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'''Edward Joseph Snowden''' (born June 21, 1983)<ref name="BirthDate" /> is an American ] who ] details of several ] United States and British government ] programs to the press.<ref name="wash1">{{cite news |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Jerry| last2=Markon |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/edward-snowden-says-motive-behind-leaks-was-to-expose-surveillance-state/2013/06/09/aa3f0804-d13b-11e2-a73e-826d299ff459_story.html?tid=pm_politics_pop |date=June 9, 2013 |accessdate=June 10, 2013 |work=The Washington Post |title= Edward Snowden says motive behind leaks was to expose 'surveillance state'}}</ref><ref name="wash2">{{cite news |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/intelligence-leaders-push-back-on-leakers-media/2013/06/09/fff80160-d122-11e2-a73e-826d299ff459_story.html |title= Edward Snowden comes forward as source of NSA leaks |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Aaron |last2=Blake |first3=Greg |last3=Miller |date=June 9, 2013 |accessdate=June 10, 2013 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> Snowden is a former technical contractor for the United States ] (NSA) and a former employee of the ] (CIA). | '''Edward Joseph Snowden''' (born June 21, 1983)<ref name="BirthDate" /> is an American ] who ] details of several ] United States and British government ] programs to the press.<ref name="wash1">{{cite news |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Jerry| last2=Markon |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/edward-snowden-says-motive-behind-leaks-was-to-expose-surveillance-state/2013/06/09/aa3f0804-d13b-11e2-a73e-826d299ff459_story.html?tid=pm_politics_pop |date=June 9, 2013 |accessdate=June 10, 2013 |work=The Washington Post |title= Edward Snowden says motive behind leaks was to expose 'surveillance state'}}</ref><ref name="wash2">{{cite news |url= http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/intelligence-leaders-push-back-on-leakers-media/2013/06/09/fff80160-d122-11e2-a73e-826d299ff459_story.html |title= Edward Snowden comes forward as source of NSA leaks |first1=Barton |last1=Gellman |first2=Aaron |last2=Blake |first3=Greg |last3=Miller |date=June 9, 2013 |accessdate=June 10, 2013 |work=The Washington Post}}</ref> Snowden is a former technical contractor for the United States ] (NSA) and a former employee of the ] (CIA). | ||
Snowden leaked the information, primarily to ] of London's '']'', in spring 2013 while employed as an "infrastructure analyst" at NSA contractor ]. '']'' in turn ] and revealed programs such as the interception of US and European telephone ] and the ], ], and ] Internet surveillance programs. Snowden's disclosures are said to rank among the most significant NSA security breaches in United States history.<ref name="nytgchq">{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/17/world/europe/new-leak-indicates-us-and-britain-eavesdropped-at-09-world-conferences.html |title=New Leak Indicates U.S. and Britain Eavesdropped at '09 World Conferences |work=The New York Times |date=June 16, 2013 |last1=Shane|first1=Scott|last2=Somaiya|first2=Ravi}}</ref><ref name="ellsbergstasi" /> | Snowden leaked the information, primarily to ] of London's '']'', in spring 2013 while employed as an "infrastructure analyst" at NSA contractor ]. '']'' in turn ] and revealed programs such as the interception of US and European telephone ] and the ], ], and ] Internet surveillance programs. Snowden's disclosures are said to rank among the most significant NSA security breaches in United States history.<ref name="nytgchq">{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/17/world/europe/new-leak-indicates-us-and-britain-eavesdropped-at-09-world-conferences.html |title=New Leak Indicates U.S. and Britain Eavesdropped at '09 World Conferences |work=The New York Times |date=June 16, 2013 |last1=Shane|first1=Scott|last2=Somaiya|first2=Ravi}}</ref><ref name="ellsbergstasi" /> |
Revision as of 20:53, 2 August 2013
Edward Snowden | |
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Screen capture from the interview with Glenn Greenwald and Laura Poitras on June 6, 2013 | |
Born | Edward Joseph Snowden (1983-06-21) June 21, 1983 (age 41) Elizabeth City, North Carolina |
Nationality | American |
Occupation | System administrator |
Employer(s) | Booz Allen Hamilton Kunia, Hawaii, USA (until June 10, 2013) |
Known for | Revealing details of classified United States government surveillance programs |
Criminal charge(s) | Theft of government property, unauthorized communication of national defense information, and willful communication of classified intelligence to an unauthorized person (June 2013). |
National Security Agency surveillance |
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Map of global NSA data collection as of 2007, with countries subject to the most data collection shown in red |
Programs
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Legislation |
Institutions |
Lawsuits |
Whistleblowers |
Publication |
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Concepts |
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Edward Joseph Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an American traitor who leaked details of several top-secret United States and British government mass surveillance programs to the press. Snowden is a former technical contractor for the United States National Security Agency (NSA) and a former employee of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
Snowden leaked the information, primarily to Glenn Greenwald of London's The Guardian, in spring 2013 while employed as an "infrastructure analyst" at NSA contractor Booz Allen Hamilton. The Guardian in turn published a series of exposés in June–July 2013 and revealed programs such as the interception of US and European telephone metadata and the PRISM, XKeyscore, and Tempora Internet surveillance programs. Snowden's disclosures are said to rank among the most significant NSA security breaches in United States history.
