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The term '''Special Mission Unit''' ('''SMU'''), is used to describe some ] units. The ] openly refer to the ] as a "special missions unit". Five ] units have been referred to as "special mission units" and that they are under the command of ]. The term '''Special Mission Unit''' ('''SMU'''), is used to describe some ]<ref>Bennet (2001), p. 189.</ref> ]s around the world. The term has been applied to the ]'s ] and four ] units. Special mission units have been involved in high profile military operations such as the ] and ].


==United States== ==United States==
]
The United States defines the term Special Mission Unit as "a generic term to to represent a group of operations and support personnel from designated organizations that is task-organized to perform highly classified activities."{{r|jsotfo}} The U.S. government does not acknowledge which units specifically are designated as special missions units,{{r|wp}} only that they have special mission units under ].{{r|nyt}} Special mission units are tasked with "special missions", sometimes referring to ], ] activities, ], ], and/or ].<ref>Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) - Special Mission Units http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/dod/jsoc.htm</ref>
Special mission units are commanded and controlled by ] (JSOC) of ] (USSOCOM). In addition to performing highly classified activities the special mission units are also tasked with "special missions", sometimes referring to ], ] activities, ], ], and/or ].<ref>Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) - Special Mission Units http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/dod/jsoc.htm</ref> {{r|NYTsw}}{{r|NYTsomblu}}{{r|risen}} So far, only three SMUs have been publicly disclosed: The ]'s ], the ]'s ] (DEVGRU), and the ]'s ].{{r|north}}{{r|The Week}}{{r|nyt}}{{r|wp}}{{r|osprey}}{{r|Smith}}{{r|gaffney}} Units from the Army’s ] and ] (160th SOAR) are controlled by JSOC when deployed as part of JSOC Task Forces such as ] and ].{{r|Naylor1}}{{r|Naylor2}}{{r|Priest}}{{r|McNab}}


The ] (ISA) is also under JSOC and has been referred to as a special mission unit.{{r|gs}}{{r|The Week}}{{r|wp}}{{r|osprey}} The ISA collects specific target intelligence prior to SMU missions, and provides signals support, etc. during those mission.{{r|The Week}}{{r|wp}}{{r|osprey}} The army once maintained the ISA, but after the ], ] shifted direct control to Joint Special Operations Command at Fort Bragg, NC.{{r|scarborough}}
⚫ In 1998 ] ] publicly referred to special mission units during a briefing to the ]; "We have designated special-mission units that are specifically manned, equipped and trained to deal with a wide variety of transnational threats" and "These units, assigned to or under the operational control of the U.S. Special Operations Command, are focused primarily on those special operations and supporting functions that combat terrorism and actively counter terrorist use of ] (WMD). These units are on alert every day of the year and have worked extensively with their interagency counterparts."{{r|nyt}}


===Government definition and acknowledgement===
Media in the United States state that alleged U.S. special mission units are under ].{{r|nyt}}{{r|The Week}}{{r|gaffney}}{{r|wp}} When referring to "special mission units" the following units have been mentioned;{{r|gaffney}}{{r|The Week}}{{r|wp}}<!-- more supporting refs are on each individual unit -->
The United States defines the term Special Mission Unit as "a generic term to to represent a group of operations and support personnel from designated organizations that is task-organized to perform highly classified activities."{{r|jsotfo}}


⚫ The U.S. government does not acknowledge which units specifically are designated as special missions units,{{r|wp}} only that they have special mission units under ]. In 1998 ] ] publicly referred to special mission units during a briefing to the ]; "We have designated special-mission units that are specifically manned, equipped and trained to deal with a wide variety of transnational threats" and "These units, assigned to or under the operational control of the U.S. Special Operations Command, are focused primarily on those special operations and supporting functions that combat terrorism and actively counter terrorist use of ] (WMD). These units are on alert every day of the year and have worked extensively with their interagency counterparts."{{r|nyt}}
;United States Army
*] (1st SFOD-D), or Delta Force{{r|americanspecops.com}}{{r|sofrep}}{{r|gaffney}}{{r|The Week}}{{r|nyt}}{{r|wp}}{{r|osprey}}{{r|Smith}}
*] (ISA, The Activity, Gray Fox){{r|The Week}}{{r|wp}}{{r|osprey}}
*] (160th SOAR), or Night Stalkers{{r|sofrep}}{{Better source|date=September 2013}}


