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'''Hebephilia''' is defined as a primary or exclusive sexual interest in ] individuals aged approximately 11–14 years. Hebephilia differs from ], which refers to the sexual preference for individuals in later ],<ref>Krafft-Ebing, R., & Moll, A. (1924). ''Psychopathia sexualis.'' Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke.</ref> and from ], which refers to the sexual preference for prepubescent children.<ref>Krafft-Ebing, R. von. (1886). ''Psychopathia sexualis: A medico-forensic study'' (1965 trans by H. E. Wedeck). New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons.</ref> The onset of puberty varies from child to child, but, on average, girls begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11; boys at age 11 or 12.<ref name="Chumlea">(Chumlea, 1982).</ref><ref name="pamf.org">"For girls, puberty begins around 10 or 11 years of age and ends around age 16. Boys enter puberty later than girls-usually around 12 years of age-and it lasts until around age 16 or 17." {{Cite web |title=Teenage Growth & Development: 11 to 14 Years|publisher=]|accessdate=August 15, 2011|url=http://www.pamf.org/teen/parents/health/growth-11-14.html}}</ref> While individuals with a sexual preference for adults (i.e., '']s'') may have some sexual interest in pubescent-aged individuals,<ref>Freund, K., Langevin, R., Cibiri, S., & Zajac, Y. (1973). Heterosexual aversion in homosexual males. ''British Journal of Psychiatry, 122,'' 163–169.</ref> the term ''hebephilia'' is reserved for those who ''prefer'' pubescent-aged individuals over adults. The term was introduced by Glueck (1955),<ref>Glueck, B. C., Jr. (1955). ''Final report: Research project for the study and treatment of persons convicted of crimes involving sexual aberrations. June 1952 to June 1955.'' New York: New York State Department of Mental Hygiene.</ref> who later credited it, without citation, to Paul Benedict.<ref>Hammer, E. F., & Glueck, B. C. (1957). Psychodynamic factors in sex offenders: A four-factor theory. ''Psychiatric Quarterly, 31,'' 325–345.</ref> '''Hebephilia''' is one of several types of ] (a preference for a sexual partner who appears to be of a specific age or maturity), in this case primary or exclusive sexual interest in ] individuals between 11–14 years old. Hebephilia differs from ], which refers to the sexual preference for individuals in later ],<ref name = Krafft>{{cite book | last = Krafft-Ebing | first = R | authorlink = Richard von Krafft-Ebing | coauthors = Moll A | year = 1924 | title = Psychopathia Sexualis, with Especial Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct; a Medico-Forensic Study | location = Stuttgart | publisher = Ferdinand Enke }}</ref> and from ], which refers to the sexual preference for prepubescent children.<ref name = Krafft/> The onset of puberty varies from child to child, but, on average, girls begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11; boys at age 11 or 12.<ref name=Kail>{{cite book | last = Kail | first = RV | coauthors = Cavanaugh JC | title = Human Development: A Lifespan View | isbn = 0495600377 | publisher = ] | year = 2010 | pages = | edition = 5th}}</ref> While individuals with a sexual preference for adults may have some sexual interest in pubescent-aged individuals,<ref>{{cite pmid | 4714830 }}</ref> true hebephilia is characterized by a preference of pubescent rather than adult partners. The term was introduced by Bernard Glueck in 1956,<ref>{{cite book | last = Glueck | first = BC | year = 1956 | title = Final report: Research project for the study and treatment of persons convicted of crimes involving sexual aberrations. June 1952 to June 1955 | location = New York | publisher = ]/] }}</ref> who later credited it, without citation, to Paul Benedict.<ref>{{cite doi | 10.1007/BF01568731 }}</ref>