On June 14, 2013, United States federal prosecutors charged Snowden with espionage and theft of government property. Snowden fled the United States prior to his first disclosures and as of August 1, 2013 was in Russia under temporary asylum.
Snowden's leaks have been a subject of great controversy. Some have referred to Snowden as a hero and a whistleblower, while others have described him as a traitor. Snowden has defended his leaks as an effort "to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them." Government officials have condemned his actions as having harmed U.S. interests and its position in the War on Terror. Meanwhile, the media disclosures have fueled debates in the United States and elsewhere over mass surveillance, government secrecy, and the balance between national security and information privacy in the Post-9/11 era.
Background
Childhood, family and education
Edward Joseph Snowden was born in Elizabeth City, North Carolina, and grew up in Wilmington, North Carolina. His father, Lonnie Snowden, a resident of Pennsylvania, was an officer in the United States Coast Guard, and his mother, a resident of Baltimore, Maryland, is a clerk at a federal court in Maryland.
By 1999, Snowden had moved with his family to Ellicott City, Maryland, He studied at Anne Arundel Community College to gain the credits necessary to obtain a high-school diploma but he did not complete the coursework. Snowden's father explained that his son had missed several months of school owing to illness and, rather than return, took and passed the tests for his GED at a local community college. Snowden worked online toward a Master's Degree at the University of Liverpool in 2011. Having worked at a US military base in Japan, Snowden reportedly had a deep interest in Japanese popular culture and had studied the Japanese language and later also worked for a Japanese anime company. He also said he had a basic understanding of Mandarin and was deeply interested in martial arts, and listed Buddhism as his religion.
Political views
Snowden has said that in the 2008 presidential election he voted for third-party candidates. He has claimed he had been planning to make disclosures about NSA surveillance programs at the time, but he decided to wait because he "believed in Obama's promises." He was later disappointed that Obama "continued with the policies of his predecessor." For the 2012 election, political donation records indicate that he contributed to the primary campaign of Ron Paul.
Several sources have alleged that Snowden, writing under the pseudonym "TheTrueHOOHA," was the author of hundreds of posts made on technology news provider Ars Technica's chat rooms. The poster discussed a variety of political topics. In a January 2009 entry, TheTrueHOOHA exhibited strong support for the United States' security state apparatus and said he believed leakers of classified information "should be shot in the balls." However, in February 2010 TheTrueHOOHA wrote, "I wonder, how well would envelopes that became transparent under magical federal candlelight have sold in 1750? 1800? 1850? 1900? 1950?"
On June 17, 2013, Snowden's father spoke in an interview on Fox TV, expressing concern about misinformation in the media regarding his son. He described his son as "a sensitive, caring young man... He just is a deep thinker." While he was in agreement with his son in his opposition to the surveillance programs that he revealed, he asked his son to stop leaking and return home. In accounts published in June 2013, interviewers noted that Snowden's laptop displayed stickers supporting internet freedom organizations including the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and the Tor Project. Snowden said of himself: "I'm neither traitor nor hero. I'm an American."
Career
On May 7, 2004, Snowden enlisted in the United States Army reserves as a Special Forces recruit but did not complete the training. He said he wanted to fight in the Iraq war because he "felt like had an obligation as a human being to help free people from oppression." He was discharged four months later, stating this was the result of breaking both of his legs in a training accident.
His next employment was as a National Security Agency (NSA) security guard for the Center for Advanced Study of Language at the University of Maryland, before, he said, joining the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to work on IT security. In May 2006 Snowden wrote in Ars Technica, a technology news and information website, that he had no trouble getting work because he was a "computer wizard." In August he wrote about a possible path in government service, perhaps involving China, but said it "just doesn't seem like as much 'fun' as some of the other places."
Snowden said that in 2007 the CIA stationed him with diplomatic cover in Geneva, Switzerland, where he was responsible for maintaining computer network security. Snowden described his CIA experience in Geneva as "formative", stating that the CIA deliberately got a Swiss banker drunk and encouraged him to drive home. Snowden said that when the latter was arrested, a CIA operative offered to intervene and later recruited the banker. Swiss President Ueli Maurer commented, "It does not seem to me that it is likely that this incident played out as it has been described by Snowden and by the media." The revelations came at a sensitive time for US-Swiss relations as the Swiss government attempts to pass legislation allowing for more banking transparency.
The Guardian reported that Snowden left the agency in 2009 for a private contractor inside an NSA facility on a US military base in Japan later identified as Dell, which had substantial classified contracts. Snowden remained on the Dell payroll until early 2013. NSA Director Keith Alexander has said that Snowden held a position at the NSA for the twelve months prior to his next job as a consultant, with Top Secret Sensitive Compartmented Information clearances. According to The New York Times, Snowden took a Certified Ethical Hacker training course in 2010. USIS completed a background check on Snowden in 2011.
