| Revision as of 11:36, 1 December 2012 editTrust Is All You Need (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers52,982 edits →References← Previous edit | Revision as of 11:37, 1 December 2012 edit undoTrust Is All You Need (talk | contribs)Autopatrolled, Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers52,982 edits democracy in the Chinese sense of the word means Socialist Democracy, that is democracy that will not hurt one-party ruleNext edit → | ||
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| {{Politics of the People's Republic of China}} | {{Politics of the People's Republic of China}} | ||
| The phrase '''Socialist Harmonious Society''' ({{zh|s=和谐社会|t=和諧社會|p=héxié shèhuì}}) can relate as back as the time of ] when music could bring about harmony by maintaining balance in the society. In addition, music was considered to have the power to transform people into becoming more civilized. Thus, the idea of harmony also suggests the government's responsibility in guiding people "to the correct direction in life."<ref>Arnold, Perris. “Music as Propaganda: Art at the Command of Doctrine in the People's Republic of China.” Ethnomusicology 27, no. 1 (1983): 1–28.</ref> The current construction of a harmonious society, however, is a socio-economic vision that is said to be the result of Chinese leader ]'s signature ideology of the '']''. It serves as the ultimate goal for the ruling ] along with '']'', which aims for a "basically well-off" middle-class oriented society. First proposed by the ] under the ] during the 2005 ], the idea changes China's focus from economic growth to overall societal balance and harmony. The idea is clearly visible in banners all over China.<ref>{{cite news|author=Post Store |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/11/AR2006101101610.html |title=China's Party Leadership Declares New Priority: 'Harmonious Society' |work=The Washington Post |date= October 12, 2006|accessdate=2011-01-20}}</ref>Furthermore, at the time when the term first came out in 2006, the Chinese society was highly unbalanced due to huge social injustice and inequality. The timing of such a message thus also marks the political agenda of Party leader ], who tried to carry out a new vision and walk out of the shadow of his predecessor, General Secretary ].<ref name=20061011atimes>Zhong, Wu. ''Asia Times''. Last modified October 11, 2006.</ref>Near the end of his regime in 2011, Hu's visit to the U.S. represents a focus on the international dimensions of peace and cooperation, which could also be well incorporated into the concept of a harmonious society, or a harmonious world. | The phrase '''Socialist Harmonious Society''' ({{zh|s=和谐社会|t=和諧社會|p=héxié shèhuì}}) can relate as back as the time of ] when music could bring about harmony by maintaining balance in the society. In addition, music was considered to have the power to transform people into becoming more civilized. Thus, the idea of harmony also suggests the government's responsibility in guiding people "to the correct direction in life."<ref>Arnold, Perris. “Music as Propaganda: Art at the Command of Doctrine in the People's Republic of China.” Ethnomusicology 27, no. 1 (1983): 1–28.</ref> The current construction of a harmonious society, however, is a socio-economic vision that is said to be the result of Chinese leader ]'s signature ideology of the '']''. It serves as the ultimate goal for the ruling ] along with '']'', which aims for a "basically well-off" middle-class oriented society. First proposed by the ] under the ] during the 2005 ], the idea changes China's focus from economic growth to overall societal balance and harmony. The idea is clearly visible in banners all over China.<ref>{{cite news|author=Post Store |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/11/AR2006101101610.html |title=China's Party Leadership Declares New Priority: 'Harmonious Society' |work=The Washington Post |date= October 12, 2006|accessdate=2011-01-20}}</ref>Furthermore, at the time when the term first came out in 2006, the Chinese society was highly unbalanced due to huge social injustice and inequality. The timing of such a message thus also marks the political agenda of Party leader ], who tried to carry out a new vision and walk out of the shadow of his predecessor, General Secretary ].<ref name=20061011atimes>Zhong, Wu. ''Asia Times''. Last modified October 11, 2006.</ref>Near the end of his regime in 2011, Hu's visit to the U.S. represents a focus on the international dimensions of peace and cooperation, which could also be well incorporated into the concept of a harmonious society, or a harmonious world. | ||
| In a country where political class struggle and socialist slogans were the normative political guidelines for decades, the idea of societal harmony attempts to bring about the fusion of socialism and democracy.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}} | |||
| ==Harmony under Confucius== | ==Harmony under Confucius== | ||
Revision as of 11:37, 1 December 2012
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The phrase Socialist Harmonious Society (simplified Chinese: 和谐社会; traditional Chinese: 和諧社會; pinyin: héxié shèhuì) can relate as back as the time of Confucius when music could bring about harmony by maintaining balance in the society. In addition, music was considered to have the power to transform people into becoming more civilized. Thus, the idea of harmony also suggests the government's responsibility in guiding people "to the correct direction in life." The current construction of a harmonious society, however, is a socio-economic vision that is said to be the result of Chinese leader Hu Jintao's signature ideology of the Scientific Development Concept. It serves as the ultimate goal for the ruling Communist Party of China along with Xiaokang society, which aims for a "basically well-off" middle-class oriented society. First proposed by the Chinese government under the Hu-Wen Administration during the 2005 National People's Congress, the idea changes China's focus from economic growth to overall societal balance and harmony. The idea is clearly visible in banners all over China.Furthermore, at the time when the term first came out in 2006, the Chinese society was highly unbalanced due to huge social injustice and inequality. The timing of such a message thus also marks the political agenda of Party leader Hu Jintao, who tried to carry out a new vision and walk out of the shadow of his predecessor, General Secretary Jiang Zemin.Near the end of his regime in 2011, Hu's visit to the U.S. represents a focus on the international dimensions of peace and cooperation, which could also be well incorporated into the concept of a harmonious society, or a harmonious world.