] and a number of his colleagues from ] believe that hebephilia is a mental disorder and argued for its inclusion in the ].<ref name=Blanchard>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9}}</ref> The proposed addition to the DSM V was criticized by ],<ref name=green/> ],<ref name=jaapl>Allen Frances, Michael B. First, (2011) J Am Acad Psychiatry Law 39:1:78-85</ref> ] (] editor),<ref name=jaapl/><ref name=cpn/> ],<ref name="franklin"/> ],<ref name=moser/> ],<ref name=Donohue/> and other mental health professionals. The ] rejected the addition of hebephilia to the DSM-5 as a diagnosable psychiatric disorder.<ref name=prnsdhebephilia>{{cite web |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/witness/201212/psychiatry-rejects-novel-sexual-disorder-hebephilia |title=Psychiatry Rejects Novel Sexual Disorder "Hebephilia" |author=Karen Franklin |authorlink=Karen Franklin |date= December 2, 2012|accessdate=December 6, 2012 |publisher='']''|location=USA }}</ref> ] and a number of his colleagues from the ] believe that hebephilia is a mental disorder and advocated for its inclusion in the ].<ref name=Blanchard>{{cite doi|10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9}}</ref> The proposed addition to the DSM V was criticized by ],<ref name=green/> ],<ref name=jaapl>{{cite pmid | 21389170 }}</ref> ], an editor of the ],<ref name=jaapl/><ref name=cpn/> ],<ref name="franklin"/> ],<ref name=moser/> ],<ref name=Donohue/> and other mental health professionals. The ] rejected the addition of hebephilia to the DSM-5 as a diagnosable psychiatric disorder.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.psych.org/File%20Library/Advocacy%20and%20Newsroom/Press%20Releases/2012%20Releases/12-43-DSM-5-BOT-Vote-News-Release--FINAL--3-.pdf | format = pdf | publisher = ] | date = 2012-12-01 | accessdate = 2013-01-05 | last = Herold | first = E | coauthors = Connors E; Moore T | title = American Psychiatric Association Board of Trustees Approves DSM-5: Diagnostic manual passes major milestone before May 2013 publication }}</ref>


==Etiology and etymology== ==Etiology==
As with sexual preference in general, it is not known what causes someone to prefer a pubescent rather than an adult individual for sexual reasons. A number of biological ]s have been studied however. A team from ] has published a series of research articles comparing biologically relevant characteristics of clinical samples of ], hebephiles, and teleiophiles (individuals with a sexual preference for adults). In such samples, hebephilic men are midway between pedophilic men and teleiophilic men on average ],<ref name=Cantor2004>Cantor, J. M., Blanchard, R., Christensen, B. K., Dickey, R., Klassen, P. E., Beckstead, A. L., et al. (2004). Intelligence, memory, and handedness in pedophilia. ''Neuropsychology, 18,'' 3–14.</ref> memory test scores,<ref name = Cantor2004/> and rates of school grade failures over and above the IQ differences, with pedophiles scoring the lowest on the first two measures and highest on the third.<ref>Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., & Blanchard, R. (2006). Grade failure and special education placement in sexual offenders’ educational histories. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 35,'' 743–751.</ref> Hebephiles score midway between pedophiles and teleiophiles in rates of non-right-handedness,<ref>Cantor, J. M., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., Christensen, B. K., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., et al. (2005). Handedness in pedophilia and hebephilia. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34,'' 447–459.</ref> rates of having suffered childhood head injuries,<ref>Blanchard, R., Kuban, M. E., Klassen, P., Dickey, R., Christensen, B. K., Cantor, J. M., & Blak, T. (2003). Self-reported injuries before and after age 13 in pedophilic and non-pedophilic men referred for clinical assessment. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 32,'' 573–581.</ref><ref>Blanchard, R., Christensen, B. K., Strong, S. M., Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Klassen, P., Dickey, R., & Blak, T. (2002). Retrospective self-reports of childhood accidents causing unconsciousness in phallometrically diagnosed pedophiles. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31,'' 511–526.</ref> and physical height.<ref>Cantor, J. M., Kuban, M. E., Blak, T., Klassen, P. E., Dickey, R., & Blanchard, R. (2007). Physical height in pedophilia and hebephilia. ''Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 19,'' 395–407.</ref> As with sexual preference in general, it is not known what causes someone to prefer a pubescent rather than an adult individual for sexual reasons. A number of biological ]s have been studied however. A team from ] has published a series of research articles comparing biologically relevant characteristics of clinical samples of ], hebephiles, and individuals who prefer adult sexual partners. In such samples, hebephilic men are midway between pedophilic men and teleiophilic men on average ],<ref name=Cantor2004>{{cite pmid | 14744183 }}</ref> memory test scores,<ref name = Cantor2004/> and rates of school grade failures over and above the IQ differences, with pedophiles scoring the lowest on the first two measures and highest on the third.<ref>{{cite pmid | 16708284}}</ref> Hebephiles score midway between pedophiles and teleiophiles in rates of non-right-handedness,<ref>{{cite pmid | 16010467}}</ref> rates of having suffered childhood head injuries,<ref>{{cite pmid | 14574100}}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid | 12462478}}</ref> and physical height.<ref>{{cite doi | 10.1007/s11194-007-9060-5}}</ref>

