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| {{pp-blp|small=yes|expiry=22 September 2013}} | |||
| {{about|the life of Bradley Manning|the trial|United States v. Manning{{!}}United States v. Manning}} | |||
| {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2013}} | |||
| {{Infobox | |||
| | bodystyle = | |||
| | birth_name = Bradley Edward Manning | |||
| | title = Bradley (Chelsea) Manning | |||
| | titlestyle = background-color:#99BADD | |||
| | labelstyle = width: | |||
| | datastyle = | |||
| | above = | |||
| | above-style = background-color: #99BADD | |||
| | image1 = ] | |||
| | caption1 = Manning in April 2012 | |||
| ---- | |||
| | headerstyle = background-color: #99BADD | |||
| | label2 = Born | |||
| | data2 = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|12|17}}<br />], ], U.S. | |||
| | label3 = Birth place | |||
| | data3 = | |||
| | label4 = Service/branch | |||
| | data4 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the United States Army (1775).gif}} ] | |||
| | label5 = Years of service | |||
| | data5 = 2007–2013 | |||
| | label6 = Rank | |||
| | data6 = ]<ref name=Tate21Aug2013/> | |||
| | label7 = | |||
| | data7 = | |||
| | label8 = Convictions | |||
| | data8 = Violating the ], stealing government property, violation of the ], multiple counts of disobeying orders<ref name=verdict/> | |||
| | label9 = Sentence | |||
| | data9 = 35 years, dishonorable discharge, loss of rank<ref name=Tate21Aug2013/><!--FYI (from SME): sentence will be announced, then the case goes to legal review by the SJA for the GCMCA (General Court-Martial Convening Authority), then the GCMCA will take the final action. At that point Manning can appeal to the military appeallate courts. --> | |||
| | label10 = Military awards | |||
| | data10 = ]<br />]<br />]<br />]<br />] | |||
| | label11 = Parents | |||
| | data11 = Brian Manning<br /> Susan Fox | |||
| }} | |||
| '''Bradley (Chelsea) E. Manning'''<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052|title='I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement|date=22 August 2013|publisher=today.com|quote=As I transition into this next phase of my life, I want everyone to know the real me. I am Chelsea Manning. I am a female. Given the way that I feel, and have felt since childhood, I want to begin hormone therapy as soon as possible. I hope that you will support me in this transition. I also request that, starting today, you refer to me by my new name and use the feminine pronoun (except in official mail to the confinement facility). I look forward to receiving letters from supporters and having the opportunity to write back.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.today.com/news/bradley-manning-i-want-live-woman-6C10974915|title=Bradley Manning: I want to live as a woman|date=22 August= 2013|last=Stamp|first=Scott|publisher=today.com}}</ref> (born Bradley Edward Manning, 17 December 1987) is a ] soldier who was convicted in July 2013 of several violations of the ] and other offenses, after releasing the largest set of restricted documents ever leaked to the public. He was sentenced to 35 years in prison and dishonorably discharged.<ref name=Tate21Aug2013>Tate, Julie. , ''The Washington Post'', 21 August 2013.</ref> He will be eligible for parole after serving one third of his sentence, and together with credits for time served and good behavior could be released eight years after sentencing.<ref name=Sledge21Aug2013/> | |||
| Assigned in 2009 to an army unit based near ], Manning had access there to databases used by the United States government to transmit classified information. He was arrested in Iraq in May 2010 after ], a computer hacker, told the ] that Manning had confided during online chats that he had downloaded material from these databases and passed it to ]. The material included videos of the ] and the 2009 ] in Afghanistan; 250,000 ]; and 500,000 army reports that came to be known as the ] and ].<ref name=Leigh2011p194/> Much of the material was published by WikiLeaks or its media partners between April and November 2010.<ref name=Leigh2011p194>Leigh and Harding 2011, pp. 194ff, 211. | |||
| * For Manning's referring to the documents, see .</ref> | |||
| Manning was ultimately charged with 22 offenses, including ], the most serious charge.<ref name=Nicks>. | |||
| * For the initial charges, see , United States Division – Center, Media Release, 6 July 2010. | |||
| * Also see , ''Cryptome''; and , ''The Washington Post''. | |||
| * For the additional charges, see Miklaszewski, Jim and Kube, Courtney. , MSNBC, 2 March 2011.</ref> He was held at the ], Virginia, from July 2010 to April 2011 under Prevention of Injury status – which entailed ''de facto'' solitary confinement and other restrictions that caused domestic and international concern – before being transferred to ], where he could interact with other detainees.<ref name=APApril202011>For the letter from the legal scholars, see Ackerman, Bruce and Benkler, Yochai. , ''The New York Review of Books'', retrieved 5 April 2011 (see a later correction here ). | |||
| * For the jail transfer, see , Associated Press, 20 April 2011.</ref> He pleaded guilty in February 2013 to 10 of the charges.<ref name=CBS28Feb2013>, CBS News, February 28, 2013.</ref> The ] began on June 3, 2013, and on July 30 he was convicted of 17 of the original charges and amended versions of four others; he was acquitted of aiding the enemy.<ref name=verdict>Tate, Julie and Londono, Ernesto. , ''The Washington Post'', 30 July 2013. | |||
| * Londono, Ernesto; Rolfe, Rebecca; and Tate, Julie. , ''The Washington Post'', 30 July 2013. | |||
| *Savage, Charlie. , ''The New York Times'', 30 July 2013. | |||
| *Pilkington, Ed. , ''The Guardian'', 31 July 2013: "the soldier was found guilty in their entirety of 17 out of the 22 counts against him, and of an amended version of four others."</ref> On 21 August he was sentenced to 35 years in prison, with a credit of 1,293 days for his time in pre-trial detention, including 112 days' credit for his treatment at Quantico.<ref name=Tate21Aug2013/> He will serve his time at ] in ] in the ].<ref>Hanna, John. , '']'', August 21, 2013.</ref> | |||
| Reaction to Manning's disclosures, arrest and sentence was mixed. ], one of his biographers, writes that the leaked material, particularly the diplomatic cables, was widely seen as a catalyst for the ] that began in December 2010, and that Manning was viewed as both a 21st-century ] and an embittered traitor.<ref>For the comparisons, see Nicks 2012, p. 3, and for the Arab Spring, pp. 212–216.</ref> Several commentators focused on why an apparently very unhappy Army private had access to classified material, and why security measures had not prevented the unauthorized downloads.<ref>For the "access to sensitive material" questions, see , ''The Washington Post'', editorial, November 30, 2010. | |||
| *Also see , and Nicks 2012, pp. 116–117: "Though he was a lowly private in the chain of command, the digitization of classified communications and the government's twenty-first century information-sharing initiatives conspired to him give unprecedented access to state secrets."</ref> ] condemned the sentence received by Manning, saying it demonstrates how vulnerable whistleblowers are and exemplifies how severely the US will punish "anyone who uncovers information of public interest concerning the exercise of official power."<ref name=RWB>{{cite web|title=Lengthy prison term for Bradley Manning|url=http://en.rsf.org/united-states-lengthy-prison-term-for-bradley-21-08-2013,45087.html|work=21 August 2013|publisher=Reporters Without Borders|accessdate=22 August 2013}}</ref> | |||
| After suffering from ] since childhood, Manning released a statement the day after his sentencing identifying as female, taking the name Chelsea Manning and expressing a desire to undergo ].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.today.com/news/bradley-manning-i-want-live-woman-6C10974915|title=Bradley Manning: I want to live as a woman|date=August 22, 2013|last=Stamp|first=Scott|publisher=today.com}}</ref> | |||
| ==Background== | |||
| ===Early life=== | |||
| ] | |||
| Manning was born in ], to Susan Fox, originally from ], and her American husband, Brian Manning. Brian had joined the ] in 1974 when he was 19, and served for five years as an ], meeting Susan when he was stationed in Wales at ]. Manning's sister, eleven years his senior, was born in 1976. The couple returned to the United States in 1979, moving first to ], then to a two-story house outside Crescent, with an above-ground swimming pool and five acres of land where they kept pigs and chickens.<ref name=Fishman2>, pp. 2–3. | |||
| * For the swimming pool and the house, see .</ref> | |||
| his sister told the court-martial in 2013 that both their parents had been alcoholics, and that he had been Manning's principal caregiver, waking at night to make him a bottle and get him back to sleep. He also said Manning's mother had drunk continuously while pregnant with Manning. Capt. David Moulton, a Navy psychiatrist, told the court that Manning's facial features showed signs of ].<ref>Tate, Julie. , ''The Washington Post'', 14 August 2013.</ref> | |||