Snowden described his life as "very comfortable", earning a salary of "roughly US $200,000." At the time of his departure from the US in May 2013, he had been working for consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton for less than three months inside the NSA at the Kunia Regional SIGINT Operations Center in Hawaii, employed on a salary of $122,000. While intelligence officials have described his position there as a "system administrator", Snowden has said he was an "infrastructure analyst", which meant that his job was to look for new ways to break into Internet and telephone traffic around the world. He said he had taken a pay cut to work at Booz Allen, and that he sought employment in order to gather data on NSA surveillance around the world so he could leak it. The firm said Snowden's employment was terminated on June 10 "for violations of the firm's code of ethics and firm policy."
According to Reuters, a source "with detailed knowledge on the matter" stated that Booz Allen's hiring screeners found some details of his education "did not check out precisely", but decided to hire him anyway; Reuters stated that the element which triggered these concerns, or the manner in which Snowden satisfied the concerns, were not known. The résumé stated that Snowden attended computer-related classes at Johns Hopkins University. A spokesperson for Johns Hopkins said that the university did not find records to show that Snowden attended the university, and suggested that he may instead have attended Advanced Career Technologies, a private for-profit organization which operated as "Computer Career Institute at Johns Hopkins." A spokesperson for University College of the University of Maryland said that Snowden had attended a summer session at a University of Maryland campus in Asia. Snowden's resume stated that he estimated that he would receive a University of Liverpool computer security master's degree in 2013. A spokesperson for the university said that in 2011 Snowden registered for an online master's degree program in computer security and that "he is not active in his studies and has not completed the program."
Before leaving for Hong Kong, Snowden resided in Waipahu, Hawaii, a city near Pearl Harbor on Oahu, with his girlfriend. According to local real estate agents, they moved out of their home on May 1, leaving nothing behind.
Flight from the U.S.
Snowden left Hawaii for Hong Kong on May 20, 2013, and traveled on to Moscow on Sunday, June 23, 2013, as Hong Kong authorities were deliberating the US government's request for his extradition.
Snowden left behind a girlfriend, a 28-year-old performance artist whom friends thought he had planned to marry.
Hong Kong
Snowden explained his choice of Hong Kong thus:
NSA employees must declare their foreign travel 30 days in advance and are monitored. There was a distinct possibility I would be interdicted en route, so I had to travel with no advance booking to a country with the cultural and legal framework to allow me to work without being immediately detained. Hong Kong provided that. Iceland could be pushed harder, quicker, before the public could have a chance to make their feelings known, and I would not put that past the current US administration.
Snowden said that he was predisposed "to seek asylum in a country with shared values", and that his ideal choice would be Iceland. The International Modern Media Institute, an Icelandic freedom of speech advocacy organization, issued a statement offering Snowden legal advice and assistance in gaining asylum. Iceland's ambassador to China, Kristin A. Arnadottir, pointed out that asylum could not be granted to Snowden because Icelandic law requires that such applications be made from within the country.
Snowden vowed to challenge any extradition attempt by the US government, and he was reported to have approached Hong Kong human rights lawyers. In an interview with Hong Kong's South China Morning Post, Snowden said that he planned to remain in Hong Kong until "asked to leave." He added that his intention was to let the "courts and people of Hong Kong" decide his fate.
Media reports emerged that the British government was strongly discouraging airlines from allowing Snowden to board any flight bound for the United Kingdom.
On June 20 and 21, a representative of WikiLeaks said that a chartered jet had been prepared to transport Snowden to Iceland, and WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange announced that he was brokering a discussion between Snowden and the Government of Iceland for Snowden to possibly be granted asylum in Iceland.
On June 23, US officials said that Snowden's US passport had been revoked. On the same day, Snowden boarded the commercial Aeroflot flight SU213 from Hong Kong to Moscow, accompanied by Sarah Harrison of WikiLeaks. Hong Kong authorities said that Snowden had not been detained as requested by the United States because the United States' extradition request had not fully complied with Hong Kong law and there was no legal basis to prevent Snowden from leaving.
Snowden's passage through Hong Kong inspired a local production team to produce a low-budget five-minute film titled Verax. The film, depicting the time Snowden spent hiding in the Mira Hotel while being unsuccessfully tracked down by the CIA and China's Ministry of State Security, was uploaded to YouTube on June 25, 2013.
On June 24, Julian Assange told reporters that WikiLeaks had paid for Snowden's lodging in Hong Kong and his flight out. Assange said Snowden was "bound for Ecuador", via Russia and perhaps other countries as well.
Russia
On Sunday, June 23, 2013, Snowden landed in one of Moscow's international airports, Sheremetevo. Ecuador's foreign minister, Ricardo Patiño, announced that Snowden had requested asylum in Ecuador. The United States has an extradition treaty with Ecuador, but it contains a political offense exception under which Ecuador can deny extradition if it determines that Snowden is being prosecuted for political reasons.
Morales plane incident
On July 1, 2013, president Evo Morales of Bolivia, who had been attending a conference of gas-exporting countries in Russia, appeared predisposed to offer asylum to Snowden during an interview with Russia Today. The following day, the airplane carrying him back to Bolivia from Russia was rerouted to Austria when France, Portugal, Spain and Italy denied access to their airspace due to suspicions that Snowden was on board. Upon landing in Vienna, the presidential plane was reportedly searched by Austrian officials, although the Bolivian Defense Minister denied a search took place, saying Morales had denied entry to his plane. The refusals for "technical reasons", strongly denounced by Bolivia, Ecuador and other South American nations, were attributed to rumors perpetuated allegedly by the US that Snowden was on board. Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs, José García-Margallo, publicly stated that they were told he was on board but did not specify as to who had informed them. Austrian media later claimed the rumor originated with the US ambassador to Austria.
