| Revision as of 15:59, 22 April 2013 editIadrian yu (talk | contribs)Pending changes reviewers10,017 edits Reverted good faith edits by 109.93.15.2 (talk): Rv. This is a political organisation, we are talking lingvuistic. (TW)← Previous edit | Revision as of 11:26, 23 April 2013 edit undoLjuboni (talk | contribs)197 edits It's not political organisation. The National Council represents a minority in the fields of education, culture, information in the minority language and the official usage of language and script, making decide on those issues, establish institutions etc.Next edit → | ||
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| {{Infobox ethnic group | |||
| |group=Vlachs of Serbia<ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=35oIbNIIn-8C&pg=PA21</ref><br/>''Rumâni din Sârbie''<ref>{{cite web|title=Odluka o promeni sedišta|url=http://www.vdss-petrovac.com/dokumenta.php|work=www.vdss-petrovac.com|publisher=www.vdss-petrovac.com|accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref> | |||
| |image=] | |||
| |poptime=35,330 (2011 census)<ref>http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2011/prvi_rezultati.pdf Serbian Preliminary 2011 Census Results</ref><br>250,000(est.)<ref>http://www.dprp.gov.ro/serbia/ Departamentul Romanilor de Pretutindeni</ref><ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ron Ethnologue</ref> | |||
| |popplace=] ] | |||
| |langs=] (or ]), ] | |||
| |rels=Predominantly '''† ]''' | |||
| |related=] | |||
| }} | |||
| {|style="clear:right" align=right cellpadding="10" | |||
| The '''Vlachs''' (]: ''Rumâni'', {{lang-sr|Власи/Vlasi}}) are an ethnic minority in eastern ], culturally and linguistically related to ].<ref></ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Istorija postojanja Vlaha|url=http://www.vlasi.rs/index.php?page=1|work=Nacionalni savet Vlaha|publisher=Nacionalni savet Vlaha|accessdate=26 June 2012}}</ref><ref>http://assembly.coe.int/main.asp?Link=/documents/workingdocs/doc08/edoc11528.htm</ref> They mostly live in the ] region (roughly corresponding to the districts of ] and ]), but also in ] and ] districts. A small Vlach population also exists in ] and ] (]), and in the municipalities of ] and ] (]). | |||
| |{{Eastern Romance languages}} | |||
| |} | |||
| ] | |||
| ==Legal status== | |||
| '''Vlach''', '''''(rumînjeašće/ljimba rumînjaskă)'''''<ref>http://www.nacionalnisavetvlaha.rs The National Council of the Vlachs</ref> <ref>http://www.nacionalnisavetvlaha.rs/reagovanjabalasevic2.html The National Council of the Vlachs</ref>, ({{lang-sr|влашки / vlaški}}) are the terms used to designate the language spoken by the ].<ref> , 2011</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| ], 1876.]] | |||
| ]]] | |||
| The ethnonym is ''Rumâni'' and the community ''Rumâni din Sârbie'', translated into English as "Romanians from Serbia".<ref>http://www.vdss-petrovac.com/dokumenta.php</ref> They are less commonly known as ''Valahii din Serbia''. The Romanians in Serbia call their community ''Românii din Serbia''. Although ethnographically and linguistically related to the Romanians, within the Vlach community there are divergences on whether or not they belong to the Romanian nation and whether or not their minority should be amalgamated with the Romanian minority in Vojvodina.<ref name="coe">, at the ], 14 February 2008</ref> | |||
| ==Status== | |||
| In a ]n-] agreement of November 4, 2002, the Yugoslav authorities agreed to recognize the Romanian identity of the Vlach population in Central Serbia,<ref>], November 6, 2002: ''Prin acordul privind minoritatile, semnat, luni, la Belgrad, de catre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, statul iugoslav recunoaste dreptul apartenentei la minoritatea romaneasca din Iugoslavia al celor aproape 120.000 de vlahi (cifra neoficiala), care traiesc in Valea Timocului, in Serbia de Rasarit. Reprezentantii romanilor din Iugoslavia, profesori, ziaristi, scriitori, i-au multumit, ieri, la Pancevo, sefului statului