| Manning's father took a job as an IT manager for a rental car agency, which meant he had to travel. Manning's mother suffered from poor health, was living several miles out of town, and was unable to drive, and as result Manning was largely left to fend for herself. His father would stock up on food before his trips, and leave pre-signed checks for the children to pay the bills. A neighbor told ''The New York Times'' that whenever the school went on field trips, He would give his son extra food or money so he could make sure Manning had something to eat.<ref>For his mother not adjusting, Manning fending for himself, and the neighbor, see , p. 1. | |||
| * For the mother's health issues, and the pre-signed checks, see . | |||
| * For the father stocking up on food, see . | |||
| * Also see , both PBS ''Frontline'', March 2011.</ref> | |||
| Raised as a boy, Manning was regarded as small for her age – as an adult, he reached just 5 ft 2 in (1.57 m) and weighed 105 lb (47.6 kg) – and excelled at the saxophone, science, and computers. Her father told PBS that he created his first website when he was ten years old. He taught herself how to use ], won the grand prize three years in a row at the local science fair, and in sixth grade took top prize at a state-wide ].<ref>Kirkland, Michael. , United Press International, 13 March 2011. | |||
| * For the quiz bowl and rewriting video code, see . | |||
| * For the interview with the father, see , from 02:25 mins (). | |||
| * Also see , p. 4.</ref> | |||
| ===Parents' divorce, move to Wales=== | |||
| ], Wales, where Manning went to secondary school]] | |||
| Those who knew Manning told Denver Nicks, author of ''Private: Bradley Manning, WikiLeaks, and the Biggest Exposure of Official Secrets in American History'' (2012), that he always had a mind of his own; he was openly opposed to religion and was an atheist,<ref>{{cite book|title=Private: Bradley Manning, WikiLeaks, and the Biggest Exposure of Official Secrets in American History|year=2012|publisher=Chicago Review Press|isbn=9781613740712|page=90|author=Denver Nicks|accessdate=13 July 2013|quote=A devout, churchgoing Catholic convert, Tyler was in some ways an unlikely pick for Brad, the zealous atheist fond of doing verbal combat over religion for kicks.}}</ref> for example, and remained silent during the part of the ] that refers to God.<ref>For the view of a teacher, see . | |||
| * For religion, see , p. 1. | |||
| * For behavioral issues, see .</ref> When he was 13 he began to question his sexual orientation, and around this time his parents divorced. Manning and his mother moved out of the house to a rented apartment in Crescent. His father's second wife was also named Susan, and Manning apparently reacted badly when the second wife's son by a previous relationship changed his surname to Manning. When he found out about it, Manning started taking running jumps at the walls, and told his mother: "I'm nobody now."<ref>. | |||
| * For his sexual orientation, see ; (transcript); and (transcript), PBS Frontline, 7 March 2011. | |||
| * Also see Nicks 2012, pp. 19–20; and , at "(11:36:34 AM) bradass87".</ref> | |||
| In November 2001 Manning and his mother left the United States and moved to ], Wales, where Manning attended the town's ] secondary school. A schoolfriend there told Ed Caesar for ''The Sunday Times'' that Manning's personality was "unique, extremely unique. Very quirky, very opinionated, very political, very clever, very articulate." His interest in computers continued, and in 2003 he and a friend set up a website, angeldyne.com, a message board that offered games and music downloads.<ref>For the views of his schoolfriend (James Kirkpatrick), see . | |||
| * For the website, see , 7 December 2003. | |||
| * For Manning referring to the website as his, see , at "(11:40:25 AM) bradass87".</ref> | |||
| Manning became the target of bullying at the school because they were effeminate and the only American. The students would imitate Manning's accent, and they apparently abandoned him once during a camping trip. His aunt told ''The Washington Post'' that Manning awoke to an empty camp one morning, as everyone had packed up their tents and left the campsite. Manning identified to two friends in Oklahoma as a gay male, but was not open about it at school in Wales.<ref>For being the only American in the school and being impersonated, see Leigh and Harding 2011, p. 24. | |||
| * For being abandoned during a camping trip, . | |||
| * For not discussing being gay, see .</ref> | |||
| ===Return to the United States=== | |||
| Manning feared that his mother was becoming too ill to cope with him, so he returned to the United States in 2005, when he was 17.<ref>On his way through London to renew his passport, he arrived at the ] underground station on the day of the ], and said he heard the sirens and the screaming. See , and Nicks 2012, pp. 23–24.</ref> He moved in with his father in ], where he was living with his second wife and her child, and Manning got a job as a developer with a software company, Zoto. He was apparently happy for a time, but was let go after four months. His boss told ''The Washington Post'' that on a few occasions Manning had "just locked up," and would simply sit and stare, and in the end communication became too difficult. The boss told the newspaper he felt that "nobody’s been taking care of this kid for a really long time."<ref>, p. 3. | |||
| * For Zoto and Campbell, see .</ref> | |||
| Manning was by then living as an openly gay man. His relationship with his father was apparently good, but there were problems between Manning and his stepmother. In March 2006 he reportedly threatened the stepmonther with a knife during an argument about Manning's failure to get another job; the stepmother called the police and Manning was asked to leave the house. He drove to Tulsa in a pick-up truck his father had given him, at first sleeping in it, then moving in with a friend from school. The two of them got jobs at Incredible Pizza in April, then Manning spent some time in Chicago before he ran out of money and again had nowhere to stay. His mother arranged for him to live with his father's sister, Debra, a lawyer in Potomac, Maryland. Nicks writes that the 15 months Manning spent with his aunt were among the most stable of his life. He had a boyfriend, took several low-paid jobs, and spent a semester studying history and English at ], though he left after failing an exam.<ref>Nicks 2012, pp. 24–25, 51–56. | |||
| * Also see: | |||
| : *, p. 3. | |||
| : *. | |||
| : *For the jobs, see , PBS ''Frontline'', March 2011.</ref> | |||
| ===Enlistment in the U.S. Army=== | |||
| Manning went through ] at ], Missouri, but six weeks after enlisting was sent to the discharge unit. He was allegedly being bullied, and in the opinion of another soldier, was having a breakdown. The soldier told ''The Guardian'': "The kid was barely five foot ... He was a runt, so pick on him. He's crazy, pick on him. He's a faggot, pick on him. The guy took it from every side. He couldn't please anyone." Denver Nicks writes that Manning, who was used to being bullied, fought back – if the drill sergeants screamed at him, he would scream at them – to the point where they started calling him "General Manning."<ref>For concerns about his stability, see . | |||
| * For basic training, and the video interview with the soldier, see ; soldier's interview begins 07:10 mins. | |||
| :* For a transcript of the interview, see , ''The Guardian'', 28 May 2011. | |||
| * For the drill sergeants and "General Manning," see Nicks 2012, p. 62.</ref> | |||
| The decision to discharge him was revoked, and he started basic training again in January 2008. After graduating in April, he moved to ], Arizona, where he trained as an intelligence analyst, receiving a TS/SCI security clearance (]/]). According to Nicks, this security clearance, combined with the digitization of classified information and the government's policy of sharing it widely, gave Manning access to an unprecedented amount of material. Nicks writes that he was reprimanded while at Fort Huachuca for posting three video messages to friends on ''YouTube'', in which he described the inside of the "]" (SCIF) where he worked.<ref>For his restarting basic training in January 2008, see Nicks 2012, p. 73. | |||
| * For the army needing intelligence analysts, and for the top-security clearance, see , and for the "TS/SCI security clearance," see Nicks 2012, p. 116. | |||
| * For "unprecedented access to state secrets," see Nicks 2012, p. 117. | |||
| * Also see , p. 2. | |||
| * For the reprimand regarding ''YouTube'', see ; also see Nicks 2012, p. 75. | |||
| * For the 10th Mountain Division, 2nd Brigade, see Nicks 2012, p. 82.</ref> | |||
| ===Move to Fort Drum=== | |||
| ] | |||
| In August 2008, Manning was sent to ] in Jefferson County, New York, where he joined the ], and trained for deployment to Iraq. It was while stationed there in the fall of 2008 that he met Tyler Watkins, who was studying neuroscience and psychology at ], near Boston. Watkins was his first serious relationship, and he posted happily on Facebook about it, regularly traveling 300 miles to Boston on visits.<ref>Leigh and Harding 2011, pp. 27–28; Nicks 2012, p. 83.</ref> | |||