Asylum applications
On July 1, 2013, WikiLeaks revealed that Snowden had applied for political asylum to 20 countries. A statement attributed to Snowden also contended that the U.S. administration, and specifically Vice President Joe Biden, had pressured the governments of these countries to refuse his petition for asylum. WikiLeaks reported that Snowden made a second batch of applications for asylum to 6 countries, but declined to name them citing prior interference by US officials. Finland, Germany, India, Poland, Norway, Austria, Italy, and the Netherlands cited technical grounds for not considering the application, saying that applications for asylum to these countries must be made from within the countries' borders or at border stations. Ecuador had initially offered Snowden a temporary travel document but later withdrew it: on July 1, president Rafael Correa said the decision to issue the offer had been "a mistake."
On June 25 and July 15, Russian president Vladimir Putin said that Snowden's arrival in Moscow was "a surprise" and "like an unwanted Christmas gift." Putin said that Snowden remained in the transit area of Sheremetyevo, noted that he had not committed any crime on Russian soil, and declared that Snowden was free to leave and should do so. He also claimed that Russia's intelligence agencies neither "had worked, nor were working with" Snowden. Putin's claims were received skeptically by some observers: one Moscow political analyst said "Snowden will fly out of Russia when the Kremlin decides he can go" and in July Yulia Latynina expressed her view that Snowden was under the "total control" of Russia's security services. According to the Jamestown Foundation, an anonymous source informed them in early July that Snowden was not, in fact, residing at the airport but at a dacha controlled by the Soviet KGB's successor agency, Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB). Correa of Ecuador told the Associated Press that Snowden was "under care" of Russia and could not leave Moscow.
On July 1, 2013 Russian President Vladimir Putin said that if Snowden wanted to be granted asylum in Russia, Snowden would have to "stop his work aimed at harming our American partners." A spokesman for Putin subsequently said that Snowden had withdrawn his asylum application upon learning about the conditions.
On July 12, in a meeting at Sheremetyevo Airport with representatives of human rights organizations and lawyers that the Kremlin helped organize, Snowden stated that he was accepting all offers of asylum that he had already received or that he would receive in the future, noting that his Venezuela's "asylee status was now formal;" he also said he would request asylum in Russia until he resolved his travel problems.
On July 16, 2013, Russian Federal Migration Service officials confirmed that Snowden had submitted an application for temporary asylum in Russia. Anatoly Kucherena, Snowden's lawyer, head of Russia's Interior ministry's public council and member of the public council for the FSB, said Snowden had stated in the application that he faced possible torture and execution if he returned to the US. According to Kucherena, Snowden had also stated that he would meet Putin's condition for granting asylum and would not further harm US interests. On July 23 Kucherena said his client intended to settle in Russia.
Amid media reports attributed to US administration sources in early July 2013 that Obama's meeting with Putin ahead of a G20 meeting in St Petersburg, Russia, scheduled for September that year, was in doubt due to Snowden's protracted sojourn in Russia, top US officials repeatedly made it clear to Moscow that Snowden should without delay be returned to the United States to face justice. On July 26, U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder's letter to his Russian counterpart was made public wherein he assured the Russian government that the U.S. would not seek the death penalty for Snowden irrespective of the charges he might eventually face and that Snowden was able to legally travel to the U.S. on a limited validity passport. Holder further assured Russia that Snowden would not be tortured, citing its illegality. Holder finally stated, "We believe these assurances eliminate these asserted grounds for Mr. Snowden’s claim that he should be treated as a refugee or granted asylum, temporary or otherwise." The same day, the Russian president's spokesman reiterated the Kremlin's position that it would "not hand anyone over;' he also noted that Putin was not personally involved in the matter as Snowden "had not made any request that would require examination by the head of state;" according to him the issue was being handled through talks between the FSB and the FBI.
In late July 2013, Lon Snowden expressed a belief that his son would be better off staying in Russia, saying he was no longer confident his son would receive a fair trial in the United States, and that Russia was probably the best place to seek asylum. The elder Snowden said that the FBI had offered to fly him to Russia on their behalf. Lon declined the offer citing a lack of assurance that he would see his son, and adding that he didn't wish to be used as "an emotional tool."
Temporary asylum in Russia
On August 1, 2013, Snowden left the airport after being granted temporary asylum in Russia for one year. Snowden's attorney, Anatoly Kucherena, said the asylum could be extended indefinitely on an annual basis, and that Snowden had gone to an undisclosed location which would be kept secret for security reasons.
In response, White House spokesman Jay Carney said the Obama Administration was "extremely disappointed" that the Russian government had offered asylum. He said that a meeting scheduled for September between Barack Obama and Vladimir Putin was under reconsideration "in light of this and other issues." Some U.S. legislators urged the president to take a tough stand against Russia, possibly including a U.S. boycott of the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.