pentru aceasta intelegere cu guvernul de la Belgrad. Acordul este considerat de importanta istorica pentru romanii din Valea Timocului, care, din timpul lui Iosip Broz Tito, traiesc fara drept la invatamant si viata religioasa in limba materna, practic nerecunoscuti ca etnie. "Nu vom face ca fostul regim, sa numim noi care sunt minoritatile nationale sau sa stergem cu guma alte minoritati", a spus, ieri, Rasim Ljajic, ministrul sarb pentru minoritati, la intalnirea de la Pancevo a presedintelui cu romanii din Iugoslavia. Deocamdata, statul iugoslav nu a recunoscut prin lege statutul vlahilor de pe Valea Timocului, insa de-acum va acorda acestora dreptul la optiunea etnica, va permite, in decembrie, constituirea Consiliului Reprezentantilor Romani si va participa in Comisia mixta romano-iugoslava la monitorizarea problemelor minoritatilor sarba si romana din cele doua state. In Iugoslavia traiesc cateva sute de mii de romani. Presedintele Ion Iliescu s-a angajat, ieri, pentru o politica mai activa privind romanii din afara granitelor: "Avem mari datorii fata de romanii care traiesc in afara granitelor. Autocritic vorbind, nu ne-am facut intotdeauna datoria. De dragul de a nu afecta relatiile noastre cu vecinii, am fost mai retinuti, mai prudenti in a sustine cauza romanilor din statele vecine. (...) Ungurii ne dau lectii din acest punct de vedere", a spus presedintele, precizand ca romanii trebuie sa-si apere cauza "pe baza de buna intelegere". ''</ref>{{dubious|date=February 2012}} but the agreement was not implemented.<ref>: ''Chiar si acordul dintre presedintii Ion Iliescu si Voislav Kostunita, semnat la sfarsitul anului trecut, nu este respectat, in ceea ce priveste minoritatile, deoarece locuitorii din Valea Timocului, numiti vlahi, nu sunt recunoscuti ca minoritari, ci doar „grup etnic“.''</ref> In April 2005, 23 deputies from the ], representatives from ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ] protested against Serbia's treatment of this population.<ref>: ''Deeply concerned over the cultural situation of the so-called “Vlach” Romanians dwelling in 154 ethnic Romanian localities 48 localities of mixed ethnic make-up between the Danube, Timok and Morava Rivers who since 1833 have been unable to enjoy ethnic rights in schools and churches''</ref> | |||
| The Vlach language does not have any official status and it is not standardized. In the 2011 census, 35,330<ref>http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2011/prvi_rezultati.pdf Serbian Preliminary 2011 Census Results</ref> people in Serbia declared themselves ethnic ] and 43,095<ref>http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Saopstenje%20za%20javnost%20veroispovest%20maternji%20jezik%20i%20nac%20%20pripadnost.pdf Serbian 2011 Census Results 21. 02. 2013</ref> people declared themselves native speakers of the Vlach language. The declared Vlach speakers are mostly concentrated in Eastern Serbia, mainly in the ] region. | |||
| The "National Council of Vlachs" listed Serbian in its statute as the official language of the Vlach minority until the standardization of the Vlach language. <ref>http://www.nacionalnisavetvlaha.rs Declaration of the Vlach National Council</ref> | |||
| The ] postponed the ratification of Serbia`s candidature for ] in the European Union until the legal status and minority right of the Romanian (Vlach) population in Serbia is clarified.<ref>http://www.rgnpress.ro/categorii/politic/3587-biroul-permanenent-al-senatului-a-amanat-votul-privind-ratificarea-acordului-de-aderare-a-serbiei-la-ue-motivul-drepturile-romanilor-vlahilor-din-timoc.html</ref><ref>http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=02&dd=23&nav_category=206&nav_id=585200</ref> | |||
| ==Name== | |||
| Predrag Balašević, president of the Vlach party of Serbia, accused the government of assimilation by using the national Vlach organization against the interests of this minority in Serbia.<ref>http://www.pravda.rs/2011/05/30/vlasi-optuzuju-srbiju-za-asimilaciju/</ref> | |||
