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2013 Russian meteor event

Trail left by the meteor after it had passed over Chelyabinsk Location of the meteor event
Date	15 February 2013 (2013-02-15)
Time	09:20 YEKT (UTC+06:00)
Location	Russia Chelyabinsk Oblast Orenburg Oblast Bashkortostan Sverdlovsk Oblast Tyumen Oblast Kazakhstan Aktobe Province Kostanay Province
Coordinates	55°09′00″N 61°24′36″E / 55.150°N 61.410°E / 55.150; 61.410
Also known as	Chebarkul meteorite
Cause	Meteor air burst
Non-fatal injuries	1,491
Property damage	Over 4,300 damaged buildings, collapsed factory roof, shattered windows

On 15 February 2013, a bright fireball appeared in the skies over Russia at about 09:20 YEKT (03:20 UTC). Travelling at 18km/sec, it passed over the southern Ural region and exploded in an air burst over Chelyabinsk Oblast. The air burst occurred about 15 to 25 km (10 to 15 mi) above the ground. The energy released was equivalent to nearly 500 kilotons of TNT (2.1 PJ), which would make it 20–30 times more powerful than either of the atomic bombs detonated at Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

About 1,500 people were reported injured, two in serious condition, mainly by glass from windows shattered by a shock wave. Over 4,300 buildings in six cities across the region were damaged by the explosion and impacts. The meteor created a dazzling light, bright enough to cast moving shadows during the morning daylight in Chelyabinsk and was observed from Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Orenburg Oblasts, the Republic of Bashkortostan, and in Kazakhstan. Eyewitnesses also felt intense heat from the fireball.

Having an initial mass of 10 000 tonnes, the Chelyabinsk meteor is thought to be the biggest reported object to enter Earth's atmosphere from space since the 1908 Tunguska event, and the only such event known to have resulted in a large number of injuries. The object was not detected before atmospheric entry.

The predicted close approach of the roughly 30-metre asteroid 2012 DA14 occurred about 15 hours later; Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, Russian sources, the European Space Agency and NASA indicated the two events could not have been related because the bodies involved had widely different trajectories.

Initial reports

Local residents witnessed extremely bright burning objects in the sky in Chelyabinsk, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, and Orenburg Oblasts, the Republic of Bashkortostan, and in neighbouring regions in Kazakhstan. Amateur videos showed a fireball streaking across the sky and a loud boom shortly afterwards.

The meteor event occurred at 09:20 Yekaterinburg time, several minutes after sunrise in Chelyabinsk, and minutes before sunrise in Yekaterinburg. According to eyewitnesses the bolide was brighter than the sun, a fact later confirmed by NASA. An image of the object was also taken shortly after it entered the atmosphere by the weather satellite Meteosat 9. Witnesses in Chelyabinsk reported that the air of the city smelled like gunpowder.

Atmospheric entry

The visible phenomenon due to the flight of an asteroid or meteoroid through the atmosphere is called a meteor. If the asteroid or meteoroid reaches the ground, then it is called a meteorite. During the Chelyabinsk meteor's traversal, the visible phenomenon was followed by a smoke trail, then an air burst (explosion) that caused a shock wave, the main cause of the material damages.

According to the Russian Federal Space Agency, preliminary estimations of the object indicated an asteroid moving at about 30 km/s in a "low trajectory." According to the Russian Academy of Sciences, the atmospheric entry by the asteroid occurred at around 15 km/s. The apparent radiant (the apparent position of origin of the meteor in the sky) from video recordings appears to have been above and to the left of the rising sun.

Estimates of the size of the object ranged from a diameter of 17 m (56 ft) to a few metres. In earlier reports, Russian scientists estimated the meteor weighed about 10 tons before it entered the Earth's atmosphere, and broke apart 30–50 km (20–30 miles) above ground. The United States space agency NASA estimated the diameter of the bolide at about 17 m and its mass at about 10,000 tons. The air burst and shock wave were large enough to register as a magnitude 2.7 seismic event.