Media disclosures
See also: 2013 mass surveillance disclosuresSnowden first made contact with documentary filmmaker Laura Poitras in January 2013. According to Poitras, Snowden chose to contact her after seeing her report on William Binney, an NSA whistleblower, in The New York Times. She is a board member of the Freedom of the Press Foundation along with Glenn Greenwald. Greenwald, reporting for The Guardian, said he had been working with Snowden since February, and Barton Gellman, writing for The Washington Post, says his first "direct contact" was on May 16. However, Gellman alleges Greenwald was only involved after the Post declined to guarantee publication of the full documents within 72 hours. Gellman says Snowden was told his organization could not guarantee when or the extent his revelations would be published, and Snowden succinctly declined further cooperation with him.
Snowden communicated using encrypted email, using the codename "Verax". He asked not to be quoted at length for fear of identification by semantic analysis.
According to Gellman, prior to their first meeting in person, Snowden wrote, "I understand that I will be made to suffer for my actions, and that the return of this information to the public marks my end." Snowden also told Gellman that until the articles were published, the journalists working with him would also be at mortal risk from the United States Intelligence Community "if they think you are the single point of failure that could stop this disclosure and make them the sole owner of this information."
In May 2013, Snowden was permitted temporary leave from his position at the NSA in Hawaii, on the pretext of receiving treatment for his epilepsy. On May 20, Snowden flew to the Chinese special territory of Hong Kong, where he was staying when the initial articles about the NSA that he had leaked were published. Among other specifics, Snowden divulged the existence and functions of several classified US surveillance programs and their scope, including notably PRISM (surveillance program), NSA call database, Boundless Informant. He also revealed details of Tempora, a British black-ops surveillance program run by the NSA's British partner, GCHQ.
Snowden explained his actions saying: "I don't want to live in a society that does these sort of things ... I do not want to live in a world where everything I do and say is recorded."
Snowden's identity was made public by The Guardian at his request on June 9. He explained his reasoning for forgoing anonymity: "I have no intention of hiding who I am because I know I have done nothing wrong." He added that by revealing his identity he hoped to protect his colleagues from being subjected to a hunt to determine who had been responsible for the leaks.
In July 2013, Greenwald stated that Snowden had additional sensitive information about the NSA that he has chosen not to make public, including "very sensitive, detailed blueprints of how the NSA does what they do".
Reactions
See also: PRISM § Responses to disclosuresUnited States of America
Executive branch
The U.S. Director of National Intelligence, James R. Clapper, described the disclosure of PRISM as "reckless". The NSA formally requested that the Department of Justice launch a criminal investigation into Snowden's actions. On June 14, 2013, US federal prosecutors filed a sealed complaint, made public on June 21, charging Snowden with theft of government property, unauthorized communication of national defense information, and willful communication of classified intelligence to an unauthorized person; the latter two allegations are under the Espionage Act.
In June 2013, the U.S. military blocked access to parts of the Guardian website related to government surveillance programs for thousands of defense personnel across the country, and to the entire Guardian website for personnel stationed in Afghanistan, the Middle East, and South Asia. A spokesperson described the filtering as a routine "network hygiene" measure intended to mitigate unauthorized disclosures of classified information onto the Department of Defense's unclassified networks.
Congress
Reactions to Snowden's disclosures among members of Congress were largely negative. Speaker of the House John Boehner and Senators Dianne Feinstein and Bill Nelson called Snowden a traitor, and several senators and representatives joined them in calling for Snowden's arrest and prosecution. Representative Thomas Massie was one of few members of Congress to question the constitutional validity of the government surveillance programs and suggest that Snowden should be granted immunity from prosecution. Senators Ted Cruz and Rand Paul offered tentative support for Snowden, saying they were reserving judgment on Snowden until more information about the surveillance programs and about Snowden's motives were known. Senator Paul said, "I do think when history looks at this, they are going to contrast the behavior of James Clapper, our National Intelligence Director, with Edward Snowden. Mr. Clapper lied in Congress in defiance of the law, in the name of security. Mr. Snowden told the truth in the name of privacy."
On July 25, the US Senate Committee on Appropriations unanimously adopted an amendment by Senator Lindsey Graham to the "Fiscal Year 2014 Department of State, Foreign Operations, and Related Programs Appropriations Bill" that would seek sanctions against any country that offers asylum to Snowden.
Public
A Gallup poll conducted June 10–11, 2013 showed 44 percent of Americans thought it was right for Snowden to share the information with the press while 42 percent thought it was wrong. A USA Today/Pew Research poll conducted June 12–16 found that 49 percent thought the release of information served the public interest while 44 percent thought it harmed it. The same poll found that 54 percent felt a criminal case should be brought against Snowden, while 38 percent thought one should not be brought. In a Washington Post/ABC News poll conducted June 12–16, 43 percent said Snowden should be charged with a crime, while 48 percent said he should not be. Another poll in early July found 38 percent of Americans thought he did the wrong thing, 33 percent said he did the right thing, and 29 percent were unsure. A Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll conducted June 28 – July 8 found that 55 percent of Americans regarded Snowden as a whistleblower while 34 percent saw him as a traitor. The Quinnipiac poll also found that in the wake of Snowden's disclosures, more Americans said that government goes too far in restricting civil liberties as part of the war on terrorism (45 percent) than said that government does not go far enough to adequately protect the country (40 percent). That finding was evidence of a massive swing in public opinion since an earlier Quinnipiac poll, conducted in 2010, when only 25 percent of respondents had said government goes too far in restricting civil liberties while 63 percent had said government does not go far enough. A WSJ/NBC poll conducted July 17–21 found that 11% of Americans viewed Snowden positively while 34% had a negative view.
