family were sent to private schools, while the daughters went to "low-performing government schools".

Mayawati studied her B.A. in 1975 at the Kalindi Women's College and Law faculty, Campus Law Centre, under the University of Delhi, and she completed a B.Ed. from VMLG College, Ghaziabad in 1976. She was working as a teacher in Inderpuri JJ Colony, Delhi, and studying for the Indian Administrative Services exams, when Dalit politician Kanshi Ram visited her family home in 1977. According to biographer Ajoy Bose, Ram told her, "I can make you such a big leader one day that not one but a whole row of IAS officers will line up for your orders." In 1983 she acquired her LL.B from Delhi University. Impressed by her speaking skills and ideas, Kanshi Ram included her as a member of his team when he founded the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) in 1984. Mayawati was first elected to parliament in 1989.

At Kanshi Ram's funeral ceremonies in 2006, Mayawati said they had both been following Buddhist traditions and customs. She has indicated that she may formally convert to Buddhism at some point. Her act of performing the last rites (traditionally done by a male heir) was an expression of their views against gender discrimination.

Political career

Kanshi Ram founded the BSP in 1984. Influenced by B. R. Ambedkar, one of the architects of the Constitution of India, the party proposed to improve the situation of Dalits and other disadvantaged groups through police reform, affirmative action on hiring of members of scheduled castes for government posts, and providing rural development programmes. Reservation in India is a system whereby a percentage of government positions and seats in all universities is reserved for persons of backward classes and scheduled castes and tribes. As part of her social reform plans, Mayawati advocates reservation for the poor as well as for the castes and tribes covered by the original reservation legislation. Mayawati's career has been called a "miracle of democracy" by former Prime Minister of India P. V. Narasimha Rao. Millions of Dalit supporters view her as an icon, and refer to her as "Behen-ji" (sister). Her public meetings are attended by large audiences, using slogans such as "Kanshi Ram ka mission Adhoora; karegi Behen Mayawati poora" (Kanshi Ram's unfulfilled mission will be completed by Mayawati), "Behenji tum sangharsh karo; hum tumhare saath hain" (Sister, go ahead with your struggle; we are with you).

In its first election campaign in 1984, BSP fielded Mayawati for the Lok Sabha (Lower House) seat of Kairana in the Muzaffarnagar district, and for the Lok Sabha seats of Bijnor in 1985 and Haridwar in 1987. In 1989 she was elected for the Lok Sabha seat of Bijnor, with 183,189 votes, winning by 8,879 votes. Although BSP did not win control of the house, the electoral experience led to considerable activity for Mayawati over the next five years, as she worked with Mahsood Ahmed and other organisers. In the 1989 national election, the party won three seats. It won two seats in the 1991 national election.

Mayawati was first elected to the Rajya Sabha (Upper House) of Uttar Pradesh (UP) in 1994. In 1995 she became, as head of her party, Chief Minister in a short-lived coalition government, the youngest Chief Minister in the history of the state and the first female Dalit Chief Minister in India. She won the election in two different constituencies in 1996, and chose to serve for Harora. She became again Chief Minister for a short period in 1997, and then from 2002 to 2003 in coalition with the Bharatiya Janata Party. In 2001 Ram named her as his successor to the party leadership.

2007: BSP majority

Uttar Pradesh, India's most populous state and one of its poorest, is considered pivotal in the politics of India because of its large number of voters. BSP won a majority in the 2007 Uttar Pradesh Assembly elections, fielding candidates from a variety of castes and religions. The campaign was accompanied by a colourful slogan: Haathi nahin, Ganesh hain, Brahma, Vishnu Mahesh Hain: "The elephant (the BSP logo) is really the Lord Ganesha, the trinity of gods rolled into one". The new slogan invited everyone, including the higher castes, to "come ride the elephant", her party's election symbol.

Mayawati was sworn in as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh for the fourth time on 13 May 2007. She announced an agenda that focused on providing social justice to the weaker sections of society and providing employment instead of distributing money to the unemployed. Her slogan was to make "Uttar Pradesh" ("Northern Province") into "Uttam Pradesh" ("Excellent Province"). Her government began a major crackdown on irregularities in the recruitment process of police officers recruited during the previous Mulayam Singh government. Over 18,000 policemen lost their jobs for irregularities in the recruitment process, and 25 Indian Police Service officers were suspended for their involvement in corruption while recruiting the constables. Mayawati instituted reforms to introduce transparency into the recruiting process, including posting the results of selection exams online.

