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| ==Career== | ==Career== | ||
| Jayapala is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the ] in the modern-day eastern ] and ] region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of ] both in the reign of ] and in that of his son ], which initiated the ] Ghaznavid and ] Shahi struggles.<ref name="Lewis">{{Citation | title=The Cambridge history of Islam | author=P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, ] | year=1977 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29137-2 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=5ccI0u5XDR0C | page=3 | quote=''... Jaypala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna, but was defeated ...''}}</ref> Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity.<ref name="Lewis"/> Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more.<ref name="Lewis"/> Jayapala lost control of the entire region between the ] and ].<ref name="Ferishta"/> | Jayapala is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the ] in the modern-day eastern ] and ] region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of ] both in the reign of ] and in that of his son ], which initiated the ] Ghaznavid and ] Shahi struggles.<ref name="Lewis">{{Citation | title=The Cambridge history of Islam | author=P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, ] | year=1977 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=0-521-29137-2 | url=http://books.google.com/?id=5ccI0u5XDR0C | page=3 | quote=''... Jaypala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna, but was defeated ...''}}</ref> Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity.<ref name="Lewis"/> Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more.<ref name="Lewis"/> In the battle for Kubha (Kabul) in 980 C.E., the Muslims defeated the Hindus by deceit. The Muslims advanced secretly by muffling the sounds of their horses by covering the hooves of their horses with felt and cloth. Dressed in black clothes, the Muslims almost reached the Hindu camps at 2 a.m. at night as they knew that the Hindus did not fight from Sunset up to Sunrise. After the Hindus retired for the night, the Muslim got busy preparing for a night assault. While the Hindu army was in deep slumber, except for a few scouts, the Muslim army attacked by taking cover of the dark and stormy night. The storm entirely camouflaged the advance of the Muslims as they stealthily crept towards the Hindu camp, after crossing the few hillocks that separated the two camps. The entire Hindu army was caught unawares, but they still put up a stiff fight against their treacherous and beastly adversaries. The battle continued till past dawn, but the Hindu army had been overpowered, tricked as it had been to give the advantage of surprise to the Muslims. By late morning, the remnants of the Hindu army retreated back to their capital Kubha (Kabul), with the Muslims in hot pursuit. The Muslims soon occupied Kabul and continued to push the Hindus eastwards. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA122&dq=Hindu+Shahi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vvXaUtPJC8iihgfc9IDoCQ&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA |title=Hindu Shahi |website=http://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA122&dq=Hindu+Shahi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vvXaUtPJC8iihgfc9IDoCQ&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA |accessdate=24 January 2014}}</ref> Defeated again, Jayapala lost control of the entire region between the ] and ].<ref name="Ferishta"/> | ||
| Before his struggle began Jaipal |
Before his struggle began Jaipal had raised a great army of Indians which included ]. When Jaipal went to the ], his army was raised to 100,000 horsemen and an innumerable host of foot soldiers. According to ]: {{quote|"The two armies having met on the confines of ], ] ascended a hill to view the forces of Jeipal, which appeared in extent like the boundless ocean, and in number like the ants or the locusts of the wilderness. But Subooktugeen considered himself as a wolf about to attack a flock of sheep: calling, therefore, his chiefs together, he encouraged them to glory, and issued to each his commands. His soldiers, though few in number, were divided into squadrons of five hundred men each, which were directed to attack successively, one particular point of the Hindoo line, so that it might continually have to encounter fresh troops."<ref name="Ferishta"/>}} | ||
| However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western invaders, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni.<ref name="Ferishta"/> In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the ]s north of the ], Jaipal ] once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day ], committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.<ref name="Ferishta"/><ref name="Lewis"/> | However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western invaders, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni.<ref name="Ferishta"/> In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the ]s north of the ], Jaipal ] once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day ], committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.<ref name="Ferishta"/><ref name="Lewis"/> | ||
Revision as of 17:18, 24 January 2014
Jayapala Janjua Shahi, or simply Jaipal, was ruler of the Kabul Shahi dynasty from 964 to 1001 CE. His kingdom stretched from Laghman to Kashmir and Surhind to Multan, with Peshawar being in the center. He was the son of Hutpal and the father of Anandapala. Jayapala succeeded the last Brahman Shahi king Bhimadeva in about 964 CE, and thus began the Janjua phase of Shahiya dynasties. Epithets from the Bari Kot inscriptions record his full title as "Parambhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Paramesvara Sri Jayapala Deva" the first emperor of the Janjua Shahi phase.