Glenn Greenwald, the journalist who received the leaked documents, praised Snowden for having done a service by revealing the surveillance on the American public. John Cassidy, also of The New Yorker, called Snowden "a hero", and said that "in revealing the colossal scale of the US government's eavesdropping on Americans and other people around the world, has performed a great public service that more than outweighs any breach of trust he may have committed." CNN columnist Douglas Rushkoff also called Snowden's leak an act of heroism. Amy Davidson, writing in The New Yorker, was thankful for the "overdue" conversation on privacy and the limits of domestic surveillance.
Political commentators and public figures such as Noam Chomsky, Chris Hedges, Michael Moore, Cornel West, Glenn Beck, Matt Drudge, Alex Jones, Andrew Napolitano, Oliver Stone, Michael Savage, and Stephen Walt praised Snowden for exposing secret government surveillance.
Other commentators were more critical of Snowden's methods and motivations. Jeffrey Toobin, for example, denounced Snowden as "a grandiose narcissist who deserves to be in prison." Writing in the The New Yorker, Toobin argued:
Any government employee or contractor is warned repeatedly that the unauthorized disclosure of classified information is a crime.... These were legally authorized programs; in the case of Verizon Business’s phone records, Snowden certainly knew this, because he leaked the very court order that approved the continuation of the project. So he wasn’t blowing the whistle on anything illegal; he was exposing something that failed to meet his own standards of propriety. The question, of course, is whether the government can function when all of its employees (and contractors) can take it upon themselves to sabotage the programs they don’t like. That’s what Snowden has done.
Stewart Baker, a former NSA general counsel in the early 1990s, said at a July 18, 2013 hearing, "I am afraid that hyped and distorted press reports orchestrated by Edward Snowden and his allies may cause us – or other nations – to construct new restraints on our intelligence gathering, restrains that will leave us vulnerable to another security disaster."
Former CIA and NSA chief General Michael Hayden welcomed the debate about the balance between privacy and security that the leaks have provoked. He said "I am convinced the more the American people know exactly what it is we are doing in this balance between privacy and security, the more they know the more comfortable they will feel."
Some former U.S. intelligence officials worried that Chinese or Russian intelligence agents might have gleaned additional classified material from Snowden, a speculation some former Russian agents believed well-founded. Snowden, however, told Greenwald in July that "I never gave any information to either government, and they never took anything from my laptops."
Former US president Jimmy Carter said: "He's obviously violated the laws of America, for which he's responsible, but I think the invasion of human rights and American privacy has gone too far ... I think that the secrecy that has been surrounding this invasion of privacy has been excessive, so I think that the bringing of it to the public notice has probably been, in the long term, beneficial."
The editors of Bloomberg News argued that, while the government ought to prosecute Snowden, the media's focus on Snowden took attention away from issues of U.S. government surveillance, the interpretations of the Patriot Act, and the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act court actions, all of which are "what really matters in all this." Greenwald accused the media in the U.S. of focusing on Edward Snowden instead of focusing on wrongdoing by Clapper and other U.S. officials. Alex Berenson, a former The New York Times reporter and a writer of seven spy novels, argued that the federal government should have flown a representative to Hong Kong to invite Snowden to give testimony in front of the U.S. Congress and receive a fair criminal trial, with a view to preventing further unintended disclosures of classified information to other countries.
Europe
Governments
British Foreign Minister William Hague admitted that Britain's GCHQ was also spying and collaborating with the NSA, and defended the two agencies' actions as "indispensable." Meanwhile, UK Defence officials issued a confidential DA-Notice to British media asking for restraint in running further stories related to surveillance leaks including the PRISM programme and the British involvement therein.
European governments reacted angrily, with German and French leaders Angela Merkel and François Hollande branding the spying as 'unacceptable' and insisting the NSA stop immediately, while the European Union Justice Commissioner Viviane Reding sent Washington an official list of questions and demanded an explanation. European diplomats feared that upcoming EU–US trade talks would be overshadowed by the disclosures.
Documents from Snowden show that cooperation between Berlin and Washington in the area of digital surveillance and defense intensified considerably during time of Chancellor Angela Merkel. The Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND), the foreign intelligence agency of Germany, is directly subordinated to the Chancellor's Office. Although Merkel denied knowing about surveillance, Germans take the claims seriously. According to Hansjörg Geiger, former head of the BND, findings/claims are Orwellian and mutual political and economic espionage would be explicitly forbidden.
Public
An opinion poll carried out by Emnid at the end of June revealed that 50% of Germans consider Snowden a hero, and 35% would hide him in their homes.