⚫ ==Australia==
;United States Navy
⚫ Australia's SMU, the ], is tasked to provide ] capabilities in support of the ]. It is a component of Australia's ] (SOCOMD). This includes providing unique capabilities to support sensitive strategic operations, special recovery operations, training assistance, ] and precision strike and ].{{r|SASR}}
*] (DEVGRU), or SEAL Team Six{{r|americanspecops.com}}{{r|sofrep}}{{r|gaffney}}{{r|The Week}}{{r|wp}}{{r|osprey}}{{r|Smith}}


The SASR currently has four ]s, known as 1, 2, 3 and 4 Squadron.<ref name="l95">Lee (2007), p.95.</ref> These squadrons rotate through the two roles performed by the SAS. One squadron conducts the ]/special recovery (CT/SR) role, and the remaining squadrons conduct the warfighting/] role.
;United States Air Force
*] (24th STS){{r|sofrep}}{{r|sather}}{{r|gaffney}}


==Notable operations==
⚫ ==Australia==
]
The term special mission unit can also be used to refer to units with similar capabilities from other nations, such as the Australian ].{{r|SASR}}
During the ] United States' ] was involved in ] which led to the capture of Iraqi leader ] on December 13, 2003.{{r|csm}}{{r|urban}} Earlier that year on July 22, 2003 Task Force 20, led by ] operators and supported by the ], were involved in a three hour firefight in Mosul, Iraq where both of Saddam's sons, ] and ] were killed.{{r|blair}}{{r|tyson}}


On May 2, 2011 ] ] in a CIA-led operation where ] from ]'s Red Squadron were flown into ], ] by elements of ] from ], ].{{r|spymilitary}}{{r|atlantic}}{{r|wp2}}{{r|redstate}}{{r|prisonplanet}}
⚫ SASR is tasked to provide ] capabilities in support of the ]. This includes providing unique capabilities to support sensitive strategic operations, special recovery operations, training assistance, ] and precision strike and ].{{r|SASR}}