| The term ''Vlach'' is the English transcription of the Serbian term for this language (''vlaški''). The term Vlach language(s) is also often used to refer to ] in general, which includes Romanian. There are considerable differences between these Vlach languages (the Greek, Macedonian and Albanian Vlachs, versus the Vlachs of Istria, versus the Vlachs of Eastern Serbia) and untutored native speakers have difficulties understanding each other. | |||
| ==Usage in media== | |||
| Since 2010, the Vlach National Council of Serbia has been led by members of leading Serbian parties (] and ]), most of whom are ethnic Serbs having no relation to the Vlach/Romanian minority.<ref name="politika.rs">http://www.politika.rs/rubrike/tema-dana/Dragojevic-Vlasi-nisu-Rumuni.sr.html</ref> Radiša Dragojević, the current president of Vlach National Council of Serbia, who is not a Vlach, but an ethnic Serb,<ref>http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/Falsi_vlahi_folositi_impotriva_romanilorFalsi_vlahi_folositi_impotriva_romanilor_0_655135001.html</ref> stated that no one has the right to ask the Vlach minority in Serbia to identify themselves as Romanian or veto anything, firstly because there already is a recognized Romanian minority within Serbia, and because Vlach people in Serbia do not feel discriminated or underprivileged. He also said that Vlachs regard Serbia as their true homeland.<ref name="politika.rs"/> | |||
| Radio Zaječar and Radio Pomoravlje broadcasting programme in the Vlach language. | |||
| ==Maps== | |||
| As a response to mister Dragojević`s statement, the cultural organizations ''Ariadnae Filum'', ''Društvo za kulturu Vlaha - Rumuna Srbije'', ''Društvo Rumuna - Vlaha „Trajan“'', ''Društvo za kulturu, jezik i religiju Vlaha - Rumuna Pomoravlja'', ''Udruženje za tradiciju i kulturu Vlaha „Dunav“'', ''Centar za ruralni razvoj - Vlaška kulturna inicijativa Srbija'' and the Vlach Party of Serbia protested and stated that it was false.<ref>http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/pregled_stampe.php?yyyy=2012&mm=02&dd=29&nav_id=586595</ref><ref>http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=02&dd=29&nav_category=12&nav_id=586593</ref> | |||
| <gallery caption="The vocabulary in Central Serbia. Researches made by ]:" widths="100px" heights="100px" perrow="5"> | |||
| File:Sprachatlas Weigand 67.JPG| | |||
| On 1 March, 2012, ] and ] signed an agreement concerning the Vlach population in Serbia.<ref>http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=03&dd=01&nav_category=1262&nav_id=587038</ref> According to the agreement, members of the Vlach community can declare themselves to be Romanians, and those who do so can have access to education, media and religion in their language.<ref>http://www.b92.net/info/vesti/index.php?yyyy=2012&mm=03&dd=02&nav_category=1262&nav_id=587330</ref> | |||
| File:Sprachatlas Weigand 65.JPG| | |||
| == Origins == | |||
| {{Main|Vlachs|Origin of the Romanians}} | |||
| {{See also|History of Banat|History of Wallachia}} | |||
| Following Roman withdrawal from the province of ] at the end of the 3rd century, the name of the Roman region was changed to ], (later ]); it extended over most of what is now Serbia and Bulgaria, and an undetermined number of ] (]) were settled there.<ref>Alaric Watson, ''Aurelian and the Third Century,'' Routlege, 1999.</ref><ref>http://books.google.com/books?id=ukf-lEYl3FUC&pg=PR3&dq=Alaric+Watson,+Aurelian+and+the+Third+Century,+Routledge,+1999.&hl=en&ei=vDOVTs3eKeqK4gTBtqCYCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Roman%20withdrawal%20&f=false ''page 157''</ref> A strong Roman presence persisted in the region through the end of Justinian's reign in the 6th century.<ref>William Rosen, ''Justinian's Flea: Plague, Empire, and the Birth of Europe,'' Viking Adult, 2007.</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2011}} | |||
