Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 22:13, 1 September 2012

Smithsonian Institution

Rear view of "The Castle" (1847), the Institution's headquarters and first building
Established	August 10, 1846; 178 years ago (August 10, 1846)
Location	Washington D.C.
Public transit access	Smithsonian, L'Enfant Plaza Maryland Avenue exit.
Website	si.edu

The Smithsonian Institution (/smɪθˈsoʊniən/ smith-SOH-nee-ən), established 1846 "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge", is a group of museums and research centers administered by the United States government. Termed "the nation's attic" for its eclectic holdings of 137 million items, the Institution's Washington, D.C. nucleus of nineteen museums, nine research centers, and zoo—many of them historical or architectural landmarks—is the largest such complex in the world. Additional facilities are located in Arizona, Maryland, New York City, Virginia, Panama and elsewhere, and 168 other museums are Smithsonian affiliates. The Institutions's thirty million annual visitors are admitted without charge; funding comes from the Institution's own endowment, private and corporate contributions, government support ($800 million in 2011) and retail, concession and licensing revenues. Institution publications include Smithsonian and Air & Space magazines.

History

The Smithsonian Institution was founded for the "increase and diffusion of knowledge" from a bequest to the United States by the British scientist James Smithson (c. 1765–1829), a graduate of Pembroke College, Oxford, who never visited the new nation. In Smithson's will, he stated that should his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, die without heir, the Smithson estate would go to the United States to create an "Establishment for the increase & diffusion of Knowledge among men". After the nephew died without issue in 1835, President Andrew Jackson informed Congress of the bequest. Richard Rush was appointed as agent of the government to go to England and pursue the bequest, which was tied up in the Court of Chancery. It took some two years for Rush to obtain the estate, which amounted to 104,960 gold sovereigns, or US$500,000. The money was invested in shaky state bonds, which quickly defaulted. After heated debate in Congress, Massachusetts Representative (and former President) John Quincy Adams successfully argued to restore the lost funds with interest. Though Congress wanted to use the money for other purposes, Adams successfully persuaded Congress to preserve the money for an institution of science and learning. Congress also debated whether the federal government had the authority to accept the gift. Congress accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1, 1836.

When the Detroit philanthropist Charles Lang Freer donated his private collection to the Smithsonian and funds to build the museum to hold it (which was named the Freer Gallery), it was among the Smithsonian's first major donations from a private individual. The gallery opened in 1923.

Though the Smithsonian's first Secretary, Joseph Henry, wanted the Institution to be a center for scientific research, before long it also became the depository for various Washington and U.S. government collections. The United States Exploring Expedition by the U.S. Navy circumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842. The voyage amassed thousands of animal specimens, an herbarium of 50,000 plant specimens, and diverse shells and minerals, tropical birds, jars of seawater, and ethnographic artifacts from the South Pacific. These specimens and artifacts became part of the Smithsonian collections, as did those collected by several military and civilian surveys of the American West, including the Mexican Boundary Survey and Pacific Railroad Surveys, which assembled many Native American artifacts and natural history specimens.

The Institution became a magnet for natural scientists from 1857 to 1866, who formed a group called the Megatherium Club. Many scientists of a variety of disciplines work at the various Smithsonian museums, which have become centers for research.

The asteroid 3773 Smithsonian, discovered in 1984, is named in honor of the Institution.

The 2009 film Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian was the first commercial production to be given rights to use the Smithsonian Institution's name.

Administration

The Smithsonian Institution is established as a trust instrumentality by act of Congress, and it is functionally and legally a body of the U.S. government, but separate from the government's federal legislative, executive, and judicial branches. More than two-thirds of the Smithsonian's workforce of some 6,300 persons are employees of the federal government. Attorneys from the United States Department of Justice represent the Smithsonian in litigation, and any money judgments against the Smithsonian are paid from the federal treasury.