Career
Jayapala is known for his struggles in defending his kingdom against the Ghaznavids in the modern-day eastern Afghanistan and Pakistan region. Jayapala saw a danger in the consolidation of the Ghaznavids and invaded their capital city of Ghazni both in the reign of Sebuktigin and in that of his son Mahmud, which initiated the Muslim Ghaznavid and Hindu Shahi struggles. Sebuk Tigin, however, defeated him, and he was forced to pay an indemnity. Jayapala defaulted on the payment and took to the battlefield once more. In the battle for Kubha (Kabul) in 980 C.E., the Muslims defeated the Hindus by deceit. The Muslims advanced secretly by muffling the sounds of their horses by covering the hooves of their horses with felt and cloth. Dressed in black clothes, the Muslims almost reached the Hindu camps at 2 a.m. at night as they knew that the Hindus did not fight from Sunset up to Sunrise. After the Hindus retired for the night, the Muslim got busy preparing for a night assault. While the Hindu army was in deep slumber, except for a few scouts, the Muslim army attacked by taking cover of the dark and stormy night. The storm entirely camouflaged the advance of the Muslims as they stealthily crept towards the Hindu camp, after crossing the few hillocks that separated the two camps. The entire Hindu army was caught unawares, but they still put up a stiff fight against their treacherous and beastly adversaries. The battle continued till past dawn, but the Hindu army had been overpowered, tricked as it had been to give the advantage of surprise to the Muslims. By late morning, the remnants of the Hindu army retreated back to their capital Kubha (Kabul), with the Muslims in hot pursuit. The Muslims soon occupied Kabul and continued to push the Hindus eastwards. Defeated again, Jayapala lost control of the entire region between the Kabul Valley and Indus River.
Before his struggle began Jaipal had raised a great army of Indians which included Rajputs. When Jaipal went to the Punjab region, his army was raised to 100,000 horsemen and an innumerable host of foot soldiers. According to Ferishta:
"The two armies having met on the confines of Lumghan, Subooktugeen ascended a hill to view the forces of Jeipal, which appeared in extent like the boundless ocean, and in number like the ants or the locusts of the wilderness. But Subooktugeen considered himself as a wolf about to attack a flock of sheep: calling, therefore, his chiefs together, he encouraged them to glory, and issued to each his commands. His soldiers, though few in number, were divided into squadrons of five hundred men each, which were directed to attack successively, one particular point of the Hindoo line, so that it might continually have to encounter fresh troops."
However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western invaders, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day Peshawar, committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.
Succession
Jayapala was succeeded by his son Anandapala, who along with other succeeding generations of the Shahiya dynasty took part in various unsuccessful campaigns against the advancing Ghaznvids but were unsuccessful. The Hindu rulers eventually exiled to Kashmir Siwalik Hills.
See also
References
- ^ "AMEER NASIR-OOD-DEEN SUBOOKTUGEEN". Ferishta, History of the Rise of Mohammedan Power in India, Volume 1: Section 15. Packard Humanities Institute. Retrieved 2012-12-30.
- ^ P. M. Holt, Ann K. S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis (1977), The Cambridge history of Islam, Cambridge University Press, p. 3, ISBN 0-521-29137-2,
... Jaypala of Waihind saw danger in the consolidation of the kingdom of Ghazna and decided to destroy it. He therefore invaded Ghazna, but was defeated ...
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - "Hindu Shahi". http://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC&pg=PA122&dq=Hindu+Shahi&hl=en&sa=X&ei=vvXaUtPJC8iihgfc9IDoCQ&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA. Retrieved 24 January 2014.
{{cite web}}: External link in|website=
Other sources
- Ram Gopal Misra, Indian Resistance to Early Muslim Invaders Up to 1206 A.D., Anu Books, Shivaji Road, Meerut city, 1983. The book has been reprinted in 1992.
- Sita Ram Goel: Heroic Hindu Resistance to Muslim Invaders, 2001.