==References== ==References==
{{reflist|refs= {{reflist|refs=
<ref name="The Week">{{cite web|url=http://theweek.com/article/index/241802/the-most-secret-of-secret-units |title=The most secret of secret units |publisher=The Week |date=2013-03-22 |accessdate=2013-09-10}}</ref> <ref name="The Week">{{cite web|url=http://theweek.com/article/index/241802/the-most-secret-of-secret-units |title=The most secret of secret units |publisher=The Week |date=2013-03-22 |accessdate=2013-09-10}}</ref>
⚫ <ref name=sofrep>{{cite web|url=http://sofrep.com/15870/the-evolution-of-the-75th-ranger-regiment-part-3/ |title=The Evolution of the 75th Ranger Regiment (Part 3) |publisher=SOFREP |date= |accessdate=2013-05-04}}</ref>
⚫ <ref name=sather>{{cite web|url=http://sofrep.com/18688/our-fallen-heroes-scott-sather/ |title=Our Fallen Heroes: Scott Sather |publisher=SOFREP |date= |accessdate=2013-05-04}}</ref>
<ref name="americanspecops.com">{{cite web|url=http://sealteamsix.americanspecialops.com/|title=SEAL Team Six|accessdate=March 16, 2013}}</ref>
<ref name=gaffney>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaffneyledger.com/news/2005-05-09/AP_News/151.html |title=In high demand, Air Force commandos must find new ways to cope with stress of duty &#124; www.gaffneyledger.com |publisher=Gaffney Ledger |date= |accessdate=2013-05-04}}</ref> <ref name=gaffney>{{cite web|url=http://www.gaffneyledger.com/news/2005-05-09/AP_News/151.html |title=In high demand, Air Force commandos must find new ways to cope with stress of duty &#124; www.gaffneyledger.com |publisher=Gaffney Ledger |date= |accessdate=2013-05-04}}</ref>
<ref name=SASR>{{cite web|author=Army |url=http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Special-Operations-Command/Special-Air-Service-Regiment |title=Special Air Service Regiment - Australian Army |publisher=Army.gov.au |date=1957-07-25 |accessdate=2013-05-04}}</ref> <ref name=SASR>{{cite web|author=Army |url=http://www.army.gov.au/Who-we-are/Divisions-and-Brigades/Special-Operations-Command/Special-Air-Service-Regiment |title=Special Air Service Regiment - Australian Army |publisher=Army.gov.au |date=1957-07-25 |accessdate=2013-05-04}}</ref>
<ref name=nyt>{{cite web|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/23/national/nationalspecial3/23code.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0 |title=Commandos Get Duty on U.S. Soil |publisher='']'' |author=Eric Schmitt |date=2005-01-23 |accessdate=2013-09-19}}</ref> <ref name=nyt>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/23/national/nationalspecial3/23code.html?pagewanted=print&_r=0 |title=Commandos Get Duty on U.S. Soil |publisher='']'' |author=Eric Schmitt |date=2005-01-23 |accessdate=2013-09-19}}</ref>
<ref name=wp>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A29414-2005Jan22.html |title=Secret Unit Expands Rumsfeld's Domain |publisher='']'' |date=2005-01-23 |accessdate=2013-09-19}}</ref> <ref name=wp>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A29414-2005Jan22.html |title=Secret Unit Expands Rumsfeld's Domain |publisher='']'' |date=2005-01-23 |accessdate=2013-09-19}}</ref>
<ref name=osprey>{{cite book |last=Neville |first=Leigh |title=Special Operations Forces in Afghanistan |year=2008 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1846033100 |page=8}}</ref> <ref name=osprey>{{cite book |last=Neville |first=Leigh |title=Special Operations Forces in Afghanistan |year=2008 |publisher=] |isbn=978-1846033100 |page=8}}</ref>
<ref name=jsotfo>{{cite web|url=https://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp3_05_01.pdf |title=Joint Special Operations Task Force Operations |date=26 April 2007 |accessdate=2013-09-19}}</ref> <ref name=jsotfo>{{cite web|url=https://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp3_05_01.pdf |title=Joint Special Operations Task Force Operations |date=26 April 2007 |accessdate=2013-09-19}}</ref>
<ref name=Smith>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Michael |title=Killer Elite: The Inside Story of America's Most Secret Special Operations Team |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NQ3GGvnbn2AC |accessdate=28 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |isbn=978-0312378264 |page=332}}</ref> <ref name=Smith>{{cite book |last=Smith |first=Michael |title=Killer Elite: The Inside Story of America's Most Secret Special Operations Team |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=NQ3GGvnbn2AC |accessdate=28 September 2013 |year=2008 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |isbn=978-0312378264 |page=332}}</ref>
<ref name=NYTsw>{{cite news |last=Emerson |first=Steven |title=Stymied Warriors |work=] |date=13 November 1988 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1988/11/13/magazine/stymied-warriors.html |accessdate=11 July 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=NYTsomblu>{{cite news |last=Mazzetti |first=Mark |authorlink=Mark Mazzetti |title=Pentagon Sees Move in Somalia as Blueprint |publisher=The New York Times |date=13 January 2007 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/13/world/africa/13proxy.html |accessdate =13 March 2008}}</ref>
<ref name=risen>
{{cite news |last=Risen |first=James |title=The World: Passing the Laugh Test; Pentagon Planners Give New Meaning to 'Over the Top' |work=] |date=20 September 1998 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/20/weekinreview/world-passing-laugh-test-pentagon-planners-give-new-meaning-over-top.html |accessdate =10 April 2008}}</ref>
<ref name=north>{{cite book|last=North|first=Oliver|title=American Heroes in Special Operations|year=2010|publisher=B&H Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8054-4712-5 |url= http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CODVISdxxssC&pg=PA9&dq=tier+one+special+forces&hl=en&ei=6Eq6TPrOBoKhOuWa2MQM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAg#v=snippet&q=jsoc&f=false}}</ref>
<ref name=Naylor1>{{cite news|last=Naylor|first=Sean D.|title=JSOC task force battles Haqqani militants |url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2010/09/army-haqqani-092010w/ |accessdate=16 May 2011|newspaper=Army Times|date=3 Sept 2010}}</ref>
<ref name=Naylor2>{{cite news|last=Naylor|first=Sean D.|title=McRaven Tapped to lead SOCOM |url=http://www.armytimes.com/news/2011/03/military-mcraven-picked-to-lead-socom-030111/|accessdate=15 May 2011 |newspaper=Army Times|date=1 March 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=Priest>Priest, Dana, and William M. Arkin, "", '']'', 4 September 2011.</ref>
<ref name=gs></ref>
<ref name=scarborough>{{cite news |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2004/mar/15/20040315-122940-5507r/ |title=Agencies unite to find bin Laden |work=] |author=Rowan Scarborough |date=15 March 2004 |accessdate=15 March 2009}}</ref>
<ref name=McNab>{{cite book|last=McNab|first=Chris|title=America's Elite: US Special Forces from the American Revolution to the Present Day|year=2013|publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1780962849 }}</ref>
<ref name=csm>{{cite web |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0724/p01s01-woiq.html |title=Anatomy of the raid on Hussein's sons |publisher=] |author=Ann Scott Tyson |date=24 July 2003 |accessdate=17 March 2009}}</ref><ref name=urban>Urban,Mark Task Force Black p.83</ref>
<ref name=blair>{{cite web|last=Blair |first=David |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/1436891/Saddams-sons-killed-in-raid.html |title=Saddam's sons killed in raid |publisher=Telegraph |date=2003-07-23 |accessdate=2013-09-30}}</ref><ref name=tyson>{{cite web|author=Ann Scott Tyson |url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2003/0724/p01s01-woiq.html |title=Anatomy of the raid on Hussein's sons |publisher=CSMonitor.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-30}}</ref>
<ref name="spymilitary">{{cite news|author=Siobhan Gorman |author2=Julian E. Barnes |title= Spy, Military Ties Aided bin Laden Raid |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704083904576334160172068344.html |newspaper=] |date=May 23, 2011 |accessdate=June 18, 2011}}</ref>
<ref name=atlantic>{{cite web|author=Marc Ambinder |url=http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2011/05/the-secret-team-that-killed-osama-bin-laden/238163/ |title=The Secret Team That Killed Osama bin Laden - Marc Ambinder |publisher=The Atlantic |date=2011-05-02 |accessdate=2013-09-30}}</ref>
<ref name=wp2>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/special/world/bin-laden-killed/ |title=Graphic: Osama bin Laden killed at compound in Pakistan |publisher=The Washington Post |date=2011-05-05 |accessdate=2013-09-30}}</ref>
⚫ <ref name=redstate>{{cite web|url=http://www.redstate.com/2012/09/06/no-easy-day-the-firsthand-account-of-the-mission-that-killed-osama-bin-laden/ |title=‘No Easy Day: The Firsthand Account of the Mission that Killed Osama bin Laden’ |publisher=RedState |date= |accessdate=2013-09-30}}</ref>
⚫ <ref name=prisonplanet>{{cite web|url=http://www.prisonplanet.com/special-operations-elite-and-the-osama-death-op.html |title=Special Operations Elite and the Osama Death Op |publisher=Prison Planet.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-30}}</ref>
}} }}