As approved by Congress on August 10, 1846, the legislation that created the Smithsonian Institution called for the creation of a Board of Regents to govern and administer the organization. This 17-member board meets at least four times a year and includes as ex officio members the Chief Justice of the United States and the Vice President of the United States. The nominal head of the Institution is the Chancellor, an office which has traditionally been held by the Chief Justice. In September 2007, the Board created the position of Chair of the Board of Regents, a position currently held by France A. Cordova of Indiana.

Other members of the Board of Regents are three members of the U.S. House of Representatives appointed by the Speaker of the House; three members of the Senate, appointed by the President pro tempore of the Senate; and nine citizen members, nominated by the Board and approved by the Congress in a joint resolution signed by the President of the United States. Regents who are senators or representatives serve for the duration of their elected terms, while citizen Regents serve a maximum of two six-year terms. Regents are compensated on a part-time basis.

The chief executive officer (CEO) of the Smithsonian is the Secretary, who is appointed by the Board of Regents. There have been 13 Secretaries since the Smithsonian was established. The Secretary also serves as secretary to the Board of Regents, but is not a voting member of that body. The Secretary of the Smithsonian has the privilege of the floor at the United States Senate.

Secretaries of the Smithsonian

1. Joseph Henry, 1846–1878
2. Spencer Fullerton Baird, 1878–1887
3. Samuel Pierpont Langley, 1887–1906
4. Charles Doolittle Walcott, 1907–1927
5. Charles Greeley Abbot, 1928–1944
6. Alexander Wetmore, 1944–1952
7. Leonard Carmichael, 1953–1964
8. Sidney Dillon Ripley, 1964–1984
9. Robert McCormick Adams, 1984–1994
10. Ira Michael Heyman, 1994–1999
11. Lawrence M. Small, 2000–2007
12. G. Wayne Clough, 2008–

Smithsonian museums

Nineteen museums and galleries, as well as the National Zoological Park, comprise the Smithsonian museums. Eleven are on the National Mall, the strip of land that runs between the Lincoln Memorial and the United States Capitol. Other museums are located elsewhere in Washington, D.C., with two more in New York City and one in Chantilly, Virginia.

The Smithsonian has close ties with 168 other museums in 39 states, Panama and Puerto Rico. These museums are known as Smithsonian Affiliated museums. Collections of artifacts are given to these museums in the form of long-term loans. The Smithsonian also has a large number of traveling exhibitions. In 2008, 58 of these traveling exhibitions went to 510 venues across the country.

Smithsonian research centers and programs

The following is a list of Smithsonian research centers, with their affiliated museum in parentheses:

• Archives of American Art
• Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the associated Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
• Carrie Bow Marine Field Station (Natural History Museum)
• Center for Folklife and Cultural Heritage
• Smithsonian Environmental Research Center
• Center For Earth and Planetary Studies (Air and Space Museum)
• Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute (National Zoo)
• Marine Station at Fort Pierce (Natural History Museum)
• Migratory Bird Center (National Zoo)
• Museum Conservation Institute
• Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute
• Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars
• Smithsonian Institution Libraries
• Smithsonian Institution Archives
• Smithsonian Latino Center
• Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Program

Also of note is the Museum Support Center (MSC), located in Silver Hill, Maryland (Suitland), which is the principal off-site conservation and collections facility for multiple Smithsonian museums, primarily the National Museum of Natural History. The MSC was dedicated in May 1983. The MSC covers 4.5 acres (18,000 m) of land, with over 500,000 square feet (46,000 m) of space, making it one of the largest set of structures in the Smithsonian. It has over 12 miles (19 km) of cabinets, and more than 31 million objects.

Controversies

Enola Gay display

In 1994, controversy arose over the exhibit at the National Air and Space Museum associated with display of the Enola Gay, the Superfortress used by the United States to execute the first atomic bombing in World War II. The American Legion and Air Force Association believed the exhibit put forward only one side of the debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and that it emphasized the effect on the victims without the overall context of the war. The Smithsonian changed the exhibit, displaying the aircraft only with associated technical data and without discussion of its historic role in the war.

Censorship of "Seasons of Life and Land"

In 2003, a National Museum of Natural History exhibit, Subhankar Banerjee's Seasons of Life and Land, featuring photographs of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, was censored and moved to the basement by Smithsonian officials because they feared that its subject matter was too politically controversial.

