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==History== ==History==
{{seealso|Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin}}
Little Indias across the world represent a diaspora of non-resident Indians (NRI) ({{lang-hi|'''प्रवासी भारतीय'''}}, ''Pravāsī Bhāratīya'') who are ] who holds an Indian ] and has temporarily ] to another country for six months or more for employment, residence, education or any other purpose.

A '''person of Indian origin''' ('''PIO''') is a person of Indian origin or ancestry who was or whose ancestors were born in India or nations with Indian ancestry but is not a citizen of India and is the citizen of another country. A PIO might have been a citizen of India and subsequently taken the citizenship of another country.

Other terms with vaguely the same meaning are '''overseas Indian''' and '''expatriate Indian'''. In common usage, this often includes Indian-born individuals (and also people of other nations with Indian ancestry) who have taken the citizenship of other countries.

According to the ], India has the second largest diaspora in the world after ]. The overseas Indian community estimated at over 25 million is spread across every major region in the world.<ref name="moia">{{cite web|url=http://moia.gov.in/accessories.aspx?aid=10|title=India and its Diaspora|date=2012-10-18|publisher=Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs|accessdate=2012-09-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Health-care-fails-to-reach-migrants/Article1-632918.aspx|title=Health care fails to reach migrants|date=1 December 2010|publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The most significant historical emigration from India was that of the ], traditionally known by the term "Gypsies".<ref></ref> Linguistic and genetic evidence indicates the Romani originated from the ], emigrating from ] towards the northwest no earlier than the 11th century. The Romani are generally believed to have originated in central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of ], migrating to northwest India (the ]) around 250 B.C.

Another major emigration from the subcontinent was to ]. There is possibility that the first wave of Indians migration towards Southeast Asia happened when the Asoka's invasion towards Kalinga and ]'s expedition towards the South.<ref>{{cite book|first=Balaji|last=Sadasivan|title=The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India|pages=135–136|isbn=978-9814311670}}</ref> It followed by early interaction of Indian traders and, after mid-first millennium A.D., by some import of members of the ] social ]. This resulted in the establishment of the so-called ] in Southeast Asia. The ], who were known for their naval power, conquered ] and ]. The influence of Indian culture is still strongly felt in Southeast Asia, for example with the royal Brahmins of Thailand (rajkru), or especially in ] (in ]). In such cases, it is not reasonable to apply the label 'PIO' to the descendants of emigrants from several centuries back. Intermixture has been so great as to negate the value of such nomenclature in this context.

After the 1970s oil boom in the ], numerous Indians emigrated to work in the Gulf countries. With modern transportation and expectations, this was on a contractual basis rather than permanent as in the 19th century cases. These Gulf countries have a common policy of not naturalizing non-Arabs, even if they are born there.

The 1990s IT boom and rising economy in the ] attracted numerous Indians who emigrated to the United States of America. Today, the USA has the third largest number of Indians. Also, as per ] Institute for Statistics the number of Indian students abroad tripled from 51,000 in 1999 to over 153,000 in 2007, making India second after China among the world’s largest sending countries for tertiary students.

==Characteristics==
===Indian cuisine===
{{main|Indian cuisine}}
Most Little Indias are known for their ]s, which encompass foods from a wide variety of regional cuisines native to ]. Given the range of diversity in soil type, climate and occupations, these cuisines vary significantly from each other and use locally available ]s, ]s, ] and ]s. Indian food is also heavily influenced by religious and cultural choices and traditions.

The development of these cuisines have been shaped by ] beliefs, and in particular by ], which is a growing dietary trend in Indian society.<ref name="Dias1996">{{cite book|author=Dias|title=Steward, The|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=SRx9I2BqSpMC&pg=PA215|accessdate=29 June 2012|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-0325-0|page=215}}</ref> There has also been Central Asian influence on North Indian cuisine from the years of ] rule.<ref name="GestelandGesteland2010">{{cite book|last1=Gesteland|first1=Richard R.|last2=Gesteland|first2=Mary C.|title=India: Cross-cultural Business Behavior : for Business People, Expatriates and Scholars|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=tXqDRS4IN1IC|accessdate=29 June 2012|date=23 February 2010|publisher=Copenhagen Business School Press DK|isbn=978-87-630-0222-6|page=176}}</ref> Indian cuisine has been and is still evolving, as a result of the nation's cultural interactions with other societies.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thestar.com/article/300969 |title=The story of desi cuisine: Timeless desi dishes |work=] |date=7 February 2008 |first1=Sanjeev |last1=Chandra |first2=Smita |last2=Chandra}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianfoodsco.com/Classes/CulinayHistory.htm |title=Indian food– Indian Cuisine of india vernon – its history, origins and influences |publisher=Indianfoodsco.com |accessdate=23 June 2009}}</ref>