⚫ The name is based on the Greek goddess of youth ], a daughter of ] and ]. She is also known as Ganymeda, or in Roman: Juventas. Words such as ] are based on that form. The suffix ] based on ] is also Greek, meaning love.


==Prevalence of hebephilia versus pedophilia== ==Prevalence of hebephilia versus pedophilia==
There are clinical and correctional samples of sexual offenders in which hebephilic men outnumber the pedophilic men.<ref name="Cantor2004"/><ref>Gebhard, P. H., Gagnon, J. H., Pomeroy, W. B., & Christenson, C. V. (1965). ''Sex offenders: An analysis of types.'' New York: Harper & Row.</ref><ref>Studer, L. H., Aylwin, A. S., Clelland, S. R., Reddon, J. R., & Frenzel, R. R. (2002). Primary erotic preference in a group of child molesters. ''International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 25,'' 173–180.</ref> Moreover, anonymous surveys of people sexually interested in children more frequently report an erotic interest in pubescents rather than in prepubescents.<ref>Bernard, F. (1975). An enquiry among a group of pedophiles. ''The Journal of Sex Research, 11,'' 242–255.</ref><ref>Wilson, G. D., & Cox, D. N. (1983). Personality of paedophile club members. ''Personality and Individual Differences, 4,'' 323–329.</ref> There are clinical and correctional samples of sexual offenders in which hebephilic men outnumber the pedophilic men.<ref name="Cantor2004"/><ref>{{cite book | last = Gebhard | first = PH | coauthors = Gagnon JH; Pomeroy WB & Christenson CV | year = 1965 | title = Sex offenders: An analysis of types | location = New York | publisher = ] }}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid | 12071103 }}</ref> Moreover, anonymous surveys of people sexually interested in children more frequently report an erotic interest in pubescents rather than in prepubescents.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Bernard | first = F | year = 1975 | title= An enquiry among a group of pedophiles | journal = The Journal of Sex Research | volume = 11 | issue = 3 | pages = 242–255 | url = http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/3811479?uid=3739448&uid=2&uid=3737720&uid=4&sid=21101622290137 }}</ref><ref>{{cite doi | 10.1016/0191-8869(83)90154-X}}</ref>


==DSM-5== ==DSM-5==
Line 17: Line 15:
The proposed DSM-5 replacement for the pedophilia diagnosis, called ], largely reflected the proposal of Blanchard and his colleagues.<ref name=dsm5>http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=186</ref> The naming of the new disorder also reflects the more general distinction proposed between ] and ] in DSM-5.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} The proposed DSM-5 replacement for the pedophilia diagnosis, called ], largely reflected the proposal of Blanchard and his colleagues.<ref name=dsm5>http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=186</ref> The naming of the new disorder also reflects the more general distinction proposed between ] and ] in DSM-5.{{citation needed|date=January 2013}}