In November 2007, the Washington Post reported internal criticism has been raised regarding the institution's handling of the exhibit on the Arctic. According to documents and e-mails, the exhibit and its associated presentation were edited at high levels to add "scientific uncertainty" regarding the nature and impact of global warming on the Arctic. Acting Secretary of the Smithsonian Cristián Samper was interviewed by the Post, and claimed the exhibit was edited because it contained conclusions that went beyond what could be proven by contemporary climatology. The Smithsonian is now a participant in the U.S. Global Change Research Program.

Copyright restrictions

The Smithsonian Institution provides access to its image collections for educational, scholarly and nonprofit uses. Commercial uses are generally restricted unless permission is obtained. Smithsonian images fall into different copyright categories; some are protected by copyright, many are subject to license agreements or other contractual conditions, and some fall into the public domain, such as those prepared by Smithsonian employees as part of their official duties. The Smithsonian’s terms of use for its digital content, including images, are set forth on the Smithsonian Web site.

In April 2006, the institution entered into an agreement of "first refusal" rights for its vast silent and public domain film archives with Showtime Networks, mainly for use on the Smithsonian Channel, a network created from this deal. Critics contend this agreement effectively gives Showtime control over the film archives, as it requires filmmakers to obtain permission from the network to use extensive amounts of film footage from the Smithsonian archives.

The Smithsonian contends independent producers continue to have unchanged access to the institution and its collections as they had prior to the agreement. The process to gain access to film at the Smithsonian remains the same. Since January 2006, independent producers have made more than 500 requests to film in the museums and collections, and/or to use archival footage and photos.

Funding

The Smithsonian Institution receives funding from the United States Government, through the House and Senate Interior, Environment and Related Agencies Appropriations subcommittees. The President’s fiscal year 2011 budget request to Congress for the Smithsonian is $797.6 million, an increase from the $761.4 million appropriated to the Institution in FY 2010. The Salaries and Expenses budget request for FY 2011 is $660.8 million and the Facilities Capital budget is $136.8 million. During the 1995–1996 Government Shutdown, the Smithsonian closed, due to lack of money to pay salaries. In 2007, there was controversy about Secretary Small's expenses and compensation. There is a plan to reduce a backlog in deferred maintenance. In 2010, the Deficit Commission recommended admission fees, which has been resisted.

Office of Protection Services (OPS)

The Smithsonian Office of Protection Services oversees security at the Smithsonian facilities. The Secretary of the Smithsonian may designate employees to have Special Police Status to enforce regulations within the Smithsonian facilities and grounds as well as areas of the National Capital Parks in D.C.

According to 40 U.S.C. § 6306, certain Smithsonian staff are designated as Special police have arrest authority within the Smithsonian buildings and grounds, and may enforce laws and regulations for National Capital Parks together with the United States Park Police.

The Office of Protection Services has three main positions within the division, all of which are U.S. government positions:

• Smithsonian Museum Protection Officers/Guards;
• Smithsonian Museum Physical Security Specialists and Supervisory Physical Security Specialists; and
• National Zoological Park Police Officers are federal law enforcement officers with full legal jurisdiction and arrest powers within the District of Columbia are assigned to the 163-acre (66 ha) National Zoo, enforcing the District of Columbia criminal code and the United States Code. There are officers assigned to the 3,200-acre (1,300 ha) research facility known as Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute in Front Royal, Virginia.