Historical incidents such as foreign invasions, trade relations and colonialism have also played a role in introducing certain foods to the country. For instance, ], a staple of Indian diet was brought to India by the Portuguese, who also introduced chillies and breadfruit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/seta/2008/10/16/stories/2008101650731500.htm |work=The Hindu |accessdate=26 June 2012 |title=Potato: historically important vegetable |date=16 October 2008 |author=D Balasubramanian |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Indian cuisine has also shaped the history of ]; the ] between India and ] is often cited by historians as the primary catalyst for Europe's ].<ref name="cornillez1999">{{cite web |url=http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Spice_Trade.html |title=The History of the Spice Trade in India |first=Louise Marie M. |last=Cornillez|date=Spring 1999}}</ref> Spices were bought from India and traded around Europe and Asia. It has also influenced other cuisines across the world, especially those from ], the ] and the ].<ref name="vegvoyages.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.vegvoyages.com/food.htm |title=Nasi, Kari, Biryani & Mee |publisher=Veg Voyages |accessdate=23 June 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asiafood.org/features_dietary_culture4.cfm |title=Asia Food Features |publisher=Asiafood.org |accessdate=23 June 2009}}</ref>

===Hindi language===
{{main|Hindi}}
Many Little Indias employ signage that can sometimes be seen in written ]. As with many Asian languages, different dialects of Hindi can often be heard even within one established Little India. Hindi ({{lang|hi|]}}), or more precisely "Modern Standard Hindi" (मानक हिन्दी), is a ] and ]ised ] of the ]. Hindustani is the native language of people living in ], ], ], ], ], ] and parts of ].<ref>{{ELL2|Hindi}}</ref> Hindi is one of the ] of India.

Standard Hindi is ] with the other standardized register of Hindustani, ], which is associated with the North Indian Muslim community.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}} The two standards are nearly identical in structure and grammar. Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialised contexts, which rely on educated vocabulary drawn from different sources; Hindi drawing its specialised vocabulary from ], whilst Urdu does so from ] and ]. In their colloquial forms, the two varieties are nearly indistinguishable.

People who identify as ] of "Hindi" include not only Hindu speakers of Hindustani, but also many speakers of ] who consider their speech to be a dialect of Hindi. In the 2001 Indian census, 258 million (25,80,00,000) people in India reported Hindi to be their native language;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Data by speakers of language |publisher=Census of India |year=2001 |accessdate=18 February 2013}}</ref> as of 2009, the best figure ''Ethnologue'' could find for speakers of actual Hindustani Hindi (effectively the ] less ]) was a figure of 180 million in 1991.<ref name="e16"/> This makes Hindi approximately the sixth-most-widely spoken in the world.

===Hinduism and Hindu festivals===
{{main|Hinduism|List of Hindu festivals}}
Many Little Indias are evidenced by the presence of Hindu festivals and the presence of ] as practiced in the country of ] itself, where it is the dominant ]{{refn|group=note|Hinduism is variously defined as a "religion", "set of religious beliefs and practices", "religious tradition" etc. For a discussion on the topic, see: "Establishing the boundaries" in ] 2008 (2003), pp. 1-17.{{sfn|Flood|2008|p=1-17}}}} of the ], particularly of ] and ], which consists of ]. It includes ], ] and ]{{sfn|Nath|2001|p=31}} among numerous ], and a wide spectrum of ] of "daily morality" based on ], ], and societal norms. Hinduism is a categorisation of distinct intellectual or philosophical points of view, rather than a rigid, common set of beliefs.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Alone in Unity: Torments of an Iraqi God-Seeker in North America|first=Faris|last=Georgis|publisher=Dorrance Publishing|year=2010|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=vFZrxLjtiI8C&pg=PA62|page=62|isbn=1-4349-0951-4}}</ref>