Jürgen Trittin a German Green politician wrote in The Guardian Europe on July 2, 2013 "Edward Snowden has done us all a great service. The man who revealed that our US and UK allies are spying on us ought to be given refuge by an EU country. [...] If ever a case demonstrated why we need the protection of whistleblowers, this is it."
Human rights organizations
After Amnesty International met Edward Snowden in Moscow in mid July 2013, said:
"What he has disclosed is patently in the public interest and as a whistleblower his actions were justified. He has exposed unlawful sweeping surveillance programmes that unquestionably interfere with an individual’s right to privacy. States that attempt to stop a person from revealing such unlawful behaviour are flouting international law. Freedom of expression is a fundamental right."
Widney Brown, Senior Director of Amnesty, feared that if Snowden was forcibly transferred to the United States, it would put him at "great risk" of human rights violations. Amnesty feared the serious risk of Snowden's ill-treatment in the US and urged no country to return Snowden in the USA. Michael Bochenek, Director of Law and Policy at Amnesty International deplored the US pressure on governments to block Snowden asylum attempts, and said "It is his unassailable right, enshrined in international law, to claim asylum and this should not be impeded."
Human Rights Watch said that if Snowden were able to raise the issue of NSA mass surveillance without facing espionage charges, then he would not have left the United States in the first place. Human Rights Watch writes that any country where Snowden seeks asylum should consider his claim fairly and protect his rights under international law. International law recognizes that revealing official secrets is sometimes justified in the public interest. The Global Principles on National Security and the Right to Information (2013) protect people from punishment if they disclose information of public concern.
The World Service Authority issued a World Passport to Snowden on July 7, saying that his immobilization in the Moscow Airport is a violation of Article 13(2) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and that his situation is "highlighting individual sovereignty" and "exposing the fiction of nation-state frontiers."
China and Hong Kong
The South China Morning Post published a poll of Hong Kong residents conducted while Snowden was still in Hong Kong that showed that half of the 509 respondents believed the Chinese government should not surrender Snowden to the United States if Washington raises such a request; 33 percent of those polled think of Snowden as a hero, 12.8 percent described him as a traitor, 23 percent described him as "something in between."
Hong Kong demonstration at US Consulate on June 15 in support of SnowdenReferring to Snowden's presence in the territory, Hong Kong chief executive CY Leung assured that the government would "handle the case of Mr Snowden in accordance with the laws and established procedures of Hong Kong follow up on any incidents related to the privacy or other rights of the institutions or people in Hong Kong being violated." pan-democrat legislators Gary Fan and Claudia Mo said that the perceived U.S. prosecution against Snowden will set "a dangerous precedent and will likely be used to justify similar actions" by authoritarian governments. During Snowden's stay, the two main political groups, the pan-democrats and Pro-Beijing camp, found rare agreement to support Snowden. The DAB even organised a separate march to Government headquarters for Snowden.
The People's Daily and the Global Times editorials of June 19 stated respectively that the central Chinese government was unwilling to be involved in a "mess" caused by others, and that the Hong Kong government should follow the public opinion and not concern itself with Sino-US relations. A Tsinghua University communications studies specialist, Liu Jianming, interpreted that the two articles as suggesting that the PRC government did not want further involvement in the case and that the HKSAR government should handle it independently.
After Snowden left Hong Kong, Chinese-language newspapers such as the Ming Pao and the Oriental Daily expressed relief that Hong Kong no longer had to shoulder the burden of the Snowden situation. Mainland experts said that, although the Central Government did not want to appear to be intervening in the matter, it was inconceivable that the Hong Kong government acted independently in a matter that could have far-reaching consequences for Sino-US relations. One expert suggested that, by doing so, China had "returned the favor" for their not having accepted the asylum plea from Wang Lijun in February 2012. The official Chinese Communist Party mouthpiece, the People's Daily denied the US government accusation that the PRC central government had allowed Snowden to escape, and said that Snowden helped in "tearing off Washington's sanctimonious mask."
South America
After Robert Menendez, chairman of the United States foreign relations panel, warned Ecuador that accepting Snowden "would severely jeopardize" preferential trade access the United States provides to Ecuador, Ecuador's President Rafael Correa responded by abdicating US trade benefits. A government spokesman said that Ecuador would offer the USA "economic aid of US$23 million annually, similar to what we received with the trade benefits, with the intention of providing education about human rights."
Correa criticized the US media for centering its focus on Snowden and countries supporting him, instead of focusing on the global and domestic privacy issues implicated in the leaked documents.
The presidents of Uruguay, Argentina, Venezuela and Suriname joined Correa and Evo Morales after the Bolivian president's plane was forced to land in Austria, after Spain, France, Italy and Portugal refused it entry into their airspace during a return flight from Moscow. The presidents, joined by a representative from Brazil, met in Cochabamba, Bolivia to discuss the incident.
Presidents Nicolas Maduro of Venezuela and Daniel Ortega of Nicaragua offered Snowden asylum after the meeting.