The BSP won 20 seats in Lok Sabha from the state of Uttar Pradesh in the 2009 elections. The BSP obtained the highest percentage (27.42%) of votes in Uttar Pradesh for any political party. It was in third position in terms of national polling percentage (6.17%). On 6 March 2012 the Bahujan Samaj Party lost its majority to the Samajwadi Party. Mayawati tendered her resignation to the governor of Uttar Pradesh on 7 March 2012. On 13 March 2012 she filed nomination papers for the Rajya Sabha, and she was declared elected unopposed on 22 March.

Political and legal issues

Mayawati's political career has attracted praise and controversy. She has been praised for her fundraising efforts on behalf of her party and her birthdays have become major media events as well as a symbol for her supporters. The increase in her personal wealth and that of her party, have been viewed by critics as signs of corruption.

Taj corridor case

Main article: Taj corridor case

In 2002 the government of Uttar Pradesh began improvements of the infrastructure in the Taj Heritage Corridor, the important tourist area in Agra that includes the Taj Mahal. The project was soon riddled with problems, including funds being released for the project without the submission of the required detailed project reports to the environmental authorities. Suspecting there were financial irregularities as well, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) raided twelve residences, including Mayawati's. It had filed an First Information Report against her and seven others two days earlier. The raid uncovered evidence of assets disproportionate to her known income.

In June 2007 Governor T. V. Rajeswar said that there wasn't enough evidence against her for her prosecution in the case. In his 23-page order, he said: 'the fact that the Mission Management Board, consisting of officers of both the State and the Central Government, regularly met and discussed the project and the fact that even a sum of ₹ 17 crores was spent through the Central Government public sector undertaking, NPCC, all go to show that the serious offences with which Mayawati and the Minister were charged do not stand scrutiny.' Advocates challenged the Governor's decision in court, but failed. The Supreme Court rejected the plea of the CBI, and by refusing to direct the Governor to prosecute her, the Taj corridor case was effectively ended before going to trial.

Birthdays

Kanshi Ram, head of the Bahujan Samaj Party, praised Mayawati at her 47th birthday celebrations for her fundraising activities on behalf of the party. He stated that the party's eventual goal is to gain power at the national level, and that Mayawati's efforts help in that quest. Her birthdays have since become major media events at which she has appeared laden with diamonds. Her supporters have declared her birthday as Jan Kalyankari Diwas (People's Welfare Day). In 2009 the day was marked by the announcement of welfare schemes targeted towards poor and downtrodden people of the state and in 2010 by the launch of programmes with a value of over ₹ 7,312 crore.

Disproportionate assets case

Mayawati's assets run into millions of dollars, with several properties to her name. In the 2007–08 assessment year, Mayawati paid an income tax of ₹ 26 crore, ranking among the top 20 taxpayers in the country. Earlier the CBI filed a case against her for owning assets disproportionate to her known sources of income. Mayawati described the CBI investigation against her as illegal. Her party asserts that her income comes from gifts and small contributions made by party workers and supporters.

On 3 August 2011 the Delhi High court dismissed the central government's appeal against Mayawati, stating that "she has fully discharged her obligations by disclosing the identities of all of her donors, the gifts had been donated by her supporters". The central government decided not to file an appeal in the Supreme Court. On 13 March 2012 Mayawati revealed assets worth ₹ 111.26 crore in an affidavit filed with her nomination papers for the Rajya Sabha. The disproportionate assets case was finally quashed on 6 July 2012—nine years later—by the Supreme Court; the court found that the case was unwarranted. Based on an opinion received from the Directorate of Prosecution, the CBI decided not to file an appeal.