Hinduism has been called the "]" in the world,{{refn|group=note|See:
*"Oldest religion":
** Fowler: "probably the oldest religion in the world"{{sfn|Fowler|1997|p=1}}
** Gellman & Hartman: "Hinduism, the world's oldest religion"{{sfn|Gellman|2011}}
** Stevens: "Hinduism, the oldest religion in the world",{{sfn|Stevens|2001|p=191}}
* The "]"{{sfn|Sarma|1953}}
* The "oldest living major religion" in the world.{{sfn|Merriam-Webster|2000|p=751}}{{sfn|Klostermaier|2007|p=1}}
** Laderman: "world's oldest living civilisation and religion"{{sfn|Laderman|2003|p=119}}
** Turner: "It is also recognized as the oldest major religion in the world"{{sfn|Turner|1996-B|p=359}}
Smart, on the other hand, calls it also one of the youngest religions: "Hinduism could be seen to be much more recent, though with various ancient roots: in a sense it was formed in the late 19th Century and early 20th Century."{{sfn|Smart|1993|p=1}} See also:
* ], ], ], ] for some of the oldest forms of religion
* ] and ], Indian Tribal religions connected to the earliest migrations into India
* ], one of the oldest surviving religions in the world.}} and many practitioners refer to Hinduism as '']}}'', "the eternal ]" or the "eternal way"<ref name = san /><ref name="Harvey" />{{sfn|Knott|1998|p=5}} beyond human origins.{{sfn|Knott|1998|p=5}} It prescribes the "eternal" duties all Hindus have to follow, regardless of class, caste, or sect, such as honesty, purity, and self-restraint.<ref group=web name="EB-sanatana dharma" />

Western scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=50}}{{refn|group=note|name=Lockard}} or synthesis{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}{{refn|group=note|name="Hiltebeitel-synthesis"}}{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=193}} of various Indian cultures and traditions,{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=16}}{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=50}}{{refn|group=note|name=fusion}} with diverse roots{{sfn|Narayanan|2009|p=11}} and no single founder.{{sfn|Osborne|2005|p=9}} Among its roots are the ]{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=16}} of the late ] and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans,{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=48-53}} but also the religions of the Indus Valley Civilisation,{{sfn|Narayanan|2009|p=11}}{{sfn|Lockard|2007|p=52}}{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=3}}{{sfn|Jones|2006|p=xviii}} the ]{{sfn|Gomez|2013|p=42}} or renouncer traditions{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=16}} of ],{{sfn|Gomez|2013|p=42}} and "popular or ]".{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=16}} This "Hindu synthesis" emerged around the beginning of the Common Era,{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Larson|2009}}{{refn|group=note|After the Vedic period, around the beginning of the Common Era,{{refn|group=note|Between 500{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}-200{{sfn|Larson|2009}} BCE and c. 300 CE,{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}} at the beginning of the "Epic and Puranic" c.q. "Preclassical" period.}} the "Hindu synthesis" emerged,{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=12}}{{sfn|Larson|2009}} which incorporated shramanic{{sfn|Larson|2009}}{{sfn|Fuller|2004|p=88}} and Buddhist influences{{sfn|Larson|2009}}{{sfn|Cousins|2010}} and the emerging ''bhakti'' tradition into the Brahmanical fold.{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2007|p=13}}<br/>
<br/>During the Gupta reign the first Puranas were written,{{sfn|Nath|2001|p=19}}{{refn|group=note|name="Puranas-date"|The date of the production of the written texts does not define the date of origin of the Puranas;{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=247}} they may have existed in some oral form before being written down.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=247}}}} which were used to disseminate "mainstream religious ideology amongst pre-literate and tribal groups undergoing acculturation."{{sfn|Nath|2001|p=19}} The resulting Puranic Hinduism differed markedly from the earlier Brahmanism of the Dharmasastras and the ''smritis''.{{sfn|Nath|2001|p=19}}{{refn|group=note|name="Michaels-legacy"}}}} and co-existed for several centuries with Buddhism,{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=193-228}} to finally gain the upper hand in most royal circles during the 8th century CE.{{sfn|Raju|1992|p=31}}{{refn|group=note|name="Inden"}}<ref group=web name="Oslo-Mauryan"></ref>{{refn|group=note|name="Mahadana"}}