| The region where Romanians, also known as Vlachs, predominantly lived was later part of the ], whose first rulers, the ], are considered to have been Vlachs.<ref>, Robert Lee Wolff, The Second Bulgarian Empire: Its Origin and History to 1204, Speculum Volume 24, Issue 2, 1949.</ref> King ] ruled most of Timok after he conquered the land of a rival king, ]. Chroniclers of the crusaders describe encountering Vlachs in the 12th and 13th century in various parts of modern Serbia.<ref name="zef">{{Hr icon}}Zef Mirdita, Vlasi u historiografiji, Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb 2004.</ref><ref name="mal">Noel Malcolm, Kosovo, ''A short History,'' University Press, NY, 1999.</ref> Serbian documents from the 13th and 14th century mention Vlachs, including a prohibition of intermarriage between Serbs and Vlachs by Emperor ].<ref name="zef"/><ref name="mal"/> Romanian (Wallachian) rulers built churches in northeastern Serbia in the 14th and 15th centuries.<ref name="kanitz">{{De icon}} Felix Kanitz, ''Serbien,'' Leipzig, 1868.</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2011}} Turkish tax records (''defters'') from the 15th century list Vlachs in the region of Branicevo in northeastern Serbia, near the ancient Roman ''municipium'' and ''colonia'' of Viminacium.<ref>Noel Malcolm, ''Bosnia: A short History'', University Press, NY, 1994.</ref>{{Page needed|date=July 2011}} | |||
| Starting in the early 18th century northeastern Serbia was settled by Romanians (then known by their international exonym as Vlachs) from ], parts of ], and ] (Lesser Walachia).<ref name="zef"/> These are the Ungureni (''Ungurjani''), Munteni (''Munćani'') and Bufeni (''Bufani''). Today, about three quarters of the Vlach population speak the Ungurean ]. In the 19th century other groups of Romanians originating in ] (Lesser Wallachia) also settled south of the Danube.<ref>{{Sr icon}} Kosta Jovanovic, ''Negotinska Krajina i Kljuc'', Belgrade, 1940</ref> These are the Ţărani (Carani), who form some 25% of the modern population. Their very name Ţărani indicates their origin in Ţara Româneasca, i.e., "The Romanian Land," ] and Oltenia. From the 15th through the 18th centuries large numbers of Serbs also migrated across the Danube, but in the opposite direction, to both Banat and Ţara Româneasca. Significant migration ended with the establishment of the kingdoms of Serbia and Romania in the second half of the 19th century. | |||
| The lack of detailed census records and the linguistic influence of the Ungureni and Ţărani on the entire Vlach population make it difficult to determine what fraction of the present Vlachs can trace their origins directly to the ancient south-of-the-Danube Vlachs. The Vlachs of northeastern Serbia form a contiguous linguistic, cultural and historic group with the Vlachs in the region of Vidin in Bulgaria as well as the Romanians of ] and ] (Lesser Wallachia). | |||
| Some authors{{who|date=February 2012}} consider that the majority of Vlachs/Romanians in ] are descendants of Romanians that migrated from Hungary in the 18th and 19th centuries.<ref>''Aspects of the Balkans: continuity and change. Contributions to the International Balkan Conference held at UCLA,'' October 23–28, 1969</ref> | |||
| ==Culture== | |||
| === Language === | |||
| {{Main|Official status of Romanian language in Vojvodina|Vlach language in Serbia}} | |||
| {{See also|Eastern Romance languages|Romanian language}} | |||
| The ] consists of two distinct ] spoken in regions neighboring Romania: one major group of Vlachs speaks the subdialect spoken in ] in western ], while the other major group speaks a subdialect similar to the Romanian subdialect spoken in the neighboring region of ]. | |||
| The ] is not in use in local administration, not even where members of the minority represent more than 15% of the population. (according to Serbian law, the use of a distinct language in local administration is allowed in places where the minority speaking it comprises a percentage of the population higher than 15%).<ref name="coe"/> | |||