| Watkins introduced him to a network of friends and the university's ]. He also visited Boston University's "]" workshop, known as "Builds," and met its founder, David House, the ] researcher who was later allowed to visit him in jail. In November 2008, he gave an anonymous interview to a high-school reporter during a rally in Syracuse in support of gay marriage, saying "I was kicked out of my home and I once lost my job. The world is not moving fast enough for us at home, work, or the battlefield. I've been living a double life. ... I can't make a statement. I can't be caught in an act. I hope the public support changes. I do hope to do that before ETS ."<ref>For his introduction to the hacker community, see Leigh and Harding 2011, pp. 27–28. | |||
| * For the anonymous interview, see Her, Phim. , syracuse.com, 17 November 2008. | |||
| * That the interviewee was Manning, see , and Nick 2012, p. 82. | |||
| * For Manning's reference to the interview on Facebook, see , PBS ''Frontline'', March 2011.</ref> | |||
| Denver Nicks writes that Manning would travel back to Washington, D.C., for visits, where an ex-boyfriend helped him find his way around the city's gay community, introducing him to lobbyists, activists, and White House aides. Back at Fort Drum, he continued to display emotional problems and, by August 2009, had been referred to an Army mental-health counselor. A friend told Nicks that Manning could be emotionally fraught, describing an evening they had watched two movies together – '']'' and '']'' – after which Manning cried for hours. By September 2009, his relationship with Watkins was in trouble, and although they reconciled for a short time, it was effectively over.<ref>For the introduction to lobbyists and others, see Nicks 2012, p. 85. | |||
| * For the emotional problems and referral to a counselor, see , p. 1, and Nicks 2012, p. 114. | |||
| * For the films, see Nicks 2012, p. 88. | |||
| * For the relationship with Watkins, see , and Nicks 2012, p. 122.</ref> | |||
| ===Deployment to Iraq, discussion with counselor=== | |||
| After four weeks at the ] (JRTC) in ], Louisiana, he was deployed to ] Hammer, near Baghdad, arriving in October 2009. From his workstation there, he had access to ] (the Secure Internet Protocol Router Network) and ] (the Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System). Two of his superiors had discussed not taking him to Iraq – it was felt he was "a risk to himself and possibly others," according to a statement later issued by the army – but again the shortage of intelligence analysts held sway.<ref>For his time in Fort Polk, and for "risk to himself and possibly others," see Nicks 2012, pp. 114–115; for Forward Operating Base Hammer, see pp. 123–124. | |||
| * For "risk to himself," also see , and , ''Newsweek'', 12 April 2012 (excerpt from Nicks 2012). | |||
| * For the promotion, see , PBS ''Frontline'', March 2011.</ref> | |||
| ]'s ]]] | |||
| A month later, in November 2009, he was promoted from ] to ]. According to his chats with ], he made his first contact with WikiLeaks that same month, shortly after it posted ] from the ] attacks, which it released on November 25.<ref>Leigh and Harding, 2011, p. 31, and .</ref> Also in November, Manning wrote to a gender counselor in the United States, said he felt female, and discussed having ]. The counselor told Steve Fishman of ''New York Magazine'' that it was clear Manning was in crisis, partly because of his gender concerns, but also because he was opposed to the kind of war in which he found himself involved.<ref>, p. 5.</ref> | |||
| He was by all accounts unhappy and isolated. Because of the army's "]" policy (known as DADT, which was repealed in September 2011), he was not allowed to be openly gay, though he apparently made no secret of it: his friends said he kept a fairy wand on his desk. When he told his roommate he was gay, the roommate responded by suggesting they not speak to each other. His working conditions – 14–15 hour night shifts in a dimly lit secure room – did not help his emotional well being.<ref>For the fairy wand, see , p. 2. | |||
| l* For the roommate, see Rushe, Dominic and Williams, Matt. , ''The Guardian'', 19 December 2011. | |||
| * For the nightshifts, see , p. 4.</ref> On December 20, 2009, after being told he would lose his one day off a week for persistent lateness, he overturned a table in a conference room, damaging a computer that was sitting on it, before other soldiers pinned his arms behind his back. Several witnesses to the incident believed his access to sensitive material ought to have been withdrawn at that point. The following month he began posting on Facebook that he felt alone and hopeless.<ref>For a description of the incident, and the view that his access to sensitive material ought to have been withdrawn, see Nicks 2012, pp. 133–134. | |||
| * For the same incident, also see Radia, Kirit and Martinez, Luis. , ABC News, 17 December 2011. | |||
| * For the gun rack, see Williams, Matt. , ''The Guardian'', 18 December 2011. | |||
| * For the Facebook comments, , PBS ''Frontline'', March 2011, and Blake, Heidi; Bingham, John; and Rayner, Gordon. , ''The Daily Telegraph'', 30 July 2010.</ref> | |||
| Army investigators told a pre-trial hearing (see ]) that they believed Manning downloaded the Iraq and Afghan war logs around this time, in January 2010. WikiLeaks tweeted on 8 January that year that they had obtained "encrypted videos of US bomb strikes on civilians," and linked to a story about the May 2009 ] in Afghanistan.<ref>For the WikiLeaks tweet, see , Twitter, 8 January 2010 ( from the original, 8 May 2012). The tweet said: | |||
| :*"Have encrypted videos of US bomb strikes on civilians <nowiki>http://bit.ly/wlafghan2</nowiki> we need super computer time http://ljsf.org/" | |||
| :*Note: bit.ly is on Misplaced Pages's spam blacklist, which is why the first link is not live. It leads to Shachtman, Noah. , ''Wired'', 23 June 2009.</ref> Manning put the files on a digital storage card for his camera and took it home with his on leave in early 2010. During the same month, he traveled to the United States via Germany for a two-week holiday, arriving on January 24, and attended a party at Boston University's hacker space. It was during this visit that Manning first lived for a few days as a woman, wearing a wig and dressing in women's clothes.<ref>Nicks 2012, pp. 131–135, 137–138. | |||
| * For him living as a woman, see Nicks 2012, p. 146. | |||
| * For the details of his leave, see , PBS ''Frontline'', March 2011.</ref> After his arrest, his former partner, Tyler Watkins, told Kevin Poulsen of ''Wired'' that Manning had said during the January visit that he had found some sensitive information and was considering leaking it.<ref>.</ref> | |||
| ===Loss of rank and recommended discharge=== | |||
| Manning told ] he had passed the Baghdad helicopter attack ("Collateral murder") video to WikiLeaks in February 2010.<ref name=Hansen13July2011/> WikiLeaks released the video on April 5, 2010. On April 24 Manning sent an e-mail to his master sergeant, Paul Adkins – with the subject line "My Problem" – saying he was suffering from ], and attaching a photograph of himself dressed as a woman.<ref>Nicks 2012, pp. 162–163.</ref> Adkins discussed the situation with Manning's therapists, but did not pass the email to a more senior officer; she told Manning's court martial that he was concerned the photograph would have been disseminated among other staff.<ref>Lewis, Paul. ] was found in Manning's room in Baghdad; at that point Lim learned that Manning had been calling himself Breanna.<ref>Radia, Kirit and Martinez, Luis. , ABC News, 17 December 2011.</ref> Manning told Lamo that his commander had found out about the gender issue before his arrest, after looking at his medical files at the beginning of May. He said he had set up Twitter and YouTube accounts in Breanna's name to give that identity a digital presence, writing in the Lamo chat: "i wouldn't mind going to prison for the rest of my life, or being executed so much, if it wasn't for the possibility of having pictures of me ... plastered all over the world press ... as boy ... the CPU is not made for this motherboard ..."<ref name=Hansen13July2011/> | |||
| On April 30 he posted on Facebook that he was utterly lost, and over the next few days wrote that "Bradley Manning is not a piece of equipment," and that he was "beyond frustrated" and "livid" after being "lectured by ex-boyfriend despite months of relationship ambiguity ..."<ref>Nicks 2012, p. 164, and , PBS ''Frontline'', March 2011.</ref> On May 7 he seemed to spiral out of control. According to army witnesses, he was found curled in a fetal position in a storage cupboard; he had a knife at his feet and had cut the words "I want" into a vinyl chair. A few hours later he had an altercation with intelligence analyst Specialist Jihrleah Showman, during which he punched Showman in the face. The brigade psychiatrist recommended a discharge, referring to an "occupational problem and adjustment disorder." His master sergeant removed the bolt from his weapon, and he was sent to work in the supply office, although at this point his security clearance remained in place. He was demoted from Specialist to Private First Class just three days before his arrest on May 27.<ref>For the storage cupboard, the psychiatrist, and the recommended discharge, see . | |||
| * For the same incident, see Nicks 2012, pp. 161–163. | |||
| * For the altercation with the intelligence analyist, see Sanchez, Raf. , ''The Daily Telegraph'', 18 December 2011. | |||
| * Also see O'Kane, Maggie et al. , and , ''The Guardian'', 27 May 2011.</ref> | |||