Harmony under Confucius
The concept of harmony in Chinese culture comes from music. During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, discussion of music flourished under Confucius and the school of thoughts he created, Confucianism. Confucianism played a key part in the formulation of the earliest form of Chinese music, Qin. Qin music illustrates the concept of harmony through its techniques such as the level of pressure and the speed of tempo, which symbolize Yin and Yang and the different temperature in the four seasons. The moderate unison of sounds maintains the perfect order and managing these opposing elements into a moderate piece of musical work is considered the best sound. Furthermore, one of the most influential works by Ru Jia (otherwise known as Book of Music), reads, “When the early rulers formed the li and yue their purpose was not to satisfy the mouth, stomach, ear and eye, but rather to teach the people to moderate their likes and hates, and bring them back to the correct direction in life.” Music, under Confucian concepts, has the power to transform people to become more civilized and the goal of music is to create balance within individuals, nature and society. Leading people “back to the correct direction in life” not only signifies the guiding role of music, but also emphasizes on the power of the rulers, “The correct ‘mood’ was set by the chief of state, the emperor, the son of Heaven.” The power of the rulers reflects a fundamental theme in Chinese civilization. The State, or the ruling government, has the special role of taking care of the people; however, what distinguishes the Chinese ruling government from other ruling governments is the respectful attitude of the citizens, who regard the government as part of their family. In fact, the ruling government is “the head of the family, the patriarch.” Therefore, the Chinese look to the government for guidance as if they are listening to their father who, according to Chinese tradition, enjoys high reverence from the rest of the family. Furthermore, “still another tradition that supports state control of music is the Chinese expectation of a verbal ‘message.’” A “verbal message” is the underlying meaning behind people’s words. In order to get to the “verbal message,” one needs to read into words and ask oneself what the desired or expected response would be. The Chinese tradition of reading into words makes it easier for the government, or “the father,” who possesses more attention and respect, to pass down its wishes through songs.
Political context
The “Harmonious Society” concept represents a new direction of Chinese communist leadership that signified the transition between Jiang Zemin and Hu Jintao. Although on the surface, “harmonious society” seems benign, many scholars believe that General Secretary Hu has a vision for a deeper reform of the political system in China. In addition, the idea of scientific development stresses on scientific discovery and technological advance, engines for sustainable growth in the long run. Sustainable growth is a concept in macroeconomics that signifies GDP at potential (i.e. all that is produced is being consumed and there is no cyclical unemployment) for years to come.
In addition, Harmonious Society was also the response to the problem of social inequality/ wealth gap, which if not dealt immediately, could lead to social unrest and even turmoil. A key reason contributing to a widening wealth gap was social injustice, which features collusion between entrepreneurs and officials. Through collusion, entrepreneurs were able to buy land from farmers and then sell it at high prices. Furthermore, with the protection of local officials, private coal mine owners ignored safety regulations to cut production costs. As a result, thousands of miners are killed in accidents. Since the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, the leadership has been extremely sensitive about maintaining stability. General Secretary Hu's focus on stability and openness is the central model addressed in the book The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall by Ian Bremmer. According to Bremmer, the Chinese government is trying carefully to avoid instability by jumping from a controlled social environment on one end to complete openness on the other. The "J Curve" model is applicable to the political development of most nations and presents a choice between stability and openness. The concept of "Harmonious Society" is said to include both elements of the model. Hence, Hu’s “harmonious society” has an underlying message of establishing political reform as well as safeguarding social justice and equality.
New interpretation
President Hu visited the U.S. in early 2011, two years before he has to step down as the President of China. One of the key messages of his visit is the idea of peace and cooperation: “China and the United States have major influence in international affairs and shoulder important responsibilities in upholding world peace and promoting common development.” In addition to attending state dinners, President Hu visited the US–China Business Council, a Chinese-owned auto parts plant in Ohio, and Walter Payton College Preparatory High School in Chicago/Confucius Institute of Chicago. When asked about the differences between the U.S. and China at Walter Payton Prep, President Hu responded, “China and the US have different histories, culture, social systems and levels of development, but their peoples are peace-loving and in pursuit of growth. I hope that the friendship between our two nations will last forever.” With few agendas at hand before his retirement, President Hu brought to America a concept of harmony that is based on peace, cooperation and “soft power” exchanges. Soft power is a concept developed by Joseph Nye to describe the ability to attract and cooperate rather than using coercion, force or money as a means of persuasion. The means of persuasion by using force or money, on the other hand, is called hard power. Nye, as a past Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs in the Clinton Administration, stresses on the combination of soft power and hard power, which he calls smart power. Nye believes that the using of smart power in today's dynamic international relations will be highly effective.Now looking back at President Hu's visit to U.S. and linking it with the multidimensional rise of Chinese influence on the international stage, one can discover the subtle similarity between Chinese and American foreign policies.