The Russian Geographical Society said the passing of the meteor over Chelyabinsk caused three blasts of different power. The first explosion was the most powerful, and was preceded by a bright flash, which lasted about five seconds. Altitude estimates ranged from 70–30 km, with an explosive equivalent of roughly 500 kilotonnes of TNT (2,100 TJ), and the hypocenter of the explosion was to the south of Chelyabinsk, in Yemanzhelinsk and Yuzhnouralsk. The shock wave reached Chelyabinsk two minutes 57 seconds later. The infrasound waves given off by the explosions were detected by as many as 17 monitoring stations run by the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty Organization Preparatory Commission, designed to detect nuclear weapons testing. The most distant station to detect the explosion was 15,000 km away in Antarctica.

Analysis of CCTV and dash cam footage posted on-line indicates that the meteor approached from east by south, and exploded about 40 km south of central Chelyabinsk above the town of Korkino at a height of 27 km, with fragments continuing in the general direction of Lake Chebarkul.

The last time a similar phenomenon was observed in the Chelyabinsk region was the Kunashak meteor shower of 1949, after which scientists recovered about 20 stones weighing over 200 kg in total. The Chelyabinsk meteor is thought to be the biggest space object to hit Earth since the 1908 Tunguska event, and the only such event known to have resulted in a large number of injuries.

Impact

Although it is not yet clear if the 6-metre-wide hole in Lake Chebarkul's frozen surface is the result of an impact, scientists from the Ural Federal University have collected 53 samples from around the hole. The specimens are all under 1 cm in size and initial laboratory analysis confirmed their meteoric origin. They are ordinary chondrite meteorites and contain 10% iron. Scientists intend to name the fragments the Chebarkul meteorite. If accepted, the name will be published in the Bulletin of the Meteoritical Society. A team of six Russian Emergencies Ministry scuba divers examined the lake impact site and found no large meteorite fragment at the bottom. A fragment large enough to cause the 6-metre-wide hole in the ice has yet to be found.

In the neighbouring country of Kazakhstan, officials said they were looking for two possible unidentified objects that may have impacted in Aktobe Province, Kazakhstan, adjacent to the affected Russian regions.

Damage and injuries

As of 18 February 2013, 1,491 people had requested medical attention in Chelyabinsk Oblast, including 311 children. Health officials said 112 people had been hospitalized, with two reported to be in serious condition. A 52-year-old woman with a broken spine was flown to Moscow for treatment. Most people were hurt by shattered glass. After the blast, car alarms went off and mobile phone networks were interrupted. Office buildings in Chelyabinsk were evacuated. Classes for all Chelyabinsk schools were cancelled, mainly due to broken windows. At least 20 children were injured when the windows of a school and kindergarten burst at 09:22.

A report the day after the event by Russia Today listed "3,724 apartments, 671 educational institutions, 69 cultural facilities, 34 hospitals and clinics, 11 social facilities and five sport venues in the Chelyabinsk region..." that needed repairs as a result of the shock wave damage. Approximately 100,000 or so homeowners were affected according to Mikhail Yurevich, the governor of the Chelyabinsk Region.

Following the event, government officials in Chelyabinsk asked parents to take their children home from schools. An interior ministry spokesman said that approximately 600 m² (24.5 x 24.5 m) of a roof at a zinc factory collapsed during the event. Residents in Chelyabinsk whose windows were smashed were scrambling to cover the openings with anything available, as the temperature in Chelyabinsk and in the impact area was (-5°F) -15°C.

The Chelyabinsk Oblast Governor Mikhail Yurevich stated that preserving the central heating system of the city is the primary goal of the authorities. He estimated damage from the event at no less than 1 billion rubles (approximately US$33 million). Chelyabinsk authorities said that the broken windows (but not balcony glazing) of apartment homes will be replaced at the state's expense.

One of the buildings damaged in the blast was the Traktor Sport Palace, home arena of Traktor Chelyabinsk of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). The arena will be closed for inspection, affecting various events scheduled in the arena, and possibly the postseason of the KHL.

Reactions

Dmitry Medvedev, the Prime Minister of Russia, confirmed a meteor had struck Russia and said it proves the “entire planet” is vulnerable to meteors and a spaceguard system is needed to protect the planet from similar events in the future. Dmitry Rogozin, the deputy prime minister, proposed that there should be an international program that would alert countries to "objects of an extraterrestrial origin".

On the day of the impact, Bloomberg reported that the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs had unveiled the "Action Team on Near-Earth Objects", a proposed global asteroid warning network system, in face of 2012 DA14's approach.