| <gallery caption="Romanian vocabulary in Central Serbia. Research by ]:" widths="100px" heights="100px" perrow="5"> | |||
| File:Sprachatlas Weigand 67.JPG|The extent of Romanian | |||
| File:Sprachatlas Weigand 65.JPG|The extent of the Banatian dialect in central Serbia | |||
| File:Sprachatlas Weigand 09.JPG| | File:Sprachatlas Weigand 09.JPG| | ||
| File:Sprachatlas Weigand 10.JPG| | File:Sprachatlas Weigand 10.JPG| | ||
| Line 64: | Line 33: | ||
| </gallery> | </gallery> | ||
| == |
==See also== | ||
| * ] | |||
| The ], built in 2004, is the first ] in ] in 170 years, during which time ] in ] were not allowed to hear liturgical services in their native language.<ref></ref><ref>{{cite web|title=SERBIA: Romanian priest to pay for official destruction of his church|url=http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=654|work=F18News|publisher=Forum 18 News Service|accessdate=26 June 2012|author=Drasko Djenovic|date=9|month=September|year=2005}}</ref><ref> {{ro icon}}</ref> Most Vlachs of Eastern Serbia are ] who had belonged to the ] since the 19th century. This changed on 24 March 2009, when Serbia recognized the authority of the ] in ] and the confessional rights of the Vlachs.<ref>http://www.ziuadevest.ro/actualitate/5863-biserica-roman-din-timoc-a-fost-recunoscut-de-ctre-curtea-suprem-de-justiie-a-serbiei.html</ref> | |||
| The 2006 Serbian law on religious organizations did not recognize the ] as a traditional church, as it had received permission from the Serbian Church to operate only within Vojvodina, but not in Timočka Krajina.<ref name="coe"/> At Malajnica, a "Vlach" priest belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church encountered deliberately-raised administrative barriers when he attempted to build a church.<ref name="coe"/><ref>, ''BBC Romanian'', 16 September 2005</ref> Other Romanian Orthodox churches are planned or under construction in Jasikovo, Cuprija, Bigrenica and Samarinovac. Additionally, a Romanian Orthodox monastery is under construction in Malajnica. The Romanian Orthodox churches in Eastern Central Serbia are subordinated to the ''Protopresbyteriat Dacia Ripensis'' with its seat in ]. The protopresbyteriat is subordinated to the Romanian Orthodox diocese Dacia Felix with its seat in ]. | |||
| The relative isolation of the Vlachs has permitted the survival of various pre-Christian religious customs and beliefs that are frowned upon by the Orthodox Church. Vlach magic rituals are well known across modern Serbia. The Vlachs celebrate the Ospăț (''hospitium'', in Latin), called in Serbian ''praznic'' or ''slava'', though its meaning is chtonic (related to the house and farmland) rather than familial.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} Other Balkan peoples, notably the ], adopted the Christian traditions of the Vlachs. The customs of the Vlachs are very similar to those from Southern Romania (]).<ref>http://www.ziarullumina.ro/articole;940;1;24534;0;Obiceiuri-de-inmormantare-la-romanii-din-Timoc.html</ref> | |||
| ==Subgroups== | |||
| Vlachs are divided into many groups, each speaking their own variant: | |||
| * the ] (''Serbian:'' Carani) | |||
| * the ] or Ungureani (''Serbian:'' Ungurjani) | |||
| ** ] (''Serbian:'' Ungurjani-Munćani), meaning: "the ungureni from the mountains" | |||
| * ] | |||
| Of these, the ''Ungureni'' of ] are related to the Romanians of ] and ], since ''Ungureni'' (compare with the word "]") is a term used by the Romanians of ] to refer to their kin who once lived in provinces formerly part of the ]. The connection is evident not only in vocabulary, but also in the similarities of dialectal phonology and folk music motifs, as well as in sayings such as "''Ducă-se pe ]''" (May the Mureş take him/it away), a reference to the Transylvanian river. | |||