| Ellen Nakashima writes that, on May 9, Manning contacted Jonathan Odell, a gay American novelist in Minneapolis, via Facebook, leaving a message that he wanted to speak to him in confidence; he said he had been involved in some "very high-profile events, albeit as a nameless individual thus far."<ref name=Nakashima4May2011>.</ref> On May 19, according to army investigators, he e-mailed Eric Schmiedl, a mathematician he had met in Boston, and told him he had been the source of the Baghdad airstrike video. Two days later, he began the series of chats with ] that led to her arrest.<ref>Dishneau, David and Jelinek, Pauline. , Associated Press, 19 December 2011. | |||
| * Also see Nicks 2012, p. 164.</ref> | |||
| ==Disclosure of classified material== | |||
| ===WikiLeaks=== | |||
| {{further|WikiLeaks}} | |||
| ] and ] at the ], Berlin, December 2009.<ref name=Leigh201152/>]] | |||
| WikiLeaks was set up in late 2006 as a disclosure portal, initially using the Misplaced Pages model, where volunteers would write up restricted or legally threatened material submitted by whistleblowers. It was ] – an Australian Internet activist and journalist, and the ''de facto'' editor-in-chief of WikiLeaks – who had the idea of creating what ] called an "open-source, democratic intelligence agency." The open-editing aspect was soon abandoned, but the site remained open for anonymous submissions.<ref name=Leigh201152>Leigh and Harding 2011, pp. 52–56.</ref> | |||
| According to ], a former WikiLeaks spokesman, part of the WikiLeaks security concept was that they did not know who their sources were. ''The New York Times'' wrote in December 2010 that the U.S. government was trying to discover whether Assange had been a passive recipient of material from Manning, or had encouraged or helped him to extract the files; if the latter, Assange could be charged with conspiracy. Manning told Lamo in May 2010 that he had developed a relationship with Assange, communicating directly with him using an encrypted Internet conferencing service, but knew little about him. WikiLeaks did not identify Manning as their source. Army investigators told a pre-trial hearing that they had found 14–15 pages of chats between Manning and someone they believed to be Assange, but Nicks writes that no decisive evidence was found of Assange offering Manning any direction.<ref>For WikiLeaks security, see Domscheit-Berg 2011, p. 165. | |||
| * For the U.S. government trying to determine whether Assange encouraged Manning, see Savage, Charlie. , ''The New York Times'', 15 December 2010. | |||
| * For Manning's chats with Lamo, see . | |||
| * For the 14 pages of chats between Manning and Assange, see Nicks 2012, p. 155, and Zetter, Kim. , ''Wired'', 19 December 2011.</ref> | |||
| ===Material obtained by WikiLeaks=== | |||
| ====Reykjavik13==== | |||
| {{further|Information published by WikiLeaks}} | |||
| On 18 February 2010 WikiLeaks posted the first of the material from Manning, a diplomatic cable dated January 13, 2010, from the U.S. Embassy in Reykjavik, Iceland, a document now known as Reykjavik13. In the chat log, Manning called it a "test" document. On March 15 WikiLeaks posted a 32-page report written in 2008 by the U.S. Department of Defense about WikiLeaks itself. On March 29 it posted U.S. State Department profiles of politicians in Iceland.<ref>For the publishing sequence, see Leigh and Harding 2010, p. 70. | |||
| * For more information about the "Reykjavik 13" cable and the State Department profiles of politicians, see Myers, Steven Lee. , ''The New York Times'', 6 July 2010. | |||
| * For "test" document, see and . | |||
| * For the leak of the Defense Dept report on WikiLeaks, see Kravets, David. , ''Wired'', 15 March 2010. | |||
| * For the Defense Dept report itself, see Assange, Julian. , WikiLeaks release on 15 March 2010, of Horvath, Michael D. "Wikileaks.org – An Online Reference to Foreign Intelligence Services, Insurgents, or Terrorist Groups?", United States Army Counterintelligence Center, Department of Defense Counterintelligence Analysis Program, 18 March 2008.</ref> | |||
| ====Baghdad airstrike==== | |||
| {{further|July 12, 2007 Baghdad airstrike}} | |||
| ] video (so-called "Collateral Murder") in early 2010. and <ref>Also see , The New York Times Company, 2011.</ref>]] | |||
| Manning told ] that he gave WikiLeaks the video of the July 12, 2007 Baghdad airstrike after finding it in a ]'s directory.<ref>He told Lamo: "At first glance it was just a bunch of guys getting shot up by a helicopter. No big deal ... about two dozen more where that came from, right? But something struck me as odd with the van thing, and also the fact it was being stored in a JAG officer’s directory. So I looked into it." See .</ref> WikiLeaks named the video "Collateral Murder," and Assange released it during a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C., on April 5, 2010.<ref name=Nicks2012p157/> The video showed an American helicopter firing on a group of men in Baghdad, one of them a journalist, and two others Reuters employees carrying cameras that the pilots mistook for anti-tank grenade launchers (]). The helicopter also fired on a van that stopped to help the injured members of the first group; two children in the van were wounded and their father killed. ''The Washington Post'' wrote that it was this video, viewed by millions, that put WikiLeaks on the map. According to Nicks, Manning e-mailed a superior officer after the video aired and tried to persuade him that it was the same version as the one stored on SIPRnet. Nicks writes that it seemed as though Manning wanted to be caught.<ref name=Nicks2012p157>Nicks 2012, pp. 157–161. | |||
| * For the video putting WikiLeaks on the map, see .</ref> | |||
| ====Afghan War logs, Iraq War logs==== | |||
| {{further|Afghan War documents leak|Iraq War documents leak}} | |||
| On July 25, 2010, WikiLeaks and three media partners – ''The New York Times'', ''The Guardian'', and ''Der Spiegel'' – began publishing the 91,731 documents that became known as the Afghan War logs. This was followed on October 22 by 391,832 classified military reports covering the period January 2004 to December 2009 that became known as the Iraq War logs. Nicks writes that the publication of the former was a watershed moment, the "beginning of the information age exploding upon itself."<ref>For Nicks's analysis, see Nicks 2012, pp. 191–193; for the number of documents in the Afghan and Iraq War logs and Cablegate, and for the publication dates, see pp. 204, 206. | |||
| * Note: there were 91,731 documents in all in the Afghan War logs; around 77,000 had been published as of May 2012.</ref> | |||
| ====Diplomatic cables, Guantanamo Bay files==== | |||
| {{further|United States diplomatic cables leak|Guantanamo Bay files leak}} | |||
| Manning told ] she was also responsible for the "Cablegate" leak of 251,287 State Department cables, written by 271 American embassies and consulates in 180 countries, dated December 1966 to February 2010. The cables were passed by Assange to his three media partners, plus ''El País'' and others, and published in stages from November 28, 2010, with the names of sources removed. WikiLeaks said it was the largest set of confidential documents ever released into the public domain.<ref>Leigh and Harding, 2010, p. 70 for the publishing sequence; pp. 194ff for the material WikiLeaks published; and p. 211 for the number of documents and comment from WikiLeaks. | |||
| * For Manning's chat with ], see .</ref> The rest of the cables were published unredacted by WikiLeaks on September 1, 2011, after ] and Luke Harding of ''The Guardian'' inadvertently published the ] for a file that was still online; Nicks writes that one Ethiopian journalist had to leave his country and the U.S. government said it had to relocate several sources.<ref>For the Ethiopian journalist and the relocation of sources, see Nicks 2012, p. 208. | |||
| * For the inadvertent publication of the passphrase, see: | |||
| :* Greenwald, Glenn. , ''Salon'', September 2, 2011; from the original on 7 March 2012. | |||
| :* Stöcker, Christian. , ''Der Spiegel'', 1 September 2011; from the original on 7 March 2012. | |||
| :* Mackey, Robert et al. , ''The New York Times'', 1 September 2011; from the original on 7 March 2012.</ref> Manning is also thought to have been the source of the Guantanamo Bay files leak, originally obtained by WikiLeaks in 2010, and published by ''The New York Times'' over a year later on April 24, 2011.<ref>Leigh, David. , ''The Guardian'', 25 April 2011; and Nicks 2012, p. 153.</ref> | |||
| ====Granai airstrike==== | |||
| {{further | Granai airstrike}} | |||
| According to Manning's written memo to the court, he also provided Wikileaks with a classified video of the Granai airstrike.<ref> PFC Manning's Statement Redacted.pdf (MEMORANDUM THRU Civilian Defense Counsel, 2013-01-29)</ref> The airstrike occurred on May 4, 2009, in the village of Granai, Afghanistan, killing 86–147 Afghan civilians. The video was never published; Julian Assange said in March 2013 that Daniel Domscheit-Berg had taken it with him when he left Wikileaks, and had apparently destroyed it.<ref>, ''The Age'', 5 March 2013.</ref> | |||
| ==Manning and Adrian Lamo== | |||
| ===First contact=== | |||
| ] (left) and ''Wired'''s ] (right) in 2001. The man in the middle, ], had no involvement in the Manning case.<ref name=PoulsenLamo/>]] | |||