At the annual meeting of the American Association of Psychiatry and Law (AAPL) a group of forensic psychiatrists working with sex offenders made a symbolic vote on the inclusion of Pedohebephilia in DSM-5, with 2 votes for and 31 against. At the International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders meeting in Oslo another vote was made with 1 vote for and 100 against.<ref>Franklin, K. 2011. "Forensic Psychiatrists Vote No on Proposed Paraphilias", Psychiatric Times. Vol. 27 No. 12</ref> The proposed addition of hebephilia to the DSM-5 diagnostic codes and appendix was rejected by the American Psychiatric Association board of trustees due to a large degree of opposition to the proposed new diagnosis and concerns about its scientific validity. The AMA board of trustees apparently had to step in due to a small group of psychologists digging their heels in and not accepting the opinions of the wider community of mental health professionals.<ref name=prnsdhebephilia/> At the annual meeting of the American Association of Psychiatry and Law (AAPL) a group of forensic psychiatrists working with sex offenders made a symbolic vote on the inclusion of Pedohebephilia in DSM-5, with 2 votes for and 31 against. At the International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders meeting in Oslo another vote was made with 1 vote for and 100 against.<ref>Franklin, K. 2011. "Forensic Psychiatrists Vote No on Proposed Paraphilias", Psychiatric Times. Vol. 27 No. 12</ref> The proposed addition of hebephilia to the DSM-5 diagnostic codes and appendix was rejected by the American Psychiatric Association board of trustees due to a large degree of opposition to the proposed new diagnosis and concerns about its scientific validity. The AMA board of trustees apparently had to step in due to a small group of psychologists digging their heels in and not accepting the opinions of the wider community of mental health professionals.<ref name=prnsdhebephilia>{{cite web |url=http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/witness/201212/psychiatry-rejects-novel-sexual-disorder-hebephilia |title=Psychiatry Rejects Novel Sexual Disorder "Hebephilia" |author=Karen Franklin |authorlink=Karen Franklin |date= December 2, 2012|accessdate=December 6, 2012 |publisher='']''|location=USA }}</ref>

==Etymology==
⚫ The name is based on the Greek goddess of youth ], a daughter of ] and ]. She is also known as Ganymeda, or in Roman: Juventas. Words such as ] are based on that form. The suffix ] based on ] is also Greek, meaning love.


==See also== ==See also==

Revision as of 18:29, 5 January 2013

Hebephilia is one of several types of chronophilia (a preference for a sexual partner who appears to be of a specific age or maturity), in this case primary or exclusive sexual interest in pubescent individuals between 11–14 years old. Hebephilia differs from ephebophilia, which refers to the sexual preference for individuals in later adolescence, and from pedophilia, which refers to the sexual preference for prepubescent children. The onset of puberty varies from child to child, but, on average, girls begin the process of puberty at age 10 or 11; boys at age 11 or 12. While individuals with a sexual preference for adults may have some sexual interest in pubescent-aged individuals, true hebephilia is characterized by a preference of pubescent rather than adult partners. The term was introduced by Bernard Glueck in 1956, who later credited it, without citation, to Paul Benedict.

Ray Blanchard and a number of his colleagues from the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health believe that hebephilia is a mental disorder and advocated for its inclusion in the DSM-5. The proposed addition to the DSM V was criticized by Richard Green, Allen Frances, Michael First, an editor of the DSM-IV, Karen Franklin, Charles Allen Moser, William O'Donohue, and other mental health professionals. The American Psychiatric Association rejected the addition of hebephilia to the DSM-5 as a diagnosable psychiatric disorder.

Etiology

As with sexual preference in general, it is not known what causes someone to prefer a pubescent rather than an adult individual for sexual reasons. A number of biological associations have been studied however. A team from CAMH has published a series of research articles comparing biologically relevant characteristics of clinical samples of pedophiles, hebephiles, and individuals who prefer adult sexual partners. In such samples, hebephilic men are midway between pedophilic men and teleiophilic men on average IQ, memory test scores, and rates of school grade failures over and above the IQ differences, with pedophiles scoring the lowest on the first two measures and highest on the third. Hebephiles score midway between pedophiles and teleiophiles in rates of non-right-handedness, rates of having suffered childhood head injuries, and physical height.

Prevalence of hebephilia versus pedophilia

There are clinical and correctional samples of sexual offenders in which hebephilic men outnumber the pedophilic men. Moreover, anonymous surveys of people sexually interested in children more frequently report an erotic interest in pubescents rather than in prepubescents.

DSM-5

In 2008, Ray Blanchard was the lead author of an influential paper proposing the introduction of hebephilia in the DSM-5. The paper, coauthored mostly with colleagues from CAMH and the University of Toronto, triggered a number of reactions. Critics include Richard Green, Michael First (DSM-IV editor), Karen Franklin, and Charles Allen Moser, while others like William O'Donohue argue that the proposal does not go far enough. Clinical psychologist Joseph J. Plaud criticized Blanchard's study for lacking a control group of "normal" men, and other methodological issues, leading him to conclude that "The data do not support the conclusions reached in this article, especially the inclusion of a significant change to the DSM-5". Blanchard replied to these concerns. Franklin maintains a list of publications discussing the new diagnosis.