Colonel General Nikolay Bogdanov, commander of the Central Military District, created task forces that were directed to the probable impact areas to search for fragments of the meteor and to monitor the situation. Meteorites (fragments) measuring from 5 mm to 1 cm have been reported to have been found one kilometre from Chebarkul in the Chelyabinsk region.

Media coverage

Meteor Air Burst

Extensive dash cam footage from the atmospheric entry onwards

Explosion eyewitness

Reactions to the initial sonic boom

Sounds of the explosions

Bright light and sound recorded by a stationary surveillance camera

The Russian government put out a brief statement within an hour of the event. Discussion on social media sites started almost immediately after the event, and heavy coverage by the international media had begun by the time the Associated Press put out a brief report with the Russian government's confirmation less than two hours after the event. Less than 15 hours after the meteor impact, videos related to the event had been viewed millions of times.

The number of injuries caused by the asteroid led Google to pull a Google Doodle on another asteroid, 2012 DA14, from their website.

New York City planetarium director Neil deGrasse Tyson said the meteor was unpredicted because no attempt has been made to find and catalogue every 15-metre near-Earth object.

Coincidental asteroid approach

Preliminary calculations showed the event was not related to the 15 February close approach of asteroid 2012 DA14 that subsequently passed the Earth at a distance of 27,700 km. The Chelyabinsk meteor was moving from the east, whereas the trajectory of the 2012 DA₁₄ asteroid is from south to north.

The radiant of the meteoroid was the constellation Pegasus in the Northern hemisphere. The asteroid belonged to the Apollo group of near-Earth asteroids.

The meteor occurred 16 hours before the approach of asteroid 2012 DA₁₄ to the Earth, which was the "closest ever predicted Earth approach" of an object its size. Phil Plait said they were unlikely to be related because the objects were almost 500,000 kilometres apart and seemed to be travelling in different directions. After an initial analysis of photographs from the site, scientists at the Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory in Northern Finland concluded that the two trajectories were widely different. Marco Langbroek (VU University Amsterdam) pointed out that it is impossible for fragments in orbits similar to that of 2012 DA₁₄ to enter the atmosphere at a latitude as high as 55 degrees north: as seen from the approach direction of such fragments, 55 degrees north is located on the back side of Earth. NASA also released a statement saying that 2012 DA₁₄ and the meteor that exploded over Russia had "significantly different" trajectories and that the two were not related.

Although asteroid 2012 DA₁₄ was unrelated, scientists are still investigating other reports of meteors at around the same time.

Meteorite scramble

In the aftermath of the air burst of the body, a large number of small meteorites fell on areas west of Chelyabinsk, generally at terminal velocity, about the speed of a piece of gravel dropped from a skyscraper. Local residents and schoolchildren located and picked up some of the meteorites, many located in snowdrifts, by following a visible hole that had been left in the outer surface of the snow. Speculators have been active in the informal market for meteorite fragments that has rapidly emerged.

See also

• Asteroid impact avoidance
• B612 Foundation
• Impact event
• List of meteor air bursts
• Meteor procession
• Near-Earth object
• Spaceguard Foundation
• Torino Scale

Notes

1. According to the measurements from the other side of the city though, if the height of the blast is measured at about 30 km, the power of the explosion would range from 0.1 to 1 kiloton.

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Attribution

• This article contains portions of text translated from the corresponding article of the Russian Misplaced Pages. A list of contributors can be found there in the History section.

External links

• Meteor vapour trail from space, image captured by EUMETSAT satellite.
• Satellite views of meteor vapor trail over Russia (CIMSS Satellite Blog)
• Russia Meteor Not Linked to Asteroid Flyby – NASA
• Метеоритный удар по Челябинску = Collection of videos and photographs of the meteor and resulting damage. Chelyabinsk website

• 2013 in Russia
• 2013 in science
• 2013 natural disasters
• Chelyabinsk Oblast
• Modern impact events
• Kurgan Oblast
• Meteorites found in Russia
• Natural disasters in Russia
• Sverdlovsk Oblast
• Tyumen Oblast
• Explosions in Russia
• 21st-century explosions
• Meteorite falls
• Meteoroids