| On May 20, 2010, Manning contacted ], a former "]" hacker convicted in 2004 of having accessed ''The New York Times'' computer network two years earlier without permission. Lamo had been profiled that day by ] in ''Wired'' magazine; the story said Lamo had been involuntarily hospitalized and diagnosed with ].<ref>For Poulsen's article about Lamo, see . | |||
| * For Lamo's conviction, see Shachtman, Noah, , ''Wired'', 9 January 2004.</ref> Poulsen, by then a reporter, was himself a former hacker who had used Lamo as a source several times since 2000.<ref name=PoulsenLamo>For Poulsen's relationship with Lamo, see . | |||
| * For more on the relationship, see . | |||
| * For Wired.com's response to Greenwald, see .</ref> Indeed it was Poulsen who, in 2002, had told ''The New York Times'' that Lamo had gained unauthorized access to its network; Poulsen then wrote the story up for '']''. Lamo would hack into a system, tell the organization, then offer to fix their security, often using Poulsen as a go-between.<ref>Hulme, George V. , ''InformationWeek'', 8 July 2002.</ref> | |||
| Lamo said Manning sent him several encrypted e-mails on May 20. He said he was unable to decrypt them but replied anyway and invited the e-mailer to chat on AOL IM. Lamo said he later turned the e-mails over to the FBI without having read them.<ref name=Greenwald18June2010>. | |||
| * Greenwald, Glenn. , 14–17 June 2010. | |||
| * Greenwald wrote: "Lamo told me that Manning first emailed him on May 20 and, according to highly edited chat logs released by Wired, had his first online chat with Manning on May 21; in other words, Manning first contacted Lamo the very day that Poulsen's Wired article on Lamo's involuntary commitment appeared (the Wired article is time-stamped 5:46 p.m. on May 20).<p>"Lamo, however, told me that Manning found him not from the Wired article – which Manning never mentioned reading – but from searching the word 'WikiLeaks' on Twitter, which led him to a tweet Lamo had written that included the word 'WikiLeaks.' Even if Manning had really found Lamo through a Twitter search for 'WikiLeaks,' Lamo could not explain why Manning focused on him, rather than the thousands of other people who have also mentioned the word 'WikiLeaks' on Twitter, including countless people who have done so by expressing support for WikiLeaks."</ref> | |||
| ===Chats=== | |||
| In a series of chats between May 21 and May 25, Manning – using the handle "bradass87" – told Lamo that he had leaked classified material. He introduced himself as an army intelligence analyst, and within 17 minutes, without waiting for a reply, alluded to the leaks.<ref name=Hansen13July2011>; also see Nicks 2012, pp. 171–184.</ref> | |||
| <br/> | |||
| {{collapse top|bg=#F2F3F4|May 21, 2010:}} | |||
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| |quote= | |||
| '''(1:41:12 PM) bradass87''': hi | |||
| '''(1:44:04 PM) bradass87''': how are you? | |||
| '''(1:47:01 PM) bradass87''': im an army intelligence analyst, deployed to eastern baghdad, pending discharge for "adjustment disorder" in lieu of "gender identity disorder" | |||
| '''(1:56:24 PM) bradass87''': im sure you're pretty busy ... | |||
| '''(1:58:31 PM) bradass87''': if you had unprecedented access to classified networks 14 hours a day 7 days a week for 8+ months, what would you do?<ref name=Hansen13July2011/> | |||
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| Lamo replied several hours later. He said: "I'm a journalist and a minister. You can pick either, and treat this as a confession or an interview (never to be published) & enjoy a modicum of legal protection." They talked about restricted material in general, then Manning made his first explicit reference to the leaks: "This is what I do for friends." He linked to a section of the May 21, 2010, version of Misplaced Pages's article on WikiLeaks, which described the WikiLeaks release in March that year of a Department of Defense report on WikiLeaks itself. He added "the one below that is mine too"; the section below in the same article referred to the leak of the Baghdad airstrike ("Collateral Murder") video.<ref>. | |||
| * For the section and revision of the Misplaced Pages article Manning linked to, see , ], Misplaced Pages, 21 May 2010.</ref> Manning said he felt isolated and fragile, and was reaching out to someone he hoped might understand.<ref name=Hansen13July2011/> | |||
| <br/> | |||
| {{collapse top|bg=#F2F3F4|May 22, 2010:}} | |||
| {{quote box | |||
| |quote= | |||
| '''(11:49:02 AM) bradass87''': im in the desert, with a bunch of hyper-masculine trigger happy ignorant rednecks as neighbors... and the only safe place i seem to have is this satellite internet connection | |||
| '''(11:49:51 AM) bradass87''': and i already got myself into minor trouble, revealing my uncertainty over my gender identity ... which is causing me to lose this job ... and putting me in an awkward limbo ... | |||
| '''(11:52:23 AM) bradass87''': at the very least, i managed to keep my security clearance ... | |||
| '''(11:58:33 AM) bradass87''': and little does anyone know, but among this "visible" mess, theres the mess i created that no-one knows about yet ... | |||
| '''(12:15:11 PM) bradass87''': hypothetical question: if you had free reign over classified networks for long periods of time ... say, 8–9 months ... and you saw incredible things, awful things ... things that belonged in the public domain, and not on some server stored in a dark room in Washington DC ... what would you do? ... | |||
| '''(12:21:24 PM) bradass87''': say ... a database of half a million events during the iraq war ... from 2004 to 2009 ... with reports, date time groups, lat-lon locations, casualty figures ...? or 260,000 state department cables from embassies and consulates all over the world, explaining how the first world exploits the third, in detail, from an internal perspective? ... | |||
| '''(12:26:09 PM) bradass87''': lets just say *someone* i know intimately well, has been penetrating US classified networks, mining data like the ones described ... and been transferring that data from the classified networks over the “air gap” onto a commercial network computer ... sorting the data, compressing it, encrypting it, and uploading it to a crazy white haired aussie who can't seem to stay in one country very long ... | |||
| '''(12:31:43 PM) bradass87''': crazy white haired dude = Julian Assange | |||
| '''(12:33:05 PM) bradass87''': in other words ... ive made a huge mess :’(<ref name=Hansen13July2011/> | |||
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| Manning said he had started to help WikiLeaks around ] in November 2009 – which fell on November 26 that year – after WikiLeaks had released the 9/11 pager messages; the messages were released on November 25. He told Lamo he had recognized that the messages came from an NSA database, and that seeing them had made him feel comfortable about stepping forward. Lamo asked what kind of material Manning was dealing with; Manning replied: "uhm ... crazy, almost criminal political backdealings ... the non-PR-versions of world events and crises ..." Although he said he dealt with Assange directly, Manning also said Assange had adopted a deliberate policy of knowing very little about him, telling Manning: "lie to me."<ref name=Hansen13July2011/> | |||
| <br/> | |||
| {{collapse top|bg=#F2F3F4|May 22, 2010:}} | |||
| {{quote box | |||
| |quote= | |||
| '''(1:11:54 PM) bradass87''': and ... its important that it gets out ... i feel, for some bizarre reason | |||
| '''(1:12:02 PM) bradass87''': it might actually change something | |||
| '''(1:13:10 PM) bradass87''': i just ... dont wish to be a part of it ... at least not now ... im not ready ... i wouldn't mind going to prison for the rest of my life, or being executed so much, if it wasn't for the possibility of having pictures of me ... plastered all over the world press ... as boy ... | |||
| '''(1:14:11 PM) bradass87''': i've totally lost my mind ... i make no sense ... the CPU is not made for this motherboard ... | |||
| '''(1:39:03 PM) bradass87''': i cant believe what im confessing to you :’(<ref name=Hansen13July2011/> | |||
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| Lamo again assured him that he was speaking in confidence. Manning wrote: "but im not a source for you ... im talking to you as someone who needs moral and emotional fucking support," and Lamo replied: "i told you, none of this is for print."<ref name=Hansen13July2011/> | |||
| Manning said the incident that had affected him the most was when 15 detainees had been arrested by the Iraqi Federal Police for printing anti-Iraqi literature. He was asked by the army to find out who the "bad guys" were, and discovered that the detainees had followed what Manning said was a corruption trail within the Iraqi cabinet. He reported this to his commanding officer, but said "he didn't want to hear any of it"; he said the officer told him to help the Iraqi police find more detainees. Manning said it made him realize, "i was actively involved in something that i was completely against ..."<ref name=Hansen13July2011/> | |||
| He explained that "i cant separate myself from others ... i feel connected to everybody ... like they were distant family," and cited ], ] and ]. He said he hoped the material would lead to "hopefully worldwide discussion, debates, and reforms. if not ... than we're doomed as a species." He said he had downloaded the material onto music CD-RWs, erased the music and replaced it with a compressed split file. Part of the reason no one noticed, he said, was that staff were working 14 hours a day, seven days a week, and "people stopped caring after 3 weeks."<ref name=Hansen13July2011/> | |||