| The ''Ţărani'' of the Bor, ] and ] regions are closer to ] (Lesser Walachia) in their speech and music. The Ţărani have the saying "''Nu dau un leu pe el''" (He's not worth even a ]). The reference to "leu" (lion) as currency most likely goes back to the 17th century when the Dutch-issued daalder (leeuwendaalder) bearing the image of a lion was in circulation in the Romanian principalities and elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire whose own currency was habitually being debased by the government. In the Romanian principalities, as well as in Bulgaria, the ''leeuwendaalder'' (in Romanian and Bulgarian ''leu'' and ''lev'', respectively) came to symbolize a strong currency. Indeed on gaining independence in the 19th century both countries adopted this name for their new currencies. Since newly independent Serbia named its currency (the dinar) after the Roman ''denarius'', the reference to the ''leu'' among the Ţărani is an indication of their connection to, if not origin in, what is now Romania. | |||
| There has been considerable intermixing between the Ungureni and Ţărani so that a dialect has evolved sharing peculiarities of both regions. | |||
| The Bufani are immigrants from ] (Oltenia). | |||
| There is also a population of Vlachophone (Vlach-speaking) ] centered around the village of ], as well as a few ] families who live in ], but both are tiny migrant groups. | |||
| ==Population== | |||
| In the 2002 census 40,054 people in Serbia declared themselves ethnic Vlachs, and 54,818 people declared themselves speakers of the ].<ref name="popis2002">{{Sr icon}} {{PDFlink||477 ]<!-- application/pdf, 488946 bytes -->}}, p. 2 and {{PDFlink||441 ]<!-- application/pdf, 452227 bytes -->}}, p. 12</ref> The Vlachs of Serbia are recognized as a minority, like the ], who number 34,576 according to the 2002 census. On the census, the Vlachs declared themselves either as Serbs, Vlachs or Romanians. Therefore, the "real" number of people of Vlach origin could be much greater than the number of recorded Vlachs, both due to mixed marriages with Serbs and also Serbian national feeling among some Vlachs. | |||
| ===Historical population=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ], by ].]] | |||
| ] | |||
| The following numbers from ] data suggest the possible number of Vlachs: | |||
| *1816: 97,215 Romanians (10% of Serbia's population.)<ref>{{Ro icon}} V. Arion; ]; G. Vâlsan; ]; G. Bogdan-Duică. ''România şi popoarele balcanice'' (1913). Tipografia Românească. Bucureşti, p. 22</ref> | |||
| *1856: 104,343 Romanians<ref>Guillaume Lejean, Ethnographie de la Turquie d'Europe, Gotha. Justus Perthes 1861</ref> | |||
| *1859: 122,593 Romanians | |||
| *1866: 127,545 Romanians (10.5% of Serbia's population)<ref>: ''1866 zählte man 1.058.189 Serben, 127.545 Rumänen, 24.607 Zigeuner, 2589 Deutsche und 3256 andere.''</ref> | |||
| *1884: 149,713 Romanians | |||
| *1890: 143,684 Romanians | |||
| *1895: 159,000 Romanians (6.4% of Serbia's population)<ref>: ''Fast die ganze Bevölkerung, über 2 Mill, besteht aus Serben, außerdem gab es, nach der Zählung von 1895, 159.000 Rumänen und 46.000 Zigeuner''</ref> | |||
| *1921: 159,549 Romanians/Cincars by mother tongue in Yugoslavia | |||
| *1931: 57,000 Romanians-Vlachs by mother tongue were recorded in Eastern Serbia (52,635 in the ] and the rest in southern parts of ], south of the ]). | |||
| *1961: 1,330 Vlachs | |||
| *1981: 135,000 people declared ] as their mother language (population figure given for the ])<ref>{{Sr icon}} Ranko Bugarski, Jezici, Beograd, 1996.</ref> | |||
| *2002: 40,054 declared Vlachs; 54,818 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figures given for entire ]); 39,953 declared Vlachs, 54,726 people declared Vlach as their mother language (population figures given for ] only)<ref name="popis2002"/> | |||
| *2011: 35,330 declared Vlachs; 29,332 declared ] (figures include the entire population of ])<ref>http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2011/prvi_rezultati.pdf Serbian Preliminary 2011 Census Results</ref> | |||
| The Vlach (Romanian) population of Central Serbia is concentrated mostly in the region bordered by the ] (west), ] (north) and ] (south-east). See also: ]. | |||