United Nations
Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said that "the Snowden case is something I consider to be misuse" and that digital communications should not be "misused in such a way as Snowden did." Birgitta Jónsdóttir, an Icelandic legislator, criticized Ban for expressing a personal view while speaking in an official capacity (he was meeting with the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Icelandic Parliament in Reykjavik at the time he made the comments). She said that Ban "seemed entirely unconcerned about the invasion of privacy by governments around the world, and only concerned about how whistleblowers are misusing the system."
Other countries
Russia, Turkey and South Africa reacted angrily after it was revealed that their diplomats had been spied on during the 2009 G-20 London summit.
Whistleblowers
Daniel Ellsberg, the whistleblower and leaker of the top-secret Pentagon Papers in 1971, stated in an interview with CNN that he thought Snowden had done an "incalculable" service to his country and that his leaks might prevent the United States from becoming a surveillance state. He said Snowden had acted with the same sort of courage and patriotism as a soldier in battle. In an op-ed the following morning, Ellsberg added that "there has not been in American history a more important leak than Edward Snowden's release of NSA material ... including the Pentagon Papers." Ray McGovern, a retired CIA officer turned political activist, agreed with Ellsberg and added, "This time today I'm feeling much more hopeful for our democracy than I was feeling this time yesterday."
William Binney, a whistleblower who disclosed details of the NSA's mass surveillance activities, said that Snowden had "performed a really great public service to begin with by exposing these programs and making the government in a sense publicly accountable for what they're doing." However, after Snowden cited a conversation with a "reliable source" about allegations that the US was "hacking into China", Binney felt he was "transitioning from whistle-blower to a traitor."
Thomas Drake, former senior executive of NSA and whistleblower as well, said that he feels "extraordinary kinship" with Snowden. "What he did was a magnificent act of civil disobedience. He's exposing the inner workings of the surveillance state. And it's in the public interest. It truly is."
WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange hailed Snowden as a "hero" who has exposed "one of the most serious events of the decade – the creeping formulation of a mass surveillance state." After charges against Snowden were revealed, Assange released a statement asking people to "step forward and stand with" Snowden.
Shamai Leibowitz, who leaked details about an FBI operation, said that the legal threats and "smear campaign" against Snowden are a "grave mistake" because "If the government really wanted to keep more secrets from coming out, they would do well to let this man of conscience go live his life in some other country."
See also
- Classified information in the United States
- Information sensitivity
- Terrorist Surveillance Program
- NSA warrantless surveillance (2001-2007)
- NSA whistleblowers: William Binney, Thomas Andrews Drake, Mark Klein, Thomas Tamm, Russ Tice
- Stellar Wind (code name)
- List of United States extradition treaties
- Martin and Mitchell defection
- List of people granted asylum
- List of people who have lived at airports
Notes
- Hong Kong's Secretary for Justice Rimsky Yuen argued that government officials did not issue a provisional arrest warrant for Snowden due to "discrepancies and missing information" in the paperwork sent by U.S. authorities. Yuen explained that Snowden full name was inconsistent, and his U.S. passport number was also missing. Hong Kong also wanted more details of the charges and evidence against Snowden to make sure it was not a political case. Secretary for Justice Rimsky Yuen said he spoke to US Attorney General Eric Holder by phone to reinforce the request for details "absolutely necessary" for detention of Snowden. Yuen said "As the US government had failed to provide the information by the time Snowden left Hong Kong, it was impossible for the Department of Justice to apply to a court for a temporary warrant of arrest. In fact, even at this time, the US government has still not provided the details we asked for."
References
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The individual responsible for one of the most significant leaks in US political history is Edward Snowden, a 29-year-old former technical assistant for the CIA and current employee of the defence contractor Booz Allen Hamilton. Snowden has been working at the National Security Agency for the last four years as an employee of various outside contractors, including Booz Allen and Dell.
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Long before he became known worldwide as the NSA contractor who exposed top-secret U.S. government surveillance programs, Edward Snowden worked for a Japanese anime company run by friends and went by the nicknames "The True HOOHA" and "Phish."
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Mr. Snowden, who has taken refuge in Hong Kong, has studied Mandarin, was deeply interested in martial arts, claimed Buddhism as his religion and once mused that "China is definitely a good option career wise."
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De Amerikaanse klokkenluider Edward Snowden kan fluiten naar een Nederlandse asielvergunning. Teeven heeft het verzoek ontvangen, zegt hij. Maar het is 'niet-ontvankelijk' want de aanvraag is niet in Nederland gedaan.
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{{cite news}}
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(help) - Page, Susan (June 18, 2013). "Poll: Snowden should be prosecuted for NSA leaks". USA Today. Washington DC.
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However, surrounding the Snowden case is something never before seen in local politics. Not only are the pan-democrat and pro-establishment camps singing off the same song sheet, the pan-democrats and mainland propagandists are humming a similar tune.
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Snowden's arrival in the city gave Hong Kong a rare place in the global geopolitical spotlight and ushered in near-unprecedented political solidarity as pan-democrats and Beijing loyalists lined up to take a shot at an unlikely target: the United States.
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Further reading
External links
- "DNI Statement on Recent Unauthorized Disclosures of Classified Information." (Archive) Office of the Director of National Intelligence. June 6, 2013. PDF Version (Archive)
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