The proposed DSM-5 replacement for the pedophilia diagnosis, called pedohebophilic disorder, largely reflected the proposal of Blanchard and his colleagues. The naming of the new disorder also reflects the more general distinction proposed between paraphilia and paraphilic disorder in DSM-5.

At the annual meeting of the American Association of Psychiatry and Law (AAPL) a group of forensic psychiatrists working with sex offenders made a symbolic vote on the inclusion of Pedohebephilia in DSM-5, with 2 votes for and 31 against. At the International Association for the Treatment of Sexual Offenders meeting in Oslo another vote was made with 1 vote for and 100 against. The proposed addition of hebephilia to the DSM-5 diagnostic codes and appendix was rejected by the American Psychiatric Association board of trustees due to a large degree of opposition to the proposed new diagnosis and concerns about its scientific validity. The AMA board of trustees apparently had to step in due to a small group of psychologists digging their heels in and not accepting the opinions of the wider community of mental health professionals.

Etymology

The name is based on the Greek goddess of youth Hebe, a daughter of Zeus and Hera. She is also known as Ganymeda, or in Roman: Juventas. Words such as juvenile are based on that form. The suffix -phil- based on Philia is also Greek, meaning love.

See also

References

  1. ^ Krafft-Ebing, R (1924). Psychopathia Sexualis, with Especial Reference to the Antipathic Sexual Instinct; a Medico-Forensic Study. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. Kail, RV (2010). Human Development: A Lifespan View (5th ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 296. ISBN 0495600377. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  3. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 4714830 , please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid= 4714830 instead.
  4. Glueck, BC (1956). Final report: Research project for the study and treatment of persons convicted of crimes involving sexual aberrations. June 1952 to June 1955. New York: New York State Department of Mental Hygiene/University of Minnesota.
  5. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1007/BF01568731 , please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi= 10.1007/BF01568731 instead.
  6. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9399-9 instead.
  7. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9602-7, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s10508-010-9602-7 instead.
  8. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 21389170 , please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid= 21389170 instead.
  9. ^ Joyce Frieden (Dec 1, 2009) DSM-V work on paraphilias begins in earnest, Clinical Psychiatry News, Elsevier
  10. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1002/bsl.934, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1002/bsl.934 instead.
  11. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9436-8, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9436-8 instead.
  12. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9604-5, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s10508-010-9604-5 instead.
  13. Herold, E (2012-12-01). "American Psychiatric Association Board of Trustees Approves DSM-5: Diagnostic manual passes major milestone before May 2013 publication" (pdf). American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved 2013-01-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 14744183 , please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid= 14744183 instead.
  15. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 16708284, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid= 16708284 instead.
  16. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 16010467, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid= 16010467 instead.
  17. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 14574100, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid= 14574100 instead.
  18. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 12462478, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid= 12462478 instead.
  19. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1007/s11194-007-9060-5, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi= 10.1007/s11194-007-9060-5 instead.
  20. Gebhard, PH (1965). Sex offenders: An analysis of types. New York: Harper & Row. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  21. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 12071103 , please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid= 12071103 instead.
  22. Bernard, F (1975). "An enquiry among a group of pedophiles". The Journal of Sex Research. 11 (3): 242–255.
  23. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi: 10.1016/0191-8869(83)90154-X, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi= 10.1016/0191-8869(83)90154-X instead.
  24. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9425-y, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9425-y instead.
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  26. "Psychologist, Joseph J. Plaud, License: 7394". psyris.com ... the psychology resource information system. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  27. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9423-0, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s10508-008-9423-0 instead.
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  29. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1007/s10508-010-9610-7, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1007/s10508-010-9610-7 instead.
  30. "Hebephilia controversy". Karen Franklin, PhD, Clinical and Forensic Psychologist, California. 2011. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
  31. http://www.dsm5.org/ProposedRevisions/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=186
  32. Franklin, K. 2011. "Forensic Psychiatrists Vote No on Proposed Paraphilias", Psychiatric Times. Vol. 27 No. 12
  33. Karen Franklin (December 2, 2012). "Psychiatry Rejects Novel Sexual Disorder "Hebephilia"". USA: Psychology Today. Retrieved December 6, 2012. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)

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