| According to some Romanian and Western European organizations, around 250,000<ref>http://www.dprp.gov.ro/serbia/ Departamentul Romanilor de Pretutindeni </ref><ref>http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ron Ethnologue</ref> people of Romanian(vlach) origin live in eastern Serbia. | |||
| == Identity == | |||
| {{Main|Vlachs}} | |||
| The term Vlach is the English transcription of the Serbian term for this group (''Vlasi''), while Roumanians or Romanians is the English transcription of its Romanian counterpart (''român/rumân'').<ref></ref><ref>: "We all know that we call ourselves in Romanian ''Romanians'' and in Serbian ''Vlachs''."</ref> | |||
| Despite their recognition as a separate ethnic group by the Serbian government, Vlachs are cognate to Romanians in the cultural and linguistic sense. Some Romanians, as well as international linguists and anthropologists, consider Serbia's Vlachs to be a subgroup of Romanians. Additionally, the Movement of Romanians-Vlachs in Serbia, which represents some Vlachs, has called for the recognition of the Vlachs as a Romanian national minority, giving them rights similar to those of the ]. However, the results of the last census showed that most Vlachs of Eastern Serbia opted for the Serbian ] ''vlasi'' (= Vlachs) rather than ''rumuni'' (= Romanians).<ref name="popis2002"/> As a result of ], most Vlachs declared themselves to be "Serbs" on censusus taken by ], but the number of those who preferred to declare themselves as Vlachs or Romanians significantly increased from 1991 (16,539 declared ''vlasi'' and 42 declared ''rumuni'') to 2001 (39,953 declared ''vlasi'' and 4,157 declared ''rumuni''). | |||
| Romania has given modest financial support to the Vlachs in Serbia for the preservation of their culture and language, since at present the Vlachs' language is not recognized officially in any localities where they form a majority, there is no education in their mother tongue, and there is no Vlach media or education funded by the Serbian state. There are also no church services in Vlach. Until very recently in the regions populated by Vlachs the official policy of the Serbian Orthodox church opposed the giving of non-Serbian baptismal names. | |||
| On the other hand, some Vlachs consider themselves to be simply ] that speak the '']''.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}} | |||
| ] is commonly used as a historical umbrella term for all Latin peoples in ] (] proper or Daco-Romanians, ], ], ]). After the foundation of the Romanian state in the 19th century, Romanians living in the ] and in ] were only seldom called "Vlachs" by foreigners, the use of the exonym "Romanians" was encouraged even by officials, and the Romanian population ceased to use the exonym "Vlach" for their own designation. Only in the ] and ], where the officials did not encourage the population to use the modern exonym "Romanian", was the old designation "Vlach" retained, but the term "Romanian" was used in statistical reports (but only up to the ], when the designation "Romanian" was changed into "Vlach").<ref> Serbian/Romanian. The Helsinki Committee for Human Rights in Serbia. The Vlachs/Romanians or the Romanians of Eastern Serbia and the "Vlach/Romanian question". ] 2000/2001/2002.</ref> For this reason, the Romanians of Vojvodina (hence those who lived in Austria-Hungary) today prefer to use the modern exonym "Romanian", while those of Central Serbia still use the ancient exonym "Vlach". However, both groups use the ] "Romanians", calling their language "Romanian" (''română'' or ''rumână'').<ref>Website of the </ref><ref></ref> | |||
| In some notes of the government of Serbia, officials recognise that "''certainly members of this population have similar characteristics with Romanians, and the language and folklore ride to their Romanian origin''". The representatives of the Vlach minority sustain their Romanian origin.<ref></ref> | |||
| == Notable Vlachs == | |||