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The term Special Mission Unit (SMU), is used to describe some elite special operations forces around the world. The term has been applied to the Australian Defence Force's Special Air Service Regiment and four United States special operations forces units. Special mission units have been involved in high profile military operations such as the death of Osama Bin Laden and capture of Saddam Hussein.

United States

Emblem of Joint Special Operations Command

Special mission units are commanded and controlled by Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) of U.S. Special Operations Command (USSOCOM). In addition to performing highly classified activities the special mission units are also tasked with "special missions", sometimes referring to unconventional warfare, counter-terrorist activities, direct action, Special reconnaissance, and/or black operations. So far, only three SMUs have been publicly disclosed: The Army's 1st Special Forces Operational Detachment—Delta, the Navy's Naval Special Warfare Development Group (DEVGRU), and the Air Force's 24th Special Tactics Squadron. Units from the Army’s 75th Ranger Regiment and 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (160th SOAR) are controlled by JSOC when deployed as part of JSOC Task Forces such as Task Force 121 and Task Force 145.

The Intelligence Support Activity (ISA) is also under JSOC and has been referred to as a special mission unit. The ISA collects specific target intelligence prior to SMU missions, and provides signals support, etc. during those mission. The army once maintained the ISA, but after the September 11 attacks, the Pentagon shifted direct control to Joint Special Operations Command at Fort Bragg, NC.

Government definition and acknowledgement

The United States defines the term Special Mission Unit as "a generic term to to represent a group of operations and support personnel from designated organizations that is task-organized to perform highly classified activities."

The U.S. government does not acknowledge which units specifically are designated as special missions units, only that they have special mission units under U.S. Special Operations Command. In 1998 Under Secretary of Defense for Policy Walter B. Slocombe publicly referred to special mission units during a briefing to the Senate Armed Services Committee; "We have designated special-mission units that are specifically manned, equipped and trained to deal with a wide variety of transnational threats" and "These units, assigned to or under the operational control of the U.S. Special Operations Command, are focused primarily on those special operations and supporting functions that combat terrorism and actively counter terrorist use of weapons of mass destruction (WMD). These units are on alert every day of the year and have worked extensively with their interagency counterparts."

Australia

Australia's SMU, the Special Air Service Regiment, is tasked to provide special operations capabilities in support of the Australian Defence Force. It is a component of Australia's Special Operations Command (SOCOMD). This includes providing unique capabilities to support sensitive strategic operations, special recovery operations, training assistance, special reconnaissance and precision strike and direct action.