| <br/> | |||
| {{collapse top|bg=#F2F3F4|May 25, 2010:}} | |||
| {{quote box | |||
| |quote= | |||
| '''(02:12:23 PM) bradass87''': so ... it was a massive data spillage ... facilitated by numerous factors ... both physically, technically, and culturally | |||
| '''(02:13:02 PM) bradass87''': perfect example of how not to do INFOSEC | |||
| '''(02:14:21 PM) bradass87''': listened and lip-synced to Lady Gaga's Telephone while exfiltratrating possibly the largest data spillage in american history | |||
| '''(02:17:56 PM) bradass87''': weak servers, weak logging, weak physical security, weak counter-intelligence, inattentive signal analysis ... a perfect storm | |||
| '''(02:22:47 PM) bradass87''': i mean what if i were someone more malicious | |||
| '''(02:23:25 PM) bradass87''': i could've sold to russia or china, and made bank? | |||
| '''(02:23:36 PM) info@adrianlamo.com''': why didn't you? | |||
| '''(02:23:58 PM) bradass87''': because it's public data | |||
| '''(02:24:46 PM) bradass87''': it belongs in the public domain | |||
| '''(02:25:15 PM) bradass87''': ]<ref name=Hansen13July2011/> | |||
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| ===Lamo's approach to FBI, publication of chat logs=== | |||
| Lamo first discussed the chat with Chet Uber of the volunteer group, Project Vigilant, which researches cyber crime, and a friend who had worked in military intelligence. Both men advised Lamo to go to the FBI; they also reported what he had told them to the ].<ref>Nicks 2012, p. 179.</ref> Lamo contacted the FBI shortly after the first chat on May 21; he said he believed Manning was endangering lives.<ref name=Caesar>. | |||
| * For more on Lamo approaching the authorities, see Zetter, Kim. , ''Wired'', December 2011.</ref> He was largely ostracized by the hacker community afterwards. Nicks argues, on the other hand, that it was thanks to Lamo that the government had months to ameliorate any harm caused by the release of the diplomatic cables.<ref>Nicks 2012, p. 232.</ref> | |||
| Lamo met with FBI and Army investigators on May 25 in California, and showed them the chat logs. On or around that date he also passed the story to Kevin Poulsen of ''Wired'', and on May 27 gave him the chat logs and Manning's name under ]. He saw the FBI again that day, at which point they told him Manning had been arrested in Iraq the day before. Poulsen and Kim Zetter broke the news of the arrest in ''Wired'' on June 6.<ref name=PoulsenJune62010>For the first ''Wired'' story, see . | |||
| * For the sequence of events, see .</ref> ''Wired'' published around 25 percent of the chat logs on June 6 and June 10, and the full logs in July 2011, after the material about Manning's gender dysphoria had appeared elsewhere.<ref>. | |||
| *For the full chat log, see .</ref> | |||
| ==Legal proceedings== | |||
| ===Arrest and charges=== | |||
| {{further|List of charges against Bradley Manning}} | |||
| Manning was arrested on May 27, 2010, and transferred four days later to ] in Kuwait.<ref name=PoulsenJune162010>.</ref> He was charged with several offences in July, replaced by 22 charges in March 2011, including violations of Articles 92 and ] of the ] (UCMJ), and of the ]. The most serious charge was "aiding the enemy," a capital offense, although prosecutors said they would not seek the death penalty.<ref>Nicks 2012, p. 247. | |||
| * , courtesy of Cryptome, retrieved 26 December 2010. | |||
| * For the number of documents involved, and the penalty if convicted, see , CBS News, 2 March 2011. | |||
| * For date of arrest and transfer to Kuwait, see , U.S. Army Records Management and Declassification Agency, Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room, retrieved 8 June 2013.</ref> | |||
| ===Detention=== | |||
| {{Manning timeline}} | |||
| While in Kuwait, Manning was placed on ] after his behavior caused concern.<ref>Pilkington, Ed. , ''The Guardian'', 30 November 2012.</ref> He was moved from Kuwait to the ], Virginia, on July 29, 2010, and classified as a maximum custody detainee with Prevention of Injury (POI) status. POI status is one stop short of suicide watch, entailing checks by guards every five minutes. His lawyer, ], a former military attorney, said Manning was not allowed to sleep between 5 am (7 am at weekends) and 8 pm, and was made to stand or sit up if he tried to. He was required to remain visible at all times, including at night, which entailed no access to sheets, no pillow except one built into his mattress, and a blanket designed not to be shredded.<ref name=detention/> Manning complained that he regarded it as pre-trial punishment.<ref>, p. 7.</ref> | |||
| His cell was 6 × 12 ft with no window, containing a bed, toilet and sink. The jail had 30 cells built in a U shape, and although detainees could talk to one another, they were unable to see each other. His lawyer said the guards behaved professionally, and had not tried to harass or embarrass Manning. He was allowed to walk for up to one hour a day, meals were taken in the cell, and he was shackled during visits. There was access to television when it was placed in the corridor, and he was allowed to keep one magazine and one book.<ref name=detention>For a description of the jail, see Nakashima, Ellen. , ''The Washington Post'', March 5, 2011. | |||
| *For Manning's lawyer's description, see , The Law Offices of David E. Coombs, 18 December 2010; from the original on 6 April 2012. | |||
| * For Manning's description, see , particularly pp. 10–11. | |||
| * For the books he requested, see Nicks, Denver. , ''The Daily Beast'', 17 December 2010. The list was: ''Decision Points'' by George W. Bush; ''Critique of Practical Reason'' by Immanuel Kant; ''Critique of Pure Reason'' by Immanuel Kant; ''Propaganda'' by Edward Bernayse; ''The Selfish Gene'' by Richard Dawkins; ''A People's History of the United States'' by Howard Zinn; ''The Art of War'' by Sun Tzu; ''The Good Soldiers'' by David Finke; and ''On War'' by Gen. Carl von Clausewitz.</ref> Because he was in pre-trial detention, he received full pay and benefits.<ref>Marshall, Serena. , ABC News, December 22, 2011, p. 2.</ref> | |||
| On January 18, 2011, after an altercation with the guards, the jail classified him as a suicide risk. Manning said the guards had begun issuing conflicting commands, such as "turn left, don't turn left," and upbraiding him for responding to commands with "yes" instead of "aye." Shortly afterwards, he was placed on suicide risk, had his clothing and eyeglasses removed, and was required to remain in her cell 24 hours a day. The suicide watch was lifted on January 21 after a complaint from his lawyer, and the brig commander who ordered it was replaced.<ref>Nicks 2012, pp. 240–242. | |||
| * For Manning's letter, see , pp. 7–8. | |||
| * Also see Broom, Kyle. , a short dramatization of the account given by Manning in his letter to the army; for more details, see , retrieved April 8, 2012.</ref> On March 2 he was told that his request for the removal of his POI status had been denied. His lawyer said Manning joked to the guards that, if he wanted to harm himself, he could do so with her underwear or her flip-flops. The comment resulted in her having her clothes removed at night, and he had to present herself naked one morning for inspection.<ref name=clothes>, p. 9ff. | |||
| * Nakashima, Ellen. , ''The Washington Post'', 5 March 2011. | |||
| * For a sleep garment having been supplied, see Nakashima, Ellen. , ''The Washington Post'', 12 March 2011. | |||
| * Also see , ''The New York Times'', 15 March 2011.</ref> | |||
| The detention conditions prompted national and international concern. ], a ] on torture, published a report saying the detention conditions had been "cruel, inhuman and degrading."<ref>Pilkington, Ed. , ''The Guardian'', March 12, 2012.</ref> In January 2011 ] asked the British government to intervene because of Manning's status as a British citizen by descent, although Manning's lawyer said Manning did not regard herself as a British citizen.<ref>Pilkington, Ed; Chris McGreal & Steven Morris. , ''The Guardian'', 1 February 2011. | |||
| * For Manning's view of her nationality, see Coombs, David E. , Law Offices of David E. Coombs, 2 February 2011: "There has been some discussion regarding PFC Bradley Manning's citizenship. PFC Manning does not hold a British passport, nor does he consider himself a British citizen. He is an American, and is proud to be serving in the United States Army. His current confinement conditions are troubling to many both here in the United States and abroad. This concern, however, is not a citizenship issue."</ref> The controversy claimed a casualty in March that year when State Department spokesman ] criticized Manning's treatment and resigned two days later.<ref name=Crowley>Nakashima, Ellen. , ''The Washington Post'', 12 March 2011. | |||