| * ] (Boian Alexandrovici), the Romanian priest who in 2004 successfully managed to build the first Romanian Orthodox Church in eastern Serbia in the last two centuries.<ref></ref><ref>{{Ro}} </ref> | |||
| * ], the president of the ] between 1993 and 1997.{{citation needed|date=February 2012}} | |||
| * ], one of the best known singers of ] from Eastern Serbia, originating from the village of Slatina near ] | |||
| * ], a well-known Romanian folklore singer, originating from ], from Eastern Serbia | |||
| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | * ] | ||
| * The ] | * The ] | ||
| Line 149: | Line 42: | ||
| ==References== | ==References== | ||
| {{ |
{{Reflist|2}} | ||
| *National Council of Vlachs (in Serbia), , (06. 11. 2010) by President Rаdišа Drаgojević. | |||
| * ] Published in Cultural Identity and Ethnicity in Central Europe, ], Cracow 2000 | |||
| * (Serbian language) | |||
| * Viorel Dolha - Totul despre românii din Timoc (, , , , , ) (Romanian language) | |||
| == External links == | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
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| * | |||
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| * | |||
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| * | |||
| * | |||
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| * (Romanian/Serbian) | |||
| * | |||
| * , 2008 report from the ] () | |||
| {{Ethnic groups in Serbia}} | |||
| {{Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Christians}} | |||
| {{Romance languages}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Vlachs Of Serbia}} | |||
| {{Use British (Oxford) English|date=August 2010}} | |||
| ] | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2010}} | |||
| ] | |||
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Vlach Language In Serbia}} | |||
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Blue: Southern varieties
Red: Northern varieties
Vlach, (rumînjeašće/ljimba rumînjaskă) , (Template:Lang-sr) are the terms used to designate the language spoken by the Vlachs of Serbia.
Status
The Vlach language does not have any official status and it is not standardized. In the 2011 census, 35,330 people in Serbia declared themselves ethnic Vlachs and 43,095 people declared themselves native speakers of the Vlach language. The declared Vlach speakers are mostly concentrated in Eastern Serbia, mainly in the Timočka Krajina region.
The "National Council of Vlachs" listed Serbian in its statute as the official language of the Vlach minority until the standardization of the Vlach language.
Name
The term Vlach is the English transcription of the Serbian term for this language (vlaški). The term Vlach language(s) is also often used to refer to Eastern Romance languages in general, which includes Romanian. There are considerable differences between these Vlach languages (the Greek, Macedonian and Albanian Vlachs, versus the Vlachs of Istria, versus the Vlachs of Eastern Serbia) and untutored native speakers have difficulties understanding each other.
Usage in media
Radio Zaječar and Radio Pomoravlje broadcasting programme in the Vlach language.
Maps
- The vocabulary in Central Serbia. Researches made by Gustav Weigand:
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See also
- Wallach
- Thraco-Roman
- Eastern Romance substratum
- Legacy of the Roman Empire
- The Balkan language area
- Romance languages
References
- http://www.nacionalnisavetvlaha.rs The National Council of the Vlachs
- http://www.nacionalnisavetvlaha.rs/reagovanjabalasevic2.html The National Council of the Vlachs
- "Speak Vlach!", 2011
- http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2011/prvi_rezultati.pdf Serbian Preliminary 2011 Census Results
- http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Saopstenje%20za%20javnost%20veroispovest%20maternji%20jezik%20i%20nac%20%20pripadnost.pdf Serbian 2011 Census Results 21. 02. 2013
- http://www.nacionalnisavetvlaha.rs Declaration of the Vlach National Council
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