See also

• List of aircraft in the Smithsonian Institution
• Smithsonian Ocean Portal

References

1. Michael Kernan, "A Real 'Nation's Attic'", Smithsonian, November 1997,
2. ^ "About the Smithsonian".
4. Heather Ewing, The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian, pp. 323-24, 330, 409. Ewing notes that it would be the equivalent of over $10 million today, using one index, but using a per-capita share of GDP, it would be the equivalent of over $220 million. It was close to the total of Harvard University's endowment at that point, which had accumulated for nearly 200 years by the 1830s and was not the result of a single gift, such as Smithson's was.
5. "Smithsonian Information Brochure", Smithsonian Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, May 2009
6. Nagel, Paul. "John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life". p348. 1999, Harvard University Press
7. James Smithson Jr.
8. "Smithsonian Board of Regents". 23 January 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Text "Newsdesk" ignored (help)
9. Smithsonian Press Kit
10. "Secretaries of the Smithsonian Institution". Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2012-02-13.
11. ^ Facts about the Smithsonian Institution. newsdesk.si.edu (Pressroom of the Smithsonian Institution). Retrieved February 19, 2011
12. Roby, Marguerite. "Smithsonian Institution Archives". Siarchives.si.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
13. "Smithsonian Latino Center". Latino.si.edu. 2009-03-16. Retrieved 2012-05-16.
14. "Smithsonian reveals its hidden treasures". The Washington Times. August 16, 2007. Retrieved September 14, 2009.
15. Trescott, Jacqueline (May 21, 2003). "Smithsonian's Arctic Refuge Exhibit Draws Senate Scrutiny". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
16. Grimaldi, James V.; Trescott, Jacqueline (2007-11-16). "Scientists Fault Climate Exhibit Changes". Washington Post. p. 4. Retrieved 2007-11-18.
17. "Integrating federal research and solutions for climate and global change". Participating Departments and Agencies. U.S. Global Change Research Program. Retrieved 30 2010. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
18. Terms of use of this website.
19. Smithsonian Images-Copyright
20. Wyatt, Edward (April 1, 2006). "Smithsonian Agreement Angers Filmmakers". New York Times,. Retrieved May 23, 2010.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link)
21. "National Coalition for History » Smithsonian Institution FY '08 Funding". Historycoalition.org. 2007-12-26. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
22. "National Coalition for History » Blog Archive » Smithsonian Institution FY 2010 Budget". Historycoalition.org. 2009-10-30. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
23. "Smithsonian Fiscal Year 2011 Federal Budget Request Totals $797.6 Million". Artknowledgenews.com. Retrieved 2011-03-23.
24. "Online NewsHour: Shutdown Perspective – November 15, 1995". Pbs.org. 1995-11-15. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
25. American Government: Historical, Popular, and Global Perspectives, Brief Edition. Cengage Learning. 2009. ISBN 978-0-495-56615-1. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
26. "Saturday Air and Space Museum Journal – C-SPAN Video Library". C-spanvideo.org. 1995-12-23. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
27. "The Smithsonian Institution – Lessons in Governance (Part One)". Nonprofit Law Blog. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
28. "U.S. GAO – Smithsonian Institution: Facilities Management Reorganization Is Progressing, but Funding Remains a Challenge". Gao.gov. 2008-09-29. Retrieved 2010-11-18.
29. http://www.fiscalcommission.gov/sites/fiscalcommission.gov/files/documents/Illustrative_List_11.10.2010.pdf
30. "Smithsonian Responds to Deficit Commission's Recommendation on Admission Fees | Newsdesk". Newsdesk.si.edu. 2010-11-12. Retrieved 2010-11-18.

Further reading

• Nina Burleigh, Stranger and the Statesman: James Smithson, John Quincy Adams, and the Making of America's Greatest Museum, The Smithsonian, HarperCollins, September 2003, hardcover, 288 pages, ISBN 0-06-000241-7
• Heather Ewing (2007). The Lost World of James Smithson: Science, Revolution, and the Birth of the Smithsonian. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-7475-7653-2.

External links

• Smithsonian Institution webpage
• Museum locations map
• Smithsonian Collections Search Center webpage
• Smithsonian Education webpage
• Smithsonian Wild web page
• To the Smithsonian or Bust: The Scientific Legacy of Nikola Tesla from Yale Scientific Magazine

38°53′20″N 77°01′34″W / 38.8888°N 77.026°W / 38.8888; -77.026

• Ill-formatted IPAc-en transclusions
• 1846 establishments in the United States
• History of museums
• Members of the Cultural Alliance of Greater Washington
• Museums in Washington, D.C.
• Smithsonian Institution
• Museum organizations
• Smithsonian Institution Archives related