From northern India this "Hindu synthesis", and its societal divisions, spread to southern India and ].{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=193-228, 339-353, specifically p.76-79 and p.199}}{{refn|group=note|name="Samuel-northsouth"}}{{sfn|Larson|1995|p=81}}{{refn|group=note|name="Larson-NorthSouth"}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=129}}{{refn|group=note|name="Flood-NorthSouth"}} It was aided by the settlement of Brahmins on land granted by local rulers,{{sfn|Samuel|2010|p=77}}{{sfn|Nath|2001}} the incorporation and assimilation of popular non-Vedic gods,<ref name="EBHinbduism6" />{{sfn|Nath|2001|p=31-34}}{{refn|group=note|name="pantheon explosion"}} and the process of ], in which "people from many strata of society throughout the subcontinent tended to adapt their religious and social life to Brahmanic norms".<ref name="EBHinbduism6" />{{refn|group=note|name="Sanskritization"}}{{sfn|Flood|1996|p=128, 129, 148}}





==Locations== ==Locations==

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Template:Asian Enclaves

India Square in Jersey City, New Jersey, USA, is one of at least 20 Indian American enclaves characterized as a Little India which have emerged within the New York City Metropolitan Area, with the largest metropolitan Indian population outside Asia, as large-scale immigration from India continues into New York.

Little India is an ethnic enclave containing a large population of Indian people within a society where the majority of people are either not South Asians or where the majority in the enclave are indigenous to states in the country of India within a South Asian society not identifying as Indian. It may also refer to an area with a high concentration of South Asian shops and restaurants.

History

See also: Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin

Little Indias across the world represent a diaspora of non-resident Indians (NRI) (Template:Lang-hi, Pravāsī Bhāratīya) who are citizens of India who holds an Indian passport and has temporarily emigrated to another country for six months or more for employment, residence, education or any other purpose.

A person of Indian origin (PIO) is a person of Indian origin or ancestry who was or whose ancestors were born in India or nations with Indian ancestry but is not a citizen of India and is the citizen of another country. A PIO might have been a citizen of India and subsequently taken the citizenship of another country.

Other terms with vaguely the same meaning are overseas Indian and expatriate Indian. In common usage, this often includes Indian-born individuals (and also people of other nations with Indian ancestry) who have taken the citizenship of other countries.

According to the Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs, India has the second largest diaspora in the world after overseas Chinese. The overseas Indian community estimated at over 25 million is spread across every major region in the world.

The most significant historical emigration from India was that of the Romani people, traditionally known by the term "Gypsies". Linguistic and genetic evidence indicates the Romani originated from the Indian subcontinent, emigrating from India towards the northwest no earlier than the 11th century. The Romani are generally believed to have originated in central India, possibly in the modern Indian state of Rajasthan, migrating to northwest India (the Punjab region) around 250 B.C.

Another major emigration from the subcontinent was to Southeast Asia. There is possibility that the first wave of Indians migration towards Southeast Asia happened when the Asoka's invasion towards Kalinga and Samudragupta's expedition towards the South. It followed by early interaction of Indian traders and, after mid-first millennium A.D., by some import of members of the Brahmin social caste. This resulted in the establishment of the so-called Indianized kingdoms in Southeast Asia. The Cholas, who were known for their naval power, conquered Sumatra and Malay Peninsula. The influence of Indian culture is still strongly felt in Southeast Asia, for example with the royal Brahmins of Thailand (rajkru), or especially in Bali (in Indonesia). In such cases, it is not reasonable to apply the label 'PIO' to the descendants of emigrants from several centuries back. Intermixture has been so great as to negate the value of such nomenclature in this context.

After the 1970s oil boom in the Middle East, numerous Indians emigrated to work in the Gulf countries. With modern transportation and expectations, this was on a contractual basis rather than permanent as in the 19th century cases. These Gulf countries have a common policy of not naturalizing non-Arabs, even if they are born there.

The 1990s IT boom and rising economy in the USA attracted numerous Indians who emigrated to the United States of America. Today, the USA has the third largest number of Indians. Also, as per UNESCO Institute for Statistics the number of Indian students abroad tripled from 51,000 in 1999 to over 153,000 in 2007, making India second after China among the world’s largest sending countries for tertiary students.

