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</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=And Once Again Abu Dharr |authorlink=] |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/personalities/ashariati/works/once_again_abu_dhar1.php |accessdate=15 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Arab Socialism: A Documentary Survey |last=Hanna |first=Sami A. |coauthors=George H. Gardner |year=1969 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |pages=273–274 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zsoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273#v=onepage&q=&f=false |accessdate=23 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hanna |first1=Sami A. |last2= |first2= |year=1969 |title=al-Takaful al-Ijtimai and Islamic Socialism |journal=The Muslim World |volume= 59 |issue=3-4 |pages=275–286 |url=http://www.financeinislam.com/article/1_37/1/309 | doi = 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1969.tb02639.x}} </ref><ref>{{cite book |title=And Once Again Abu Dharr |authorlink=] |url=http://www.iranchamber.com/personalities/ashariati/works/once_again_abu_dhar1.php |accessdate=15 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Arab Socialism: A Documentary Survey |last=Hanna |first=Sami A. |coauthors=George H. Gardner |year=1969 |publisher=E.J. Brill |location=Leiden |pages=273–274 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=zsoUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273#v=onepage&q=&f=false |accessdate=23 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hanna |first1=Sami A. |last2= |first2= |year=1969 |title=al-Takaful al-Ijtimai and Islamic Socialism |journal=The Muslim World |volume= 59 |issue=3-4 |pages=275–286 |url=http://www.financeinislam.com/article/1_37/1/309 | doi = 10.1111/j.1478-1913.1969.tb02639.x}}
</ref> He protested against the accumulation of wealth by the ruling class during ]'s caliphate and urged the equitable ]. </ref> He protested against the accumulation of wealth by the ruling class during ]'s caliphate and urged the equitable ].

Revolutionary activity along the Soviet Union's southern border, Soviet decision makers recognized, would draw the attention of capitalist powers and invite them to intervene. It was this understanding which prompted the Russian representation at the ] in September 1920 to reject the arguments of the national communists as impractical and counterproductive to the revolution in general, without elaborating their fear that the safety of Russia lay in the balance. And it was this understanding, coupled with the Russian Bolsheviks' displeasure at seeing another revolutionary center proposed in their own ], that galvanized them into action against the national communists.<ref name="Bennigsen1980">{{cite book|author=Alexandre A. Bennigsen|title=Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union: A Revolutionary Strategy for the Colonial World|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=uKr2O2GBDsQC&pg=PA76|accessdate=10 July 2013|date=15 September 1980|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-04236-7|page=76}}</ref>


==Gaddafi's version== ==Gaddafi's version==

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Islamic socialism is a term coined by various Muslim leaders to describe a more spiritual form of socialism. Muslim socialists believe that the teachings of the Qur'an and Muhammad — especially zakāt — are compatible with principles of economic and social equality. They draw inspiration from the early Medinan welfare state established by Muhammad. Muslim socialists are generally not as socially liberal as their western counterparts. Like Christian democrats, Muslim socialists found their roots in anti-imperialism. Muslim socialist leaders believe in democracy and the derivation of legitimacy from the public, as opposed to Islamic religious texts or claims to be Muhammad's successors.

History

Abū Dharr al-Ghifārī, a Companion of Prophet Muḥammad, is credited by many as a principal antecedent of Islamic socialism. He protested against the accumulation of wealth by the ruling class during ‘Uthmān's caliphate and urged the equitable redistribution of wealth.

Revolutionary activity along the Soviet Union's southern border, Soviet decision makers recognized, would draw the attention of capitalist powers and invite them to intervene. It was this understanding which prompted the Russian representation at the Baku Congress in September 1920 to reject the arguments of the national communists as impractical and counterproductive to the revolution in general, without elaborating their fear that the safety of Russia lay in the balance. And it was this understanding, coupled with the Russian Bolsheviks' displeasure at seeing another revolutionary center proposed in their own revolutionary empire, that galvanized them into action against the national communists.

Gaddafi's version

In the early 1970s, Muammar Gaddafi, published his 'Islamic Socialism,' his version, fusing Islam, Arabism and Socialism, in the 'Green Book.'

Heavily influenced by pan-Arab Egyptian leader, G. Abdul Nasser, the Green Book, was published in three parts (1975, 1977, 1978). It served as the basis for the Islamic Legion. Gaddafi's former mercenaries backed Uganda's Islamic dictator Idi Amin, and later on pushed a racist Arabist ideology in Sudan. It has been alleged that Charles Taylor received military training in Libya, under Ibrahim Bah, a Senegalese national, ex-Hezbollah, and Sierra Leone's RUF's General. The RUF was influenced by Libyan leader Colonel Mu'ammar al-Qadhaff's amalgam of socialist-Islamic philosophies.

List of notable Muslim socialists

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Islamic Marxism

"Islamic Marxism" is a term that has been used to describe Ali Shariati (in Shariati and Marx: A Critique of an "Islamic" Critique of Marxism by Assef Bayat). It is also sometimes used in discussions of the 1979 Iranian Revolution, including parties such as the People's Mujahideen of Iran (MEK), a formerly designated terrorist organization by the United States, Canada, Iraq, and the Islamic Republic of Iran that advocates of overthrow of the latter. The MEK is now, however, claimed to be democratic and secular.

See also

References

  1. Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. p. 19. ISBN 0-19-506613-8. OCLC 94030758.
  2. "Abu Dharr al-Ghifari". Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  3. And Once Again Abu Dharr. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  4. Hanna, Sami A. (1969). Arab Socialism: A Documentary Survey. Leiden: E.J. Brill. pp. 273–274. Retrieved 23 January 2010. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  5. Hanna, Sami A. (1969). "al-Takaful al-Ijtimai and Islamic Socialism". The Muslim World. 59 (3–4): 275–286. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1969.tb02639.x.
  6. Alexandre A. Bennigsen (15 September 1980). Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union: A Revolutionary Strategy for the Colonial World. University of Chicago Press. p. 76. ISBN 978-0-226-04236-7. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  7. John L. Esposito, "The Islamic Threat: Myth Or Reality?" Oxford University Press, Oct 7, 1999, Political Science, 352 pp., pp. 77-78.
  8. John L. Espósito, "The Islamic threat: myth or reality?," Oxford University Press, Sep 9, 1993, 247 pp., pp. 80-82
  9. "Socialism Islamic, WWH
  10. "US Officials Regard Chad Conflict As Big Test Of Wills With Khadafy." Gainesville Sun, August 19, 1983. New York Times News Service
  11. The Islamic Legion. Gaddafi's former Mercenaries.
  12. BBC News - "Charles Taylor: Godfather or peacemaker?," BBC, Mar 11, 2011
  13. Douglas Farah, Stephen Braun, "Merchant of Death: Money, Guns, Planes, and the Man Who Makes War Possible," John Wiley & Sons, Apr 14, 2008, 320 pp.
  14. Raymond D. Gastil, "Freedom in the World: The Annual Survey of Political Rights & Civil Liberties 1997-1998," Transaction Publishers, Jan 1, 1997, 610 pp., p. 453
  15. About So-Called Islamic Marxism
  • John Esposito, ed. (1995). "Socialism and Islam". Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World. Vol. vol. 4. Oxford University Press. pp. 81–86. ISBN 0-19-506613-8. OCLC 94030758. {{cite encyclopedia}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  • Maxime Rodinson, Marxism and the Muslim world, Zed Press, 1979, 229 pages, ISBN 978-0-905762-21-0 (transl. from the French reference book Maxime Rodinson, Marxisme et monde musulman, Paris, Éditions du Seuil, 1972, 698 pages
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