| * Tapper, Jake and Radia, Kirit. , ABC News, 13 March 2011.</ref> In early April, 295 academics (most of them American legal scholars) signed a letter arguing that the treatment was a violation of the United States Constitution.<ref>They argued that it was a violation of the Eighth Amendment's prohibition of cruel and unusual punishment, and the Fifth Amendment's guarantee against punishment without trial. See Ackerman, Bruce and Benkler, Yochai. , ''The New York Review of Books'', retrieved 10 April 2011.</ref> On 20 April the Pentagon transferred Manning to the ], a new medium-security facility in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, where she was placed in an 80-square-foot cell with a window and a normal mattress, able to mix with other pre-trial detainees and keep personal objects in her cell.<ref>Pilkington, Ed. , ''The Guardian'', 4 May 2011. | |||
| * For the new jail, see , www.defense.gov, retrieved 10 May 2012.</ref> | |||
| ===Evidence presented at Article 32 hearing=== | |||
| In April 2011, a panel of experts ruled that Manning was fit to stand trial.<ref>, Associated Press, 29 April 2011.</ref> An ], presided over by Lieutenant Colonel Paul Almanza, was convened on December 16, 2011, at ], Maryland; the hearing resulted in Almanza recommending that Manning be referred to a general court-martial. He was ] on February 23, 2012, and declined to enter a plea.<ref>Rizzo, Jennifer , CNN, 23 February 2012.</ref> | |||
| During the Article 32 hearing, the prosecution, led by Capt. Ashden Fein, presented 300,000 pages of documents in evidence, including chat logs and classified material.<ref>Rath, Arun. , PBS ''Frontline'', 22 December 2011.</ref> The court heard from two army investigators, Special Agent David Shaver, head of the digital forensics and research branch of the army's Computer Crime Investigative Unit (CCIU), and Mark Johnson, a digital forensics contractor from ], who works for the CCIU. They testified that they had found 100,000 State Department cables on a workplace computer Manning had used between November 2009 and May 2010; 400,000 military reports from Iraq and 91,000 from Afghanistan on an ] found in her basement room in her aunt's home in Potomac, Maryland; and 10,000 cables on her personal MacBook Pro and storage devices that they said had not been passed to WikiLeaks because a file was corrupted. They also recovered 14–15 pages of encrypted chats, in unallocated space on Manning's MacBook hard drive, between Manning and someone believed to be Julian Assange. Two of the chat handles, which used the Berlin ]'s domain (ccc.de), were associated with the names Julian Assange and Nathaniel Frank.<ref name=hearing/> | |||
| Johnson said he found ] on the MacBook that showed an ], from an IP address that resolved to Manning's aunt's home, to a Swedish IP address with links to WikiLeaks.<ref name=hearing/> There was also a text file named "Readme" attached to the logs, a note apparently written by Manning to Assange, which called the Iraq and Afghan War logs "possibly one of the most significant documents of our time, removing the fog of war and revealing the true nature of 21st century asymmetric warfare."<ref name=Nicks137>Nicks 2012, pp. 137–138; also see .</ref> The investigators testified they had also recovered an exchange from May 2010 between Manning and Eric Schmiedl, a Boston mathematician, in which Manning said he was the source of the Baghdad helicopter attack ("Collateral Murder") video. Johnson said there had been two attempts to delete material from the MacBook. The operating system had been re-installed in January 2010, and on or around January 31, 2010, an attempt had been made to erase the hard drive by doing a "]," which involves overwriting material with zeroes. The material had been overwritten only once, which meant it could be retrieved.<ref name=hearing>For the army investigators' testimony, see . | |||
| * For more from the army investigators, including the reference to Eric Schmiedl, see Dishneau, David and Jelinek, Pauline. , Associated Press, 19 December 2011. | |||
| * Also see , Agence France-Presse, 20 December 2011.</ref> | |||
| Manning's lawyers argued that the government had overstated the harm the release of the documents had caused, and had overcharged Manning to force her to give evidence against Assange. The defense also raised the issue of whether Manning's gender identity disorder had affected her judgment, and whether the "don't ask, don't tell" policy had made it difficult for her to serve in the army.<ref>For the government overcharging Manning, see Zetter, Kim. , ''Wired'', December 22, 2011. | |||
| * For the gender issues, see Radia, Kirit and Martinez, Luis. , ABC News, December 17, 2011.</ref> | |||
| ===Guilty plea, trial, sentence=== | |||
| {{further|United States v. Manning}}<!--PLEASE ADD DETAILS ABOUT THE LEGAL PROCEEDINGS TO UNITED STATES V. MANNING, NOT HERE.--> | |||
| {{Infobox court case | |||
| |name = United States v. Manning | |||
| |court = ] | |||
| |image = | |||
| |imagesize = | |||
| |imagealt = | |||
| |caption = | |||
| |full name = United States of America v. Manning, Bradley E., PFC | |||
| |date decided = July 30, 2013 | |||
| |citations = | |||
| |transcripts = | |||
| |judges = Colonel Denise Lind | |||
| |number of judges = 1 | |||
| |decision by = | |||
| |prior actions = ], opened December 16, 2011<br />Formally charged, February 23, 2012<br />Article 39 (pre-trial) hearing, opened April 24, 2012 | |||
| |appealed from = | |||
| |appealed to = | |||
| |subsequent actions = | |||
| |related actions = | |||
| |opinions = | |||
| |keywords = | |||
| |italic title = no | |||
| }} | |||
| In December 2012 the judge, Army Colonel Denise Lind, accepted terms that would allow Manning to plead guilty to lesser charges in exchange for a maximum sentence of 16 years.<ref>Pone, Alyssa. , ABC News, November 8, 2012.</ref> She ruled in January 2013 that his sentence would be reduced by 112 days because of her treatment at Quantico.<ref>Tate, Julie and Nakashima, Ellen. , ''The Washington Post'', January 8, 2013.</ref> He pleaded guilty to 10 of the 22 charges on February 28.<ref name=CBS28Feb2013/> Reading for over an hour from a 35-page statement, he said he had leaked the cables "to show the true cost of war." Prosecutors pursued a court-martial on the remaining charges.<ref>O'Brien, Alexa. , ''Salon'', March 1, 2013.</ref> | |||
| The trial began on June 3, 2013. He was convicted on July 30 of 17 of the 22 charges in their entirety, including five counts of espionage and theft, and an amended version of four other charges; he was acquitted of aiding the enemy. The sentencing phase began the next day.<ref name=verdict/> A military psychologist who had treated Manning, Capt. Michael Worsley, testified on her behalf that he had been left isolated in the army, trying to deal with gender-identity issues in a "hyper-masculine environment." On August 14, Manning apologized for her actions, telling the court: "I am sorry that my actions hurt people. I'm sorry that they hurt the United States. I am sorry for the unintended consequences of my actions. When I made these decisions I believed I was going to help people, not hurt people. ... At the time of my decisions I was dealing with a lot of issues."<ref>Kube, Courtney; DeLuca, Matthew; McClam, Erin. , NBC News, August 14, 2013. | |||
| *Courson, Paul. , CNN, August 14, 2013.</ref> | |||
| The offenses he was convicted of carried a maximum sentence of 90 years.<ref name=Sledge21Aug2013>Sledge, Matt. , ''The Huffington Post'', 21 August 2013.</ref> The government asked for a 60-year sentence to act as a deterrent to other soldiers, while her lawyer asked for no more than 25 years. He was sentenced on August 21 to 35 years and given a ]. Her rank was reduced from ] to ], and he will forfeit all pay and benefits. He was given credit of 1,293 days served, including the 112 days for her treatment at Quantico, and will be eligible for parole after serving one-third of the sentence.<ref name=Tate21Aug2013/> He may also be given additional credit for good behavior, and could be released in about eight years.<ref name=Sledge21Aug2013/> | |||
| ==Gender reassignment== | |||
| On August 22, 2013, Manning revealed in a statement read on the '']'' that he intended to undergo ] and now considered herself a woman. He has taken the name "Chelsea E. Manning".<ref>{{cite web|title=Bradley Manning: I want to live as a woman named Chelsea|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chi-bradley-manning-woman-20130822,0,4128824.story|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref> | |||
| {{blockquote|As I transition into this next phase of my life, I want everyone to know the real me. I am Chelsea Manning. I am a female. Given the way that I feel, and have felt since childhood, I want to begin hormone therapy as soon as possible. I hope that you will support me in this transition. I also request that, starting today, you refer to me by my new name and use the feminine pronoun (except in official mail to the confinement facility).<ref>{{cite web|title='I am Chelsea': Read Manning's full statement|url=http://www.today.com/news/i-am-chelsea-read-mannings-full-statement-6C10974052|publisher=Today Show|accessdate=August 22, 2013}}</ref>}} | |||
| ==Reaction to disclosure== | |||
| The publication of the leaked material, particularly the diplomatic cables, attracted in-depth coverage across the globe, with several governments blocking websites that contained embarrassing details. ], editor of ''The Guardian'', said: "I can't think of a time when there was ever a story generated by a news organisation where the White House, the Kremlin, Chávez, India, China, everyone in the world was talking about these things. ... I've never known a story that created such mayhem that wasn't an event like a war or a terrorist attack."<ref>Brooke 2011, p. 223.</ref> | |||