Characteristics

Indian cuisine

Main article: Indian cuisine

Most Little Indias are known for their Indian cuisines, which encompass foods from a wide variety of regional cuisines native to India. Given the range of diversity in soil type, climate and occupations, these cuisines vary significantly from each other and use locally available spices, herbs, vegetables and fruits. Indian food is also heavily influenced by religious and cultural choices and traditions.

The development of these cuisines have been shaped by Dharmic beliefs, and in particular by vegetarianism, which is a growing dietary trend in Indian society. There has also been Central Asian influence on North Indian cuisine from the years of Mughal rule. Indian cuisine has been and is still evolving, as a result of the nation's cultural interactions with other societies.

Historical incidents such as foreign invasions, trade relations and colonialism have also played a role in introducing certain foods to the country. For instance, potato, a staple of Indian diet was brought to India by the Portuguese, who also introduced chillies and breadfruit. Indian cuisine has also shaped the history of international relations; the spice trade between India and Europe is often cited by historians as the primary catalyst for Europe's Age of Discovery. Spices were bought from India and traded around Europe and Asia. It has also influenced other cuisines across the world, especially those from Southeast Asia, the British Isles and the Caribbean.

Hindi language

Main article: Hindi

Many Little Indias employ signage that can sometimes be seen in written Hindi. As with many Asian languages, different dialects of Hindi can often be heard even within one established Little India. Hindi (हिन्दी), or more precisely "Modern Standard Hindi" (मानक हिन्दी), is a standardised and Sanskritised register of the Hindustani language. Hindustani is the native language of people living in Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan. Hindi is one of the official languages of India.

Standard Hindi is mutually intelligible with the other standardized register of Hindustani, Urdu, which is associated with the North Indian Muslim community. The two standards are nearly identical in structure and grammar. Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialised contexts, which rely on educated vocabulary drawn from different sources; Hindi drawing its specialised vocabulary from Sanskrit, whilst Urdu does so from Persian and Arabic. In their colloquial forms, the two varieties are nearly indistinguishable.

People who identify as native speakers of "Hindi" include not only Hindu speakers of Hindustani, but also many speakers of related languages who consider their speech to be a dialect of Hindi. In the 2001 Indian census, 258 million (25,80,00,000) people in India reported Hindi to be their native language; as of 2009, the best figure Ethnologue could find for speakers of actual Hindustani Hindi (effectively the Khariboli dialect less Urdu) was a figure of 180 million in 1991. This makes Hindi approximately the sixth-most-widely spoken in the world.

Hinduism and Hindu festivals

Main articles: Hinduism and List of Hindu festivals

Many Little Indias are evidenced by the presence of Hindu festivals and the presence of Hinduism as practiced in the country of India itself, where it is the dominant religion of the Indian subcontinent, particularly of India and Nepal, which consists of many diverse traditions. It includes Shaivism, Vaishnavism and Shaktism among numerous other traditions, and a wide spectrum of laws and prescriptions of "daily morality" based on karma, dharma, and societal norms. Hinduism is a categorisation of distinct intellectual or philosophical points of view, rather than a rigid, common set of beliefs.

Hinduism has been called the "oldest religion" in the world, and many practitioners refer to Hinduism as Sanātana Dharma, "the eternal law" or the "eternal way" beyond human origins. It prescribes the "eternal" duties all Hindus have to follow, regardless of class, caste, or sect, such as honesty, purity, and self-restraint.

Western scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no single founder. Among its roots are the Vedic religion of the late Vedic period and its emphasis on the status of Brahmans, but also the religions of the Indus Valley Civilisation, the Sramana or renouncer traditions of north-east India, and "popular or local traditions". This "Hindu synthesis" emerged around the beginning of the Common Era, and co-existed for several centuries with Buddhism, to finally gain the upper hand in most royal circles during the 8th century CE.

From northern India this "Hindu synthesis", and its societal divisions, spread to southern India and parts of Southeast Asia. It was aided by the settlement of Brahmins on land granted by local rulers, the incorporation and assimilation of popular non-Vedic gods, and the process of Sanskritisation, in which "people from many strata of society throughout the subcontinent tended to adapt their religious and social life to Brahmanic norms".