The SASR currently has four sabre squadrons, known as 1, 2, 3 and 4 Squadron. These squadrons rotate through the two roles performed by the SAS. One squadron conducts the counter terrorism/special recovery (CT/SR) role, and the remaining squadrons conduct the warfighting/reconnaissance role.

Notable operations

An Iraqi-American military interpreter pictured with Saddam shortly after his capture

During the Iraq War United States' Task Force 121 was involved in Operation Red Dawn which led to the capture of Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein on December 13, 2003. Earlier that year on July 22, 2003 Task Force 20, led by Delta Force operators and supported by the 101st Airborne Division, were involved in a three hour firefight in Mosul, Iraq where both of Saddam's sons, Qusay and Uday were killed.

On May 2, 2011 Osama Bin Laden was killed in a CIA-led operation where U.S. Navy SEALs from DEVGRU's Red Squadron were flown into Abottabad, Pakistan by elements of 160th SOAR from Jalalabad, Afghanistan.

References

  1. Bennet (2001), p. 189.
  2. Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC) - Special Mission Units http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/dod/jsoc.htm
  3. Emerson, Steven (13 November 1988). "Stymied Warriors". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 July 2011.
  4. Mazzetti, Mark (13 January 2007). "Pentagon Sees Move in Somalia as Blueprint". The New York Times. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  5. Risen, James (20 September 1998). "The World: Passing the Laugh Test; Pentagon Planners Give New Meaning to 'Over the Top'". The New York Times. Retrieved 10 April 2008.
  6. North, Oliver (2010). American Heroes in Special Operations. B&H Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8054-4712-5.
  7. ^ "The most secret of secret units". The Week. 2013-03-22. Retrieved 2013-09-10.
  8. ^ Eric Schmitt (2005-01-23). "Commandos Get Duty on U.S. Soil". New York Times. Retrieved 2013-09-19. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  9. ^ "Secret Unit Expands Rumsfeld's Domain". The Washington Post. 2005-01-23. Retrieved 2013-09-19. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  10. ^ Neville, Leigh (2008). Special Operations Forces in Afghanistan. Osprey Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-1846033100.
  11. Smith, Michael (2008). Killer Elite: The Inside Story of America's Most Secret Special Operations Team. St. Martin's Griffin. p. 332. ISBN 978-0312378264. Retrieved 28 September 2013.
  12. "In high demand, Air Force commandos must find new ways to cope with stress of duty | www.gaffneyledger.com". Gaffney Ledger. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
  13. Naylor, Sean D. (3 Sept 2010). "JSOC task force battles Haqqani militants". Army Times. Retrieved 16 May 2011. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  14. Naylor, Sean D. (1 March 2011). "McRaven Tapped to lead SOCOM". Army Times. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
  15. Priest, Dana, and William M. Arkin, "‘Top Secret America’: A look at the military’s Joint Special Operations Command", Washington Post, 4 September 2011.
  16. McNab, Chris (2013). America's Elite: US Special Forces from the American Revolution to the Present Day. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1780962849.
  17. GlobalSecurity.org JSOC entry
  18. Rowan Scarborough (15 March 2004). "Agencies unite to find bin Laden". Washington Times. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
  19. "Joint Special Operations Task Force Operations" (PDF). 26 April 2007. Retrieved 2013-09-19.
  20. Army (1957-07-25). "Special Air Service Regiment - Australian Army". Army.gov.au. Retrieved 2013-05-04.
  21. Lee (2007), p.95.
  22. Ann Scott Tyson (24 July 2003). "Anatomy of the raid on Hussein's sons". Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved 17 March 2009.
  23. Urban,Mark Task Force Black p.83
  24. Blair, David (2003-07-23). "Saddam's sons killed in raid". Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
  25. Ann Scott Tyson. "Anatomy of the raid on Hussein's sons". CSMonitor.com. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
  26. Siobhan Gorman; Julian E. Barnes (May 23, 2011). "Spy, Military Ties Aided bin Laden Raid". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved June 18, 2011.
  27. Marc Ambinder (2011-05-02). "The Secret Team That Killed Osama bin Laden - Marc Ambinder". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
  28. "Graphic: Osama bin Laden killed at compound in Pakistan". The Washington Post. 2011-05-05. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
  29. "'No Easy Day: The Firsthand Account of the Mission that Killed Osama bin Laden'". RedState. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
  30. "Special Operations Elite and the Osama Death Op". Prison Planet.com. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
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