| ] | |||
| Denver Nicks wrote that Manning's name "appended like a slogan to wholesale denunciations and exultations alike." United States Navy Admiral ], then Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, said the leaks had placed the lives of American soldiers and Afghan informants in danger. Journalist ] argued that Manning was the most important whistleblower since ] leaked the ] in 1971.<ref>For the quote from Nicks, see Nicks 2012, pp. 3, 196–197. | |||
| * For Michael Mullen, see Jaffe, Greg and Partlow, Joshua. , ''The Washington Post'', 30 July 2010. | |||
| * For Glenn Greenwald, see , p. 8.</ref> President ] commented too, saying of Manning that "he broke the law"; ] of the National Institute of Military Justice called the remark "unlawful command influence."<ref>, ''Forbes'', 22 April 2011. | |||
| *, NBC News, 26 April 2011.</ref> | |||
| Manning and WikiLeaks were credited as catalysts for the ] that began in December 2010, when waves of protesters rose up against rulers across the Middle East and North Africa, after the leaked cables exposed government corruption.<ref>Horne, Nigel. , ''The Week'', 15 January 2011. | |||
| *Rosenbach, Marcel and Schmitz, Gregor Peter. , ''Der Spiegel'', 15 December 2011.</ref> ] writes that, in Tunisia, where the ] on December 17 with the self-immolation of ] in protest at being unable to make a living, one of the cables – published around 10 days earlier – showed that the President's daughter and her husband had their ice-cream flown in from Saint-Tropez. As ''Time'' magazine designated "the protester" as its 2011 person of the year, Brooke writes that WikiLeaks came under tremendous pressure, experiencing ] that shut down their servers, and finding themselves unable to receive donations when PayPal, banks, and credit-card companies refused to process them.<ref>For the ice-cream from Saint-Tropez, see Brooke 2011, p. 225. | |||
| * For the ice-cream and the WikiLeaks connection, also see Horne, Nigel. , ''The Week'', 15 January 2011. | |||
| * For the cable mentioning the ice-cream, see , ''The New York Times''. | |||
| * For the approximate date of the ice-cream cable's first publication, and Tunisia's blocking of a Lebanese website covering it, see Black, Ian. , ''The Guardian'', 7 December 2010. | |||
| * For the cables and WikiLeaks as catalysts, see Malinowski, Tom. , ''Foreign Policy'', 25 January 2011. | |||
| * For WikiLeaks and the newspapers that published the material as catalysts, see Walker, Peter. , ''The Guardian'', 13 May 2011. | |||
| * For the same view, see , Annual Report 2011, Amnesty International, retrieved 7 April 2012. | |||
| * Also see Rosenbach, Marcel and Schmitz, Gregor Peter. , ''Der Spiegel'', 15 December 2011. | |||
| * For more on Manning and the protests, see , ''The Irish Times'', 24 December 2011. | |||
| * For analysis of Manning's impact, see Nicks 2012, pp. 212–216. | |||
| * For ''Time'', see , ''Time'' magazine, 14 December 2011. | |||
| * For WikiLeaks coming under pressure, see Brooke 2011, p. 223.</ref> | |||
| A ''Washington Post'' editorial asked why an apparently unstable Army private had been able to access and transfer sensitive material in the first place. According to Nicks, Manning's sexuality came into play too. "Don't ask, don't tell" was repealed not long after her arrest, with Manning illustrating for the far right that gay people were unfit for military service, while the mainstream media presented him as a gay soldier driven mad by bullying.<ref>For the ''Washington Post'' editorial, see , ''The Washington Post'', editorial, 30 November 2010. | |||
| * For Denver Nicks and his discussion of gays in the military, see Nicks 2012, pp. 3, 196–197.</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Portal|Biography|Information technology|LGBT|United States Army}} | |||
| {{colbegin}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] of 1950 | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{colend}} | |||
| ;Material associated with Manning | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==Notes== | |||
| * ''Note: Sources that are used repeatedly or are central to the story are presented in shortened form in this section, as are books; for full citations for those sources, see the References section below. Other sources are cited in full in this section.'' | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| ;Books | |||
| * Brooke, Heather. ''The Revolution Will Be Digitised''. William Heinemann, 2011. | |||
| * Domscheit-Berg, Daniel. ''Inside WikiLeaks''. Doubleday, 2011. | |||
| * Fowler, Andrew. ''The Most Dangerous Man in the World''. Skyhorse Publishing, 2011. | |||
| * Leigh, David and Harding, Luke. ''WikiLeaks: Inside Julian Assange's War on Secrecy''. Guardian Books, 2011. | |||
| * Nicks, Denver. ''Private: Bradley Manning, WikiLeaks, and the Biggest Exposure of Official Secrets in American History''. Chicago Review Press, 2012. | |||
| ;Key articles | |||
| * Caesar, Ed. , ''The Sunday Times'', 19 December 2010; from the original on 7 April 2012. | |||
| * Fishman, Steve. , ''New York Magazine'', 3 July 2011. | |||
| * Greenwald, Glenn. , ''Salon'', 18 June 2010. | |||
| * Last, Jonathan V. , CBS News, 11 January 2011. | |||
| * Manning, Bradley. , released by David Coombs, March 10, 2011; from the original on 6 April 2012. | |||
| * Nakashima, Ellen. , ''The Washington Post'', 4 May 2011; from the original on 7 April 2012. | |||
| * Nicks, Denver. , ''This Land'', 23 September 2010. | |||
| * PBS ''Frontline''. , March 2011; from the original on 7 April 2011. | |||
| * Thompson, Ginger. , ''The New York Times'', 8 August 2010. | |||
| * Zetter, Kim. , ''Wired'', 19 December 2011. | |||
| ;Key articles regarding the Lamo-Manning chat log, in order of publication | |||
| * Poulsen, Kevin. , ''Wired'' magazine, 20 May 2010. | |||
| * Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. , ''Wired'' magazine, 6 June 2010. | |||
| * Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. , ''Wired'' magazine, 10 June 2010. | |||
| * Nakashima, Ellen. , ''The Washington Post'', 10 June 2010. | |||
| * Greenwald, Glenn. , 14–17 June 2010. | |||
| * Poulsen, Kevin and Zetter, Kim. , ''Wired'' magazine, 16 June 2010. | |||
| * Xeni, Jardin. , ''Boing Boing'', 19 June 2010. | |||
| * Greenwald, Glenn. , ''Salon'', 27 December 2010. | |||
| * Hansen, Evan and Poulsen, Kevin. , ''Wired'' magazine, 28 December 2010. | |||
| * Greenwald, Glenn. , ''Salon'', 29 December 2010. | |||
| * ''Firedoglake''. , published as a complete version of the released excerpts, retrieved 14 March 2011; from the original on 28 March 2012. | |||
| * Hansen, Evan. , ''Wired'' magazine, 13 July 2011; from the original on 28 March 2012. | |||
| ;Audio/video | |||
| * Smith, Martin. , PBS ''Frontline'', 7 March 2011. | |||
| :* , PBS, 7 March 2011 (transcript) | |||
| :* , PBS, 7 March 2011 (transcript) | |||
| * Smith, Teresa et al. , ''The Guardian'', 27 May 2011. | |||
| ==Further reading== | |||
| {{Commons category|Bradley Manning|Chelsea Manning}} | |||
| ;External links | |||
| * {{IMDb name|id=4808915}} | |||
| * | |||
| ;Articles | |||
| * Khatchadourian, Raffi. , ''The New Yorker'', 7 June 2010. | |||
| * ''The Guardian''. , retrieved 9 May 2012. | |||
| * ''The Guardian''. , retrieved 9 May 2012. | |||
| * ''The New York Times''. , retrieved 9 May 2012. | |||
| * ''Wired''. , retrieved 8 May 2012. | |||
| ;Books | |||
| * Assange, Julian and O'Hagan, Andrew. ''Julian Assange: The Unauthorised Autobiography''. Canongate, 2011. | |||
| * Madar, Chase. ''The Passion of Bradley Manning''. OR Books, 2012. | |||
| * Mitchell, Greg and Gosztola, Kevin. ''Truth and Consequences: The U.S. vs. Bradley Manning''. Sinclair Books, 2012. | |||
| ;Audio/video | |||
| * Broom, Kyle. , a short dramatization of the account given by Manning in her letter to the army (); also see , retrieved 8 April 2012. | |||
| * ''Democracy Now''. , 2011–present. | |||
| *Gavin, Patrick. , ''Politico'', 19 June 2013. | |||
| * Gonzales, Juan and Goodman, Amy. , Democracy Now!, 24 February 2011. | |||
| * Miller, Michelle. , CBS News, 26 April 2012, interview with Denver Nicks, author of ''Private'' (2012), Manning's biography. | |||
| * Nicks, Denver. , ''This Land'', 22 September 2010. | |||
| * Price, Tim. ''The Radicalisation of Bradley Manning''. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012 (play), directed by John McGrath, , National Theatre Wales, 12–28 April 2012. | |||
| ;Legal documents | |||
| * , scribd.com, retrieved 7 April 2012. | |||
| {{WikiLeaks}} | |||
| {{Good article}} | |||
| {{Authority control|VIAF=170370248}} | |||
| {{Persondata | |||
| | NAME = Manning, Bradley Edward | |||
| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = Manning, Chelsea | |||
| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = American soldier arrested for leaking classified information | |||
| | DATE OF BIRTH = December 17, 1987 | |||
| | PLACE OF BIRTH = Crescent, Oklahoma, United States | |||
| | DATE OF DEATH = | |||
| | PLACE OF DEATH = | |||
| }} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Manning, Bradley}} | |||
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Revision as of 17:31, 22 August 2013
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