In addition to the utilization of smart power, the Chinese leader also understands the concept of "Shadow of the Future": At the high school, President Hu told the students, "“The young are the future of a nation and the hopes of the world. The prospects of China-US relations are in the hands of the young people of the two countries.” "Shadow of the Future" is a concept in Joseph Nye's book, Understanding Global Conflict and Cooperation: An Introduction to Theory and History. The key to Shadow of the Future is to lengthen the period of peace and cooperation and to reduce fear of power conflicts. One of the paramount reasons that contributes to the Peloponnesian War, according to Thucydides, is “ the growth of Athenian power and the fear which this caused in Sparta.” Hu's perspective claims to try to reduce the deadly psychological feeling in the nature of humans as well as nations.
On the other hand, the American foreign policy goes beyond the message of peace, understanding and cooperation. As the world's superpower, the United States has a tough stance on the rise of China. The appropriateness of such a tough stance, nevertheless, is debatable given the political environment at the time of American elections. During Hu's visit, President Barack Obama assured China that the U.S. is reasserting its influence in East Asia and in the Pacific Ocean.Indeed, the U.S. has increased its military and political presence in the Pacific through its military deployment in Australia and its diplomatic/military pressure on the sovereignty disputes in the South China Sea in early 2012.
Criticism and satire
While initially the public's reaction to the idea was positive, over the years "Harmonious Society" has emerged as a euphemism for "stability at all costs," and has garnered its share of critics. The government often uses "Harmonious Society" to justify the suppression of dissent and the tight control on information in China. Some social commentators have pointed out the irony that in building a "harmonious society" the country has become less just, less equal, and less fair. Meanwhile, some of Hu's critics say that application of the "Harmonious Society" concept has resulted in anything but. China scholar Cheng Li said that Hu's failure in implementing the Harmonious Society program has been his "gravest pitfall" during his tenure. Critics cite the increased wealth gap, higher internal security budgets, and unprecedented corruption in state-owned industries as evidence that Harmonious Society has failed in practice.
The term "River crab" (Chinese: 河蟹; pinyin: héxiè) has been adopted as internet slang in Mainland China in reference to Internet censorship. The word river crab sounds similar to the word "harmonious" in Mandarin Chinese. In addition, the word "harmonious" can itself also be the placeholder verb for "to censor", most often referring to posts on a forum that have been deleted because of its unacceptable content, or the censorship of stories reporting sensitive issues in the press. Something that has been censored in this manner is often referred to as having been "harmonized."
See also
References
- Arnold, Perris. “Music as Propaganda: Art at the Command of Doctrine in the People's Republic of China.” Ethnomusicology 27, no. 1 (1983): 1–28.
- Post Store (October 12, 2006). "China's Party Leadership Declares New Priority: 'Harmonious Society'". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 20, 2011.
- ^ Zhong, Wu. “China yearns for Hu's 'harmonious society'.” Asia Times. Last modified October 11, 2006.
- Ko, Yi-Fang. “Confucianism in Qin Music.” Chinese Music 29, no. 2 (2006): 32–39.
- Arnold, Perris. “Music as Propaganda: Art at the Command of Doctrine in the People's Republic of China.” Ethnomusicology 27, no. 1 (1983): 1–28.
- Perris, Arnold, “Music as Propaganda: Art at the Command of Doctrine in the People's Republic of China,” Ethnomusicology, 27, no. 1 (1983): 12.
- Martin Jacques: Understanding the Rise of China, video file, directed by Martin Jacques (London, UK: TED, 2010).
- Perris, Arnold, “Music as Propaganda: Art at the Command of Doctrine in the People's Republic of China,” Ethnomusicology, 27, no. 1 (1983): 14.
- Geis, John and Blaine Holt. “ ‘Harmonious Society’ Rise of the New China.” Strategic Studies Quarterly 3, no. 4 (2009): 75–94.
- Johnson, Ian. “China's Leader Has Message of Harmony, but Limited Agenda.”. The New York Times. Last modified January 18, 2011.
- ^ "President Hu Jintao Paid a Visit to the Confucius Institute in Chicago News." Hanban.org. January 27, 2011.
- Joseph Nye on Global Power Shift, video file, directed by Joseph Nye (Oxford, England: TED, 2010).
- Fallows, James. “A Final State Dinner Note.” The Atlantic, January 20, 2011.
- Hu, Xingdou. "胡星斗：建议取消"和谐社会"的提法". New Century News. Retrieved August 11, 2011.
- ^ Li, Cheng (December 20, 2011). "The Last Year of Hu's Leadership: Hu's to Blame?". Jamestown Foundation: China Brief. 11 (23). Retrieved January 2, 2012.
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