Locations

Africa

South Africa

Tanzania

Americas

Canada

Alberta
British Columbia
Manitoba
Ontario
Quebec

United States

Arizona
  • East Apache Boulevard, Tempe
California
Connecticut
Florida
Georgia
Illinois
Chicago's Little India on Devon Avenue
Indiana
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Texas
Mahatma Gandhi District in Houston
Virginia

Asia

China

Indonesia

Japan

Malaysia

Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur

Myanmar

Philippines

Saudi Arabia

Singapore

Thailand

United Arab Emirates

In the UAE, Indians constitute more than 40% of the population. Here are some areas with a comparatively larger concentration of Indians.

Europe

France

Germany

  • Frankfurt, on the corner of Münchner and Weser street.

Spain

The Netherlands

  • The Hague, Paul Krügerlaan, Transvaal (shopping street)

United Kingdom

Australasia

Australia

New South Wales
Queensland
South Australia
Victoria

New Zealand

References

  1. "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2012 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  2. "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2011 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  3. "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2010 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  4. "Yearbook of Immigration Statistics: 2009 Supplemental Table 2". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Retrieved 2013-05-26.
  5. "India and its Diaspora". Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs. 2012-10-18. Retrieved 2012-09-12.
  6. "Health care fails to reach migrants". Hindustan Times. 1 December 2010.
  7. The History and Origin of the Roma
  8. Sadasivan, Balaji. The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India. pp. 135–136. ISBN 978-9814311670.
  9. Dias (1 January 1996). Steward, The. Orient Blackswan. p. 215. ISBN 978-81-250-0325-0. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  10. Gesteland, Richard R.; Gesteland, Mary C. (23 February 2010). India: Cross-cultural Business Behavior : for Business People, Expatriates and Scholars. Copenhagen Business School Press DK. p. 176. ISBN 978-87-630-0222-6. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  11. Chandra, Sanjeev; Chandra, Smita (7 February 2008). "The story of desi cuisine: Timeless desi dishes". Toronto Star.
  12. "Indian food– Indian Cuisine of india vernon – its history, origins and influences". Indianfoodsco.com. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  13. D Balasubramanian (16 October 2008). "Potato: historically important vegetable". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
  14. Cornillez, Louise Marie M. (Spring 1999). "The History of the Spice Trade in India".
  15. "Nasi, Kari, Biryani & Mee". Veg Voyages. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  16. "Asia Food Features". Asiafood.org. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
  17. Hindi (2005). Keith Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics (2 ed.). Elsevier. ISBN 0-08-044299-4.
  18. "Data by speakers of language". Census of India. 2001. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  19. Cite error: The named reference e16 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. Flood 2008, p. 1-17. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFlood2008 (help)
  21. Nath 2001, p. 31. sfn error: no target: CITEREFNath2001 (help)
  22. Georgis, Faris (2010). Alone in Unity: Torments of an Iraqi God-Seeker in North America. Dorrance Publishing. p. 62. ISBN 1-4349-0951-4.
  23. Fowler 1997, p. 1. sfn error: no target: CITEREFFowler1997 (help)
  24. Gellman 2011. sfn error: no target: CITEREFGellman2011 (help)
  25. Stevens 2001, p. 191. sfn error: no target: CITEREFStevens2001 (help)
  26. Sarma 1953. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSarma1953 (help)
  27. Merriam-Webster 2000, p. 751. sfn error: no target: CITEREFMerriam-Webster2000 (help)
  28. Klostermaier 2007, p. 1. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKlostermaier2007 (help)
  29. Laderman 2003, p. 119. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLaderman2003 (help)
  30. Turner & 1996-B, p. 359. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTurner1996-B (help)
  31. Smart 1993, p. 1. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSmart1993 (help)
  32. Cite error: The named reference san was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  33. Cite error: The named reference Harvey was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  34. ^ Knott 1998, p. 5. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKnott1998 (help)
  35. ^ Lockard 2007, p. 50. sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockard2007 (help)
  36. ^ Hiltebeitel 2007, p. 12. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHiltebeitel2007 (help)
  37. Samuel 2010, p. 193. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSamuel2010 (help)
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External links


Ethnic enclaves


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