Statues

In her tenures as a Chief Minister, Mayawati erected number of statues of Buddhist, Hindu, and Dalit icons like Gautam Buddha, Ravidas, Narayana Guru, Jyotirao Phule, Shahuji Maharaj, Periyar Ramasami, B. R. Ambedkar, BSP founder Kanshi Ram, and of herself. She claims that the expenditure on statues and symbols of Dalit icons was required because the past governments did not show respect towards Dalit leaders, in whose memory nothing was ever built. She spent over ₹ 2,500 crore on projects in five parks and at memorials such as B R Ambedkar Samajik Parivartan Sthal and Manyavar Kanshiram Smarak Sthal, built in the name of Bhimrao Ambedkar, Ramabai Ambedkar, and Kanshi Ram in Lucknow between 2007 and 2009. The Comptroller and Auditor General of India reported that ₹ 15 crore was spent on memorials. The Supreme Court of India admitted a Public Interest Litigation questioning this expenditure. In February 2010 Mayawati's government approved a plan for a special police force to protect the statues, as she feared that her political opponents might demolish them. On 26 July 2012 the statue in Lucknow was damaged by members of an unknown group calling themselves "Uttar Pradesh Naunirman Sena". The statue was re-installed overnight by the Samajwadi Party government.

In October 2011 Mayawati inaugurated the Rashtriya Dalit Prerna Sthal and Green Garden, built at a cost of ₹ 685 crore. Since the memorial also features her own statues, Mayawati was accused by the Indian National Congress of wasting the taxpayers' money. The BSP dismissed the allegations, stating that her statues were erected because Kanshi Ram's will requested that his statues should be constructed next to those of the current President of BSP. Mayawati accused the Congress of being "anti-Dalit".

World Bank criticism

The World Bank loaned India funds for development, and Mayawati was to manage projects with this money in UP. The projects were preplanned and on schedule, but the Mayawati government made changes which put the project behind schedule. The World Bank sent a letter of complaint on 1 August 2002 to India's central government stating, "We have now learnt that project managers have been replaced within three weeks of assuming office. The project coordinator of the Diversified Agriculture Support Project has been changed twice in quick succession and at the moment there is no project coordinator. In the forestry project, numerous changes have been made over the past six months ... Such developments do not augur well for these time-bound projects that require consistently good leadership."

WikiLeaks allegations

Diplomatic cables published in 2011 through WikiLeaks detailing the opinions of American civil servants asserted that Mayawati ran all governmental decisions through her small group of advisors and that she employed food tasters for security. The leaked messages also allege that she had sent a private jet to Mumbai to retrieve a pair of sandals. Mayawati responded by saying the statements were baseless.

Books on Mayawati

Studies have been done on Mayawati and books have been published, including her autobiographies. One of the first works was journalist Mohammad Jamil Akhter's book, Iron Lady Kumari Mayawati. Her autobiographies are Mere Sangarshmai Jeevan Evam Bahujan Movement Ka Safarnama in three volumes in Hindi, and A Travelogue of My Struggle-ridden Life and of Bahujan Samaj, in English in two volumes. Behenji : A Political Biography Of Mayawati is a biography by veteran journalist Ajoy Bose.

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External links

Political offices
Preceded byMulayam Singh Yadav Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
13 June 1995 – 18 October 1995 		Succeeded byPresident's Rule
Administered by the Governor of Uttar Pradesh,
Motilal Vora 18 October 1995 – 3 May 1996
Mohammad Shafi Qureshi 3 May 1996 – 19 July 1996
Romesh Bhandari 19 July 1996 – 21 March 1997
title/post subsequently held by
Mayawati
Preceded byPresident's Rule
Administered by the Governor of Uttar Pradesh,
Motilal Vora 18 October 1995 – 3 May 1996
Mohammad Shafi Qureshi 3 May 1996 – 19 July 1996
Romesh Bhandari 19 July 1996 – 21 March 1997
title/post previously held by
Mayawati 		Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
21 March 1997 – 21 September 1997 		Succeeded byKalyan Singh
Preceded byPresident's Rule
Administered by the Governor of Uttar Pradesh, V K Shastri
title/post previously held by
Rajnath Singh 		Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
3 May 2002 – 29 August 2003 		Succeeded byMulayam Singh Yadav
Preceded byMulayam Singh Yadav Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh
13 May 2007 – 7 March 2012 		Succeeded byAkhilesh Yadav

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